Britannica Magazine March 2023

CONTENTS

A wild and wonderful world awaits you inside!

4 FACTOPIA! Follow the trail of hilarious illustrations and crazily connected facts. All the way from a house shaped like a toilet to… a type of cabbage that smells like skunk spray!

6 SNAP IT!

Eye-popping photos to amuse and amaze. Including a daring tightrope walker balancing above a Brazilian city, a bizarrely bendy house in Poland and

an aerodynamic dog caught in mid-flight.

1O EUREKA!

Fascinating inventions and discoveries. Meet an enormous toad, shouting dolphins and a shape-shifting robot that is able to melt and then reform. Plus, NASA announces that a bear has been discovered on Mars! (Well, sort of.)

12 LISTIFIED! Find out about five ingenious

ways that different animals team up for their mutual benefit.

Plus, nine bizarre inventions that were actually made!

14 COVER FEATURE: BRILLIANT BUGS! Explore the strange and fascinating world of insects and find out why they really rule the world. Did you know that there are around 1.4 billion insects on Earth for every human?

2O NOBODY KNOWS One of the universe’s great unsolved mysteries.

21 ASK THE EXPERTS Your chance to test Britannica’s brilliant experts. This month: what wisdom teeth are for and where you can find them.

22 COLOUR IT IN! How many sports and games can you spot as you colour in our spectacular two-page illustration?

24 THE BIG BRITANNICA FAMILY QUIZ

Stretch your brain power with a special bumper edition of our brilliantly tricky quiz. This month’s bonus picture round is: flags!

28

ABSOLUTELY EVERYTHING!

Our epic serialisation of the true history of the universe continues as we follow the extraordinary exploits of Alexander the Great and the rise and fall of the Roman Empire.

32 FASCINATING FACTS ABOUT MARCH

Celebrate 1O historic anniversaries and events, including an enormous dinosaur footprint, the world’s largest painting and how an army of 8,OOO life-size statues was unearthed in China.

34 JUMBO PUZZLES & GAMES

A four-page special featuring a multicoloured Word Search, Spot the Difference, Number Triangles, Sudoku, Word Wheel and Connect the Planets. Plus, try out our tricky new number puzzle Futoshiki!

38 INFOGRAPHIC: ALL AROUND THE WORLD! How planet Earth compares to a range of other round objects both big and small.

4O SEND IT IN!

Read the winning entry in our poetry competition about world-changing inventions. Draw your own lunar rover on a rocky moonscape. Plus, this month’s illustrated fact features a feather and a ticklish rat!

43 JOKES & RIDDLES

Hand-picked by our jokes editor May!

Page 12

There’s a museum in Texas that features more than 1,4OO artworks – all created on toilet seats

Follow the trail of crazily connected facts all the way from a house shaped like a toilet to… a type of cabbage that smells like skunk spray!

By Kate Hale, Paige Towler and Julie Beer

As late as the 16th century, traders brought narwhal tusks from North America and Russia to Europe and claimed they were u n i c o r n h o r n s

The world’s only toilet-shaped house is in South Korea. Today it’s a museum and features toilet-themed art on the grounds, including a golden pile of poo

Illustrations by Andy Smith

Some museums keep collections of flesh-eating beetles to help clean skeletons for display

About 15,OOO to 18,OOO new animal and plant species are discovered every year. Sometimes they’re found in the wild but at other times they’re in stranger places. Palaeontologists identified a new type of sauropod dinosaur from fossils that had spent 113 years in the basement of a museum

In some Aboriginal mythologies of Australia, the Yara-ma-yha-who is a bloodsucking, vampire-like creature that is part man and part frog or leech

loose-fittingskin covered in warts haswebbedfeet, a piglike nose and USA,themythical squonk supposedly Saidtoroamthe marshes of Pennsylvania,

A 66-million-year-old fossil was nicknamed ‘crazy beast’ by scientists because of its strange features: it had front teeth like a rodent, back legs that splayed out like a crocodile and a hole on top of its snout

According to folklore in South Africa, the impundulu is a bird that sets its own fat on fire to cause lightning

Scientists believe fossils of extinct animals like dinosaurs inspired ancient people around the world to believe in mythical creatures, such as dragons

The hodag of Wisconsin, USA, is said to have the face of a frog, the horns of a bull and the back of a dinosaur – and to smell like a skunk and rotting meat

The skunk cabbage attracts insects with its scent; it really does smell like skunk spray and rotting meat!

Astonishing photos from around the world

DON’T LOOK DOWN! Do you have a head for heights? Erika Sedlacek clearly does! This headspinning photo shows Erika walking along a 5OOm-long wire strung between buildings in the city of São Paulo in Brazil. She is balancing more than 1OO metres up in the air!

ROUND THE BEND!

It looks like an optical illusion

but this bizarrely bendy house, which is part of a shopping centre in the city of Sopot in Poland, is 1OO% real. Known as Krzywy Domek, which means ‘crooked house’ in Polish, and built in 2OO4, its design was inspired by illustrations of fairy tales drawn by Jan Marcin Szancer and Per Dahlberg.

OOOH!

PLAYING IT STRAIGHT

This photo was taken at a dog agility competition in Italy and stars a dog named Bagheera, who has managed to leap over the showjumping fence in a single, aerodynamic bound. Bravo Bagheera!

PEEKABOO!

You can’t tell from looking at this photo but the animal peeking out from its nest inside the tree is a Siberian flying squirrel. Like all flying squirrels, it can’t actually fly like a bird or a bat. However, flying squirrels are able to glide from tree to tree thanks to the large flaps of skin that stretch between their front and rear legs and, when opened out, act like the canopy of a parachute.

This spectacular valley is in Landmannalaugar, a region of Iceland famous for its natural hot springs, which visitors often bathe in. The mountains are made of the volcanic rock rhyolite, which is what gives them their unusual spectrum of colours.

DOG PHOTOGRAPHY AWARDS 2O22 / FRANCESCO JUNIOR MURA

VIEW FROM THE TOP

Eureka!

Why dolphins are having to squeak up

Dolphins use high-pitched whistles to communicate and to hunt using echolocation, like bats do. So it’s worrying news that human activity, such as shipping and drilling, is raising underwater noise levels. According to new research by the University of Bristol, dolphins are having to compensate for the rising noise pollution by making their calls longer and louder so that they can still be heard by other dolphins.

This tiny robot can turn to liquid and then re-form!

Scientists have invented something that looks and sounds as if it comes from a science-fiction movie: a tiny shape-shifting robot that can melt into a liquid and then reform to become solid again.

The robot, which is just 1 mm tall and shaped like a LEGO figure, is made from a mixture of a liquid metal called gallium and microscopic magnetic particles. This means that when the scientists pass a magnetic field through the robot’s body, its temperature increases, causing it to melt.

After the robot has melted

into a liquid puddle, the scientists use magnetic fields to pull it between the bars of a metal cage. Next, the scientists switch off the magnetic field, which cools the liquid robot, causing it to regain its previous strength and solidity.

switched off, the robot cools, turning solid again. If the liquid is flowed into a mould, the robot will re-form into its original shape, as it does in the photo.

Scientists think that robots able to switch between solid states and liquid states in this way could one day be used to deliver medicine inside the body, or to replace a lost screw on a spaceship by flowing into the missing screw’s place as a liquid and then turning solid to become the replacement screw!

The latest astonishing discoveries, inventions and scientific breakthroughs.

1. At the start of the experiment, the metal robot is solid.

2. Scientists then use magnetic fields to heat it up, so that the robot melts.

3. Magnetic fields are also used to draw the now liquid robot through the bars of the cage.

4. When the magnetic field is

HOW THE ROBOT CHANGES FROM SOLID TO LIQUID

Have scientists spotted a space bear on Mars?

Look at the image below. Can you make out the face of a friendly bear? The photo was taken by astronomers at the University of Arizona in the United States using highresolution cameras on board a NASA spacecraft that is currently orbiting Mars. So although it may look a bit like a bear, researchers have a more convincingly scientific explanation. They think that the bear’s eyes are likely to be two craters formed by asteroid impacts, while its snout is formed by a sloping and partially collapsed hill which might once have been a volcano. According to the researchers, the outline of the bear’s head could be caused by dust settling on a larger crater.

Girls lead the way at Lerwick’s Viking festival

The Up Helly Aa Viking festival has been held in the town of Lerwick on the Scottish island of Shetland for more than 140 years.

This year, however, saw an extra special celebration, as women and girls joined the torchlit procession through the streets of Lerwick for the very first time.

In previous years, only men and boys were allowed to take part in the procession. But after a long campaign to persuade the festival to treat male and female participants equally, the organisers agreed to change the rules.

As a result, dozens of girls, some of them dressed as Vikings, were able to lead

Giant ‘Toadzilla’ discovered in Australia!

Wildlife rangers in Queensland, Australia, have come across a gigantic toad which experts say could be the world’s biggest. The toad, which has been given the nickname ‘Toadzilla’, was as long as a human arm and weighed 2.7 kilograms, which is around the same weight as a brick.

‘I reached down and grabbed

the cane toad and couldn’t believe how big and heavy it was,’ said ranger Kylee Gray, describing her surprising discovery. ‘A cane toad that size will eat anything that it can fit into its mouth – and that includes insects, reptiles and small mammals.’

Toads are an invasive, or non-native, species in Australia

that were brought to Queensland by humans to control the local population of cane beetles. However, the toads spread uncontrollably and are now considered pests themselves.

the way and carry flaming Viking torches as they marched through the town.

At the end of the torchlit procession, a replica Viking galley, or ship, is dramatically set on fire as a way of celebrating the Scottish island’s ancient Viking heritage.

Girls taking part in the torchlit procession at the Up Helly Aa Viking festival.

Brave ranger Kylee Gray grapples with ‘Toadzilla’.

Astronomers have noticed a familiar face on Mars’s surface.

DO ME A FAVOUR

Five examples of animal mutualism

Mutualism is a term used to describe a partnership between two organisms in which both species benefit.

1 Clownfish and sea anemones

Clownfish are often found swimming among the tentacles of sea anemones, which sting nearly all other fish. Thanks to a special mucus (slimy coating) on their skin, the clownfish aren’t harmed. In return for a safe place to live, the clownfish chase away the anemone’s main predator, which is the butterflyfish.

2 Remoras and sharks

Remoras are small fish that attach themselves to sharks and other large marine animals. The remoras help the sharks by keeping their skin free of parasites. They are even allowed to swim around the sharks’ teeth to remove bits of food that might otherwise become breeding grounds for harmful bacteria. In return, the remoras enjoy free meals, while also hitching a ride!

3 Grey wolves and striped hyenas

These two predators have been known to hunt

together.

The hyenas benefit from the collaborative hunting abilities of the wolf pack. They make their own contribution thanks to the hyenas’ great sense of smell and their ability to break up large bones.

4

Rhinoceroses and oxpecker birds

Rhinoceroses allow these little birds to sit on their backs and eat ticks, flies and other insects that live on their skin. The rhinos benefit by having annoying parasites removed, while the oxpeckers enjoy a free lunch.

Prepare to be amazed (and amused!) by the unusual facts crammed into these irresistible lists.

Clownfish often stay close to and swim among the tentacles of sea anemones.

Above: remoras clean sharks’ teeth! Left: oxpecker birds help rhinos by eating ticks and flies.

5

Ants and aphids

Some species of ant eat a substance called honeydew that is made by tiny insects called aphids or greenfly. The aphids make honeydew from plant sap. In order to protect their honeydew supply, the ants will keep the aphids safe from predators. The ants also herd the aphids to new plants to find fresh sap. Some ants have even been known to ‘milk’ honeydew from the aphids by stroking them with their antennae.

Bizarre Inventions

Nine unusual products that were actually made

1 A motorised ice-cream cone that automatically rotates your ice cream, saving you the effort of turning the cone around to lick the ice cream on the other side.

2 An extendable chin rest for when you’re standing up on a crowded bus or train and feel like resting your head.

3 A goldfish-bowl walker for those moments when you want to take your pet fish for a stroll.

4 Shoe umbrellas to keep your toes dry (though strangely not the rest of your feet).

5 A rock that you can connect to your computer with a USB but that otherwise does nothing.*

6 A mobile phone that doubles as an electric beard trimmer.

7 A walking sleeping bag that has a hole in the bottom so you can shuffle around while still being zipped up inside it.**

8 The Useless Machine, which is a square box with a single switch on the top. If you flip the switch, a small motorised arm pops out to flip it back. That’s it.

9Mechanical cat ears, which are attached to a headband and designed to be worn by a human.

Listified! by Andrew Pettie and illustrated by Andrés Lozano is out now.

Invented in Japan, the cat ears monitor activity in the wearer’s brain and then move in response to their mood. When the wearer is relaxed, the ears droop. When they’re alert, the ears perk up and wiggle!

*An earlier model called the Pet Rock, which came without a USB connector but with a detailed 32-page instruction manual, sold for $4 in the 197Os. Pet rocks were so popular they made their creator, American businessman Gary Dahl, a millionaire.

**Perfect for those times when you’re both late for school and want to stay in bed!

BRILLIANT BUGS!

We often like to think that humans are the dominant species here on planet Earth. But, in many ways, insects are the ultimate success stories of the animal kingdom.

Did you know, for example, that around three quarters of all known animal species are insects? They include butterflies, beetles, ants, flies, bees, wasps and grasshoppers, along with many other kinds of creepy-crawly. (Animals that are not insects, though which are sometimes mistaken for them, include spiders, centipedes, millipedes, scorpions, crabs, snails, earthworms and woodlice.)

Insects are able to survive in all kinds of

THREE QUARTERS OF ANIMAL SPECIES ARE INSECTS

Insects

73O/O

Insects make up around three quarters of all known animal species.

NEARLY HALF OF ALL INSECT SPECIES ARE BEETLES

natural habitats, both on land and in water, and have been living on Earth for hundreds of millions of years.

And although they come in different shapes and sizes, insects do share some things in common. Insects are all invertebrates (animals without a backbone) and have a hard, protective exoskeleton and six jointed legs.

Beetles form the largest insect group of all, with around 360,000 known species and a million or more that we’ve yet to discover. In fact, one beetle expert once found 1,200 species of beetle living in a single tree!

BRILLIANT BUGS!

Insects are extraordinary animals that are literally everywhere around us. Read on to discover why these superbly strange creatures are among the most successful species ever to have lived on planet Earth…

INCREDIBLE FACTS ABOUT INSECTS!

B The weight of all the insects in the world is around 70 times heavier than the weight of all the humans.

B A flea can jump approximately 200 times the length of its body. This is equivalent to a human jumping the length of 33 buses in a single bound.

B Tiny flies known as midges can beat their wings 50,000 times per minute.

B A queen termite can lay as many as 40,000 eggs

ANATOMY OF AN INSECT

All insects have a three-part body, six jointed legs, an external skeleton, and antennae. Most insects also have wings.

Antenna

Thorax

Head

in a day, which is roughly one egg every two seconds.

B An oribatid mite can lift 530 times its own weight, which is equivalent to a human pulling the weight of a large dinosaur.

Legs

Exoskeleton

B There are at least 20 quadrillion ants on Earth, according to the latest estimates. Written out, that is 20,000,000,000,000,000! This means that there are around 2.5 million ants for every human.

B Many insects have compound eyes which are made up of thousands of tiny

Continued on next page

Abdomen

THEY WERE ALIVE ON EARTH LONG BEFORE THE DINOSAURS!

Insects have been living on our planet for 4OO million years. This means that they first emerged millions of years before dinosaurs and flowering plants. And at certain times during Earth’s prehistoric past, there was a lot more oxygen in the atmosphere

Meganeura

Size: its body was 43 centimetres long, while its wings were even bigger, stretching to 7O centimetres.

Size comparison: 12 times bigger than a modern-day dragonfly.

Lived: 298 million years ago.

This gigantic dragonfly was

than there is today. Some scientists think this extra oxygen gave some types of animals, including insects and crustaceans, the energy to grow far bigger than similar species that are alive now. Here are four examples of the giant creepy-crawlies that once roamed Earth…

probably the largest insect in history. It was so big that scientists think it may have eaten animals as large as frogs and squirrels. And, using the same technique as a modern

dragonfly, Meganeura could flap its its front and back wings separately, allowing it to hover and to fly both forwards and backwards.

OTHER PREHISTORIC CREEPY-CRAWLIES

Arthropleura

Size: more than 2 and a half metres long.

Anomalocaris

Size: almost 2 metres long.

Size comparison: 25 times bigger than a modern shrimp. Lived: 49O million years ago.

Looking like a cross between a squid and a giant shrimp, Anomalocaris was a strange-looking underwater predator with big eyes. It used the two large stalks, or mandibles, that extended out in front of its mouth to pull its prey towards its razor-sharp teeth.

Size comparison: 1OO times bigger than a modern-day millipede. Lived: about 3OO million years ago.

Think of a centipede or millipede of a size that you might find in a park or garden. Now imagine a millipede as big as a crocodile. Meet Arthropleura, illustrated below, the largest known invertebrate ever to live on land. You will probably be relieved to hear that this monstrous millipede only ate plants.

Jaekelopterus

Size: 2.4 metres long.

Size comparison: 4O times bigger than a modern-day scorpion. Lived: 39O million years ago.

Jaekelopterus was a super-sized sea scorpion that hunted its prey along the seabed. Scientists think that some prehistoric fish gradually evolved bony plates of armour just to protect themselves from this enormous underwater predator.

 Continued from previous page

lenses. Each lens can focus light and detect colour, and together they give an insect a picture of its surroundings. Dragonflies need to have superb eyesight to be able to hunt and catch their prey in mid-air. This is why each of a dragonfly’s eyes is made up of approximately 28,000 tiny lenses.

B Moths’ antennae give them an amazing sense of smell. For example, a male emperor moth can smell a female moth from more than 11 kilometres away.

B A bombardier beetle (pictured below) can spray attackers with a hot, foul-smelling liquid squirted from its bottom.

B The first animals to reach outer space were fruit flies. On February 20th, 1947, the United States put fruit flies aboard captured German V-2

rockets to study radiation exposure at high altitudes. In 3 minutes and 10 seconds of flight, the fruit flies reached an altitude of 110 kilometres.

B A cockroach can live for up to three months without its head.

B An ironclad’s exoskeleton (pictured on the right) is so strong it can survive being run over by a car.

B Scientists have discovered 1.5 million species of insects so far. They estimate that there may be as many as

Above: a stag beetle is named for its large jaws, which look like the antlers of a stag.

9 million more species still waiting to be discovered.

B Malaysian ants sacrifice their own lives to defend the colony. The soldier ants can force their bodies to explode and spray sticky poison over attackers.

B The red postman butterfly develops its own poison by eating toxic plants.

B Adult female glow-worms have a large, light-producing organ at the end of their abdomens. At night they use a bright, steady stream of yellowish-green light to attract flying males. During the day

they burrow underground to avoid predators. A female will climb to a high point, such as a grass stem, and turn her glowing light upwards. This makes her as visible as possible to flying males. Glow-worms’ lights are bioluminescent, which is the natural production of light by an organism created by a chemical reaction.

B Ladybirds sometimes pretend to be dead in order to fool potential predators.

B Two of the fastest-flying insects are hawk moths, which can fly at speeds of up to 53 kph, and dragonflies, which can fly even faster at 56 kph!

B The insects with the longest lifespans are periodical cicadas, which spend more than 16 years underground before emerging to the surface to mate and lay eggs.

B When food is scarce, locusts can gather into giant swarms before flying off in search of food. A swarm of locusts can include 50 billion individual insects.

B A single honeybee colony can produce 100 kilograms of honey in a single year. That’s enough to honey to fill 220 jars.

B A dung beetle can pull more than 1,100 times its own weight, which is equivalent to a human pulling six double-decker buses.

B Some species of male stoneflies do press-ups to attract female stoneflies.

B The Saharan silver ant runs 86 centimetres per second, which is equivalent to a human sprinting 200 metres in one second.

B A grasshopper can leap 20 times its own body length, which is equivalent to a human jumping the entire length of a basketball court.

B Relative to their size, the small aquatic insects called

Continued on next page 

 Continued from previous page use their long necks to fight each other in order to compete for mates.

water boatmen are the loudest animals on Earth. Male water boatmen ‘sing’ at volumes of up to 99 decibels to attract a mate. They create this sound by rubbing part of their body against ridges on their abdomen, often ‘singing’ in chorus with other males.

B Lesser water boatmen breathe underwater by carrying around a bubble of air collected at the surface.

B A bee can beat its wings 190 times a second, which is 11,400 times a minute.

B Male giraffe weevils (pictured below)

B Every autumn, monarch butterflies (pictured right) migrate thousands of miles from Canada to Mexico. The typical lifespan of a monarch is just two months. But those butterflies who are born before the journey south are able to live longer, for seven months. They spend the winter in Mexico and then lay eggs. The original butterflies that migrated die as they begin the journey back to Canada. So it is the second, third, or fourth generation of butterflies that eventually returns. How the new butterflies find their way, having never made the trip before, is a mystery. Scientists think that they are born with a knowledge of which direction to travel, and that they then use the position of the Sun in the sky to calculate their route.

LOTS OF INSECTS ARE BRILLIANT BUILDERS AND ENGINEERS!

We think of human beings as planet Earth’s greatest architects and engineers. But the complex, intricate structures built by some insects are just as impressive.

Stick homes built by bagworm moths

As caterpillars, these moths build their own ‘log cabins’ by collecting and assembling twigs of different lengths into a pattern that spirals to a tip. The caterpillar will rebuild its wooden home several times as it grows progressively larger.

Bees’ honeycomb

Bees use honeycomb to store honey,

A ‘log cabin’ built by a caterpillar.

Bees’ honeycomb is built from a pattern of perfect hexagons.

pollen and the queen bee’s eggs. But why is honeycomb always hexagonal? The reason is that structures built out of hexagons use the least amount of material – in this case, bees’ wax – to hold the most weight.

Ant colonies

Ants live and work together in complex underground ‘cities’ called colonies. Different ants perform different roles within the colony. Queen

ants lay eggs, up to 3OO,OOO in just a few days. Male drone ants mate with the queen, then die shortly afterwards. Female worker ants gather food, build and maintain the nest (shown above), and protect the colony and queen from attack. Male

and female flying ants fly away to form new colonies.

False burnet moth ‘cages’

The larva of a false burnet moth spins itself an intricate golden cage that

helps to protect it from potential predators.

Termite mounds

The largest termite mounds can soar up to seven metres high, which is taller than a giraffe. The mounds are made of mud, chewed wood, termite poo and saliva. All termite mounds have air-conditioning systems that circulate hot and cold air between the mound and the outside!

THEY CAN ALSO BE MASTERS OF DECEPTION AND DISGUISE…

Insects may be small but they should never be underestimated. Thanks to millions of years of evolution, some species have

developed ingenious ways to stay hidden from predators or pretend to be entirely different animals.

Stick insect

Stick insects largely live in trees and when a predator such as a bird approaches, they try to stay completely still in order to blend in with the branches. They are also the world’s longest insects and can stretch to 55 cm.

Snake mimic caterpillar

When it is threatened, this crafty caterpillar puffs up the front of its body so that it looks like a venomous snake, complete with a diamond-shaped ‘face’ and large, snake-like ‘eyes’. Would you be fooled by its disguise?

Thorn bug

By looking like the spiky parts of plants, thorn bugs try to avoid being eaten by birds and large insects. They also use their green and brown colouring as camouflage to blend in with plant stems and leaves.

Orchid mantis

Looper moth

Looper moths are among the great insect impersonators. As caterpillars, they look almost identical to small twigs. After they’ve transformed into moths, their patterned wings help them blend in to the bark of trees.

This meat-eating insect uses its disguise to look like part of an orchid, which is a beautiful tropical flower. The mantis does this to attract flies and bees, which it then gobbles up!

Above: a false burnet moth larva inside its protective golden cage.

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Ask the experts

Readers ask. Experts answer. Send your questions to: experts@britannicamagazine.com

Answer

Specialist dentist

Question: What are wisdom teeth?

From Donny, age 11

Wisdom teeth are more properly called ‘third molars’. They emerge at the back of the jaws, two on the top and two on the bottom, completing an adult human’s full set of 32 secondary, or permanent, teeth.

How did they get the name? Sadly, wisdom teeth don’t make you any smarter. They are known as wisdom teeth because they emerge later, between the ages of 17 and 21, when humans are older and so theoretically wiser.

Aside from having a curious name, wisdom teeth are probably best known for being taken out of people’s jaws by dentists like me. The main reason for this is evolution. Tens of

This X-ray of a child’s skull highlights their baby teeth (in white), as well as some of their adult teeth (in yellow) and second molars (in pink) before they emerge.

Baby teeth

Central incisors

Lateral incisors

Cuspid

First premolar

Second premolar

First molar

Second molar

Wisdom

Second molar

First molar

Second premolar

First premolar

Cuspid

Lateral incisors

Central incisors

thousands of years ago, humans mostly lived as hunter-gatherers and so needed large, powerful jaws to chew through raw meat and uncooked vegetables.

Now, following the invention of farming and our switch to cooked diets, our jaws have become smaller. Our teeth, however, are still the same size, which means there is not always enough room to fit them all in. As wisdom teeth are the last to emerge, they can come through crookedly, and create a breeding ground for harmful bacterial infections.

Today, some babies are born without any wisdom teeth at all. And in the future, as our jaws continue to evolve, they may disappear entirely.

DR MIKE HEFFERNAN

Second molars

Adult teeth

COLOUR IT IN!

This illustration of a human body is filled with people and objects related to sport. Now it’s your turn to get your colouring pens and pencils and bring the picture to life! When you’ve finished, send a photo or scan of your drawing to editor@britannicamagazine.com and you could be a lucky winner of a gigantic Sports Timeline Wallbook !

The

BIG Britannica

Test your family’s brainpower by playing this special four-page edition of the Big Britannica Quiz! Regular readers may have an advantage because some of the facts appear in different issues of Britannica Magazine – including this one! Don’t worry if you don’t know them all, though – the answers are at the end of the quiz. Good luck!

ANIMALS

11

1

What does the word ‘orangutan’ mean in the Malay language?

a. Great ape

b. Orange ape

c. King of the jungle

d. Person of the forest

2

Which species of fish helps sharks by removing small bits of food from their teeth?

a. Goldfish

b. Clownfish

c. Remora fish

d. Sucker fish

3 How do most species of gecko clean their eyes?

a. By blinking

b. By licking them

c. In the rain

d. By diving underwater

4 What is the name for a baby elephant?

a. Calf

b. Whelp

c. Pup

d. Cub

5 How many eyes does a box jellyfish have?

a. 1

b. 4

c. 14

d. 24

6 Which of these prehistoric species of animal had the longest teeth?

a. Megalodon

b. Velociraptor

c. Tyrannosaurus rex

d. Brachiosaurus

SPACE & NATURE

7 If it were possible to drive through space in

a car travelling at 100 kilometres per hour, how long would it take to reach the edge of our solar system?

a. 170 days

b. 170 years

c. 1,700 years

d. 17,000 years

11

What was the name of the Apollo 11 Lunar Module that landed the first astronauts on the Moon?

a. Falcon

b. Orion

c. Eagle

d. Challenger

Family Quiz

8How many moons does the planet Mars have?

a. One

b. Two

c. Three

d. Five

9What is the world’s largest desert, measured by total surface area?

a. Sahara

b. Arabian

c. Gobi

d. Antarctica

1O What is the world’s fastest-growing plant?

a. Bamboo

b. Kudzu

c. Cress

d. Giant sequoia

12

Which of the planets in our solar system is the coldest, measured by average surface temperature?

a. Neptune

b. Venus

c. Uranus

d. Saturn

HUMAN BODY

13

Approximately how many bones are there in an adult skeleton?

a. 106

b. 206

c. 306

d. 406

 Continued from previous page

14

What is turophobia a fear of?

a. Clowns

b. Grapes

c. Turtles

d. Cheese

15

Approximately how many different muscles does your body use when you are speaking?

a. 10

b. 50

c. 100

d. 150

16

What is the hardest substance in the body?

a. Enamel

b. Ligament

c. Bone

d. Fingernail

17

a. Blue

Which is the most common eye colour?

b. Brown

c. Green

d. Hazel

18

In which part of the body are blood cells made?

a. Brain

b. Heart

c. Bones

d. Liver

HUMAN WORLD

c. Italians

d. Phoenicians

21 Which team won the men’s football World Cup in Qatar in 2022?

a. Argentina

b. France

c. Brazil

Cuban athlete Javier Sotomayor, pictured right, set a new men’s world record for the high jump in 1993 which still stands today. How high did he jump?

19

a. 1 metre and 45 centimetres

b. 2 metres and 25 centimetres

c. 2 metres and 45 centimetres

d. 3 metres and 25 centimetres

2O The Romans copied the design of their ships from which rival seafaring people?

a. Greeks

b. Ottomans

d. England

22

A series of giant carved heads called Moai, pictured above, are found on which island?

a. Christmas Island

b. Easter Island

c. Falkland Islands

d. St Helena

In which country is the world’s only toiletshaped house?

23

a. China

b. Australia

c. South Korea

d. United States

24 Why did Elizabeth I of England,

pictured above, often wear thick white make-up?

a. To look different from her subjects

b. Because throughout her long reign she never married

c. To create a contrast with her striking red hair

d. To disguise scars left by the disease smallpox

GEOGRAPHY

25

Between which two countries is the longest land border?

a. Russia and China

b. Argentina and Chile

c. United States of America and Canada

d. India and Bangladesh

26How many countries together make up the United Kingdom?

3O Which 10 countries are these the national flags of?

27 Mount Everest is the world’s tallest mountain. But which of these mountains is the second tallest? a. K2 b. Mount Kilimanjaro c. Lhotse d. Mount Fuji

28How many continents are there on Earth? a.

29What is the capital city of Denmark? a. Berlin b. Stockholm

c. Copenhagen d. Helsinki

Absolutely Everything!

Each month we feature an amazing story from world history taken from the bestselling book by Christopher Lloyd, with illustrations by Andy Forshaw. This month: Alexander the Great and the Romans!

As a young man, Prince Alexander was a good student and great with horses. At least he was great with his own horse, Bucephalus. His father, Phillip II, was king of the northern Greek city-state of Macedon and was busily creating an empire by defeating other states. So of course he could afford the best education for his son. When Alexander was 13, his dad hired a great philosopher to run a small school for Alexander and his friends.

Below: a scene showing the Battle of Issus, at which Alexander defeated Darius III of Persia.

That teacher was named Aristotle, and he ended up as probably the most famous Greek philosopher of all time. He thought and wrote about everything from nature to space and from city politics and public speaking to poetry, music, memory and logic. Aristotle’s thinking led

him to a very important idea. He wrote that a basic set of natural laws could explain everything to do with everything. Understanding these rules was the key to unlocking the meaning of life. The best way to achieve this was using your senses to carefully observe the world around you. He probably taught some of these ideas to Alexander and his classmates.

Alexander’s father was just getting ready to invade the Persian Empire to expand Macedon even further when he was assassinated, or killed. It was 336 BCE, and Alexander was 20 years old. Suddenly he was King Alexander. As king, his number one goal was to finish conquering the world.

Incredibly, he turned out to be really, really good at it. For the next 12 years or so, he led an army of around 40,000 Greek soldiers. They crossed Persia,

Aristotle (right) taught Alexander the Great (left) when he was a boy at Mieza in Macedonia. Maybe it was Aristotle’s teachings that inspired Alexander to extend his empire across parts of Europe and the Middle East and into Asia.

THE CONQUESTS OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT

Egypt and even parts of India, defeating any army that stood in their way. Alexander, now known as ‘the Great’, expanded the Macedonian Empire until it was almost as big as the Persian Empire had been. And wherever he went, he brought Greeks with him. Thousands of them moved abroad, taking with them Greek ideas about drama, philosophy, politics and science.

Greek ideas mingled with Egyptian ideas and Persian ideas and Babylonian ideas and Indian ideas. As a result, a great wave of creativity broke over the empire. Euclid, who lived in Egypt, developed a new type of maths called geometry. Archimedes, who lived in Sicily, invented a water pump and a pulley system. And there was Eratosthenes from Egypt. He calculated the distance

Continued on next page 

Alexander set off with 48,OOO soldiers.

Victory at the Battle of Issus.

Tyre captured after seven-month siege.

founded. Victory at Battle of Gaugamela against King Darius III of Persia.

storms the Persian Gates at Persepolis.

Persian Emperor Darius III is killed before Alexander reaches him.

After the Battle of Hydaspes, Alexander conquers part of India.

dies in Babylon.

The Empire of Alexander the Great Alexander the Great’s route

 Continued from previous page

around planet Earth using nothing more than a stick, a well and a shadow.

Alexander died in Babylon at the age of 32. Some think he died of disease, others think he was poisoned. But it didn’t take long after his death for those he had left behind to start fighting for power. By 320 BCE, the Macedonian Empire was in pieces.

The next big empire to come along was like a gigantic hurricane, one that lasted around 1,000 years. The Romans, who came from what is now Italy, had a lot in common with ancient Greece. They had very similar gods, but with different names. The Greek god Zeus was the Roman Jupiter, Hera was Juno, Poseidon was Neptune, and Athena was Minerva. They picked up the Greek alphabet and changed it to work for Latin, their language. Then they spread the alphabet all around Europe, where it was used to write almost all of the European languages.

Adopting ideas from other cultures was a Roman speciality. That’s how they captured Carthage, a powerful city in northern Africa. Carthage was a colony of Phoenicia, a seafaring civilisation based in Canaan.

Most gladiator contests were between two gladiators, but sometimes gladiators were forced to fight hungry wild animals. These contests were called venationes, which means ‘wild beast hunts’ in Latin.

They were hard to beat at sea because they had such advanced ships. So the Romans simply captured a Phoenician ship and studied it. Within about two months, they had built themselves an entire fleet.

Alexander the Great was a role model and hero to the Romans, and by 200 BCE, the Roman war machine was expanding all around the Mediterranean. With each conquest they brought home huge piles of treasure and prisoners of war to become slaves. By 120 CE the Roman Empire was vast. It covered a large part of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa.

It’s one thing to conquer a huge empire but another to keep it under control. The Romans managed it for hundreds of years, though. One of the secrets of their success was sheer brutality.

In 73 BCE, enslaved people probably accounted for nearly half the population of the capital city, Rome.

That year, Spartacus, an escaped gladiator, led thousands of enslaved people in a rebellion. They fought hard, but were no match for the Roman army. When they were finally

The design of Roman ships was copied from the Phoenicians.

rebelling is to keep them very busy. Ruins of huge building projects such as the Colosseum and Circus Maximus in Rome still stand today as a reminder of the enslaved people who built them.

captured, the Romans decided to make an example of them. More than 6,000 rebels were nailed to wooden crosses and left to die. This form of execution is called crucifixion. The corpses of the rebels were left hanging on their crosses for years. It was a gruesome reminder of what could happen to those who rebelled against Roman rule.

Another way to keep people from

These enormous buildings were designed to increase the power of the emperor, and make him seem like a god. When the giant Colosseum was opened in 80 CE, the new emperor, Titus, celebrated by giving the people of Rome 100 days of spectacular drama in the form of mock battles, gladiator fights, animal hunts and executions in the new stadium. The emperor came to the games so his people could admire him in all his glory. He was only too happy to see the most violent, bloodthirsty people of Rome all safely surrounded in one location under the watchful eye of his imperial troops. People enslaved by the Romans also built Europe’s first road network, which by about 100 CE criss-crossed more than 7 million square kilometres of the empire. Most of the roads ran in straight lines.

Everything that got in the way, from forests to farms, was destroyed.

By now, the Roman Empire was already falling apart. In 285 CE, Emperor Diocletian had split his vast territory into two parts. The eastern half was ruled from Constantinople, now Istanbul in Turkey. The western half was ruled from Rome. Then, in the late 300s, Rome’s northern enemies

started to chip away at the western part of the empire. The most powerful of these was the Hunnite Empire, led by a brilliant warrior called Attila. In 452 CE, his

troops approached Rome but couldn’t take it. The harvest had been so poor that there was no food to feed his soldiers.

But Rome’s collapse was only a matter of time. In 476 CE, an army of rebel soldiers led by a soldier named Odoacer defeated the last western Roman Emperor, Romulus Augustulus. Odoacer took over as ruler of a brand-new kingdom he called Italy, and the western Roman Empire was no more. The eastern empire – now called the Byzantine Empire – lasted for about another 1,000 years. But eventually it, too, was swept away by forces beyond its control. :

The Colosseum (left) could seat more than 5O,OOO spectators when it was open for public entertainment. It has survived more than 2,OOO years, although earthquakes and natural erosion have caused parts of the building to collapse. This picture shows it as it stands now, in modern-day Rome, Italy.

Above: a chariot race at the Circus Maximus in Rome.

Above: the Appian Way stretched for 5OO km between Rome and the port of Brundisium.

1926

The American physicist Robert Goddard launched the first liquid-fuelled rocket on March 16th. The rocket, which is pictured above alongside Goddard, who is considered a pioneer of modern rocketry, flew for two seconds and reached an altitude of 12 metres.

1872

When US President Ulysses S. Grant made Yellowstone National Park a protected natural area on March 1st, it became what is now widely considered to be the world’s first national park. Yellowstone is famous for its dramatic waterfalls, hot springs and geysers.

1O fascinating facts

193O

Mahatma Gandhi (on the left) led many peaceful protests against Britain’s rule of India, which ended in 1947. He set off on a 24O-mile march on March 12th to highlight the injustice of a British law banning Indians from collecting and selling salt.

1957

2O17

The largest known dinosaur footprints were discovered in Australia on March 27th. The biggest were left by sauropods, which were giant herbivores with long necks and tails.

2O21

The collaborative gaming platform Roblox was valued at more than £35 billion on March 1Oth. On average, it is played by more than 55 million people every day.

The Cat in the Hat, written by the children’s author and illustrator Dr Seuss (whose real name was Theodor Geisel), was published on March 1st. It has since sold millions of copies and been made into an animated film.

Scale

1887

On March 3rd, Anne Sullivan, right, started to teach Helen Keller, then aged six, who had lost her sight and hearing as a baby. Thanks to Sullivan, Keller went on to read, write and speak.

195O

Silly Putty launched as a toy on March 6th. It is a ‘liquid solid’, which bounces as a ball, stretches when pulled and shatters after a sharp blow.

about March…

2O21

One of the largest paintings ever created sold for £45 million on March 23rd to raise money for charities that help children. Called ‘The Journey of Humanity’, the giant painting was created by British artist Sacha Jafri, who is pictured standing in the middle of his artwork. The canvas is split into 7O individual framed sections and covers 1,6OO square metres – which is about the same size as four basketball courts!

1974

The first of a huge collection of thousands of life-size terracotta warriors were unearthed in Xian, China, on March 29th. The warriors formed part of the first emperor’s giant tomb.

Stumped? Don’t worry, you can find the answers to all the puzzles on page 42.

COLOURS WORD SEARCH

Can you spot the names of 25 colours hidden in our jumbo word search puzzle? Good luck!

In the triangles below, the numbers inside the squares are the sum of the two numbers in the connected circles. For example:

NUMBER TRIANGLES!

Can you work out which number should appear in each of the circles?

All the numbers in the circles are between 1 and 9 and a number can only be used once in each triangle.

SPOT THE DIFFERENCE

Can you spot all 21 differences between these two jungle-themed illustrations?

Use the word wheel to help find the answers to the seven clues below. All the answers contain the middle letter, and each letter can only be used once.

Clue: something that is made-up or unreal (9 letters).

Answer:

Clue: a harbour with moorings for small boats (6 letters).

Answer:

Clue: once more or another time (5 letters).

Answer:

I N M R

Clue: feeling or showing hostility or strong annoyance (5 letters).

G Y I A A

Answer:

Clue: a small unit of weight (4 letters).

Answer:

Clue: water droplets falling from the sky (4 letters).

Answer:

Clue: a large group of soldiers (4 letters).

Answer:

CHANGING ROOMS

Can you find your way through our maze of square rooms? Enter through the door marked with the red arrow, then try to find your way to the exit by going through the correct sequence of open doors. Good luck!

Picture Quiz Picture Quiz

Fill in the missing numbers so that every row and column includes the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. Use the inequality signs as clues and make sure numbers always obey the inequality sign between them. This means that the arrows between the numbers always point towards the smaller number.

Here is an example: In the three squares shown above, the number A must be less than 3 and greater than the missing number B. We know all the numbers must be between 1 and 4 , so therefore A must be 2 and B must be 1.

Can

you work out what you are looking at in each of these seven photos?

BRIDGE PUZZLE

Draw bridges between the red islands so that the number of bridges connected to each island equals the number written inside the circle.

Rules:

1. The bridges must be straight lines and cannot bend.

2. The bridges cannot intersect with each other.

3. The bridges can be horizontal or vertical but not diagonal.

4. The maximum number of bridges connecting two islands is two.

CONNECT THE PLANETS

Draw a line to connect each pair of planets. You can’t use diagonal lines and the lines can’t cross or touch each other. You must fill the whole grid with lines but only one line is allowed in each square.

SUDOKU!

Fill all the empty squares so that every row, column and 3x2 box contains each of the numbers 1 to 6.

2

3

1

ALL AROUND THE WORLD!

Almost nothing in the universe is perfectly round, but our planet comes very close. Earth still has some imperfections, though. Here’s how it compares to some other round objects that can be found both on Earth and in outer space…

Spheres and Spheroids

The Earth might look like a perfectly round ball but when scientists were able to measure it, they discovered that it is not the same size in all directions. Because of its rotation, Earth is flattened a bit at the poles and bulges out at the equator. Earth’s diameter at the equator is 12,756 km. But if you measure the diameter through the poles instead, it is only 12,714 km. This small difference means that the Earth is not a perfect sphere. Instead, it’s a slightly flattened shape that scientists call an oblate spheroid – although it’s still pretty round!

Soap Bubble

One example of a perfect sphere here on Earth is a soap bubble. When you blow soap bubbles, they often start off with an irregular shape. But once they are floating in the air, they usually pull themselves into perfect spheres. The reason for this is a force called surface tension, which is present between the water molecules in the soap. The water molecules tug on each other equally in all directions. This causes them to pull the bubble into a perfect sphere.

Water Drops in Space

The surface tension of water causes drops to form perfect spheres when astronauts allow them to ‘free fall’ inside the International Space Station.

Kepler 11145123

Rarely do planets and stars form perfect spheres, but astronomers have found one star that comes really close. It’s a star about 5,OOO light-years from Earth and is called Kepler 11145123. It is the most spherical object in space that astronomers have discovered so far.

Not Quite Spheres Lumpy and Bumpy in Space

Like the Earth, many other objects in nature can appear spherical but are actually other shapes.

Raindrops

When water drops are floating in clouds, they are tiny and are almost spherical in shape. As they grow, they become heavier and start to fall to Earth as rain. This downward motion also causes them to flatten out a bit. This makes a raindrop’s shape more like a dome than the classic ‘teardrop’ shape most people think of.

Sports Balls

Your Eye

The human eyeball is not a perfect sphere. It is slightly flatter at the front and tapers towards the back. Even tiny changes in the shape of the eye can cause different vision problems.

Bird Eggs

Bird eggs come in different sizes and all have rounded sides. They range from near spherical for owls to cone-shaped for sandpipers.

Emu egg Ostrich egg Owl egg

Larger objects in space usually take the form of spheroids, but a few do have some very unusual shapes.

Vesta

With a diameter of about 53O km, Vesta is the second-largest known asteroid. Images taken by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft show it to be an irregularly shaped oblate spheroid. Its surface is dotted with lots of craters.

Deimos and Phobos

Mars has two small moons orbiting it named Deimos and Phobos. They are both shaped a bit like potatoes.

Ultima Thule

This small icy world orbits the Sun about 6.5 billion km from Earth. It has a flat shape like a long pancake. The shape is so unusual that scientists are puzzled how Ultima Thule formed.

Reptile Eggs

Snake egg Sandpiper egg

Turtle egg Crocodile egg

Reptile eggs come in different shapes and sizes, and all have rounded sides. Some turtle eggs are almost perfect spheres, while crocodile eggs are oval.

American Football

Both billiard and bowling balls need to be perfect spheres to make them roll well. But other sports balls have unusual shapes, especially those that are kicked!

Rugby Ball

A rugby ball is a prolate spheroid. This means that it is a three-dimensional, stretched-out oval with two rounded ends. While modern rugby balls are made of leather, the original shape is said to have come from people using an inflated pig’s bladder as a rugby ball.

Like rugby balls, American footballs are also prolate spheroids, except they have pointed ends and heavy laces which make them easier to throw.

Football

Traditional footballs have 32 panels of six-sided hexagons and five-sided pentagons covering the surface. The technical name for this type of mostly round shape is a truncated icosahedron.

MY BRITANN I AC

SEND IT IN!

My favourite invention

This fantastic poem and picture were sent in by Helena, age 8, the winner of our competition about world-changing inventions.

Before the invention of the telescope, The humans had no hope, To see the vast expanse of space, And see the planets face to face. When our hopes were down to zero, Along came our hero, It was early in the seventeenth century, And his name was Hans Lippershey.

He made amends, By using his expertise with a lens, To help us to see into the night sky, To see the stars and the comets flying by. This transformed the field of astronomy, With thousands and thousands of discoveries, Seeing further than the naked eye can see, Into our wonderful space.

Fingers on buzzers as the Big Britannica Quiz goes on tour!

Do you enjoy testing your brainpower each month against the Big Britannica Quiz? Then you’ll love our new live quiz show, which was recently hosted by the fantastic Cuckfield Bookfest in Sussex, UK. The quiz will be back on the road later this year. In the meantime, here are Cuckfield trivia champs Marley and Tilly receiving their prizes from our jokes editor May!

YOUR CHANCE TO WIN!

If your photo, drawing, letter or favourite fact is featured in a future issue of Britannica Magazine, you will win a copy of the brilliantly disgusting GrossFactopia!

So don’t delay and… SEND IT IN!

MAGAZINE BRITANNICA

Published by

What on Earth Magazines Ltd, The Black Barn, Wickhurst Farm, Leigh, Tonbridge, Kent, TN11 8PS

Editor

Andrew Pettie

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Contributors

Kate Hale, Andy Smith, Andy Forshaw, Christopher Lloyd, Andrés Lozano, Steve Tomecek, Marcos Farina, Julie Beer, Susanna Hickling, May, Paige Towler, Bruno Gibert, Lisa Thomas, Chris Harrison

With thanks to Andy Forshaw, Natalie Bellos, Casey Neumann, Katy Lennon, Daisy Symes, Helen Thewlis, Olivia Galyer, Nell Wood, Helen Jones and the whole team at What on Earth Publishing

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& riddles Jokes

Tickle your ribs and tease your brain with our favourite gags and riddles, hand-picked by our jokes editor May.

Q Which word looks the same upside down?

A SWIMS!

Q What do you call a three-legged donkey?

A A wonkey!

What is the world’s laziest mountain?

Q How many times can you subtract 10 from 100?

A Once! The next time you would be subtracting 10 from 90…

Q For what reason can you only be friends with 25 letters of the alphabet?

A I don’t know why!

What is a Roman emperor’s favourite food?

Q Why are tennis players unromantic?

A Because ‘love’ means nothing to them!

Q What did the schoolgirl do when her teacher told her to stop acting like a flamingo?

A She put her foot down!

Q What did the football manager do when the pitch flooded?

A Sent on a sub!

Q What’s black, white and blue?

A A sad zebra!

Q What do you make that can’t be seen?

A A noise!

Q Which word has three sets of repeating letters in a row?

A Bookkeeper!

Because it was an early bird!

Why did the Archaeopteryx catch the worm?

Caesar salad!

Q What runs up and down stairs without moving?

A Carpet!

Q I can fill a room without taking up any space. What am I?

A Light!

Q What do magicians and Lionel Messi have in common?

A They both do hat-tricks!

Q What is a goalkeeper’s favourite half-time snack?

A Beans on post!

Q Where are average things made?

A At the satis-factory!

Q If two’s company and three’s a crowd, what are four and five?

A Nine!

Mount Ever-rest!

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