Every Person Matters-School Design for All

SCHOOL FOR MENTAL ILLNESS,\, SCHOOL FOR ALL EVERY PERSON MATTERS Zhengjun Tian-2017 394833 Master of Architecture University of Melbourne

SCHOOL FOR MENTAL ILLNESS,\, SCHOOL FOR ALL EVERY PERSON MATTERS Zhengjun Tian-2017 Master of Architecture University of Melbourne

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THE BRIEF

‘Every person matters’ The project is an improvement of Union House in Melbourne University. It not only appeal to people with varying disabilities, it should also attract interests from the general public. The new student community center is a home for renewal, participation and learning. As a home it is an easily found destination that welcomes students and brings to them a sense of belonging, ownership, shelter, and safety where a variety of activities happen day and night.

A choice of micro-climates whether it be full winter sun, dappled fall shade, provide an environment for socializing, meeting, or studying. Students will find a nurturing place for rest and relaxation that offers a renewal of spirit in a peaceful retreat for meditation and personal reflection. It is thus a place to meet friends and new acquaintances and get re-charged during the course of daily student life.

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CONTENTS 01 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Vision 1.2 Hypothesis 02 RESEARCH 2.1 The brief history of mental illness 2.11 What is depression 2.12 Depression analysis 2.2 Architecture affect the people’s mood 2.3 Change of space affects the psychological change 03 UNIVERSAL DESIGN FOR MENTAL ILLNESS 3.1 Preliminary evaluation criteria 3.2 Discussion 3.21 Visible daylighting and direct sun 3.22 Rich, earthy, soft colour 3.23 Social interaction and belongings 3.24 Division of internal space (spatial function diversity) 3.25 Spatial adaptability 3.26 Scents 3.27 Physical disability 3 MASTER THESIS

04 PRECEDENTS 4.1 Learning Hub - Adelaide 4.2 Giblin Eunson Library - Melbourne 4.3 Nemours Children’s Hospital - Stanley Beaman & Sears 4.4 Student center - Coventry Univeristy. UK 05 THESIS 5.1 Thesis focus 5.2 Identifying issues 5.3 Thought process 06 BACKGROUND 6.1 The site 6.2 Existing condition analysis 07 DESIGN CONCEPT 7.1 Mid semester preliminary concept drawing 7.2 Mid semester feedback 7.3 Design concept improvement 7.31 Human interaction Zone

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08 Design process 8.1 Spatial functions 8.11 Threshold 8.12 Functions improvement 8.2 Spatial experience 8.21 Human scale 8.22 Spatial experience & perception study 8.3 Design criteria improvement 8.4 Outdoor space design 8.5 ETFE roof study 09 REFLECTION 9.1 Final drawings 9.2 Conclusion 10 REFERENCES

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First and foremost, I would like to epress my gratitude to my tutor for this thsis studio, Dr Andrew Martel for his guidance and advice.

His willingness to motivate me and teach me throughout the process of this research.

Furthermore, I would like to thank to the authority of University of Melbourne for providing me with good source of books and materials for this project.

Last but not least I would like to extend a massive thanks to my wonderful family and friends for their support and encouragement not only for the past year, but also through my university education. It has been a fairly long process but I am finally at the end thanks to you.

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ONE

INTRODUCTION

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According to the World Health Organization (WHO) “Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. In this positive sense, mental health is the foundation for individual well-being and the effective functioning of a community1.�

WHO estimate that more than 450 million people around the world suffer from mental disorders. By 2030, depression will be the number one cause of disability, outranking ischemic heart disease and diabetes2.

In addition to the impact mental illness has on the suffers, there is an enormous economic cost to society. The annual cost of mental health to the Australian economy is estimated to be $20 billion3 and in England, ÂŁ100 billion.2 Architecture for mentally disabled people is an area that has been neglected and underrepresented. This project thus aims to identify the changes that can be made in the current building to improve and meet the requirements of people with mental illness.

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1.1 Vision

Creating a

flexible, comfortable, motivated and

Decompressive space for students who suffer from depression

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1.2 Hypothesis Mental illness is the third leading cause of burden of disease and injury in Australia, after cancer and cardiovascular. Based on a national survey into the mental health of Australian students, close to 70% of respondents rated their mental health as poor or fair. While two-thirds reported high or psychological distress over past 12 months. Depression is a mental illness in which a person has feelings of sadness, instability, loneliness, hopelessness, worthlessness and guilt. It is one of the most common yet unidentified and untreated mental health of university student, which could have pervasive and long-term effects on social, personal and academic performance.

University space design for the student with depression (mentally disabled student) is an area that has been neglected and underrepresented. We are surrounded by buildings and they frame our lives, so it is no wonder that architecture has a major effect on our mood and behaviour. As Lahoud states that “To be a good architect, you need to have a deep appreciation of human character and its capacity for transformation�. Thus, my project aims to identify the changes that can be made in current university space to meet the requirements of people with depression. To do so, I will use the design strategies to cope with the symptoms of depression in terms of the manipulation of building features such as sunlight access, materials, artificial light and so on.

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TWO

RESEARCH

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2.1 The brief history of mental illness Evil spirits

The Enlightenment

Historically, mental health was considered to be the

In reaction to the imprisonment model that was failing the

manifestation of evil spirits, and was dealt with by magic,

mentally ill, physicians began to explore the theory that

prayer and physical interventions. Those that did not

patients could recover from mental illness, if accommodaed

respond to treatment were cast out and punished. It was

in benign environments within smaller facilities that had

not until the sixth century BC that humans attributed

access to nature.

their actions and thoughts to sources within themselves.

During the fifth century BC, Hippocrates suggested that

From the time of the Enlightenment, incarceration of the

exercise and tranquility would be more beneficial than

insane was deemed inappropriate and over one hundred

exorcism and punishment, but humane treatment was

and fifteen asylums were built in England. 6Similar

abandoned during the Dark Ages when witchcraft and

institutions were built in North America, Europe, and

incarceration became the norm.

Australia 7 and it was during this wave of reform that the

4

grand Victorian asylums, with symmetrical form and layout,

Bedlam

access to natural light and ventilation, generous circulation

The earliest recorded and possibly most infamous

spaces and sprawling grounds of parks and farms came to

asylum, Bethlem Royal Hospital in London, was

dominate the housing of the mentally ill.8,9

established in the fourteenth century. Despite occupying several sites, each intended to improve the conditions for patients, Bethlem hospital is commonly cited as a place of horror, exemplifying the terrible conditions endured by those on the margins of society, and giving rise to “bedlam� as a term for chaos and confusion.5 12 MASTER THESIS

Treatment Revolution

Community based care

During the 1950s, significant new treatment options

By mid century, the community care model of treatment was

were developed that allowed faster and more effective

generally accepted, deinstitutionalisation was embraced, and

treatment of the mentally ill, although this was

the dismantling of the large mental institutions was

countered by a political movement that believed

underway. More clinics and outpatient facilities in general

psychiatry was a tool of social reform. Electro-convulsive

hospitals were built for psychiatric patients, and by the late

therapy, and then psychopharmacology, enabled a

1970s the median length of stay in a mental hospital

post-war therapeutic transformation that began to

admission ward had fallen by fifty percent.6

dramatically shorten the length of stay for patients.6,10

Many of the larger mental institutions continued to decline throughout the second half of the 20th century, with the era of grand asylums for the insane effectively ending in Australia in 2000 with the closure of Royal Park in Victoria.

Small scale residential and community facilities now dominate the mental health landscape.

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2.11 What is depression Depression is a mental illness in which a person has feelings of sadness, instability, loneliness, hopelessness, worthlessness, and guilt. Depression is a common mental disorder and can be successfully treated. There are a variety of reliable treatments for depression, including medication and counselling.School staff, particularly school counsellors and school psychologists, can work with parents and mental health professionals to obtain appropriate support for students experiencing depression.Because depression is often not recognized in children and adolescents, they may not get the help they need. Adults often have difficulty believing children can become depressed, and it is difficult to recognize the symptoms in children, which may not be the same as adult symptoms. Failure to recognize and treat depression can have serious consequences:

> Depression affects students’ academic performance and social relationships. > Depression in childhood and adolescence often sets the stage for mental health problems in adult life. >There is a close correlation between depression, thinking about suicide, planning suicide, and committing suicide.11

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2.12 Depression analysis Number and Statistics 6.2% Australian experience affective disorders,which depression is 4.1%.12

Cause Combination of recent life events: > Long- term unemployment > Living in an abusive or uncaring relationship > Long-term isolation or loneliness > Prolonged exposure to stress at work

And personal factors > Family history > Personality > Serious medical illness > Drug and alcohol use

Treatment > Psychological treatments (taking therapies) > Medical treatments for depression > Supportive social relationships - Family and Friends > Other source of support ( Exercise, Diet, Relaxation training) 15 MASTER THESIS

2.2 Architecture affect people’s mood Health – the Sick Building Syndrome states that acoustics, air quality, and temperature of facilities affect the stress levels and physical health of building occupants - student and faculty health can be impacted by the physical facilities they are in.

A common cause for Sick Building Syndrome is an issue with the HVAC system, such as mold, improper ventilation or lack of proper maintenance.13

Acoustics,

Air Quality , Temperature of facilities

From the materials used to the direction of the windows, everything is taken into consideration when designing a building, since it all has a psychological affect. Space, for instance, has a huge impact on us, with small rooms inciting feelings of confinement and bigger rooms inciting feelings of freedom Another architectural feature is light. “Light certainly has a physiological impact on people,” says Dr Alan Lewis, a lecturer in architecture at Manchester University. “Research has shown that visible light helps the human body to regulate the production of the hormone melatonin, which in turn helps to regulate our body clock, affecting sleep patterns and digestion.

Visible light also helps to stimulate the body’s production of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which can reduce the symptoms of depression.”

Colour has similar affects to light, with lighter colours having a more positive affect on moods than darker colours.14

Materials, light, colour 16 MASTER THESIS

2.3 Change of space affects the psychological change The space is infinite and shapeless, but it is also ubiquitous. All forms adhere to the space, which transform with the time and space. The space can be solid or virtual, which creates different psychological feelings through different forms. Different processing methods of location, form, texture and color can cause different spatial magnitudes perceived by your mind.

People’s visual scanning order is generally up-down and left-right, the form of center point is the visual center, and so different perceptions of spatial magnitudes will be generated at different positions. In the plane space, the form at the upper part is lighter than at the lower part, or otherwise, it will leave people an impression of front heaviness. Different colors and textures can also generate different spatial magnitudes: the forms of low color transparency, low purity, cold color and simple texture can produce a receding feeling, which can make people feel quiet, and it shows profound and simple cultural deposits; the forms of high color transparency, high purity, warm color and rich texture can create a feeling of advance, boisterousness and prosperity, which can make people exited, it is also easy to remember, and it can also generate different front and back levels and form a sense of space. High buildings are magnificent and eye catching, while low buildings are steady.

On the aspect of form, compared to the form of the same size while with irregular profile, simple form feels smaller. For the directional form, a big space should be left along the direction, or otherwise, it will make you feel crowded. The wholeness of form also affects the space psychology. For the forms with same intake in space, the form of irregular edge will make you feel spacious, and if the form is in the center, it will make you feel crowded.15,16

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Different types of architectural space can bring different psychological feelings to people, including the sense of security, comfort, affinity and distance. The safety issue should be considered during architectural design, and the space without molimen cannot create a sense of security. In the meantime, the space distance is also one of the elements for the sense of security, such as the space, personal, social and public distance, the distance directly affects the size of space, and you won’t feel safe if the space is too big or too small. The sense of comfort is the basic standard to measure the building quality, and the rationality of the color and void-solid matching and comparison of architectural space will directly affect people’s feeling of the architectural space. Different architectural techniques can generate different psychological feelings. For example, the mysterious religious building requires a sense of distance, while the kindergarten building should generate a sense of affinity. By reducing the space aspect ratio and intensifying the space sense of closure, the sense of affinity of the space can be increased; conversely, the sense of distance can be increased.

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UNIVERSAL DESIGN FOR MENTAL ILLNESS

THREE

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> Access to outdoor areas - many outdoor gardens, balconies, terraces and other external space should be designed to be secure.17 > Community integration - no separation between the general public and to increase social interaction as well.18 > Supportive social environment - building should provide space for social interaction. > Stress-free environment - minimize stressful life - experiences to allow focus on recovery. > Comfortable environment, some area should away from noise - to achieve plenty of rest. > Stability - It would provide stability and sense of accomplishment. > Space for physical activities - indoor & outdoor exercise. > Improvement of social cohesion. > Relationship of the interior planning - spatial coherence of function distribution

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3.1 Preliminary evaluation criteria

> Visible daylighting and Direct sun > Rich, earthy, soft colour > Social interaction and belongings > Division of internal space (Spatial function diversity) > Adaptability > Physical disability > Scents

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The table below is used to rate the criteria on a uniform scale: 1

Daylighting

Colour

2

No windows in all Few windows but Only the lobby get rooms no consideration natural lighting to natural light for most of the day Only few Colour for all spaces are dulled furnitures have or higher contrast bright colour

Minimal space for Only one type of Social interaction social interaction social interaction & in few spaces belongings

Spatial function diversity

3

Single type and unreasonable

One or two spatial types,

4 Lobby and overground space get natural lighting for most of the day

5 All space get natural lighting and sufficient artificial lighting.

One or two Most spaces have Colour for all spaces have the the comfortable spaces are rich, gentle colour but colour earthy and soft monotone

Options for active Options for active social interaction and passive social interaction in one space

Few types, but connectivity is weak

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Multiple social interactions both actively and passively, and multiple spaces for social

Appropriate Individual spaces human scale and are unreasonable multiple types

1

Adaptability

Physical disability

Scents

2

3

4

5

Minimal changes can occur in furniture layout

Limited changes due to building configuration

Furniture layout Furniture layout can be altered in can be altered in the specified area all area

Furniture layout can be altered in all area and spatial form can be rearranged

Not accessble

Can accessble

Can easily accessble

All spaces can easily accessbile

No ventilation and smelly

Only the open space have ventilation and clean scents

Most spaces have Only toilet no ventilation and ventilation and clean scents smelly

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Most spaces can easily accessbile

All spaces have Good ventilation and fresh scents

3.2 Discussion 3.11 Visible daylighting and direct sun

Why does it affect mood?

The National Institute of Health reports that natural light improves mood and energy, so open the curtains and raise the blinds. If you can’t get the real thing, bright light therapy boxes can help. The science of using color to boost well-being, called chromotherapy, has been around for centuries and also is extremely helpful in healing depression.19

Visible light also helps to stimulate the body’s production of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which can reduce the symptoms of depression.20

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Sufficient Daylighting

Insufficient Daylighting

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3.22 Rich, earthy soft colour

Why does it affect mood?

Color always played a role in the human evolutionary process. The environment and its colors are perceived, and the brain processes and judges what it perceives on an objective and subjective basis.

Psychological influence, communication, information, and effects on the psyche are aspects of our perceptual judgment processes. Hence, the goals of color design in an architectural space are not relegated to decoration alone.

The impression of a color and the message it conveys is of utmost importance in creating the psychological mood or ambiance that supports the function of a space.19

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A few examples concerning colors and what they convey:

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3.23 Social interaction and belongings Why it is important? we experience belonging when we feel that we are accepted and valued by others within social groups and organisations

How can I do that?

Appropriate human scale and type of space to ensure the architecture is Conductive to creating social interaction

public space 7.6m social space 3.6m intimate space 0.45m

personal space 1.2m

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3.24 Division of internal space (Spatial function diversity) Design should be responsive to needs of user, behaviours and requirements, offering users a freedom of choice and control over their environment.

Souce: Dr Kenn Fisher, Department of Education

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3.25 Adaptability (How does the space change)

The objective is to develop flexible and adaptable learning environment that can be repeatedly used for people with a variety of different requirements and needs. Within the spectrum of mental disabilities that has been researched, there is already a diverse range of requirements and needs.

This means that the building have to be adaptable on a variety of scales. Including the ability to move furniture, additionally, it should have the possibility to rearrange spatial types and funcitons depending on the specific requirements. There si also a time scale for these changes, for now or for the future.

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Souce: adaptablefutures.com

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3.26 Scents

Why does it affect mood?

Collaborative research in 2008 with Johns Hopkins University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem shows that fresh,clean scents boost mood. If The journal Psychological Medicine reports that it reacts with your brain to trigger emotive, neurological and chemical responses. Smells can bring you back to fond memories, energize an otherwise lethargic day, reduce tension, and bring about a sense of calm that enables you to tackle the stressful tasks of everyday life.19

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3.27 Physical disability Case study

Visual Disorder 33 MASTER THESIS

Handle and ramp for people with mobility difficulies

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FOUR

PRECEDENTS

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Learning Hub - The University of Adelaide, South Australia Designed to transform the student experience, this 24 hours a day, seven days a week learning and information space represents the latest test bed for student learning. Taking the idea of a tree as a metaphor for learning helped create an individual look, feel and activity zone for each level of the building.

Underground, the third level space echoes the dark and cosy feeling of the roots, while the ground plane is light and bright. The mezzanine on the fifth level becomes the ‘treehouse’, lifting students among the foliage.

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Our mission was to create a flexible new space founded on the philosophy of ‘ learning based designs’

Design with students for students

A space that captures the minds of students and is responsive to their needs

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Qualitative Analysis Daylighting Colour Social interaction and belongings Spatial function diversity Adaptability Physical disability Scents

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Social interactive and collaborative learning

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Blurring formal and informal,public and private spaces 40 MASTER THESIS

Break out traditional study spaces

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A building in touch with nature

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Break out traditional study spaces

Space for quite and private study

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Giblin Eunson Library - University of Melbourne, Australia The University of Melbourne’s new Giblin Eunson Library is a warm and inviting place for students of the Faculty of Business and Economics and the Melbourne Graduate School of Education to study.

The University of Melbourne’s new Giblin Eunson Library came about when the Faculty of Business and Economics and the Melbourne Graduate School of Education were relocated outside of the main campus and it was deemed necessary to locate the library facilities in close proximity to where the students were based.

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Constructing a library which is a warm and

It wanted students, teachers and researchers

inviting place for students.

to have a choice of spaces that allow them to work the way they want to work.

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Qualitative Analysis Daylighting Colour Social interaction and belongings Spatial function diversity Adaptability Physical disability Scents

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Many of them treat it as a living room, bedroom, as well as a place to study.

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Single study booths to larger, open spaces for collaboration and lounge areas 48 MASTER THESIS

Nemours Children’s Hospital - Stanley Beaman & Sears Nemours Children’s Hospital, situated in the Lake Nona Medical City mixed-use development in Orlando, Florida, has set a new design standard. Led by architect Stanley Beaman & Sears, the new hospital and grounds are a testament to the term “healing environment” - evoking a life-affirming quality sure to reassure parents and delight children. The project’s architectural solution arose out of a collaboration with Nemours’ many stakeholders, including practitioners, administrators, and a family advisory committee of parents and children.

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“healing environment” - evoking a life-affirming quality sure to reassure parents and delight children. engage and delight – and the investment in landscape

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Qualitative Analysis Daylighting Colour Social interaction and belongings Spatial function diversity Adaptability Physical disability Scents

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Overlook and give access to extensive outdoor spaces designed for respite and recreation. 52 MASTER THESIS

Warm and soft materials 53 MASTER THESIS

Student center - Coventry University. UK This student center is so amazing it almost makes me want to re-enroll in university. Almost.

I remember my friends and I being kicked out of the student center during our university days, for making too much noise. Its not our fault I swear we thought those rooms were sound proof. But we didn’t mind, the student centers weren’t that good to begin with.

But this student center is an entirely different case!

Coventry University’s new 91,000 sq ft student center is the perfect haven for stressed out students. Dubbed ‘The Hub’ it provides a bright, and spacious informal learning center that is capable of accommodating 1000 geeks at a time.

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Qualitative Analysis Daylighting Colour Social interaction and belongings Spatial function diversity Adaptability Physical disability Scents

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FIVE

THESIS

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5.1 Thesis focus

Autonomous motivation socializing mood

flexible

depression comfortable

stress - free

belongings

learning environment lighting

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5.2 Identifying issues

Symptoms

Physical Behaviours

Architecture Question

1

Sadness

Tiredness or lack of energy

How Architecture improve mood?

2

Hopelessness

Withdrawing from people

How can architecture make students feel a sense of belongings?

3

Guilt

Trouble concentrating

How can architecture make students feel a sense of achievements (competitive)

4

Low self esteem

Missing work, school or other

How can architecture create autonomous motivation school environment?

5

Angry Outbursts

commitments

6

Loss of interest in friends,family

Sleeping problem

7

and favourite activities

Changes in appetite

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How can architecture create a relax and stress-free environment?

How can architecture create a positive eating environment in the school?

5.3 Thought process I don’t know what I’m really meant to be doing, I do my work, go to lectures, go to my tutes but I can’t see where any of it leads or if I should be going there.

—— Art student I feel like I know no one here and at times I can feel quite isolated from other students. I feel like I don’t have a solid way of meeting and engaging with students outside of course work.

—— Science student I had a hard time adjusting in first semester of first year because I felt like a ‘number’ and that the University didn’t really care about me.

—— Science student

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Initial Stage Good mental health is essential for university students to achieve their academic potential. Mental health difficulties can impair students’ learning, impacting on their attention, cognition, problem- solving, social interactions and the capacity to work constructively with others or to engage effectively with learning activities. Positive mental health (or wellbeing) on the other hand, means students will have the resilience, motivation and persistence needed to engage effectively in complex learning tasks, manage stressors, respond positively to challenges and make the most of the opportunities available. By analyzing the treatment methods and root of problems, it is identified that autonomous motivation is high determinant factors of treating people with depression. Once we have autonomously motivated when we do things, we will find the activities intrinsically interesting or satisfying, or when we believe our actions will facilitate valued goals. In order to design an autonomous motivation learning environment, I have the ability to enhance feelings of belonging, social interaction, positive relationships, autonomy and competence, and thus make students more autonomously motivated

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How to create an autonomous motivation stress - free environment?

How, Why & What makes the current building unsatisfactory?

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Direct Experience Spaces without natural ventiation and sunlight, only making use of ‘borrowed’ light from entrance and corridors

Dark, Long and narrow communal areas

Spaces without natural ventiation and sunlight, only making use of ‘borrowed’ light from entrance and corridors

Dim purple light in the eating area

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Masterplan that addresses general disabilities Autonomous motivation - Qualitative aspect > Integration > Stress - free Environment > Stability, sense of accomplishment > Social interaction > Sense of belongings > positive relationship

Interior design focus on requirements of depression > Consider autonomous motivation aspects required specifically for people who suffer from depression > Design in order to allow areas to interact with other areas > Develop building that maximise the amount of light > Clear division of different kinds of space > Colours used within units that may evoke different emotions

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SIX

BACKGROUND

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6.1 SITE

Union House is located in the center of the Parkville campus and provides a wealth of cultural and support services to students as well as a place to relax, be entertained and eat. It is the focal point of Student Union activities and the heart of University life.

Union House used to house Melbourne’s only museum.

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Site possibilities Design opportunity: Union house is located in the bustling center of the campus that a gathering place for students, faculty, and visitors in the university. For students, it is hard to find space to relax and enjoy campus life. They want more places to collaborate and study. In addition, the University space design for the students with depression (mental disabled student) is an area that has been neglected and underrepresented.

site

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6.2 Existing condition analysis

South Court

Entrance of Union House

Old Physics

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Deakin Court

Gateway of Deakin Court

Daylighting

The daylighting of union house is insufficient, make a space more depressive 69 MASTER THESIS

Semi-open space These two courtyard will provide a covered transparence area where the surrounding buildings all intersect. The ETFE canopy provides students with a weather protected space for learning and recreation which offers maximum light transmission with minimal structural impact on the building (unlike glass).

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Colour

Compare

Colour is dim

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Spatial Functions > Spatical characters are not clear and monotonous > Unreasonable division of internal space. e.g. public/private, privare/social > Existing facilities could not cope with the demands

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Scents Dining environment is uncomfortable, the air is stale

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Analysis Result Daylighting Colour Social interaction and belongings Spatial function diversity Adaptability Physical disability Scents

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SEVEN

DESIGN CONCEPT

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7.1 Mid semester preliminary concept drawing

This project is based on the premise that a student’s mental health.

Based on the analysis, the students could be significantly involved in the University, but also spend time on campus interacting with faculty and participating in student organizations and activities.

Improve the student autonomous motivation. At the initial stage of design, there are several conceptual ideas:

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Cha nge s > O v e r a l l , e xp a nd t he a r e a o n the o ri gi nal basi s. Inc re asi ng the o ut d o o r s p a c e a nd s e m i - o pe n spac e > C r e a t i ng a p hy s i c a l a nd p syc o l o gy c o nne c ti o n i n re l ati o nshi p to the b ui l d i ng a s a who l e > E nha nc i ng l i nk a g e b e t we e n i nsi de and o utsi de , o ve rgro und and und e r g r o und > t he s e ns e o f a c hi e v e m e nt by use o f c o l o r mate ri al s and e xpe ri e nc e t o b ui l d t he a t m o s p he r e of spac e

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7.2 Mid semester feedback Think of the time that building be used Think design for different impairment design for everyone Think about design in winter Think about rating system Connection from people to people

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Amazing research Connect the overground and ungerground Transparence roof is a good idea How does the building connect to the surrounding place Personal Relection e current conceptual design haven’t thought out all the details, I need to analyze every single detail. Focus on what I am going to do next and combine design with my research, thus developing the criteria rating used as basis for design.

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7.3 Design concept improvement Further detail about the concept This project provides the campus with a renovation plan for Union House, long identified as in need of programmatic and physical redesign, to give the students a high quality center for student life with a mixture of services including retail, dining, meeting, studying and relaxing and space for student or organization.

Views of proposed design > An easily found destination for students > A place with full winter sun or dappled fall shade > An environment for socializing, meeting, thinking and studying > A nurturing place for rest and relaxation > A place where you expect to meet your friends > A safe place for day and night activity > A comfortable place for stressed students.

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CONCEPT DIAGRAM

B E F OR E

Indoor Space

- Spaces are isolated - Spaces are monotonous - Less sunlight in spaces

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AF TE R

Semi-open Space

Indoor Space

Outdoor Space

- Establish spatial and visual links - Increase a variety of spaces - Increase sunlight penetration to spaces

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7.31 Human Interaction Zone

In no way can we exist in separation from the space – usually designed or shaped in some way – that surrounds us. Every day each of us moves through a continuum of exceedingly diverse spaces of varying types and sizes. We perceive the expansiveness of a landscape, for example, by moving through it. An architect can change the point of view or pull something into focus by creating a lookout, a focal point, or a certain route to be followed.

In this interaction between built spaces and human beings, we architects have a role something like that of a movie director. This role involves reading and recognizing spatial potential, on the one hand, and understanding societal needs on the other. The design language adapts from situation to situation in accordance with these factors. We constantly construct our perspectives anew, and observe, listen to and sense the space from a range of different angles.

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social space 3.6m intimate space 0.45m personal space 1.2m public space 7.6m

Appropriate human scale and type of space to

Meet different spatial feelings and attract interests

ensure the architecture is

from the public.

Conductive to creating social interaction

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For interactions among acquaintances

social space 3.6m intimate space 0.45m personal space 1.2m public space 7.6m

Speaking / performing For interactions among good friends or family members

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The images below reprent the combination of both intimate and public space

shichigahama elementary and a junior high school designed by kumiko inui

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The images below reprent the social space

Monash University

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EIGHT

DESIGN PROCESS

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8.1 Sptial functions Basement Floor Plan Sketch Feedback emphasize the transition between spaces and their scales to create a rhythm for the holistic space. (Threshold)

Reflection Find the precedents of threshold Consider the connection between each space Students’ really needs 95 MASTER THESIS

8.11 Threshold What is threshold The manner of connecting one space to another is too often and too quickly resolved by nothing more than a door.

Although many of us grow up with nothing more than doors as separators and connectors between rooms if we look more closely at historical examples you’ll see more nuanced ways of linking and separating spaces. This is generally referred to as a threshold – a zone of passage or pause between two spaces, areas or rooms. Thresholds acknowledge that the character of any two adjacent rooms is rarely identical; therefore, some form of transition is often desirable. A door is one of several possible solutions to linking and separating spaces. Screens, passages, unaligned openings, wall thicknesses, among other devices, offer other ways of achieving the same means but with different effects. In some cases, thresholds become so extended that they become intermediary spaces in their own right.

Before throwing in a way, punching a hole and dropping a door in, first ask what the relationship between the two adjacent spaces is. You may find, firstly, that a wall isn’t necessary but that perhaps a screen or row of columns might serve the purpose of separation and individual identity for each space. If a wall is needed, the door isn’t necessarily an automatic solution for passage. A opening in a thick wall might provide enough of a threshold between the two spaces by accentuating the thickness of the wall as a barrier and separator, while remaining connected with a door-less passage. The position of the opening itself, at a corner, in the middle of the wall or room, also provides visual clues as to whether it is normal to pass from one to the other without question.

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If a door is used, the location of the hinge side and direction of the swing can either block or provide views inward when the door is left ajar such that an occupant can be more or less inviting by leaving the door partially opened.

Taken further, the idea of thresholds is also about mediating movement from one type of spatial status to another – for example, from a very public to a very private space. A door requires a firm decision to enter, yet you may have no idea of what type of room is on the other side and whether it is permissible or desirable to enter. A threshold space can signal changes in the status so that a greater sense of a private realm is signalled – a thoughtful user will pick up on these signals and understand whether they should proceed. In public buildings such issues are paramount and help to mitigate the necessity for signs, locked doors and sealed off areas. Most public buildings include spaces through which any passer-by may enter and proceed but also include spaces which may be for employees only and hence private. Understanding thresholds as transitions and mediators adds meaning to movement in architecture as well as add clarity to how spaces should be interpreted and used.21

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Space 1

Space 2

Space 3

Entrance Threshold

Entrance transition Distinguish between inside and outside

Entrance 2 Threshold

Threshold

Functions transition Distinguish space 1’s function and space 2’s function

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Functions transition Distinguish space 2’s function and space 3’s function

Threshold

Entrance transition Distinguish between inside and outside

methods of threshold

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methods of threshold

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Precedents of threshold 101 MASTER THESIS

RET HINK RESEA RCH D et e r m in e wh a t t h e r eci pi en t r eal l y w an ts.

The union house aims to support a variety of program types by bringing them together into one location

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NEEDS

ACTIVITY

Sense of belongings

Communicating & Socializing

Autonomous motivation Interest

triggering

Adapting Thinking & Creating

Comfort Stress free

Relaxing

Positive attitude Servicing

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SPATIAL FUNCTIONS Lounge area

Open collaboration

Informal study

Student service

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Formal study

Open workspace

Kitchen

Game area

Resting area

Multipurpose gathering

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Courts

Courtyard

8.2 Sptial experience

Basement Floor Plan Sketch Feedback Consider the users spatial experience and Spatial coherent Students’ emotion

Reflection Develop the reasonable human scale and spatial perception and experiences Connection with nature 106 MASTER THESIS

8.21 Human scale

What is human scale in architecture?

Buildings scaled to human physical capabilities have steps, doorways, railings, work surfaces, seating, shelves, fixtures, walking distances, and other features that fit well to the average person. Humans also interact with their environments based on their sensory capabilities.

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Human scale and space perception Human scale in architecture is based on the dimension & proportions of the human body. We can use elements that have human meaning & whose dimensions are related to the dimensions of our posture, pace, pace, reach or grasp. Such element as a table or chair, the sill of a window & the lintel over a doorway, not only help us to judge the size of space, but also give it a human scale.

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Importance of Scale The perception of space, although mostly visual, is largely based on our relationship with scale. Our sense of scale is complemented by bodily sense, primarily through haptic feedback. According to the theories Alois Regel (1858–1905) and his Aesthetic Model, there are three main scales that we experience space; near, middle and far range.

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8.22 Spatial experience & perception study

T H OU GHT PRO CESS H OW T O CRE A T E SP A T I A L E X P E R I E N C E AN D P E R C E P T I O N

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Perception is what the individual perceives on a unique and subjective basis.

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Architects and designers use the notion of atmosphere to argue that architecture and space is designed and built for people to use and experience

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Components of Atmosphere

Objects Materials Sound Light Colour

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Materials

Peter Zumthor,“ Materials react with one another and have their radiance, so that the material composition gives rise to something unique.� 22

> Materials can be transformed in multiple ways to obtain certain atmospherics in architecture and space. > Materials are also combined with other materials in a building that play with texture, color, temperature and tone; all of which create an atmosphere and mood.

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Case Study Transitory spaces like hallways or entryways, for example, might enliven a space with brighter, bolder colors, but the same design features in a space where people will spend long periods of time could lead to unhappiness, uneasiness, or a lack of productivity.

A bank might use natural wood and stone with a neutral palette and rich accent colors to convey a sense of wealth, sophistication, honesty, and friendliness.

A staff lounge in a hospital could use green tones, comfortable furniture, and natural light (or, at least, the illusion of natural light) to create a quiet refuge away from the stimulating and stressful hospital environment.23

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A 2009 study in the journal Biological Psychiatryfound that being touched and feeling textures reduces depression by lowering the stress hormone cortisol and by increasing the feel-good hormone oxytocin

Natural vs. Synthetic or man made

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Sound “Interiors are like large instruments, collecting sound, amplifying it, transmitting it elsewhere.

That has to do with the shape peculiar to each room and with the surface of materials they contain, and the way those materials have been applied.�22

According to the Handbook of Music and Emotion (Oxford University Press, 2011), invite upbeat music or nature soundscapes. Brainwave Music Therapy, music that produces deep sounds that activate theta waves in your brain, which encourage deep relaxation.

Soft ambient sounds improve moods,

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Sketches for spatial experiences

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The spatial experience design should be considered from the scale, spatial height, lighting and spatial type. Taken as a whole, the space will get brighter and open from the entrance to the upstairs space.

Overall that is an adaptive process. The relation between the design of building space and people’s psychology is complicated and subtle, which are closely related to and mutually impact each other.

The form, magnitude, color and void-solid can both reflect different expressions of building, which can create different psychological feelings to people. The abstract “feeling” is transformed to specific “object”, the abstract graph is transformed to specific architectural form, and it should meet the artistic aesthetics, people’s emotion and the user’s satisfaction.

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Social

Privitastion

Lighting perception

Density of people

Ceiling height

Area size

Psychological distance

Daylight intensity

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8.3 Design criteria improvement

> Visible daylighting and Direct sun

> Daylighting

> Rich, earthy, soft colour

> Artificial lighting

> Social interaction and belongings

> Color

> Division of internal space (Spatial function diversity)

> Social interaction

> Adaptability

> Texture

> Physical disability

> Noise

> Scents

> Movement

Based on the design of spatial functions and spatial experiences, I have made a few adjustments of design criteria

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Entrance Lounge

Thrsold:open collaboration

Informal study area

Daylighting

Small group: open collaboration

Artificial lighting Color Social interaction Texture Noise Movement

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Students service

Atrium: formal study

The lounge under the tree

Open workspace + Game area kitchen

Resting area

Multipurpose gathering

Daylighting Artificial lighting Color Social interaction Texture Noise

Movement

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South court

Deakin court

This design criteria provides a standard used for comparison. Based on these criteria, consider each spatial function carefully and get the diagram as above. The diagram shows that the criteria varied with each function and these changes will be the focus of the design.

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8.4 Outdoor Design Space - Connect with nature

Key principle The union house will rebuild the outdoor area besides the building. Based on the human interaction zone, the new outdoor area should encourage more activities by offering a varietyof safe and comfortable spaces. Different types should attempt to cater for multiple needs. For example, have lunch with friends, mediation, outdoor exercise and outdoor learning. In addition,it should provide a place that can connect with nature and abundant sunshine. It also the interior functions extend.

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Protential benefits include > Improved physical health and wellbeing – with reduced sedentary lifestyles, improved quality of schoollife > Improved mental health – builds individual self-esteem and self-image, reduces stress, improves concentration and enhances memory and learning. > Enhanced social outcomes – encourages social interaction and development of social skills, improves social networks and social capital, increases community cohesion and pride

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Existing conditions

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Problems > Wasted outdoor area – the area is not used efficiently > There are too few trees and lack shadows > The outdoor spatial functions are single > No connection between the indoor space and this area

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Public

Close Gathering

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Open

Human interaction zone in outdoor space

Intimate space

social space

personal space 130 MASTER THESIS

public space

8.5 ETFE STUDY What is ETFE film?

It’s the new generation material which goes beyond glass.

ETFE (Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene) is durable, highly transparent and very lightweight in comparison to glass structures.

This fabric is considered the material of choice for traditional skylight applications to long span structures and building facades. ETFE is often used as a fabric roof alternative, offering elegance and modern design alternatives.24

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Construction Technology Single Layered Application EFTE film can be applied in a single layer form and is reinforced with cables, lightweight steel or aluminium to maintainshape and stability, making it a perfect lightweight fabric roofing option.24

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Double or Triple Layered Application ETFE film incorporates a pneumatic system to maintain air between 2 or 3 layers of film restrained in aluminium extrusions and supported by a lightweight structure creating inflated cushions.

These cushions are filled with low-pressure air, providing thermal insulation and structural stability against wind or snow loads.

If needed, small cables can be used for reinforcement. Under typical loading conditions, ETFE cushions can range from 1 to 5 metres wide and reach up to 60m in length.24

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Structure exploring

ETFE Foil

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1% the weight of glass and up to 95% light transmission.

As an incredibly lightweight material, ETFE offers savings by being able to reduce both the size of steel and the size of foundations.

A smart solution for spanning large spaces.

ETFE ROOF

Ethylene Tetra Fluoro Ethylene (ETFE) is a clear polymer that is extruded into a thin film (or foil) which is used to form either a single layer membrane or multi-layer cushions supported in an aluminium perimeter extrusion.

Lasting 35+ years, ETFE is built to last. ETFE can be clear, tinted with colour or fritted where a pattern is printed on the surface to reduce light transmission. It is unaffected by UV light, atmospheric pollution and other forms of environmental weathering.

The most common usage of ETFE Foil is multi-layered cushions. Cushions are kept continually pressurised by a small inflation unit which maintains the pressure around 200-300Pa giving it structural stability, and insulation. Power consumption for the inflation unit is between 60-100w.

Alternatively, single layer ETFE does not require any inflation, making it a simple, economical solution for creating bright covered spaces.

Minimal Maintenance.

Because the surface of ETFE is smooth, environmental pollution and algae do not stick to it. ETFE self-cleans in the rain and requires minimal maintenance inspections.

ETFE is shatter resistant making it a first choice in transportation hubs, shopping centres, schools, and hospitals.

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NINE

REFLECTION

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9.1 Final Drawings

Basement Floor Plan

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SCALE

1:10000

1. Carpark 2. Entrance (threshold) 3. Lounge 4. Open Collaboration Area 5. Informal Study 6. Student Service 7. Atrium (formal study) 8. Open Workspace 9. Multipurpose Stair 10. Kitchen 11. Game Area 12. Public Storage 13. Resting Area

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B First Floor Plan

N

A

SCALE

1:10000

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1. Entrance 2. Gathering and Quick Working Space 3. Informal Study Area 4. A trium (formal study) 5. Socialising and Informal Study Area 6. Multipurpose Stair 7. Public Computer Lab 8. Eating Area 9. Lounge 10. Food Retail 11. Outdoor Park

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N

SCALE

1:3500

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N

SCALE

1:3500

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N

Section A SCALE 1:3500

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N

Section B SCALE 1:3500

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Deakin Court

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South Court

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First floor is a completely open space, it focus on natural lighting and ventilation, to provide a healthy learning environment. The functions of first floor comprises students lounge, study area, food retail, eating area and computer lab. The transparence roof system brings in abundant amounts of daylight and allow for direct view of the sky from all places in the upstairs area.

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Entrance Lounge

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Entrance lounge is an adjustment region that from the individual to the public learning environment. For students, they need a place to relieve the tension and adjust their feelings. Especially for students with mental problem, this is important.

The whole place adopts the peaceful color of the big area and just used the colorful color in the furniture. Based for my study, this color scheme can creates peace of mind and pleasure.

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Collaboration (Threshold)

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The small place is a transition area (threshold) between the relaxation area and study area that is not separated completely. I just used different ceiling height and changed the materials to achieve the separated mentally.

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Informal Study

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Considering the character of the informal study area, the design is privacy compare with other areas. It divided into smaller study area with partitions. The height of partitions make sure the student is able to see the other students when they stand and they cannot see the person next to them when they sit.

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Collaboration for small Group

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This is also a threshold area within the formal study area. With the same method, change the height and color of ceiling and adjust the materials of the floor. It provide a group collaboration area for students who need it.

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Student Service

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Formal Study

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The raised ceiling open the space allowing light from the outside to filter through, using day lighting to enlarge eye shot, become a vibrant bright space, in limited space, move each light into the space, to express a warm and comfortable atmosphere.

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Lounge area

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“Sometimes I carry a book out under the trees and sit in the dappled shade.”

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Multipurpose gathering

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Multipurpose gathering

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The step is not only the access between the basement and first floor, but also a multipurpose gathering space. It is a transition area with the combination of dynamics and statics. These subsided areas have different size that meet different needs. It also let a space more intimate interaction with people.

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Kitchen

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Game Area

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Resting Area

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Relaxation area using the partition furniture and bean bags that let a space more intimate interaction with people.

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Courtyard masterplan

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1. Entrance of car park

6. Wood platforms

2. Open lawn

7. Bike rack

3. The walk

8. Arrival plaza

4. Central lawn

9. Continue seating

5. Linear park

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Courtyard aerial view

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access

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Central lawn

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Linear park

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9.2 Conclusion This project aims to provide principles in ways of designing that will enhance the capacity of students with disabilities caused by mental health conditions to participate comfortably in the school and communities.

The challenges faced during the designing of this development were never ending. However, I am pleased with the outcome as I was able to achieve the main design requirements I had set out to meet the needs of all students and students who suffer from mental illness.

Through the master plan and preliminary design ideas, I was able to achieve a student-oriented and comfortable design where it place the communal areas as the focal point of the project, encouraging students with mental illness to engage in school life and activities to enhance social interactions that would strengthen the mental health.

Additionally, the design of all spaces have followed all research and to achieved it. The development of spatial types, the improvement to the whole space atmosphere and user’s experience, comfortable spatial functions and finally, more sunlight reaches the building.

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TEN

REFERENCES

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1. World Health Organization, 2010. Fact Sheet 220. Mental Health: Strengthening Our Response. Website, accessed 11 April 2012www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/index.html.

2. Centre for Mental Health UK, 2012. The Economic Costs of Mental Health problems in 2009/20, Website accessed 16 August 2012.www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk.

3. Department of Health, 2012a Mental Health Promotion Resources, Victorian Government website, accessed 16 August 2012, www.centreformentalhealth.org.uk.

4. Millon, T, 2004. Masters of the Mind: Exploring the Story of Mental Illness from ancient times to the new millennium. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New Jersey. Website, accessed 27 April 2012, www.books.google. com.au/books?id=nfvaX3eyYjEC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false 5. Bethlem Royal Hospital Archive and Museum Service, 2012. Website, accessed 11 April /2012 at www. bethlemheritage. org.uk/aboutus.asp 6. Garton, S. 2009 Seeking Refuge: Why Asylum Facilities Might Still be Relevant for Mental Health Care Services Today.

Health and History, Vol 11, No1. Australian Asylums and Their Histories, pp25-45. Website, accessed 21 March 2012, www. jstor.org/pstable/20534502 7. Rutherford, S. 2005. Landscapers for the Mind: English Asylum Designers. Garden History, Vol 33, No1 Summer 2005 pp6186, Website accessed 21 March 2012, www.jstor.org/stable/25434157 8. Yanni. C, 2007. The Architecture of Madness, Insane Asylums in the United States, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 9. Malcolm, E. 2009. Australian Asylum Architecture through German Eyes: Kew, Melbourne, 1867, Health and History, Vol 11, No 1. Australian Asylums and their Histories pp46-64 Website, accessed 19 March 2012, www.jstor.org/stable/20534503 181 MASTER THESIS

10. 10. Laffy, P. 2003 Antipsychiatry in Australia: Sources for a Social and Intellectual History. Health and History, Vol. 5, No. 2, Histories of Psychiatry after Deinstitutionalisation: Australia and New Zealand (2003), pp. 17-36, Australian and New Zealand Society of the History of Medicine, Website, accessed 21 March 2012, www.jstor.org/stable/40111451 11. 2001, ‘Teaching students with Mental Health Disorder Resources for Teachers’, British Columbia, Ministry of Education, Special Programs Branch. Vol.2.

12. Sane Australia 2014, OCD, Sane Australia, Australia, viewed 10 August 2014 from http:// www.sane.org/information/factsheets-podcasts/180-obsessive-compulsive-disorder.

13. Zippin, S 2014, ‘How does your school’s physical environment affect students’, SchoolDude Community blog, 28 May, viewed September 2017, https://www.schooldude.com/community/discover/blogs/how-does-your-schools-physical-environment-affect-students.

14. 2017,’How architecture affects your mood’, Infinity House blog, 21 July, viewed September 2017, https://blog.infinityhouse.org.uk/how-architecture-affects-your-mood/ 15. Introduction of Psychology, Xu Liancang et al., 1988.

16. Cao Canjing.Psychological behavior and architectural space design.Science and technology information, 2009 (11) 317 105 17. Chrysikou, E 2013, ‘Accessibility for mental healthcare’, Facilities, Vol. 31, No. 9/10, pp. 418-426.

18. AHURI 2013, What is the role of information community resources in supporting young people recovering from mental illness?, AHURI Research & Policy Bulletin, Melbourne, viewed 6 August 2014 from http://www.ahuri.edu.au/publications/ projects/p50682.

19. Serani, D 2013, Depression can be eased by positive home environment, Everyday Health, viewed October 2017, https:// www.everydayhealth.com/depression/depression-can-be-eased-by-positive-home-environment-3777.aspx.

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20. Independent 2016, How architecture uses space light and material to affect your mood, viewed October 2017, http:// www.independent.co.uk/life-style/design/how-architecture-uses-space-light-and-material-to-affect-your-mood-american-institute- architects-a6985986.html 21. 2013, Threshold: Link and Separator, Architecture Design Primer, viewed October 2017, https://architecturedesignprimer. wordpress.com/2013/01/08/threshold-link-and-separator/ 22. Zumthor, P. (2006). Atmospheres: architectural environments, surrounding objects. Basel, BirkhaĚˆuser.

23. 23. BG Consultants 2016, Interior Design: How colors and materials impact space. BG Consultants, viewed, November 2017, http://www.bgcons.com/insights/2016/05/27/interior-design-how-colors-and-materials-impact-space.

24. 24. MakMax Australia 2012, ETFE structure specialists, MakMax, viewed November 2017, MakMax.

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