Fenestration New Zealand - Issue 2

F E N E S T R AT I O N New Zealand

Are you Zero Energy ready?

SPRING

2021

14 Our Revised ZE home Inclusive optimisation approach could significantly decrease the building energy use and improve both the thermal and visual comforts simultaneously.

28

MBIE’s proposed Building Code options

48 Simplicity and Performance

58

What are Superwindows

MBIE’s options versus FMI ZE - costs If we’re going to significantly cut New Zealand’s carbon emissions in the near future, it’s going to take a radical shift in a number of areas - not least of which is the way we build.

32

Achieving zero-energy building performance with thermal and visual comfort enhancement through optimization of energy efficiency.

FENESTRATION VOL.2

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Contents 3

Editor’s Note

5

Executive summary

14

Our revised ZE home

18

In any climate

28

MBIE’s proposed Building Code options

32

MBIE’s options versus FMI ZE-energy use

44

MBIE’s options versus FMI ZE-costs

48

Simplicity and Performance

54

Next steps

58

What are Super Windows ?

Publisher FMI Building Innovation Telephone: +64 9 574 2900 100 Carbine Road, Mt Wellington,1061 2-6 Timaru Place, Mt Wellington,1061 PO Box 51075, Pakuranga, 2140, Auckland, New Zealand 1

Change

is on the horizon FMI Building Innovation is working on being Zero Energy ready, well before any Government announcement compels Building Code changes.

and we are

Prepared

The Government's climate policies, the Climate Change Commission's greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for new buildings and MBIE’s proposed Building Code changes in their 2020 Building for Climate Change consultation document all demand an approach that will make Zero Energy a must.

As a full system supplier, FMI Building Innovation is actively working on having products that will be Zero Energy ready before legislative demand.

FENESTRATION VOL.2

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Editor’s Note Zero Energy/ Ready Homes in New Zealand - Revisited Welcome back to Fenestration New Zealand, and our Spring edition.

In this second issue we continue our investigation of Zero Energy (ZE) homes in Aotearoa New Zealand.

The need for affordable energy-efficient houses to help our country meet its emission goals and to limit further environmental and climate damage remains as pressing as ever. New Zealand has just come through its warmest winter on record, hot on the heels of the previous record, set in 2020.

The opportunity for the home-building industry to lift its game in operational efficiency has long been evident. Our current Building Code for houses has weak standards, a fact acknowledged a few months ago by MBIE’s consultation document on improvements to the Code.

That document spurred us to compare our Zero Energy house design to MBIE’s proposals for improved insulation. This time we also tested our ZE home in New Zealand’s toughest climates. You’ll have to read on to see how our design fared! We

can certainly say that what we discovered left us committed to supporting market transformation towards homes that are healthy for the planet and healthy for their residents.

But the time has come to change gear. Our investigations so far have all been on paper. We are now actively shifting from theoretical models and cost estimates to the real world. By next Spring we plan to bring you news of the performance of the FMI ZE home test house, to be built on one of our sites.

I hope that reading this latest instalment of our journey of Zero Energy discovery inspires you as much as it does me. We can make a difference, and it needn’t cost the Earth.

WARREN LEWIS MANAGING DIRECTOR FMI BUILDING INNOVATION 3

Executive summary

FENESTRATION VOL.2

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After we published our first issue of Fenestration New Zealand, two things usefully coincided. The Ministry of Business and Enterprise (MBIE) released its consultation document on major changes to New Zealand’s Building Code at the same time as we were preparing a second pass at the thermal modelling of FMI’s Zero Energy/Ready house. We opted to focus most of our new research on measuring how our home performed in MBIE’s proposed six new climate zones and against MBIE’s three options of increasing insulation in the building envelope. The insights from this exercise culminated in FMI making a submission to MBIE on the Building Code.

To recap briefly, a Zero Energy (ZE) home produces as much renewable energy from solar panels on its roof as its occupants consume over the course of a year. A Zero Energy Ready home (ZER) is a ZE home without the solar panels. Our original ZE build had only been modelled in Auckland. With revisions, chiefly to our building envelope for airtightness, we explored whether our new build could meet the ZE definition in all New Zealand climates.

Despite colder parts of the country placing higher energy demands and offering less intense sunshine for fewer hours than Auckland, we found the ZE home roof could fit enough solar panels to cover the annual electricity demand in Christchurch and Invercargill.

Comparing our ZE home to MBIE’s three Building Code options was bittersweet. Sweet - and gratifying - in how far ahead in energy savings our ZE home was of the best insulated MBIE option. FMI’s ZE energy use for heating was a fifth, or less, of MBIE’s.

High-performance windows remain the single most important component for achieving these savings.

The bitterness came from our perceiving a lack of scope and ambition in the proposals. Our research tells us that New Zealand can move further, faster and more straightforwardly to supporting our country’s health and climate change goals than MBIE is considering.

Contrasting FMI’s view against MBIE’s of the extra costs of energy-efficient building was also a cause for concern. Our latest ZER build estimate is a cost premium of about 4% for changes in the building envelope, water heating and appliances, and half as much again for ZE with its solar panels. MBIE’s bestinsulated option, in the coldest climate, carried a 12% cost premium and that was only for the building envelope. We worry that reports of high premiums will undermine both policy and popular appetites for improving buildings’ energy efficiency.

For simplicity we advocate one set of standards across all climates. We prefer some regional redundancy in building cost to the more insidious complexity costs of multiple versions of the code on design and compliance. We also recommend that the revised Code focus on performance outputs such as energy use per m2, not inputs such as R-values or specific appliances. Technology is changing fast and industry needs flexibility to respond optimally.

Finally, we acknowledge that our thermal model can only approximate reality. Kiwi habits for home heating mean that the average household uses under half the heating energy the model predicts, which reduces the potential savings and payback.

We are determined to take the next step of building our ZE home and testing it in the real world.

5

EXCEPTIONAL WINDOWS & DOORS

Where the passion started

In 1968, we began as a family owned joinery business in Fairview, a small part of Timaru.

Half a century later, we’re still proudly owned by that same Kiwi family. And the ingenuity and passion of hundreds of New Zealanders have helped shape and create the exceptional window and door solutions now available across our manufacturer network.

FENESTRATION VOL.2

ZERO ENERGY

What is Zer A net Zero Energy building means that the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is equal to or less than the amount of renewable energy (energy created by sources that are naturally replenished, such as wind, rain, or solar) created on-site while still connected to the grid. Basically this means that if a home or office is working at net Zero Energy it is producing as much or more energy as it is using.

Zero Energy buildings optimise building energy efficiency and typically consider lighting, the walls and roof, glazing, heating, ventilation, air conditioning and renewables (e.g. water or wind).

ZE = Zero Energy A home that produces as much renewable energy from solar panels as its occupants consume over the course of a year.

ZER = Zero Energy Ready A ZE home without solar panels yet with significant energy saving building materials.

GRID

ZE READY HOME Can reduce energy consumption by up to -65%

8

ZE HOME Can reduce energy consumption by up to -100%

ZE CARBON HOME Absorbing energy through the sun, and having surplus energy to send to the grid.

FENESTRATION VOL.2

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ro Energy?

SAVINGS OF ENERGY TO HEAT AND COOL AIR VERSUS A HOME BUILT TO CODE MBIE ‘BEST INSULATED’ HOUSE

-51%

FMI ZER HOUSE

-65%

FMI ZE HOUSE

-100%

9

10

The Zero Energy concept is applicable and scalable to virtually any sized structure, whether an expansive multi-use facility or a tiny home.

11

D E S I G N E D F O R ST Y L E & DURABILITY

Creative freedom with no maintenance issues Our sophisticated powder coat technology ensures our range of Eurowood building products are a ractive, low maintenance and high performance.

Eurowood has the look and feel of any desired texture on our aluminium including the popular wood-grain finishes.

Smarter than wood

Smarter than wood

A new era of low maintenance, high-performance building products Our wide range of finishes allow our customers total creative freedom without the associated maintenance issues.

Utilising the durability and low maintenance of aluminium, FMI Building Innovation has created a revolutionary range of building products.

Combined with the timeless look of our sublimation finishes and the latest technology in powder coat, our range of Eurowood building products are low maintenance and high performance with advanced design and excellent aesthetics.

Revised ZE home

FENESTRATION VOL.2

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FMI’s ZE home - Revised The shape and size of the home we modelled was the same as our original one analysed in the first issue of Fenestration New Zealand. It remains a modest, standalone three-bedroom family home of 120m2, aligned with typical New Zealand construction.

Passive design strategies such as optimised window placement were not considered. It houses four occupants who are frugal with hot water.

We did, however, experiment with building components to develop a Revised home. Improved airtightness was a new goal we set ourselves.

The key differences between the Original and the Revised home are set out in Figure A.

FIGURE A: FMI ZE/R Original and Revised Builds Compared

COMPONENT

ORIGINAL ZE/R

REVISED ZE/R

Windows

R 0.8 (modelled on as-built 0.72)

R 0.95 installed with four-sided thermal installation method.

Insulation

Fibreglass batts with a product rating high enough to deliver required as-built performance

Spray foam insulation for both simpler installation and increased performance

Air-tightness

None.

Air changes per hour (ACH) of 5

Air changes per hour of 2 via: Very high-performance windows with reduced air leakage.

Exterior air-tightness layer such as OSB with liquid applied weatherisation.

Balanced ventilation system with heat recovery.

Floor

Concrete pad

Timber, to increase the range of section profiles it is feasible to build on.

In the modelling for the Revised house, we kept to As-Designed R-values rather than As-Built because this appeared to be in line with MBIE’s approach. It was an oversight that led us to model a temperature range with a minimum of 200C instead of MBIE’s

180C. The warmer temperature placed a higher energy demand on the ZE house. This played to our advantage: it increased the robustness of our Revised ZE home’s strong performance against the MBIE build options.

15

Designed to withstand New Zealand’ ’s climates, , in cold areas our solace Low coating allows the sun’ ’s light and ene into your home reflecting the heat bac indoors. . In warm areas temperature c regulated by changing the positioning Low-E coating within the glazing unit

In any climate

FENESTRATION VOL.2

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Our original ZE/R home modelling was set in Auckland, but we always intended testing its performance in different climate zones, particularly the colder regions. Could the roof produce enough energy to meet the higher household needs in places with fewer sunshine hours and weaker levels of solar radiation?

to the Code include an increase to six zones for the purpose of specifying insulation requirements to better reflect the different temperatures experienced in each zone.1 MBIE reports that the six zones are based on a sensitivity analysis of climatic data but also consider local government boundaries.

Currently, New Zealand’s Building Code recognises three climate zones but MBIE’s proposed changes

FIGURE B:

Existing and Proposed Climate Zones for New Zealand

Climate zone 1

Climate zone 1

Climate zone 2

Climate zone 2

Climate zone 3

Climate zone 3 Climate zone 4 Climate zone 5 Climate zone 6

WAITANGI Chatham Island County

1

Consultation Document – Proposed Changes to the Building Code 2021, page 7 19

FMI Zero Energy homes deliver a

100% savings in energy usage compared to industry standard construction.

In cooler regions, the FMI ZE home can comfortably deliver to the higher energy demands of a household despite the lower levels of solar radiation.

20

21

Façades have a major impact on the operational energy consumption of buildings.

In recent years the importance of glass technologies for buildings has become an important factor in the building envelope.

Intelligent methods of modulating solar heat and light transmission through windows has become an essential design and building element. These technologies are essential elements in creating low energy buildings that will improve energy savings, well-being of building occupants and meet regulated standards.

FMI Building Innovation is well ahead of the curve in glass facade technology and is ready to meet virtually any challenge in the area of energy-efficient façades.

ZERO ENERGY FACADE FMI’s thermally broken facade pursues high energy performance and minimal environmental impact.

Optimising our customer’s glass selection to perform at its best, this thermally broken interface between the building and its environment contributes substantially to our net Zero Energy building offering.

FENESTRATION VOL.2

ZERO ENERGY

Using data on photo-voltaic generation by city , we tested our ZE home in representative towns for Zones 2 through 6. There are numerous design factors that can affect how much of the maximum solar radiation in a location is converted to usable kilowatts, including: • the rated capacity of the solar panel – we used 370watt panels of 1.75m2, implying an efficiency of 21.1% • losses to inverter efficiency and to further issues such as shading from trees and soiling from pollution – we used our source’s 20% loss factor • the roof pitch – we used twenty degrees as set by

the design of our FMI ZE home • the orientation – we used a true north orientation of zero degrees.

As Figure C shows, on these specifications, the “sunny side” of the FMI ZE home roof can comfortably deliver to the household’s higher energy demands in the cooler regions despite the lower levels of solar radiation there. Our preference throughout is for simplicity and we propose one solar solution of 18 panels across all climate zones. The addition of one panel beyond that needed for Zone 6 adds a margin for error.

As Figure C shows, on these specifications, the FMI ZE home roof can comfortably deliver to the higher energy demands despite the lower levels of solar radiation in the cooler regions. The specifications do matter, however: in Invercargill, using 240-watt panels instead of 300-watt would demand every single square metre of available roof space.

FIGURE C: FIGURE C:

SOLARPANELS PANELS SOLAR

to supply FMI ZE Home Energy Demand vs Maximum Roof

M2 toPanel supply FMIby ZECity Home Energy Demand versus 2 Space (370-watt panels of 1.75m ) Maximum Roof Energy Output

by City (using 300-watt solar panels)

36 = capacity for solar panels of 1.75m2

18 = # solar panels costed into FMI ZE design

17 12

12

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

Zone 6

(Auckland)

(Hamilton)

(Wellington)

(Rotorua)

(Christchurch)

(Invercargill)

5203

5527

5681

5449

6327

6379

3.8

4.4

4.4

4.3

5.2

6.0

11

H/hold energy demand

14

12

(kWh per year)

kW system needed

2

https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/pvwatts.php

24

Designed to withstand New Zealand’’s harsh climates,, in cold areas our solace Low--E coating allows the sun’’s light and energy into your home reflecting the heat back indoors.. In warm areas temperature can be regulated by changing the positioning of the Low--E coating within the glazing unit

GRREEAATTEERR I INNSSUULLAAT TI O I ONN G MO ORREE CCOOMMFFOORRT T M HHEEAALLTTHHI IEERR HHOOMMEESS Solace Low-E is an advanced thermal glass technology that provides year-round efciency and comfort.

Designed to withstand New Zealand’s harsh climates, the Low-E coating allows the sun’s light and energy into your home and reects the heat back indoors, creating a shield against the cold.

LOW-E LOW-E

A HIGH PERFORMANCE THERMAL GLASS TECHNOLOGY A HIGH PERFORMANCE THERMAL GLASS TECHNOLOGY

Unlike other glass manufacturers, we only Unlike other glass manufacturers, we only coat Low-E on ultra-clear glass so our entire coat Low-E on ultra-clear glass so our entire Solace Low-E offering retains a high Solace Low-E offering retains a high percentage of visible light transmission. percentage of visible light transmission.

MBIE’s proposed Building Code options

FENESTRATION VOL.2

Heating demand

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MBIE’s changes for building houses and small buildings focus on two elements: • increasing the number of climate zones, as described above, and • increasing the insulation requirements of the building

It is well-known that New Zealand’s Building Code lags countries with similar climatic conditions.

The principle underlying MBIE’s three options is how they relate to those relevant international standards for windows, walls, floor and roofing. In MBIE’s own words from the consultation document: OPTION 1

OPTION 2

OPTION 3

Halfway to international standards

Comparable to international standards

Increase the minimum insulation to a level that is approximately half of that from other parts of the world with similar climates.

This represents a modest increase in insulation levels versus the current minimum settings and would still leave New Zealand considerably behind other countries.

This would have the least amount of upfront construction costs.

Increase the minimum insulation to a level that is comparable with other parts of the world with similar climates. This represents a moderate level of change versus the current requirements and would significantly reduce energy demands for heating and cooling.

FIGURE D:

Going further than international standards This is the greatest level of increase proposed. This would put New Zealand’s minimum insulation levels ahead of other parts of the world with similar climates.

It would have the greatest impact on current construction requirements and the biggest reductions in energy use.

FIGURE C:Taking the example of windows, MBIE compares New Zealand’s current status and the three options to comparable climates in Figure D. At the right of MBIE’s chart, we have proposed options other parts theR0.95 world windows, installed with addedcompared FMI’s ZEtohome, withofits a four-sided thermal method.

WINDOWS WINDOWS Proposed Options Compared to Other Parts of the World

0.95

0.76

0.8

0.42

0.55 0.52

0.48

0.33

0.29

0.33

0.29

England

Ireland

0.26

0.3

Climate Zone 3

0.4

0.39

0.39

0.5

Wales California

0.45

0.49

0.55

0.6

Climate Zone 2

R-value R-value(m (m2 2--k/W) k/W)

0.62

0.62

0.68

0.7

0.26

Code

Before going further, it’s worth noting that MBIE has taken the lowest of offshore standards and that, in practice, building is being done to higher standards in some places.

England has a limiting standard – the minimum permitted - for windows in new residential buildings of R0.5 (U2.0) but its guidance is to use R0.71 (U1.4). Specifically, the Building Regulations state

Note that in order to satisfy the TER [Target Emission Rate] and the TFEE [Target Fabric Emission Rate] rates, the building specification needs to be considerably better than the stated limiting values in many aspects of the design.

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

Climate Zone 6

Climate Zone 5

Climate Zone 4

Climate Zone 3

Climate Zone 2

Climate Zone 1

Climate Zone 6

Climate Zone 5

Climate Zone 4

Climate Zone 3

Climate Zone 2

Climate Zone 1

Climate Zone 6

Climate Zone 5

Climate Zone 4

Climate Zone 1

Climate Zone 6

Climate Zone 5

Climate Zone 4

Climate Zone 3

0.0

Climate Zone 2

0.1

Climate Zone 1

0.2

FMI ZER

(all climates)

Wales, though developed its own Building Regulations in 2014, has a similar approach.

The worst acceptable fabric performance value for windows is R0.62 (U1.6), but a more demanding specification of R0.71 (U1.4) is used to calculate the home’s Target Emission Rate. A builder using R0.62 windows would need to make up the emissions saving shortfall by over-compensating in other build and design components like wall insulation and air-tightness performance.

29

We are designing for the

Future.

To demonstrate our commitment to designing for the future FMI Building Innovation is constructing a complete Zero Energy sample house. This will include the latest in energy efcient technology and is being built on site at our Mt Wellington complex.

A Zero Energy home is more than just a green home with solar panels. It is a combination of advanced design and superior energy efficient building systems to create a better, healthier home. High-performance windows play a major role in insulation, both the glass and the frame.

The key is the creation of a building envelope to produce a house with a desirable carbon-friendly footprint and long-term energy savings. It is easy to theorize about achieving this, and at a reasonable price, but FMI Building Innovations has adopted a practical approach. FMI is building a complete Zero Energy test house on site at Mt Wellington. This will act as a sample of what can be done and as an educational facility for the trade. There will also be an option for public viewing by appointment.

GLASS SPACER TECHNOLOGY Change

is on the horizon FMI Building Innovation is working on being Zero Energy ready, well before any Government announcement compels building code changes.

and we are

Prepared

The Government's climate policies, the Climate Change Commission's greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for new buildings and MBIE’s proposed building code changes in their 2020 Building for Climate Change consultation document all demand an approach that will make Zero Energy a must.

As a full system supplier, FMI Building Innovation is actively working on having products that will be Zero Energy ready before legislative demand.

DESIGNED FOR NEW ZEALAND Designed to prevent and reduce internal condensation within an insulated glass unit, XR Edge is a revolutionary spacer for greater thermal efciency and IGU longevity.

Unlike other spacer manufacturers, FMI uses an unbreakable stainless steel vapour barrier.

renewables = water wind or solar power

UNBREAKABLE BARRIER TWICE AS MUCH DESICCANT LONGER LASTING IGU’S

IGU Corner displaying XR EDGE spacer

MBIE’s options versus FMI’s ZE home – energy use

FENESTRATION VOL.2

There are three main sources of residential power demand in a house, each, very roughly, accounting for a third of the energy used in a typical New Zealand home. The three demands are: • heating (and cooling) rooms • heating hot water and • powering appliances and lighting.

MBIE’s Building Code proposals ignore the second two. We will return to this issue, but for now, given MBIE’s focus, we will only review energy for heating (and cooling) rooms.

MBIE’s consultation document reported attractive energy savings in room heating demand. Option 3 in climate zone 6, for example, was reported to save nearly 70% of the room heating versus that used in a home built to the current Code in that zone.

We were keen to understand how that significant saving translated to the important performance measure of kilowatt hours per square metre per year (kWh/m2/a) but could not work this out from the information provided. This surprised us – and others who made submissions! – because the Building for Climate Change consultation document issued late last year had put forward residential energy efficiency

ZERO ENERGY

performance targets expressed in this measure.

To make headway, we applied MBIE’s three insulation options to our 120m2 house and ran the thermal modelling across the six potential climate zones.

This gave us 27 variants to calculate, assess and contrast with our revised FMI ZE design. With an internally consistent set of variants, we could see the performance differences in kWh/m2/a. These are laid out in Figure E. We found that our FMI ZE design produced dramatically greater heating demand savings in kWh/ m2/a than even the best-insulated MBIE option.

Moreover, as shown in Figure F, it did so in every climate zone. In the coldest climates, the FMI ZE home used only a fifth of the heating energy of MBIE’s option 3 (44 versus 9 kWh/m2/a).

Almost 90% of the FMI ZER home’s heating demand saving in the coldest climate was attributable to the building envelope, with the balance driven by the efficiency of the heat pump. In Climate Zone 1 the building envelope accounted for 94% of the heating demand savings. We explore by-component contributions in more detail later.

33

FENESTRATION VOL.2

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APPENDIX ONE: Modelling FIGURE E:outputs for MBIE code and climate proposals and for FMI ZER Modelling outputs for MBIE code and climate proposals and for FMI ZER

Existing Code Climate Zone

1

2

2

2

MBIE Proposed Option 1 3

3

1

2

3

4

5

6

Minimum performance standards Uroof

0.34

0.34

0.34

0.34

0.30

0.30

0.34

0.30

0.30

0.27

0.27

0.24

Rroof

2.90

2.90

2.90

2.90

3.30

3.30

2.90

3.30

3.30

3.70

3.70

4.20

Uwall

0.53

0.53

0.53

0.53

0.50

0.50

0.53

0.45

0.45

0.45

0.42

0.42

Rwall

1.90

1.90

1.90

1.90

2.00

2.00

1.90

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.40

2.40

Ufloor

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.53

0.53

0.45

0.45

Rfloor

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.90

1.90

2.20

2.20

Uglass

2.90

2.90

2.90

2.90

2.90

2.90

2.90

2.90

2.90

2.90

2.90

2.90

g-Value

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

0.77

Uframe

6.40

6.40

6.40

6.40

6.40

6.40

6.40

5.00

5.00

3.50

3.50

1.80

Rwindow

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.29

0.29

0.33

0.33

0.39

Heating Demand (monthly method) Heating demand savings versus Code Domestic Hot Water Domestic Hot Water Losses Hot Water Demand (monthly method) Hot water savings versus Code Original Plug Loads

62.13

88.56

106.85

82.32

146.47

145.15

62.13

76.43

88.82

58.43

108.98

54.17

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

0%

-14%

-17%

-29%

-26%

-63%

26.25

26.70

27.00

26.56

27.61

27.63

26.25

26.70

27.00

26.56

27.61

27.63

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

26.25

26.70

27.00

26.56

27.61

27.63

26.25

26.70

27.00

26.56

27.61

27.63

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

Winter Ventilation

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

Summer Ventilation

0.62

0.39

0.09

0.45

0.07

0.07

0.62

0.46

0.09

0.62

0.08

0.38

26.78

26.55

26.25

26.60

26.23

26.23

26.78

26.62

26.25

26.77

26.23

26.54

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

0%

0%

0%

1%

0%

1%

115.16

141.80

160.10

135.49

200.31

199.01

115.16

129.75

142.07

111.77

162.82

108.34

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

0%

-9%

-11%

-18%

-19%

-46%

13,819

17,017

19,211

16,258

24,037

23,881

13,819

15,570

17,049

13,412

19,539

13,001

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

0%

-9%

-11%

-18%

-19%

-46%

Plug Load Demand (monthly method) Plug load savings versus Code

WHOLE OF HOUSE ANALYSIS (monthly method) Total Energy Demand Total energy savings versus Code

kWh/m2/a

Whole of House Energy Use in a Year Total Energy Demand kWh per year savings versus Code

kWh/m2/a

kWh per year

kWh per year

There are discrepancies between heating demand energy usage calculated via the monthly method and that calculated using the annual method. The monthly method performs an energy balance for each month of the year and is more accurate, however the Annual method makes it easier to evaluate the principle of energy balancing.

The discrepancies between the two methods are more pronounced for poorly performing buildings.

34

kWh/pa Savings -0% to -46%

FENESTRATION VOL.2

ZERO ENERGY

MBIE Proposed Option 2 1

2

3

4

5

FMI Zero Energy Ready

MBIE Proposed Option 3 6

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

4

5

6

0.20

0.19

0.17

0.15

0.14

0.14

0.15

0.14

0.14

0.13

0.12

0.11

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

5.00

5.40

6.00

6.60

7.00

7.40

6.60

7.00

7.40

7.80

8.40

9.00

7.30

7.30

7.30

7.30

7.30

7.30

0.42

0.38

0.36

0.31

0.29

0.26

0.34

0.31

0.29

0.26

0.23

0.20

0.24

0.24

0.24

0.24

0.24

0.24

2.40

2.60

2.80

3.20

3.50

3.80

2.90

3.20

3.50

3.80

4.40

5.00

4.10

4.10

4.10

4.10

4.10

4.10

0.53

0.45

0.40

0.36

0.31

0.28

0.40

0.36

0.31

0.28

0.24

0.21

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.26

0.26

1.90

2.20

2.50

2.80

3.20

3.60

2.50

2.80

3.20

3.60

4.20

4.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

3.80

2.90

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

0.65

0.65

0.65

0.65

0.65

0.65

0.77

0.64

0.64

0.64

0.64

0.64

0.64

0.64

0.64

0.64

0.64

0.64

0.56

0.56

0.56

0.56

0.56

0.56

1.80

5.00

4.50

3.80

3.10

2.40

4.00

3.50

3.10

2.40

1.90

1.35

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

0.39

0.42

0.45

0.49

0.55

0.62

0.48

0.52

0.55

0.62

0.68

0.76

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.95

0.95

32.84

51.50

56.40

36.71

66.86

57.70

27.89

38.12

42.22

26.67

51.73

43.99

2.43

4.24

5.24

3.66

9.71

9.36

-47%

-42%

-47%

-55%

-54%

-60%

-55%

-57%

-60%

-68%

-65%

-70%

-96%

-95%

-95%

-96%

-93%

-94%

26.25

26.70

27.00

26.56

27.61

27.63

26.25

26.70

27.00

26.56

27.61

27.63

9.10

9.57

9.83

9.46

10.58

10.54

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.54

1.11

1.52

1.12

1.44

1.90

26.25

26.70

27.00

26.56

27.61

27.63

26.25

26.70

27.00

26.56

27.61

27.63

9.64

10.68

11.35

10.58

12.02

12.44

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

0%

-63%

-60%

-58%

-60%

-56%

-55%

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

26.16

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.75

1.28

1.52

1.23

2.32

2.63

0.65

0.46

0.10

0.62

0.08

0.39

0.65

0.54

0.25

0.63

0.17

0.42

4.38

3.69

3.08

3.79

2.51

2.57

26.81

26.62

26.25

26.78

26.24

26.54

26.80

26.70

26.41

26.79

26.32

26.58

31.29

31.13

30.75

31.17

30.99

31.36

0%

0%

0%

1%

0%

1%

0%

1%

1%

1%

0%

1%

17%

17%

17%

17%

18%

20%

85.89

104.82

109.66

90.05

120.71

111.88

80.94

91.52

95.62

80.02

105.66

98.20

43.36

46.06

47.34

45.41

52.73

53.16

-25%

-26%

-32%

-34%

-40%

-44%

-30%

-35%

-40%

-41%

-47%

-51%

-62%

-68%

-70%

-66%

-74%

-73%

10,307

12,578

13,159

10,806

14,485

13,425

9,713

10,983

11,475

9,602

12,680

11,785

5,203

5,527

5,681

5,449

6,327

6,379

-25%

-26%

-32%

-34%

-40%

-44%

-30%

-35%

-40%

-41%

-47%

-51%

-62%

-68%

-70%

-66%

-74%

-73%

kWh/m2/a

kWh/m2/a

kWh per year

kWh/m2/a

kWh per year

kWh/pa Savings -25% to -44%

kWh per year

kWh/pa Savings -30% to -51%

Add 6400 kWh/pa Solar Savings

kWh/pa Savings -62% to -74%

-100% 35

FENESTRATION VOL.2

ZERO ENERGY

FIGURE D:

Climate Zones

FIGURE F:and Climate Zone (kWh/m2/a)

by Option

Heating Demand FIGURE D: Climate Zones

by Option and Climate Zone (kWh/m2/a)

Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone Zone 15 Zone Zone 26

by Option and Climate Zone (kWh/m2/a)

135

146

145

109

107

91

89 62

135

146

62

76

145

56

62

76

58

Option 1

38 67

89 51

58

37

91 33

89

Code

51

58 109

107

62

67

89

56

28

33Option

2

27

58

37

38 28

52

42

42

52

Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6

44

4

2

44

Option 3

10

5

4

9

FMI ZER

27

2

4

5

10

4

9

FMI ZER’s excellent heating demand savings in Figure G compares MBIEsavings and FMI building envelope FMI ZER’s excellent heating demand Code Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 FMI ZER D were almost entirelyzone achieved Figure F were almost entirely achieved with buildingin Figure R-values in climate 6. with building envelope R-values that were less than envelope R-values that were less than MBIE’s Option MBIE’s Option 3 except for windows.

3 except for windows.

FMI ZER’s excellent heating demand savings

Table TwoDcompares MBIE and FMI building in Figure were almost entirely achieved envelope R-values in climate zone 6.were less than with building envelope R-values that MBIE’s Option 3 except for windows.

Table Two compares MBIE and FMI building envelope R-values in climate zone 6.

FIGURE G:

R-values

FIGURE D:

in Climate Zone 6 for MBIE Option 3 and FMI ZER Climate Roof/Ceiling Walls Zone 6 D: FIGURE Climate Zone 6

Option 3

9.0 Roof/Ceiling

Option FMI ZER 3

9.0 7.3

FMI ZER

7.3

We pushed the analysis further to better understand the energy saving contribution from each key component of the building We pushed analysis further better envelope.

As inthe Fenestration NewtoZealand’s

understand the energy saving contribution from each key component of the building envelope. As in Fenestration New Zealand’s

We pushed the analysis further to better understand the energy saving contribution from each key component of the building envelope.

As in Fenestration New Zealand’s first issue, we

36

Floor/slab

Windows

5.0 Walls

4.8 Floor/slab

0.76 Windows

5.0 4.1

4.8 3.8

0.76 0.95

4.1

3.8

0.95

fi rst issue, we acknowledge that this analysis is a simplifi cation of reality, being based on the heat losses attributed to each component fi rst issue, we acknowledge that this over the course of a year rather by analysis month. is a simplifi cation of reality, based on Nevertheless, its insights arebeing helpful.

the heat losses attributed to each component over the course of a year rather by month. acknowledge that this analysis is a simplification of Nevertheless, its insights are helpful.

reality, being based on the heat losses attributed to each component over the course of a year rather by month. Nevertheless, its insights are helpful.

FENESTRATION VOL.2

ZERO ENERGY

FIGURE H:

Heating Demand

versus Code by component, Climat Zone 6 (kWh/m2/a) FIGURE E:

Heating Demand

versus code by component , Climat Zone 6 (kWh/m2/a)

Air Tightness

54

87

101

8% 6%

12%

12%

12%

10%

11%

12%

12%

121

Ceiling Wall

19%

Slab Windows

9% 9% 10%

73%

66%

65%

Figure E demonstrates the importance of windows for heating demand savings achieved by insulation improvements to the building (and excluding space conditioning Figureenvelope H demonstrates the importance of windows device savings). R0.95 windows in FMI ZER for heating demand savings achieved by insulation create as much energy saving as all of Option improvements the building envelope of (and excluding 1’s changestocombined.

The importance space airtightness conditioning device savings).

R0.95 windows to accessing greater energy savings in FMIisZER create as much energy saving as all of also apparent.

Option 1’s changes combined. The importance of airIt may odd that the FMIenergy ZER design tightness toseem accessing greater savings is also shows windows driving the lowest share of apparent.

heating demand saving. Inside the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) model used It may seem odd that the FMI ZER design shows to calculate the thermal performance of the windows driving the lowest share of heating house, construction elements interact to demand saving.

Insideenergy the Passive House Planning deliver the overall performance.

The Package (PHPP) model used toFMI calculate the thermal improved air-tightness in the envelope meant the windows had less performance ofhigh-performance the house, construction elements to to contribute, the coldperformance. climate interact deliver particularly the overallinenergy graphed here.

The improved air-tightness in the FMI envelope meant

the high-performance windows had less to contribute, FMI ZER’s design achieves 2 air changes per particularly in the cold climate graphed here. hour, compared to 5 air changes that apply in all MBIE options. Air-tightness has historically

FMI ZER’s design 2 airforchanges per hour, been diffi cult achieves and expensive builders to compared tobut 5 air changes that and apply in all MBIE deliver, new technologies approaches options. Air-tightness has historically been difficult and expensive for builders to deliver, but new technologies and approaches are changing that.

Spray foam insulation is a way to get into hard-

53%

are changing that. Spray foam insulation is a way to get into hard-to-reach areas and around obstacles like pipes. Helpfully, it does not require a high level of skillaround to install.

Window like pipes. to-reach areas and obstacles design is important, too. Current windows Helpfully, it does not require a high level of skill to leak air through water drainage holes; install. Window design important, too. Current highperformance windows areisdesigned not to windows leak air through water drainage holes; highneed such holes.

performance windows are designed not to need such

Inholes. our research for Fenestration New Zealand’s fi rst issue, we were aware that we had not tackled issue of air-tightness, and weNew Zealand’s In ourthe research for Fenestration have worked on that since.

Air-tightness nothad not tackled first issue, we were aware that we only supports energy savings, it also supports the issue of air-tightness, and we have worked occupants’ health. Combined with a balanced on that since.

Air-tightness mechanical ventilation system withnot heatonly supports energysuch savings, also supports recovery, as the it one in FMI’s design,occupants’ health.

Combined with a balanced mechanical ventilation airtightness delivers anwith indoorheat environment that system recovery, such as the one in FMI’s maintains levels fordelivers humidity an andindoor air design,healthy air-tightness environment contaminants such healthy as carbonlevels dioxide.for humidity and air that maintains

contaminants such as carbon dioxide.

Air-tightness is an element apparently missing from the proposed Code changes and which Air-tightness is anthe element apparently missing from undoubtedly supports strong results for the proposed Code changes and which FMI ZER’s building envelope. In our submission undoubtedly supports the strong results for FMI ZER’s building we recommended that MBIE add air-tightness improvements the insulation improvements envelope. Intoour submission we recommended it that already proposes the building improvements envelope.

MBIE add for air-tightness to the

insulation improvements it already proposes for the building envelope.

37

FENESTRATION VOL.2

ZERO ENERGY

Hot water heating As explained above, the proposed Code changes address only heating demand via insulation upgrades.

Hot water is left out, despite the attractive energy savings of shifting from traditional direct hot water systems to modern heat pump-based solutions. It is commonly claimed – less commonly guaranteed – that this shift can cut electricity use by two thirds.

Even in our model, with occupants using little hot water, the addition of a heat pump water system saved about 15kWh/m2/a regardless of climate zone.

With the Government’s stated goal of reduced total energy use in New Zealand’s new homes, why miss this opportunity?

Going beyond the building envelope to encompass all energy uses and potential savings, Figures I and J show the further contribution for the FMI ZER house of the modern hot water system and space heater in two opposing climate zones. It is interesting to note that our deliberate use of the same house design across New Zealand delivers double the savings in a cold climate, reflecting the relative ‘over-engineering’ choice we have made for warmer zones in order to achieve simplicity. As we show in Figure K, cold climates consequently achieve a higher financial payback across all construction components.

FIGURE FIGURE I: F:

FMI ZE TOTAL ENERGY SAVINGS total energy savings built of FMI ZE versus Code builtversus house Code by component, house by6component, Climate Zone (kWh/m2/a) Climate Zone 6 (kWh/m2/a)

121 Air Tightness

Insulation

Windows

5

146

15

19%

28%

53%

Envelope

38

15

Hot Water

Space Heater

Extra Plug Load

Total Saved vs code

FIGURE G:

FMI ZE

FENESTRATION VOL.2

ZERO ENERGY

total energy savings versus Code built house by component, Climate Zone 1 FIGURE J: (kWh/m2/a)

FMI ZE

total energy savings versus Code built house by component, Climate Zone 1 (kWh/m2/a)

56 Air Tightness

4

73

4

17

19%

Insulation

28%

Windows

53%

Envelope

Hot Water

Space Heater

Extra Plug Load

Total Saved vs code

The NPV is taken over 25 years at a cost of capital of 5% and the value of the kW hours saved is calculated at 29¢ per unit. Again, the “bang for buck” of FIGURE H:the useful extra gain windows is evident, and similarly for air-tightness in cold climates.

proposed changes leave us from meeting the total energy caps per m2 outlined in the Building for Climate Change consultation document. The caps for total energy were initially set to 180 kWh/m2 falling to a final cap of 45kWh/m2 by 2035. Figure I certainly highlights the value of an extra 15 kWh/ FMI ZER by construction element and climate zone hot water system to With regards to total of energy usehome in a home, it is m2/a savings from a modern (25-year sobering to observe in Figure LNPV howat far5%) MBIE’s achieving future goals.

NPV

FIGURE K:

NPV

of FMI ZER home by construction element and climate zone (25-year NPV at 5%)

Windows

53.6

Insulation Air Tightness Water Heating Air Heat Pump

25.5

14.9

19.4 9.4

5.5 5.2 2.5

6.3 5.9

0.5

-2.6

Zone 6

Zone 1 39

FENESTRATION VOL.2

ZERO ENERGY

FIGURE L: FIGURE I:

TOTAL HOUSE ENERGY

TOTAL HOUSE ENERGY

use by climate zone with indicated target caps (kWh/m2/a)

use by climate zone with indicated target caps (kWh/m2/a)

200199

160 142 115

135

Initial 180

163 142 115 130 112

145

86

105

121

110 90

112

92 81

106 98

96

Intermediate 90

80

42

Code

Option 1

Option 2

Figure L also reveals how close the FMI ZER design is to achieving the final cap, 14 years ahead of the suggested schedule. We are not planning to stop here, however. There is a logical progression towards the lowest possible energy use in homes, and we are working towards it through the following steps: • Improve the building envelope particularly with high-performance windows, better insulation and keen attention to air-tightness. (We note that the better the envelope insulation, the less important space-conditioning device efficiency becomes) • Improve the efficiency of hot water systems, possibly combined with space conditioning depending on how devices evolve

40

Option 3

45

47

45

53 53

Final 45

FMI ZER

• Design homes to be ZE Ready, and then add solar panels to reduce grid consumption • Add further solar panels, as roof space permits, to contribute to carbon saving goals.

We acknowledge that the proposals in MBIE’s April 6th document are intended as “a first step in the Building for Climate Change programme of work”, with further measures to come. However, given the time, effort and cost to update the Code, we recommend that this next change should go well beyond Option 3. It is clearly possible.

Why wait?

it’s not Aluminium

it’s FMI ZE uPVC Our triple glazed uPVC windows provide Highest weather resistance Strong resistance against environmental impacts Easy cleaning and maintenance UV stability

NEXT Generation precision technology has innovation and elegance built into the heart of every window and door. This, together with a wide range of finishes, ensures excellent aesthetics, the best quality and simple installation.

A truly Kiwi company, FMI Building Innovation already manufactures some of the country’s most impressive windows and doors and now a new line has been added to an already extensive product range.

The exciting new NEXT Generation state-of-the-art, energy efficient windows and doors are A truly Kiwi company, FMI Building Innovation already manufactures some of the country’s now in production. In addition to the most high-spec materials, the available finishes and most impressive windows and doors and now a new line has been added to an already colours mean complete freedom of design without compromising performance or strength. extensive product range.

The exciting new NEXT Generation state-of-the-art, energy efficient windows and doors are now in production. In addition to the most high-spec materials, the available finishes and colours mean complete freedom of design without compromising performance or strength.

MBIE’s options versus FMI ZE – costs Before comparing MBIE and FMI’s cost estimates, we need to acknowledge two caveats.

House design: Between MBIE’s and FMI’s builds we are comparing apples and oranges to some degree. MBIE’s house has four bedrooms and a 150m2 floor area, whereas FMI’s home has 3 bedrooms on a 120m2 floor area. MBIE has also restricted its design changes to the energy efficiency of the building envelope while FMI, as described elsewhere, has also addressed water heating and increased airtightness which has added cost.

Recency of costings: MBIE will likely have compiled its building costs in early 2021 whereas the FMI cost data in Figure M was refreshed late in Q3 2021. Again, we are to some extent comparing apples and oranges. This is partly due to the ongoing rises in building material costs throughout this year and partly to the potential for price relativities of key materials to have shifted.

Shifting relativities could affect the premium payable to deliver an energy efficient home.

Confirming the build cost premium for FMI’s ZER design is a core reason for the next step of building a test house.

With those caveats noted, we can return to comparing the cost premiums for the MBIE options and for FMI’s ZER house. The premiums estimated by MBIE in their April consultation document struck us as high for merely improving the insulation in the building envelope, even acknowledging they are for a larger house. The highest premium is $50,000 or about 12% of total home building cost excluding land for Option 3 in Climate Zone 6. This concerns us: if these

numbers are not verified with relevant sources in the industry, the high premiums could sap interest and support for energy-efficient improvements.

By contrast, our FMI ZER house in Climate Zone 6 – the house that needed only a fifth of the energy for heating demand as MBIE’s Option 3 – carries a premium over a Code-built house of slightly over 4%. Figure M shows that about 35% of the GST inclusive premium is driven by very highperforming R0.95 windows, with the remaining two thirds split fairly equally between the investment in air tightness (ventilation, spray foam and weatherisation layer) and the appliances.

Note that the recent costing we obtained in fact priced a heat pump into the Code built home.

Rather than make estimates to align the Code house’s air heating method back to our thermal modelling assumptions, we have left it as is to reflect an emerging trend in group home builders’ choices. Importantly, the cost impact of about $1000-1500 on the ZE premium is truly lost in the rounding! For the solar panels, we were advised by a specialist company to use a one-size solution across all climate zones. This aligned well with our views on simplicity. We have costed an installation of 18 panels each rated at 370W capacity to provide a system capable of delivering the annual energy demand of the ZE house in all six proposed climate zones. The premium for the ZE home is a little over half as much again as for the ZER house.

Costs are of course shifting all the time as technology changes and as global and local supply-demand balances alter. What is right at the time of writing will soon be out of date.

FENESTRATION VOL.2

ZERO ENERGY

FIGURE M:

BUILD COSTS

for Code-built and FMI ZER homes ($)

This is as true of windows as of other components. The very modest window cost premium in Table Three is worth specific comment.

Domestic supply of highperformance windows has historically been expensive and linked to low volumes; it has been the domain of high-end architects and specifiers who have often resorted to imports from overseas. As a local window and door manufacturer with over fifty years’ experience, however, FMI is in a privileged position to understand the true challenges, opportunities and costs associated with highperformance windows.

The costings used here reflect market prices achievable with good levels of demand and thus good factory throughput for an onshore supplier.

As communicated in our submission, FMI would be glad to work with MBIE and others to share understanding of what is achievable in modern window design, manufacture and economics. It is possible MBIE has been misled as to the latest cost situation. Affordable, highperformance windows may well be the key to unlocking costeffective and energy-efficient new homes in this country.

Assumes new subdivision, the section willservices have services to the boundary ready to Assumes ininaanew subdivision, the section will have to the boundary ready to connect and connect and havecontributions development paid asprice. part of the section price. have development paidcontributions as part of the section 45

Technoform Thermal Breaks Cradle to Cradle Gold Certified

Technoform,the theglobal globalleader leaderininthermal thermal Technoform, breakTechnologies.

Technologies. break

Without insulation, aluminium windows, doors, and facades Without insulation, aluminium windows, doors, and facades transfer energy, leading to a huge increase in energy transfer energy, leading to a huge increase in energy consumption to maintain a healthy warm, dry living environment. consumption to maintain a healthy warm, dry living environment.

This is where our high-precision insulating profiles come into This is where our high-precision insulating profiles come into play. Connecting aluminium window frames of any kind, while play. Connecting aluminium window frames of any kind, while keeping mechanical performance at the highest level, the keeping mechanical performance at the highest level, the insulating profiles prevent direct exchange heat and cold insulating profiles prevent direct exchange ofof heat and cold –– and create the “thermal break”. and create the “thermal break”.

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Simply put, we keep heat and cold and a better energy footprint. Simply put, we keep heat and cold outside and help create a comfortable climate inside – with low outside and help create a comfortable climate inside – with low ongoing energy costs. ongoing energy costs.

“Sustainabilityisis “Sustainability morethan thanaatrend trend more forTechnoform.

Technoform. for anattitude: attitude: ItItisisan Actingon onbehalf behalf Acting coming ofofcoming generations” generations”

Technoform,more morethan thanjust justenergy energysaving savingsolutions… solutions…

Technoform, “Our industry driven the topic energy efficiency, alternatively energy effectiveness. completely “Our industry is is driven byby the topic ofof energy efficiency, oror alternatively energy effectiveness.

AA completely different, current field endeavour grey energy.

What meant the indirect energy demand, i.e. the different, current field ofof endeavour is is grey energy.

What is is meant is is the indirect energy demand, i.e. the sum the amounts energy that have consumed for the manufacture, transport, storage, sales and sum ofof the amounts ofof energy that have toto bebe consumed for the manufacture, transport, storage, sales and disposal, including the energy needed for the production of the components.

This approach opens up a very disposal, including the energy needed for the production of the components. This approach opens up a very important new view of production with significant potential for the conservation of resources.” important new view of production with significant potential for the conservation of resources.”

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WhyCradle CradletotoCradle Cradlecertification? certification?

Why Sustainability is is more than a trend for Technoform, it it is is anan attitude: Acting onon behalf ofof coming generations.

Sustainability more than a trend for Technoform, attitude: Acting behalf coming generations.

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These are the three central principles ofof the Focusing people.

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This led toto dealing with the visionary design concept Cradle toto Cradle ®® (C2C) atat anan corporate culture.

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The Cradle toto Cradle Certified® Products Program sets the global standard for products that are safe, The Cradle Cradle Certified® Products Program sets the global standard for products that are safe, circular and made responsibly according toto the world’s most advanced science-based measures for material circular and made responsibly according the world’s most advanced science-based measures for material health, product circularity, renewable energy and climate, water and soil stewardship, and social fairness. health, product circularity, renewable energy and climate, water and soil stewardship, and social fairness.

“We “Wemade madeaa commitment commitmentthat that when whenaluminum aluminum and andplastic plasticare are separated, we separated, wetake take the theplastic plasticpart, part,sort sort ititaccording to type according to type and andup-cycle up-cycleit” it”

Technoform Technoform- -Advocate Advocateofofthe thecircular circular economy. economy.

InIn order toto receive certification, a strategic concept had toto bebe order receive certification, a strategic concept had developed for the future post-consumer recycling.

“We made the developed for the future post-consumer recycling.

“We made the commitment that when aluminium and plastic are separated, wewe commitment that when aluminium and plastic are separated, take the plastic part, sort it it according toto type and up-cycle it.it.

The take the plastic part, sort according type and up-cycle The goal is to process 100% of our new products out of this postgoal is to process 100% of our new products out of this postconsumer plastic” consumer plastic” A lot of development work still needs to be done until this goal A lot of development work still needs to be done until this goal is reached. But, the first steps have been taken. If everything is is reached. But, the first steps have been taken. If everything is going in circles, Technoform is not standing still. We are forging going in circles, Technoform is not standing still. We are forging ahead and leading the circle with ambition, expertise and passion ahead and leading the circle with ambition, expertise and passion – until the circle is closed.

– until the circle is closed.

www.technoform.com www.technoform.com info.anz@technoform.com info.anz@technoform.com +64 +6499415 4159050 9050

Simplicity & Performance

Simplicity There’s no free lunch. Incorporating more complexity into the new Code, like multiple climate zones, each with its own R-value set, allows construction to be more finely targeted to local circumstances. Such targeting reduces the risk of “gold plating”. On the flip side, these more complex arrangements increase the burden of compliance checking, add more variables for builders to negotiate, and complicate the starting point for future changes to the Building Code.

Our preference, as hinted already, is for less complexity. We recommend maintaining 3 climate zones and restricting Code changes to a few high impact variables, with a core

focus on high-performing windows. We have demonstrated that one ambitious, yet affordable, design can deliver significant energy savings in all climate zones. While it is true the NPV of savings from are lower in the warmest climate zone, the NPV is nevertheless positive.

Not all energy saving improvements to the building envelope are equal; the contribution of high-performance windows is hard to ignore. In our submission to MBIE we urged that changes to the Code be kept to a small number, focused on the components that deliver the greatest electricity savings, at the lowest cost. This was to support simpler implementation of high impact changes.

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Performance We do not mean to sound prescriptive about the build methods and appliances that should appear in the final changes to the Building Code. Technology is constantly changing and in directions we cannot predict. Our purpose has been to share what is currently possible, namely Zero Energy “recipes” that deliver significant energy savings, cost affordably, and that can be assembled with today’s technologies and techniques.

Our preference is that the Building Code set performance-based output measures and leave it to the ingenuity of the building design and building materials supply industries to deliver against those.

The kWh/m2 measure put forward in the Building for Climate Change consultation document is a good, and seemingly workable, example of such a measure.

A model is… just a model Well-informed readers of the first issue of Fenestration New Zealand may have wondered how the Code As-built house could use over 18000 kWh of electricity when the average local household only uses about 7500 kWh. We puzzled over it, too! We found that much of the excess came from the energy used for room heating and cooling. The Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) does not take account of the typical choices Kiwis make in heating their homes.

Note that MBIE’s Building Code proposals for houses and small buildings are also built on PHPP modelling performed by BRANZ3 and do not appear to correct for real life Kiwi choices either.

First, the PHPP model is set to use electricity as the only energy source for a home. As regards home heating, New Zealanders use several energy sources, with many homes using more than one source. The 2018 census shows that while heat pumps and electric heaters are used in 47% and 44% of homes, about a third also use wood burners and almost a fifth use gas.

Marked regional differences exist: on the West Coast, for example, coal is a heat source in a third of homes, while in Gisborne, wood is used in almost 60% homes.

Second, and probably more importantly, the PHPP energy model assumes that the whole building is

conditioned. This means that all rooms are kept within the desired temperature range throughout the day and throughout the year. Kiwis do not typically heat all rooms in a house, let alone strive for comfort every day of the year. They put on another jersey... A cultural attitude of staunchness, as much as genuine poverty for some households, limits the energy consumed to create and maintain comfortable, healthy living conditions.

The impact of this for Zero Energy/Ready homes is that it reduces the real-life energy savings available and stretches out the payback period for the extra costs needed to build to its higher performing standard. The hard-to-quantify benefits remain, of course: supporting life-long health of the occupants and contributing to New Zealand’s decarbonisation goals.

Reduced energy savings also increase the importance of identifying which building components deliver the greatest “bang for buck” and of verifying the extra costs. On both points, FMI is sure of the significant contribution that high-performance windows make to the building envelope and of their affordability when factory throughput is at levels commensurate with Building Code-mandated product.

3 Thermal, financial and carbon review of NZBC energy efficiency clause H1/AS1 thermal envelope requirements for residential and small buildings BRANZ 2020 https://www.building.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/building-code-compliance/background-report-on-h1-energy-efficiency-branz.pdf

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ENVIRO-DRI® FLUID APPLIED AIR & WATER BARRIER For Multi-Family Construction

Product Description Enviro-Dri® provides exceptional performance as an air and water barrier to meet the high demands of multi-family construction. Enviro-Dri is a vapor-permeable, fluid-applied, weather-resistive air and water barrier system designed to coat and permanently seal external sheathing and sheathing joints, and prevent water passage and air infiltration/exfiltration. Enviro-Dri is highly durable and unaffected by high winds, wind driven rain and weatherization. Enviro-Dri stays in place as long as the sheathing stays in place.

Air and Water Barrier Performance • • • •

Provides an air and water barrier with a vapor-permeable membrane Conforms with Air Barrier Association of America (ABAA) requirements to exceed Section C402.5.1.2 air leakage requirements when tested in accordance with ASTM E2357and E2178 Passes water penetration resistance test E331 stipulating that a treated wall will not allow moisture to penetrate when subjected to negative air pressure and 5 gal/sf/hour constant water spray Not affected by surfactants (like mortar contact)

High Performance Durability • • • • •

Resistance to water damage and weatherization Withstands freeze/thaw conditions Superior, permanent adhesion to the sheathing Withstands structural racking Engineered for use behind all cladding systems including brick, stucco, stone and all lap siding

Complete System •

The Enviro-Dri System includes a complete line of tapes, flashings, and counterflashings to provide a single source manufacturer/supplier for all of your building envelope needs: -Enviro-Dri Counterflashing -Enviro-Dri Window & Door -Enviro-Dri Pan & Arch -Enviro-Dri Pipe & Vent

Tremco CPG Australia Pty Ltd 12/4 Southridge Street Eastern Creek NSW 2766 Australia T: 1800 318 038 www.tremco.com.au Tremco®, Enviro-Dri®, TUFF-N-DRI®, and DrainStar®, are registered trademarks of Tremco Incorporated.

Use of the ® symbol indicates registration with the US Patent & Trademark Office and the Canadian Intellectual Property Office.

Pioneering safety Allegion’s sustainability mindset Sustainability is not just the right thing to do, but the smart and profitable way to go. Accordingly, Allegion is committed to conducting its business in a safe, environmentally responsible, and sustainable manner, in compliance with all applicable environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations in the communities where the company operates.

Products are crafted from responsibly sourced materials. As a leading manufacturer of security products and a responsible corporate citizen, Allegion is committed to environmental sustainability and promoting a cleaner ecosystem. Its goal is to design products with awareness of environmental impact, collaborate with its supply chain to source responsibly, and expect all suppliers to meet or exceed these same regulations and standards.

Plus, Allegion is committed to the manufacturing and distribution of products that comply with global governmental regulations with regards to restricted hazardous chemical use, reporting of substance of very high concerns, and product safety labelling and notification.

Subscribing to a greener environment. In pursuit of environmental sustainability, Allegion (New Zealand) Limited strived to create a building that gives more than it takes and creates a positive impact on the human and natural systems that interact with them. Consequently, the ecological impact and corporate social responsibility of the company strongly influenced the building design and scope of site improvement of its New Zealand Head Office.

Double glazed windows with high performance glass, large roof overhangs, and louvre bays for solar shading provide a comfortable interior with excellent natural lighting. Exterior lighting is controlled by photocells and timers. Indoors, lights are controlled by motion sensors and intelligent switches, so lights are only on when people are present within the office spaces. An ultra-high efficiency VRF (variable refrigerant flow) air-conditioning system provides mechanical ventilation that maintains a high degree of indoor air quality.

Allegion New Zealand also has multiple recycling programmes in place, including those for batteries and metals. In addition, low water use plumbing fittings were fitted and to further lessen the company’s carbon footprint, electric vehicle chargers were installed. It is also working towards acquiring the New Zealand Energy Certificate Scheme zero-carbon electricity certificate.

To encourage the return of wildlife and have an area for the wider community to enjoy, Allegion New Zealand planted 11,500 native plants around its new facility.

Allegion is pioneering safety by protecting people where they live and work, whilst preserving the environment for the future generations to come.

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Next steps Revise ZE home

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ZERO ENERGY

Next steps Theories and models have their place. It’s time now to test the theories and models in the real world. At FMI, we’re putting in place plans to build a timberfloored ZE home test house at one of our sites. We want to track construction costs and to measure the post-construction thermal performance and energy consumption of key appliances. We intend to follow the actual energy use, by source of demand, of an “average” Kiwi family over time, while also measuring

the indoor environment they experience.

We want to install solar panels and analyse the savings made by using the roof’s energy and by selling surplus back to the grid.

We believe the theory and the models have shown us it is worth this further investment in Zero Energy research in the lived world.

New Zealand homes - especially those situated in extreme climate areas - can benefit from a zero energy approach.

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FMI Net Net Zero Zero Home Home with with Hot Hot Water FMI Heat Pump Pump Technology Technology Heat Radiatorsfor forEfficient Efficient Space Space Heating Heating Radiators Centralheating heatingisis achieved achieved by by utilising utilising i-Life i-Life Central Radiators in each area of the home.

Radiators in each area of the home.

Whenembarking embarkingonondesigning designingthis this102m², 102m²,energy energy When efficient net zero home concept, FMI wanted efficient net zero home concept, FMI wanted toto ALAN POOR ALAN POOR include a hot water system capable of providing ARCHITECTS ARCHITECTS include a hot water system capable of providing simultaneoussanitary sanitaryhot hotwater waterand andradiator radiatorheating heating simultaneous that was also as energy-efficient and environmentally that was also as energy-efficient and environmentally friendlyasaspossible. possible. friendly DRAFT DRAFT

ZERO ENERGY HOUSE

ZERO ENERGY HOUSE

CONSULTANTS:

CONSULTANTS:

AMENDMENTS:

NORTH PERSPECTIVE NORTH PERSPECTIVE

AMENDMENTS:

AT: 5 TIMARU PLACE

AT: 5 TIMARU PLACE 79 PREMIER AVE, POINT CHEVALIER, AUCKLAND PH/FAX: 09 846 6377, EMAIL: alan.poor@xtra.co.nz FOR: WARREN LEWIS 79 PREMIER AVE, POINT CHEVALIER, AUCKLAND PH/FAX: 09 846 6377, EMAIL: alan.poor@xtra.co.nz FOR: WARREN LEWIS

DRAWN BY:

*CHECK ALL DIMENSIONS ON SITE PRIOR TO COMMENCING WORK

*CHECK ALL DIMENSIONS ON SITE PRIOR TO COMMENCING WORK

DRAWN BY: DATE: DATE:

F.N.

F.N.

CHECKED BY: A.P.

SCALE:

SCALE: CHECKED BY:9:42:47 A.P. am 6/08/2021

6/08/2021 9:42:47 am

MinimalCarbon CarbonFootprint Footprint Minimal Fromananenvironmental environmentalperspective, perspective,heat heatpump pump From technology was chosen because traditional electric technology was chosen because traditional electric hot water heaters produce up to three times the hot water heaters produce up to three times the amount of greenhouse gas compared to a low amount of greenhouse gas compared to a low emission alternative such as a hot water heat pump. emission alternative such as a hot water heat pump.

Instant gas hot water systems are even greater Instant gas hot water systems are even greater greenhouse gas contributors producing a staggering greenhouse gas contributors producing a staggering seven times more emissions compared to hot water seven times more emissions compared to hot water heat pump technology. 1 heat pump technology. 1 Next Generation Hot Water Heat Pump Technology Next Generation Hot Water Heat Pump Technology The Mitsubishi Electric Ecodan Packaged Hot Water The Mitsubishi Electric Ecodan Packaged Hot Water System was chosen specifically because of its System was chosen specifically because of its ability to combine heating the domestic hot water ability to combine heating the domestic hot water and central heating throughout the home all from the and central heating throughout the home all from the one outdoor unit. one outdoor unit.

Electrical Electrical energy input energy input

1kW 1kW

SHEET NO.

P001 P001

SHEET NO.

Theconnecting connectingradiators radiators only only need need aa low low flow flow temp temp The of 35–45°C which is the most efficient way to run the of 35–45°C which is the most efficient way to run the MitsubishiElectric Electric Ecodan Ecodan system. system. Each Each radiator radiator has has Mitsubishi individual room control for that added comfort for the individual room control for that added comfort for the homeowner. homeowner.

Hot Water Anytime – All Year Round Hot Water Anytime – All Year Round The domestic hot water supply is catered for by the The domestic hot water supply is catered for by the Ecodan 300L cylinder. The system regularly monitors Ecodan 300L cylinder. The system regularly monitors the temperature drop in the cylinder and will heat up the temperature drop in the cylinder and will heat up automatically. The homeowner can also pre-set heat automatically. The homeowner can also pre-set heat up times for busy periods of hot water use. up times for busy periods of hot water use.

Fresh, Filtered Air with the Added Benefit of Fresh, Filtered Air with the Added Benefit of Energy Efficient Heat Recovery Energy Efficient Heat Recovery

4.0kW 4.0kW Low temperature

Low temperature renewable heat energy taken renewable heatfrom the environment energy taken from the environment

5.0kW 5.0kW Heat energy output

2

Heat energy output 2

The heat load of this well insulated home is very low The of thisa well insulated home is veryThe low andheat onlyload requires maximum of 6kW of heat. and only requires a maximum of 6kW of heat.

The Ecodan 6kW Packaged System was chosen due Ecodan 6kWefficiency Packaged System due to its high rating COPwas of 5chosen at an ambient totemperature its high efficiency at anenergy ambient of 7°C.rating That’sCOP 5kWofof5heat for 2 temperature of electricity 7°C. That’s 5kW of heat energy for every 1kW of consumed! every 1kW of electricity consumed! 2

To complete the design, a Mitsubishi Electric Vertical To complete the design, a Mitsubishi Electric Lossnay VL-350 was chosen to provide superVertical energy Lossnay VL-350 was chosen to provide super energy efficient fresh air energy recovery ventilation. The efficient air energy recovery ventilation.

Thefrom Lossnayfresh System supplies fresh outdoor air (not Lossnay System supplies fresh outdoor air (not from the attic) and removes stale damp air from inside at the attic) and removes stale damp air from inside at the same time. the same time.

Furthermore, heat energy is recovered from the Furthermore, heat recovered the outgoing stale air energy which isisthen used tofrom pre-warm outgoing is then used to efficiencies. pre-warm incomingstale freshair airwhich - maximising energy incoming fresh air - maximising energy efficiencies.

To learn more visit www.mitsubishi-electric.co.nz To more visit 784 www.mitsubishi-electric.co.nz orlearn call us on 0800 382. or call us on 0800 784 382.

1 Based on electrical and gas emission factor for New Zealand.

2 As independently tested by BSRIA based upon BSEN14511 Part 3 standard rating conditions. Due to the method of operation, the performance of heat pumps will vary based upon the temperature of the heat source and 1 Based electrical and gasheat emission factor forBSEN14511 New Zealand. the on requirements of the delivered.

The testing relates to the heat pump performance only and not the entire heating system.

2 As independently tested by BSRIA based upon BSEN14511 Part 3 standard rating conditions. Due to the method of operation, the performance of heat pumps will vary based upon the temperature of the heat source and the requirements of the heat delivered. The BSEN14511 testing relates to the heat pump performance only and not the entire heating system.

Mitsubishi MitsubishiElectric ElectricEcodan EcodanHot HotWater WaterHeat HeatPumps Pumps Mitsubishi Electric Ecodan Hot Water Heat Pumps The Thetotal totalhome homeheating heatingsolution solutionthat thatcovers coversallallofofyour yourhot hotwater water The total home heating solution that covers all of your hot water needs needsasaswell wellasassuper superenergy energyefficient efficientroom roomheating heating– –allallthrough through needs as well as super energy efficient room heating – all through the theone onesystem. system. the one system.

It’s It’sthe theenvironmentally environmentallyfriendly, friendly,energy energyefficient efficientalternative alternativetoto It’s the environmentally friendly, energy efficient alternative to traditional traditionalgas gasand anddirect directelectric electricsystems. systems. traditional gas and direct electric systems. www.mitsubishi-electric.co.nz www.mitsubishi-electric.co.nz| |0800 0800784 784382 382 www.mitsubishi-electric.co.nz | 0800 784 382

What are

Super Windows?

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The ideal residential window will have very low heat loss year-round, collect passive solar energy in the winter and reject solar gain in summer, while allowing the desired daylight and view. Super Windows achieve this.

They are an advanced insulating system that uses state-of-the-art glazing to secure special, lightweight films between glass panes. The films are coated with tiny particles of metal to create a mirrored finish and the spaces between the films create insulating chambers.

Performance Criteria for Zero Energy Windows Following are the properties necessary for windows to have zero impact on the energy use in a typical house (i.e., a Zero Energy Window). Highly insulating window development efforts often focus on the development of an insulating glass unit with center-of-glass R-Value of 1.75 a target which can be achieved with three layers of

glass, two low-e coatings and a low-conductivity gas fill.

Spacer and frame effects can be expected to degrade this performance as such a total window R-Value of 1.45 is targeted as being a realistic long-term product for ZEHs.

The Science of Heat Mirror Technology Heat Mirror® technology was invented by scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and was rated as one of the top 100 inventions of the past thousand years. In essence, one or more lightweight films are suspended inside the airspace of an insulating glass unit to create multiple “superinsulating” chambers. The films utilize nanoscale coatings of metal to reflect heat back to its source.

The technology can be combined with a wide range of glass types and gas fills that allow consumers and architects to choose the right level of insulation, visible light, and solar control for their specific needs.

All this provides outstanding winter insulation and superior solar control that results in year-round energy savings and enhanced comfort you can feel.

Depending on the number of films and the type of inert gases added within, Heat Mirror can achieve R-values ranging from 1.0 to 3.5, which can insulate as well as typical walls.

Heat Mirror® Technology • Reduced heat loss in winter months keeps homes warmer in the winter.

• The reduced solar heat gain in summer months keeps home cooler in the summer.

• UV blocking reduces fading to flooring, upholstery and other household items.

• Condensation resistance protects window trim and walls from moisture damage.

• Reduced sound transmission minimises noise.

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Vacuum IG - glass that insulates like a wall Vacuum IG breaks through today’s expectations for glass performance and meets tomorrow’s demands for energy efficiency. Vacuum IG not only helps your

project meet stringent codes but moves the planet forward reining in energy use.

• Up to 70% light transmission • Thermal insulation as high as R1.4 • Safety & security: Tempered, laminated or both • Sound control: Controls sound from external sources • Easy to retrofit: For historical buildings as well as new construction

Achieving R-2.5 performance Vacuum IG’s revolutionary design takes two glass panes and seals them airtight. A vacuum is created in the space between two panes. With no air or gas between the panes, heat has no medium by which to transfer. The Vacuum IG design, along with Solace low-E coatings, can achieve thermal insulation performance as high as R-2.5.

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Quad Glazed IGU using 1.6mm glass

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Researchers Develop New ‘Super Window’ Thanks to the flat screen TV industry advances in thin glass technology, the creation of a new type of window is now possible.

R-value without a redesigned window sash or frame.

Argon gas which is typically used in double-glazed units is replaced by Krypton gas which is 6 times denser.

A new generation of high-performance window makes use of extremely thin glass that can be incorporated into a triple-glazed window no thicker than a standard double-pane window.

High-performance triple-glazed windows, such as those used in Zero Energy buildings, are readily available but they are thicker and heavier than standard doubleglazed units and until now, builders have to order them from Europe, extending construction schedules or requiring careful planning.

Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) have developed a new type of triple glazing for windows that is about the same thickness and weight as a standard low-e double-glazed window but comes with twice the insulating value.

The windows have a center-of-glass R-value of between R-1.4 and R-1.75, about twice that of the best low-e double-glazed windows currently on the market.

The glass, just 0.7 mm thick, is used for the center pane in the triple-glazed assembly which can deliver high

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The benefits of a drop-in replacement LBNL researcher Stephen Selkowitz noted the following: The availability of a high-performance drop-in replacement for double-glazed sash could lower risks for manufacturers who want to begin making triple-glazed units.

As a ‘drop in’ insert with virtually the same weight and width as the existing [insulated glass unit], the barriers and risks of market entry to the window manufacturer are much lower and the major added cost is the marginal cost of the extra sheet of glass, the [krypton] gas fill, and a second low-e coating plus some additional assembly.

Where the new windows replaced existing doubleglazed units, payback would come in 5 to 7 years.

He believes the market will go beyond mere price comparisons and consider other important benefits and value: improved thermal comfort, larger windows with better views with no penalty in energy, the potential for downsizing HVAC, and eliminating duct runs to the perimeter, etc.

Another advantage would be eliminating shipping costs and time delays that come with ordering highperformance triple-glazed windows from Europe.

The LBNL super-window is similar in design to windows made by using Heat Mirror, a polyester-based film manufactured by Eastman Chemical, instead of glass as the center pane.

Selkowitz believes the thin glass will simplify the assembly process and lower costs.

Technology This highly insulating glazing project focuses on the development of alternative Center glazing layers for multiple low-e/ gas-filled units. The aim is to increase the number of technological options available to industry for center glazing layers. The two options in use today, suspended films and triple glazed glass units with low-emissivity coatings and/or insulating gas fills, are technologies that have been in use for over two decades. Using lightweight, thin, non-structural layers, the focus of this project, offers several potential manufacturing and performance advantages: A single piece spacer is possible, reducing labor and material costs and potential for gas fill leakage.

No significant weight changes over industry standard double-pane units,

thus minimal or no changes in standard operating hardware Thinner center layer allows products to fit in existing cross-sections, reducing the need for revised framing systems.

Pressure equalization between the internal gaps is possible, reducing potential glass deflection.

The concept of the “drop-in replacement” IGU simplifies adoption of the new technology but at some sacrifice in performance. We explore in this project how use of existing frames will constrain overall performance. Centre-of-glass performance much better than that obtained by thin-triple-pane IGU designs will not result in much whole window performance improvement without further enhancements to typical frames.

Several IR experiments on uninsulated and insulated edge cases pointed out the importance of edge insulation in minimizing edge deflection. Understanding the impacts of deflection in standard and non-standard three layer units is important both to highly insulating window development and ratings and labelling efforts.

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Known as the green metal, aluminium is one of the most environmentally friendly metals because of its sustainability. Over the past 53 years FMI Building Innovation has perfected the craft of manufacturing thousands of extruded aluminium profiles and the art of bringing them to life with textures and colours.

Our latest super tough powder coat technology, AEONOX, is a scratch-resistant formula designed to minimize the risk of profile damage throughout the installation and manufacturing process.

FMI’s own powder coating plant utilizes the latest technology in electro-static heat-treated powder coating and is accredited to WANZ Enduro Colour Powder Coating Quality standards.

The subtle colour range has been increased to harmonise with a wide range of styles and tastes.

Scratch-Resistant Powder Coat Technology

More Colours More Choices Same Quality AEONOX - the breakthrough, super tough powder coat technology that protects aluminium and cladding surfaces - now in even more colours.

Our colour range of neutrals is available in various finishes including matte.

• Black • Flaxpod • Ironsand • Sandstone Grey • Silver • Titania • White

And now also in . . .

• Monument • Arctic White • Grey Friars • Charcoal Colour swatches and samples are available through the FMI sales team.

More Scratch-resistant than other powder coat solutions

AEONOX’S advanced formulation minimizes the risk of aluminium and cladding products becoming damaged during the manufacturing and installation process.