APPENDIX A
Consolidated Direct Investment Survey Data Augmentation
The International Monetary Fund’s Coordinated Direct Investment Survey reporter and mirror data are augmented in four ways: • AU1, using reporter data as the base, missing data are augmented with mirror data • AU2, using mirror data as the base, missing data are augmented by reporter data • AU3, using the maximum value when two values are available • AU4, using the minimum value when two values are available The outcomes of the augmentation for outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) are seen in figure A.1. First, the augmentation dramatically increases the number of bilateral pairs that are covered, from almost 4,400 on a reporter basis to more than 9,200 pairs. Although mirror data provided about 7,000 bilateral pairs, the augmentation program used added 2,200 pairwise data points. Using mirror data and the augmentation dramatically increased data availability for the non-high-income to nonhigh-income economies. Given that this is the key group the analysis is intended to address, the exercise was very useful. The next big improvements were in high-income to non-high-income economies. As measured by overall value, the augmented reporter data are higher by US$3 trillion, 12 percent more than the original reporter data, driven mainly by foreign direct investment (FDI) from high-income to non-high-income economies. FDI originating from developing economies rose by just US$600 million. Although small in absolute terms, it represented a 47 percent increase from the reporter data values.
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