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orsorghumcanSomebedirectforagesthansuchascornmowing,quatelymostotherforagescanbeadecutAnidealcropforsilagemakingshould:Containan adequateleveloffermentablesugarsintheformofwater-solublecarbohydrates.Forexample:Freshgrass;Legumes,includingalfalfa(Lucerne)Cornsilageshould beharvestedat1⁄2to2/3milkstageandabout%drymatter(DM)TheseorganicacidsAfterEliminatingOxygenFromhay-makingIdeally,thisprocessshould occurinthetotalabsenceofoxygenSilageproductionisaverycontrolledprocessusedtoachieveoptimalpreservationofnutrientsthroughfermentationAny greenforagecropcanbemadeintosilageThegoalofanoptimumfermentationprocessistoquicklyandeffectivelyfacilitatetheconversionofcarbohydratesinto thedesirableorganicacids,especiallylacticacidSilage-makingisamanagementtoolthatallowsproducerstomatchfeedresources(forages,cropresidues,agroindustrialby-products,etc)withfeeddemandforadairyherdwiltedsilagetheSilageMassTheprocessofsilagemakingincludescuttingfresh(green)fodder, compactingit,andstoringandfermentingitundercontrolledconditionsinasilo,whereaircannotcomeincontactwiththesilage.Havedrymattercontentinthe freshCornsilageservesasahigh-energyforagefordairycows.Theseorganicacidsareproducedbybacteria,eitherpresentnaturallyonthecroporaddedbythe useofaninoculantTheensilingfermentationisananaerobicprocessinvolvingtheconversionofsugarsintoorganicacidssuchaslactic,aceticandpropionic (Figure1)Grassesshouldbeharvestedatthebootstageandapproximatelyto%DMSmallgrains(wheat,rye,andoats)shouldbeharvestedbetweentheboot anddoughstageandatapproxi-matelyto%DMIntroductionThisismostimportantforhigh-producingherdsandonfarmsexperiencingproblemswithmakingor buyinghighqualityhaycropforageItisarelativelyeasyandlow-costpreservationmethodthroughtwomainThefoddercanbehandchopped,orchopped throughacutter;–kgofchoppedgreenfodderiscarefullypackedintoabag,inordertoavoidmakinganyholesinthebag;thebagisgentlybutfirmlysqueezedby handtoexpelair,andwhilecompressed,thebagisclosed;RodentcontrolSilagebags,especiallysilagefromfoddermaizestablesilagesothatitcanbestored andfedthroughouttheyearSilageisproducedbyharvestingaforagecropatahighmoisturecontent(greaterthanpercent)andsubsequentlyfermentingthatcrop inpit,tower,bunker,trenchorplasticsilosHayisobtainedafterdry-storageordesiccationthegrass;itSilageisahigh-moisturefodderpreservedthrough fermentationintheabsenceofairthatcanbemadefromgrasses,foddersorghum,greenoats,greenmaizeornapiergrassTheensilingprocesscanbedividedinto fourphases(Figure2)DescriptionIdeally,thisprocessshouldoccurinthetotalabsenceofoxygenEnsilingisacontrolledmicrobialfermentationprocess[10] traditionallyusedtopreserveforagesforlivestockfeedSilageisproducedbyharvestingaforagecropatahighmoisturecontent(greaterthanpercent)and subsequentlyfermentingthatcropinpit,tower,bunker,trenchorplasticsilosEnsilinginvolvesacidifying,orpickling,thecrop,eitherbydirectadditionofacidor byfermentation.Silageisfodderthatisdevelopedwhenfreshherbage,thatcontainssuficientwatersolublesugar(WSC)content,isfermentedin“airtight”(or anaerobic)conditionsuntilenoughaciditytokeeptheforagefromroting,isproducedbysugarfermentingbacteriathatoccurnaturallyonthesurfaceoftheforage (epiphyticbacteria)Thestepstomakingqualitysilageare:harvesttheforagewhenexcesstofeedrequirementsandhighinqualitywilttheforageto%DMadda fermentablesubstrateatensilingchoptheforageintoshortlengths(1–3cm)beforeensilingcompacttheforageastightlyaspossiblecompletetheentirestorageas quicklyaspossiblesealstorageTheensilingfermentationisananaerobicprocessinvolvingtheconversionofsugarsintoorganicacidssuchaslactic,aceticand propionic(Figure1)IntroductionThebasicfunctionofsilage-makingistostoreandpreservefeedforlaterusewithminimallossofnutritionalqualitiesWhatis silage?lessthanhours.Preparationofgreenforage(containingbetweenandpercentwater)forstoragereliesonthreediferenttechniquesGreenforagepreparation techniquesHaymaking.Cornsilage,withitsrelativelyhigh-energycontent,isalsowelladaptedforuseinlow-costrationsforfatten-ingcattlesilage-making weatherdependentismuchFirst,lessProductionofsilagehasbeenrelativelyeasytomechanize