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hapter 4 analyzes country lessons on building confidence through coalitions and early results. Most states moving back from the brink of violence have developed “inclusiveenough” coalitions for action, with different forms suiting their circumstances. In forming such coalitions, leaders took action to build trust by signaling that new policies would be different from the past and would not be reversed. They built confidence by achieving a few concrete results as a prelude to wider institutional transformation. States that have succeeded in early confidencebuilding measures have often done so through a pragmatic blending of policy tools and by calling on non-state capacity, both civic and international.