Table 3.2 Selected Agricultural Indicators in India, Ghana, and Ethiopia Indicator Agriculture, value added (percent of GDP), 2006 Agricultural raw materials exports (percent of merchandise exports), 2003 Agricultural land (percent of total land area), 2005 Irrigated land (percent of cropland), 2003 Crop production index (1999–2001 = 100), 2004 Food production index (1999–2001 = 100), 2006
India
Ghana
Ethiopia
17.5
37.4
47.3
1.3
10.0
25.9
61 22.9
65 0.5
34 2.5
104
121
111
109
132
134
Source: World Development Indicators database (http://www.worldbank.org/data).
Table 3.3 Governance Indicators (percentile rank) Indicator/year Voice and accountability 2007 1998 Government effectiveness 2007 1998 Regulatory quality 2007 1998 Control of corruption 2007 1998
India
Ghana
Ethiopia
58.7 58.2
62.0 37.0
13.5 24.0
57.3 53.6
55.0 50.2
37.4 12.3
46.1 33.7
53.9 47.3
18.9 12.7
47.3 48.1
56.0 44.7
27.5 34.5
Source: Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi 2008.
control of corruption, India remained slightly below the 50th percentile, Ghana managed to move beyond this level, and Ethiopia experienced a deterioration. Gender Roles The indicators on mortality, schooling, and literacy can be viewed as outcome indicators of providing health and education services (table 3.4). India leads Ghana and Ethiopia in most cases, although in some instances the discrepancies between males and females are most pronounced there, indicating that women and girls remain disadvantaged despite the country’s economic and
GENDER AND GOVERNANCE IN INDIA, GHANA, AND ETHIOPIA
37