Horse Health (August/September 09)

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The UK’s leading equine health & well-being magazine

August/September 09 £2.95

New op helps treat common blindness cause

By Louise Cordell NEW surgery has become available to help treat the most common cause of blindness in horses.

The Animal Health Trust is using pioneering new equipment, which has previously only been used by specialists in Germany, that will allow its ophthalmolo-gists to carry out vitrectomies for the first time in the UK. This surgical procedure is used to treat horses suffering from Equine Recurrent Uveitis – a painful inflammation of one or both eyes that reoccurs without any apparent trigger.

A horse will usually first be affected between age four and eight and subsequent flare ups can happen weeks or months later – eventually leading to a complete loss of sight.

A vitrectomy is a highly specialised procedure where the eye’s core of vitreous gel is removed and replaced with saline.

Claudia Hartley, AHT ophthalmologist, said: “This surgical technique was pioneered in Germany, where they found out that if the abnormal gel was cut out and replaced with fluid, horses suffering from ERU had a massively reduced number of attacks.

Before we received the equipment horses were flown out to Germany to receive treatment, but we have now been visited by an experienced consultant who provided

training on how to carry out the procedure.

Studies have found that about 15 per cent of horses may suffer from some form of ERU during their lives, so this treatment being available in the UK will make a big difference to a lot of horses.”

The life-changing surgery has been made possible thanks to a brand new tech-nology called a phaco-emulsification kit, which is lighter and more portable allowing the treatment to be carried out easily on larger animals. AHT specialists have already carried out the procedure on several horses since receiving the equipment and so far they are all progressing well.

Claudia added: “We find that the sooner the condition is treated the better – so having the facilities on hand will mean much higher chances of a full recovery for a lot of horses. However, we also have a complementary piece of equipment which allows us to carry out the treatment endoscopically. This means that even if the case has progressed further, or if the horse is suffering from cataracts as well, we can still get rid of the painful inflammation and prevent the sight loss from getting any worse. It is an intensive treatment, so it is important that it is done in a place with the right support – but we are very pleased with how procedures have gone so far.”

Eventing stars including multi gold medallist Mary King will be taking part in the Eventing Grand Prix at the Alltech FEI European Jumping and Dressage Championships 2009. Mary will be joined by reigning eventing world champion Zara Phillips, Olympic bronze medallist Tina Cook, world number 11 Lucy Wiegersma and other top riders.

The competitors will be the first riders in history to take part in an

eventing competition at the Windsor Showground in the private grounds of Windsor Castle.

In this issue Mary King speaks out against recent claims that eventing is one of the world’s most dangerous sports.

For the full interview see Page 6.

Pictured: Mary King and Apache Sauce at the 2009 Badminton Horse Trials Picture courtesy of Barry Batchelor/PA Wire

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 3

Equine influenza tops threat poll

By Louise Cordell EQUINE influenza has topped a poll of diseases that most concern the equine sector.

A survey of over 100 leading academics, equine vets and other members of the industry has found that EI and equine herpesvirus are considered the biggest threats to the global equine community.

The vote was taken at the international forum ‘Protecting against Equine Diseases in a Changing International Environment’, held in Padova, Italy.

During the seminar, delegates were asked to vote on which of seven key equine diseases they felt represented the most significant challenge to their industry, based on the disease outcome, potential economic impact, requirement for veterinary care and potential for travel restrictions.

Equine influenza came top with equine herpesvirus rated the second

most important, followed by African horse sickness, equine viral arteritis and West Nile virus.

Keynote speaker Professor Ann Cullinane said: “We mustn’t underrate the importance of equine influenza.

“While it doesn’t usually kill horses, it certainly kills equestrian events as was so vividly demonstrated in Australia in 2007.

The delegates also discussed steps that could be taken to protect the equine industry and called for increased global collaboration, including the harmonisation of diagnostic tests, better planning for disease outbreaks and the creation of an International Equine Disease Prevention Guidelines Group.

“Given the on-going emergence of evolving equine influenza strains, it’s important that greater value is placed on rapid laboratory diagnosis and strain surveillance.

Speaker Professor Horzinek said: “We must both harmonise existing guidelines for the management of infectious diseases and develop new ones.

“This is vital to ensure that vaccines can be updated with the most appropriate strains”.

“Organisations such as the OIE and WHO must come together to develop a compact and coherent body of evidence based recommendations for disease control and horse movement.”

“Recent outbreaks have only served to highlight the potential this disease has to cause financial devastation in the industry.

In terms of emerging disease threat, delegates believed that the most likely route of the introduction of

Call for support for transport petition SUPPORTERS of World Horse Welfare’s campaign to end the long distance transportation of horses to slaughter are being urged to sign its petition.

The ‘Make a Noise’ campaigners have already handed over a dossier of evidence to the European Commission and are now focussing on gaining as much public support as possible for the recommended changes to current legislation.

Over 114,000 people have signed up so far to protest against the exhaustion, dehydration and injury horses suffer when travelling the slaughter route from source countries like Poland and Spain to Italy.

Jo White, director of campaigns and communications, said: “We urgently need the public’s help to stop this cruelty and so are urging them to sign the petition.

“We have a fantastic opportunity to really make a difference and take steps to end the biggest single abuse of horses in Europe, but it can’t be done without their help.”

African horse sickness into Europe would be through expansion from areas where it is already endemic, as was seen recently with Bluetongue, or through the illegal importation of an infectious animal.

The Make A Noise petition can be signed online at www.makeanoise.co.uk

EDITORIAL GROUP EDITOR:

Andrew Harrod Tel: 01226 734639 email: ah@whpl.net CONTRIBUTIONS EDITOR:

Christine Keate chris.keate@horsehealthmagazine.co.uk Tel: 07825 097 464 Reporter

Louise Cordell

Tel: 01226 734694

lcordell@whpl.net

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Stewart Holt sth@whpl.net DEPUTY GROUP EDITOR:

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Whilst every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of all content, the publishers do not accept liability for error, printed or otherwise, that may occur.

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS

The British Horse Society is looking for riders to take part in a fundraising trek in the Shekhawati region of India on Marwari horses.

The 150-mile, 11-day ride will take place in and around Rajasthan in November on animals descended from the war horses that served the ruling families and warriors of feudal India. Lee Hackett, BHS welfare senior executive, said: “The British Horse Society is busier than ever with its welfare work. There are countless horses out there that need the help of the BHS and our Ride with Kings Challenge offers participants the experience of a lifetime, while also raising essential funds we need for an excellent cause.”

Anyone wanting to take part must pay a registration fee of £250 to BHS Welfare and raise, through sponsorship, a minimum of £2,600 which includes all tour costs and a donation to fund the charity’s work.

Research looks at bleeding into airways A DRUG used to treat bleeding into the airways in thoroughbred racehorses can also decrease the chance of haemorrhage according to a new study.

Research into furosemide, which is currently used as a treatment in the US and Canada, has been carried out

by Colorado State University, the University of Melbourne and the University of Pretoria.

It is hoped that the findings will provide a foundation for racing authorities to make decisions regarding the use of the medication, which has been the subject of heated debate for many years.

The study involved 167 horses randomly allocated to race fields of nine to 16 horses each.

Each horse took part in two races, one week apart, in the same field and in races of the same distance.

In the blinded study, each horse received furosemide before one race and saline solution before the other.

Endoscopy was then performed within 30-90 minutes after racing to identify the presence of blood in airways.

The research showed that giving furosemide before a race dramatically decreased the incidence and severity of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, or EIPH. Horses were three to four times

more likely to have evidence of bleeding without furosemide, and were seven to 11 times more likely to have severe bleeding without it.

Researcher Dr Paul Morley said: “The results of this study do not eliminate debate about the use of this medication in racehorses, but it does provide evidence needed to aid making sound policy decisions.

“Decisions are always easier when you have data.”

Furosemide is widely used in the horse racing industry in North America but is banned on race days in all other countries.

More than 90 percent of racing thoroughbreds in the United States and Canada are given furosemide a few hours before racing to treat bleeding.

However, despite this common practice, before this study there was no conclusive evidence that furosemide was effective in preventing or limiting lung bleeding in racehorses.

Use of the medication is controversial because earlier research has found that it enhanced the performance of thoroughbred horses.

The treatment has also come under fire because some critics say that its use confirms animal welfare problems associated with horse racing.

Riding style ‘makes horse move faster’

By Louise Cordell A JOCKEY’S riding style may look uncomfortable but actually helps the horse move faster according to new research from the Royal Veterinary College.

A study has shown that the modern crouched posture results in an enhanced race-time performance because the horse does not have to support accelerating the jockey through each of its stride movements.

Instead, it has to support only the body weight of the rider.

The research team from the College’s Structure and Motion Laboratory suggest that the posture has benefited racing performance since its introduction in around 1900, when a general improvement in race times was recorded - and has never been bettered.

At that time, the crouched, rather than seated, position led to improvements of five to seven per cent in major horserace times and records.

Analysis of the winning times for the Epsom Derby Stakes from 1846 (when the recording of race times began) to the present day, for example, shows a substantial decrease in the ten-year period from about 1900.

Researcher Dr Thilo Pfau said: “Our research shows that it would be difficult or impossible for jockeys to isolate themselves from the movement of the mount were they seated or adopting an upright, straight legged posture.

Pictured, from left: Dr Hinchcliff, Dr Morley and Dr Guthrie

“In contrast, the posture used today

means that the horse supports the jockey’s body weight, but does not have to move the jockey through each cyclical stride path.

“It is also important to note that this posture puts additional strain on the jockey’s body - they have been show to have near maximum heart rates during racing.”

A jockey represents about 13 per cent of a horse’s body mass of about 450kg.

The research showed that using conventionally-seated riders and sandbags led to an increase in mechanical and metabolic cost in the animal that was proportionate to the load.

However, the cost of load-carrying was reduced when the jockey and the horse were coupled ‘elastically’ as they are when the crouched posture is adopted.

Dr Pfau added: “We surmise that a jockey in the crouched position uncouples himself from the horse by moving relative to his mount.

“Interestingly, we also found that, in adjusting his position, the jockey slightly overcompensates for the horse’s motion.

“So the fluctuations in the displacement and velocity of the combined horse and jockey may be slightly smaller than those of the horse alone.

“It could be said that the jockey is ‘driving’ the horse.”

For the research, 17 routine training sessions of five high quality racehorses with three jockeys were analysed using inertial sensors, GPS speed loggers and data loggers.

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 5

Riders head for Mongolia for world’s longest horse race A GROUP of riders are travelling to Mongolia to take part in the world’s longest horse race.

The Mongol Derby, organised by UK company The Adventurists is the first of its kind and will see riders take on 1,000 km of wild steppe.

Out of over 100 applications 26 people have been selected to become involved including competitors from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Denmark, America and Spain.

They are all experienced riders with polo players, endurance riders, eventers, point to point jockeys and even dressage specialists taking part. The route is based on Genghis Khan’s ancient postal system where riders crossed Mongolia to Eastern Europe in 14 days, changing horses at horse stations or ‘urtuus’ along the way. The race starts on 22 August at the ancient capital of the Mongol empire Kharkhorin – riders will swap horses every 40 km at urtuus and more than 700 traditional Mongolian horses will be

used.

Antonia Bolingbroke-Kent of The Adventurists said: “We have been working in Mongolia for six years and wanted to organise this event because horses and racing are such a strong part of their culture.

“We had a vetting programme for competitors to make sure they were suitable for the whole experience, as well as just the riding side of things.

“It is going to be quite tough as they will be going through areas only inhabited by nomadic communities – it will be a mindblowing experience.”

The organisers have also put together a detailed horse welfare and veterinary programme to make sure the animals’ health is top of the

Therapies are safe and practical FMBs offer a range of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF), massage, laser, magnetic and hot/cold + compression therapy products suitable for horses, riders and their dogs.

Safe and practical, these therapies can be used for conditions including muscle tension, soft tissue damage, slow healing bones, sport injuries and arthritis plus pre warm up and post exercise.

The new Activo-Med Combi Pro (pulsed electromagnetic and cyclonic massage rug) treats from the top of the neck to the tip of the tail and now also the shoulders and stifle.

It’s newly launched little sister, the Combi Sport, is a traditional rug shape and also offers both pulsed electromagnetic and cyclonic massage therapies.

It is available with either massage only or pulsed electromagnetic only components and starts at £1200 including VAT. Activo-Med Magnetic/Massage front and hind leg wraps are available with both systems or separately as well as the combined pulsed electromagnetic and laser handheld unit.

Ideal for knocks, strains, tweaks, stiffnesses and prevention before and after exercise.

William Fox-Pitt said: “Having used the Activo-Med Combi System for over two years now I can honestly say it’s worth the investment ten times over.

“Whilst excellent for rehabilitation, I use the rug on all the horses both before they are worked to loosen and relax their muscles and after to aid the recovery process. The systems are easy to use, breathable, lightweight and horse-friendly.”

Call 01628 472440 or visit www.fmbs.co.uk for more information

agenda.

Local horse experts and professional equine vets will be assisting with the initial selection of horses, then an inspection and care program will continue throughout the race.

GPS satellite tracking will also allow expedition medics and on-call vets to respond to riders in an emergency along the route.

Antonia added: “We are working with UK and Mongolian experts to provide elite level veterinary support and will have six mobile teams of top endurance vets as well as mobile equine hospitals and horse ambulances. Horses will also be checked to make sure they are still in good condition after each section of the course before the rider gets a new horse - to make sure that they haven’t been riding too hard.

“We are confident that thanks to our vetting and planning the emergency response team won’t be needed, but the safety of the horses and riders is our top priority, so preparation is key.”

Authority unveils new Rules of Racing website THE British Horseracing Authority has unveiled its new Rules of Racing website which includes the full rewritten Rule Book which will come into effect in September 2009.

The aim of the rewrite, available at http://newrules.britishhorseracing.co m, was to remove duplication, use more plain English and avoid jargon wherever possible.

It is hope that this, as well as dividing the rules into six separate manuals, will make them more user friendly.

The six manuals are General, Race, Trainer, Rider, Horse and Owner and Racing Administration.

Nic Coward, BHA chief executive, said: “It has been no easy task to produce a version of the Rules of Racing fit for the twenty first century and written and formatted in a way that gives clarity and is easily understood by all those who need to refer to them. However, I believe our team has achieved this and also produced a dedicated Rules website that is very user friendly.”

The new Rules are now available to view online in order to give those who work in and follow British horseracing the opportunity to familiarise themselves with the new format before they come into effect.

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS

Racecourse opens in Wales THE first National Hunt racecourse to be completed in Britain for over 80 years has been opened in Wales.

The track is overlooked by a single enclosure which can hold up to 15,000 people and there is also a 1,000 seater covered grandstand.

Ffos Las is one of only three racecourses in the country and the 600 acres complex, near Trimsaran, has been created in what used to be the largest open cast mining site in Europe.

In addition to this the complex will offer stabling along with administrative buildings, technical buildings, accommodation, bar and catering facilities. It is hoped that the racecourse’s close proximity to Ireland will attract some of the support that exists for horse racing in that country and overall the course is expected to bring up to £600m into the local economy.

The all-weather, oval track is one mile and four furlongs in length, in line with Jockey Club specifications, and will host both National Hunt and Flat racing meetings.

Overtraining syndrome research NEW research has found that the prevalence of equine stress-related illnesses such as overtraining syndrome is increasing.

Until now no diagnostic test has been available to determine the syndrome, but researchers at Utrecht University in the Netherlands have discovered a new method using measurements of nocturnal growth hormone secretions.

It is hoped that the results of the study will lead to improved treatment methods for similar stress related syndromes in humans, such

as burnout.

A horse suffering from overtraining syndrome will suffer from reduced performance, despite the same or an increased level of training.

The researchers found that the secretion of the nocturnal growth hormone, which plays a role in both growth and stress, is an indicator for the syndrome. They were able to diagnose the illness by measuring the amount of hormone present in horse’s blood and are now hoping to focus on finding effective prevention and treatment methods.

Eventer hits back at danger claims EVENTER Mary King has slammed recent claims that the sport is one of the most dangerous in the world.

Mary is one of the most successful women in three day eventing – a world class gold medallist who is currently ranked third by the International Federation of Eventing and won team silver at the Beijing Olympics.

She said: “Everyone goes on and on about how dangerous eventing is, but it is really not the case.

“There have been deaths, riders and horses, which is awful, but it is also one of the most exciting sports in the world and although there are risks involved people should focus on the positive side of it.

“If it was that dangerous then I wouldn’t be letting my daughter take part, and she is very much hoping to follow in my footsteps.

“I think that there have been a few high profile injuries and deaths and it has given the sport an undeserved reputation.

“When you think about the amount of people taking part in courses worldwide, there really is an incredibly small percentage of fatalities overall.”

Mary first competed at Badminton in 1985, had her first win there on King William in 1992 and her second on Star Appeal in 2000.

She has been to five Olympics,

winning medals at two, and with Mark Todd and William Fox-Pitt, Mary holds the record for winning four British open championships and is the only person to have won five British national titles at Gatcombe.

Mary has now published an autobiography charting her biggest challenges from breaking her neck in 2001 to the death of her most successful horse, Call Again Cavalier, last year.

She added: “In eventing you are testing a horse’s all round ability.

“It has to excel in a lot of diverse skills to be good in all three sections, whereas other sports will just focus on one of these skills.

“I think the horses that make the best eventers are those who may not be able to specialise enough to make it to the top in one particular discipline, but who are adaptable and can achieve in several different areas.

“Overall fitness plays a huge part in success, especially for the endurance section of the competition, but it is also a crucial factor in helping to avoid injury. The rider also needs to have a good eye and to be able to work as a team with the horse – if this is the case then they will be able to sense if anything is not right with the horse and get them the right attention. It is all about horse and rider working as a team.”

Annual conference heading for Cheltenham EUROPE’S biggest annual Thoroughbred conference, the Thoroughbred Racing and Breeding Seminar, is set to take place in the Centaur Centre at Cheltenham racecourse on 12 November this year.

Matthews of Edinburgh University, Chris Rhea discussing the update in the HBLB Codes of Practice in the light of the recent outbreak of CEM in the USA and a representative from Defra reviewing the latest ‘Exotic Disease Control Strategy’.

The programme will include the latest issues of concern not just to those with an interest in Thoroughbreds, but to all professional horse owners.

‘Diagnostic Diagnosis’ will address the ever increasing array of highly technical imaging techniques, determining which, when and why they should be used and Richard Piercy of the RVC will present on muscle damage, covering practical and revolutionary approaches to diagnosis, prevention and therapy of setfast and other muscle problems.

Dr Peter Webbon will chair a platform of globally renowned speakers, whose presentations will include ‘Do Your Wormers Work?’ an insight into how to counter anthelmintic resistance by Dr Jacqui

For further information visit www.thoroughbred-seminar.com

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 7

Leaflet response over welfare concerns Database call

By Louise Cordell

Compromising on Welfare’.

THE National Equine Welfare Council has responded to growing concerns for equine welfare by producing two new leaflets.

The leaflets aim to help them look at ways to keep their horse by cutting back on unnecessary costs and, where this is not possible, advice is given on how to secure the best future for the horse.

The organisation has received a high number of requests for help from horse owners who are struggling financially and so has released new information on ‘Responsible Rehoming’ and ‘Cutting Cost without

Nicolas De Brauwere, NEWC chairman and senior welfare veterinary surgeon at Redwings Horse Sanctuary, said: “The horse’s

New director named JENNY Hall has been named as the new British Equestrian Federation director for equine development.

She has taken over from Graham Suggett, who is now the chairman of the National Equine Database and currently runs a thoroughbred breeding and sales enterprise as well as being a founder partner in a veterinary practice in Berkshire.

Jenny has also worked as team vet to the senior three day event team and with the BEF’s Word Class development programme.

She said: “I am thrilled to have been appointed and think I am

well placed to understand the commercial and practical realities of the equestrian industry.

“I have always had an interest in the characteristics of the elite horse and have had the benefit of the experience of working first hand with the systems that have produced them.”

The BEF director of sports development, Dennis Bell, has also been reappointed by the BET Council for a further term, to continue his work in the sports development area.

long-term welfare should be the paramount concern when it comes to re-homing and these leaflets will be a valuable information source for anyone who is struggling.”

The leaflets were produced as a result of collaboration between NEWC members and will be made available free of charge in an attempt to help raise standards in equine welfare through education and support.

Heat forces abandonment RACING had to be abandoned at Worcestor at a recent meeting after on-course temperatures reached an unprecedented 36C in the stable yard.

Third place Highland Laddie collapsed after the first race and staff had to pour over 700 gallons of water over the horse to revive him.

He later made a full recovery and British Horseracing Authority spokesman Paul Struthers said: “There was a stewards’ enquiry and because of the extreme heat it was decided to call off racing, it would have been unfair to the horses to have continued. It was so hot that the horses were already suffering from heat stress before they started racing.”

BHA director of equine science and welfare Professor Tim Morris added: “The abandonment of racing on the grounds of horse welfare was undoubtedly the right course of action and was supported by trainers and jockeys.”

to owners HORSE owners are being urged to sign up to the National Equine Database in a bid to cut down on horse theft and fraud.

The database contains details of every passport issued by a UK Passport Issuing Organisation and holds the details of over a million horses, ponies and donkeys.

Owners are being encouraged to get involved in order to register stolen horses or horses missing on loan in an attempt to prevent thieves from applying for new passports and selling the animals on.

Jan Rogers, BEF head of development and NED marketing manager, said: “Sadly, the NED team has had calls from distraught owners after their animals have been stolen or gone missing on loan. And in some cases they have discovered the animal has had a new passport issued so it could then be sold on. Since NED is the only central place to find all UK horse passport information – it is the logical place to allow people to log missing horses and to check equine passports before they buy.

“The more people start to use and report stolen horses through NED the harder it will become for the thieves.”

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS

Editor’s insight...

Christine Keate

IT seems hard to believe that BEVA Congress has come around again, it doesn’t feel as if a year has passed since we were last there.

It is a great opportunity to catch up with friends, clients, contributors and many of our readers, so please, do come and visit us on stand B20, we will look forward to seeing you all.

The Congress is always a great opportunity to find out what is new and, what is happening in the world of equine health and research, this year will be no exception I am sure.

In Horse Health this issue, we bring you a report from Miriam Casey

about her research into the etiology, diagnostic features and treatment of apical pulpitis (tooth root infections) in equine cheek teeth.

Her research was supported by the Horse Trust, which is responsible for funding some of the major equine research projects over the last 40 years, including investigating strangles, navicular disease, sweet itch, colic and ragwort poisoning to name but a few.

It is a great blow, therefore, that they are for the foreseeable future, unable to take on any new projects. This is yet another sad reminder that every

facet of the equine world is being affected by the problems within the economy, and more reason for horse owners to act responsibly when considering breeding from, or rehoming a horse.

Again, on a welfare note, the World Horse Welfare’s Make A Noise petition to end the long-distance transportation of horses to slaughter in Europe, will be closing in the middle of September.

If you haven’t signed, you can do so online at www.makeanoise.co.uk and I would urge everyone to take a few moments to do so.

Head shaking Study in stem cells findings technique A NEW technique has been designed to minimise the effects of head shaking in horses.

The condition, which is believed to originate in the trigeminal nerve which supplies the face, has been known to trouble horses despite all recognised causes being ruled out.

However, surgeons from the Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital at the University of Liverpool have conducted a series of tests using platinum embolisation coils.

These coils, often used to block damaged blood vessels in humans, are placed into the infraorbital canal which transports the appropriate branch of the nerve through the maxilla.

By placing between two and five coils just in front of the horse’s last cheek tooth, the scientists found that they were capable of preventing the pain which contributes to head shaking.

Overall the tests, which were carried out

by Veronica Roberts and her colleagues, showed that 84 per cent of 24 horses responded positively to the treatment.

However, Dr Roberts pointed out that, while the results were encouraging, more work is needed as 46 per cent of the horses suffered a side effect of nose-rubbing, thus leading to damage of the muzzle and face.

AN EXPERIMENTAL study has found that stem cells may support the healing of meniscal tissue in the stifle as well as in tendons and ligaments of horses.

The initial research, which is being carried out by Professor Roger Smith from London’s Royal Veterinary College, is encouraging UK vets to explore the option of using stem cells to treat equine intra-synovial soft tissue injuries.

Healing of intra-synovial soft tissue injuries is notoriously poor in the horse with a six per cent prognosis for Grade III meniscal tears and 18 per cent prognosis for long tears of the deep digital flexor tendon within the digital flexor tendon sheath.

At present, the gold standard is arthroscopic debridement of the damaged areas but vets have not previously been able to augment the subsequent phases of tissue repair.

It is hoped that stem cells would have the capacity to assist with this aspect. The most appropriate intrasynovial cases for stem cell treatment would be synovial cavities containing soft tissue pathology.

These would include grade III/IV meniscal tears with a stable stifle or tendon tears within a tendon sheath or bursa such as deep digital flexor tendon tears in the digital sheath or navicular bursa.

Professor Smith said: “Whilst there is currently no definitive evidence to

support the use of stem cells to treat these injuries, there is a logical rationale behind the technique and it may improve these horses’ chances of a full recovery.”

Stem cell therapy currently offers a good prognosis for the repair of certain types of equine tendon and ligament injuries.

The technique involves implanting millions of the patient’s own stem cells and autologous growth factors directly into the injured tendon or ligament. Levels of success have generated considerable interest from the human sector and trials in human medicine for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathies should be commencing later this year.

Confederation voices levy objections THE British Horse Industry Confederation has voiced its objections to Defra’s proposed £10.50 levy on horse owners.

BHIC chair Professor Tim Morris, Mark Weston of the BHS and Jan Rogers of the BEF have been working together to produce a united response from the horse section and are refusing to support the government’s plans to restructure animal health control, which would result in the charge.

Professor Morris said: “The proposals for responsibility and cost sharing are based on inaccurate data and flawed assumptions and represent an increase in costs for the equine sector where a significant proportion already fund their leisure activities out of taxed income. I have seen no information on objective measurement of efficiency and accountability and I can see no clear benefits for the equine sector. I believe these proposals are unwork-

able and of no benefit and must not proceed in their present form.”

Mark Weston, the BHS director of access, safety and welfare, said: “The equine sector cannot be compared to the livestock sector; it is primarily a leisure activity. Two thirds of owners have just one horse, most do not keep horses to make money and the horse sector does not receive the subsidy, which we estimate at £1bn annually, that the livestock sector receives.”

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feeding and nutrition

Joint supplement research – what’s new?

By Kate Jones BSc (Hons), senior nutritionist, NAF FEW professionals in the equine world can fail to have noticed the impact of supplements for joint health. Joint supplements are widely fed for all types of horses, from ageing, arthritic animals where they help to maintain comfortable joints, to young, fit athletic animals where they are fed as a protective insurance measure.

But are owners justified in doing this, and should we be recommending their use?

Historically research into nutraceuticals for horses has been limited, partly due to the expense involved of trials on such large, expensive animals; and partly due to the practical aspects of being able to design and run a suitable trial.

Of particular concern has been a lack of relevant equine in vivo (live animal) trials which can truly demonstrate how the nutrient reacts in the horse.

However, recently new research is emerging that endorses the widespread use of joint supplements.

Are supplements effective?

One long running debate in joint supplements is the bio-availability and, therefore, effectiveness of some of the larger molecule nutrients such as glucosamine.

Researchers at Montreal University compared the levels of glucosamine present within the joint after feeding a glucosamine supplement.

Samples were taken from both healthy and inflamed joints up to twelve hours after supplementation.

The interesting result was that not only was the glucosamine HCl clearly getting to the joint, but also that it was present in higher levels where the joint was stressed.

The result suggests that inflamed joints have a higher requirement for glucosamine than healthy joints.

‘Laboratory trials have shown that glucosamine has a significant activity against inflamed articular cells, and clinical doses may be of use in joint disease’

Therefore, you could ask, as healthy joints use less glucosamine, are we wasting our time supplementing for prevention? The answer is no.

Researchers in Illinois have found that while certain procedures, such as corticosteroid injections, can speed up the breakdown of cartilage, supplementing with glucosamine can protect against that effect.

The conclusion being that we should be considering glucosamine as protective for maintenance, and should certainly be supplementing alongside any joint injection programme.

Can they repair damage?

So, we know that the nutrients get to the joint and protect against damage, but are they actually of any use to a horse with compromised joint function?

Laboratory trials have shown that glucosamine has a significant activity against inflamed articular cells, and clinical doses may be of use in joint disease.

But it’s not just about glucosamine.

Researchers in Spain have shown that while athletic exertion results in joint damage in horses, supplementing with MSM and antioxidants reduces the damage seen almost to resting levels.

Chondroitin sulphate too has its role to play, when fed with glucosamine.

A UK trial assessing stride length in veteran horses showed that both the stride length and swing duration of the stride were significantly increased within a couple of months of feeding a joint supplement containing a combination of glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate.

Conclusion: We can see that as the scientific knowledge catches up with what is already common practice in the equine community, we as professionals within the industry are fully justified in recommending oral joint supplements for a wide range of horses.

Joint supplements should be recommended both as a long term support product for sound, athletic horses and where signs of joint stress are evident.

For optimum effect look for a product that combines the key joint nutrients of Glucosamine HCl, MSM, Chondroitin sulphate, antioxidants and HA.

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feeding and nutrition

Feeding for healthy eyes and joints

By Lizzie Drury MSc RNutr, Saracen Horse Feeds THERE is plenty of information available regarding feeding to maintain healthy joints.

Feeding specifically for eyes is a little more difficult and yet both are an essential part of the locomotive and sensory system that the horse can least afford to lose, particularly if he is in the wild.

Obviously the starting point to keep any horse healthy is to ensure a well balanced diet that is suited to that individual horse, with forage forming the basis of the diet.

The rest of the diet needs to ensure suitable energy, quality protein, vitamins and mineral levels to keep

the horse fit and healthy.

As research into nutrition continually moves forward there are now advances in feed and supplement technology that have been proven to help support joint health.

There has been much talk about the benefits of essential fatty acids, in particular the omega three and six fatty acids.

The omega three family stems from alpha linolenic acid (ALA) while the omega six family originates from linolenic acid (LA).

These essential fatty acids must be balanced within the body in order for both to be effective and although researchers have not yet pinpointed the optimal ratio of omega three to

‘These essential fatty acids must be balanced within the body in order for both to be effective – although researchers have not yet pinpointed the optimal ratio of omega three to omega six fatty acids for horses’

omega six fatty acids for horses, continuing research is revealing more information about the benefits of supplementation.

Humans supplemented with omega three fatty acids have shown a reduction in inflammation from arthritis.

Researchers at Michigan State University theorised that, if the same effect was found in supplemented horses, minimised discomfort might manifest itself as increased stride length amongst horses suffering from joint stiffness.

To test this theory, they measured stride length at the walk and trot for 18 Arabian horses.

The horses were paired and all the horses were fed a concentrate feed and Timothy hay.

One horse in each group was supplemented with fish oil while the other was supplemented with corn oil for a period of 75 days.

at the walk but horses supplemented with the fish oil tended to have an increased stride length at the trot.

The increased stride length in the trot suggests a decrease in inflammation, stiffness and joint pain associated with movement.

Researchers at Texas A and M University have reported that supplementation with omega three fatty acids reduced joint inflammation in both yearlings and arthritic horses.

Horses fed the omega three supplement had lower synovial fluid white blood cell counts than those in the control group.

Raised white blood cell counts are indicative of local inflammation and arthritic horses will typically have a much higher number of white blood cells than non arthritic horses.

In this study increased mobility in the supplemented arthritic horses was not reported.

At the end of the trial the horses supplemented with the fish oil had higher plasma levels of omega three fatty acids.

Other joint supplements containing balanced concentrations of Glucosamine, Chondroitin, MSM, and Hyaluronic Acid have also been shown to support joint health and mobility and the use of cider vinegar is reported to ease joint pain and reduce calcification of the joints.

There was no change in stride length

Continued on Page 11

The horses were exercised five days a week under saddle or on a lunge line.

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Some supplements have been found to increase joint mobility Continued from Page 10 In humans essential fatty acids are critical for proper visual development in infants so one may presume that this would also be the case for the foal.

In adults deficiencies of omega three fatty acids can lead to impaired vision and studies also suggest that prolonged deficiencies may increase the risk of damage to the retina.

Essential fatty acids also play a role in helping eye fluids drain, which helps to regulate intraocular pressure.

In 2007, a large multi site study found that people who ate at least two servings of fish weekly are less likely to develop age related macular degeneration, and in 2005 researchers found that the amount, type and ratio of omega three in the diet may play a key role in the prevention of dry eye syndrome in women. Now while these problems are not reported in the horse,

supplementation with omega three fatty acid may help to support and maintain normal eye health.

We all will have heard the saying that eating carrots help you see in the dark – but a deficiency in Vitamin A leads to night blindness in horses, although extremely low vitamin A intake is necessary for the condition to occur.

The vitamin A requirements for horses of different physiological states are not well defined and limited information exists regarding vitamin A nutrition as it pertains to maintenance, reproduction, gestation, lactation, growth and work.

The requirement for horses with maintenance only requirements is based on the intake of Vitamin A necessary to prevent night blindness, plus an allowance deemed sufficient to maximise tissue storage.

‘We all will have heard the saying that eating carrots help you see in the dark – but a deficiency in Vitamin A leads to night blindness in horses, although extremely low vitamin A intake is necessary for the condition to occur’

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HORSE HEALTH I

Feeding for better feet intake was increased alongside the biotin.

By Katie Williams M.Sc. (Dist) R Nutr, Dengie

In this study the calcium was increased by adding alfalfa which is a naturally abundant source of highly available calcium.

THERE are lots of reasons why horses have poor feet ranging from conformation to poor farriery and so it is important to consider all of these areas as targeting one in isolation may not be effective in making improvements.

The most common reason for diets being low in calcium is when high levels of straight cereals are fed which are high in phosphorous.

Adding alfalfa when feeding straights is an easy way to help create a better calcium to phosphorous ratio.

Diet is fundamentally linked to good health and research has shown that certain nutrients can be of particular benefit to improving hoof growth.

Biotin:

Methionine:

Biotin is a water soluble B vitamin that is commonly recognised as being beneficial for horses with poor hooves.

Methionine is probably the other nutrient most commonly recommended for improving hoof quality. Methionine is a sulphur containing, essential amino acid and is a major structural component of proteins and enzymes in the body.

Like other B vitamins, biotin is produced by the micro-organisms that live in the horse’s hind gut as they break down fibre.

When plenty of fibre is fed, a healthy population of micro organisms can usually provide sufficient biotin to meet the basic requirements of horses and ponies.

Poor quality hooves can therefore be indicative of an unhealthy digestive system which may occur as a result of stress and/or restricted fibre intake, which is most common in performance horses and sometimes good doers.

In these situations, trying to address the cause of the problem by feeding more fibre or using a digestive enhancing supplement such as probiotics or prebiotics, can be particularly effective.

If the problem persists then supplementing with biotin becomes essential.

How much biotin?

Several research studies have been conducted to identify the level of biotin that can help address poor hoof horn quality.

One study found that 15mg of biotin per day achieved increased hoof hardness and greater growth rates than 7.5mg of biotin per day (Buffa et al, 1992) whereas another study found that continuous supplementation with biotin at a daily dose of 20mg improved and maintained hoof horn quality in horses with less than optimum hoof quality (Josseck et al, 1995).

This information suggests that

It is found in greatest concentrations in hoof and hair.

Supplements containing a range of key nutrients are likely to be the most beneficial. between 15 and 20mg per day should help to generate healthy hooves. Biotin is found in commonly used feedstuffs but varies quite considerably in the amount and how available it is to the horse.

Oats contain around 0.1mg/kg of biotin whereas alfalfa contains twice as much at 0.2mg/kg.

The biotin in feedstuffs is bound to protein and so the ease with which the horse can access the biotin largely depends on how digestible the protein is.

Zinc:

Zinc is involved in the health and integrity of hair, skin and hoof.

Hooves require zinc for the prevention of defective keratin, the tough material found in the outer layers of hoof and skin.

If keratin is not properly formed the hoof will be soft and brittle.

Research carried out by Coenen (1997) found that horses with insufficient hoof horn strength had less zinc in the hoof horn and plasma than horses with no hoof horn damage.

The form in which zinc is added to feeds and supplements could impact on the quality of a horse’s hooves.

Zinc is a trace mineral which is vulnerable to interactions with other minerals in the digestive system when in an inorganic form.

Chelated zinc is an organic form of the mineral which is achieved by attaching it to a peptide or amino acid.

This process improves the absorption of the zinc and so tends to result in better health and condition of tissues such as hooves.

Calcium:

Calcium is a mineral essential for proper bone development but also required for cell-to-cell attachment in the hoof horn.

Calcium is linked very closely with phosphorous and the ratio of these two minerals in the diet is crucial; ideally a 2:1 calcium to phosphorous ratio should exist.

In a study conducted at the Royal Dick Vet School by Dr Sue Kempson, two different problems with hoof horn were identified.

The first was described as a lack of horn in the outer layers and showed improvement when biotin was added to the horse’s diet.

The second, described as lack of good keratin attachment, improved only when calcium

Sulphur itself is available from other sources although inorganic sources are often not well absorbed by the horse.

Do supplements make a difference?

As research has shown that problems in different areas of the hoof respond to different nutrients it suggests that a supplement containing a range of key nutrients for hooves is most likely to be beneficial.

A study carried out at Bishop Burton College using a supplement that contained biotin, chelated zinc, highly bio-available calcium and fish oils fed alongside existing diets showed that the average daily growth rate was increased by 0.1mm per day.

In the usual time between shoeings (six to eight weeks) this increased growth rate would produce an extra 0.5cm of horn.

Although better quality horn takes six to nine months to grow down, a quicker rate of growth means that cracks and old nail holes will be grown out quicker so that better quality horn will be available for the farrier to nail into so that benefits are seen almost immediately.

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HORSE HEALTH I

feeding and nutrition

New studies question safety of soaked hay for laminitis prone horses

By Clare Barfoot, RNutr, Spillers Research and Development WORRYINGLY nearly 50 per cent of the equine population are now overweight which is putting them at increased risk of conditions such as metabolic syndrome, laminitis and Cushing’s disease to name but a few.

Management practices for all these conditions is based on restricting the amount of sugar, starch and fructan or more correctly the non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) content in the diet whilst controlling the overall calorie intake.

This approach has led to the soaking of hay becoming common practice for laminitic horses and ponies in order to reduce its water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content.

However, new research, conducted by the Waltham-initiated Laminitis Consortium, has raised questions over the assumption that soaking hay will make it safe to feed to laminitis-prone or overweight horses and ponies.

The Laminitis Consortium comprises of world-leading equine veterinary,

nutrition and research experts interested in collaborating on the important topic of laminitis. It also includes the authors of this work: Dr Pat Harris of the Waltham Equine Studies Group and Dr Annette Longland of Equine Livestock and Nutrition Services.

The over-consumption of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) has long been associated with the onset of laminitis therefore it has been recommended that hay with a nonstructural carbohydrate (WSC and starch) content of less than ten per cent should be fed to overweight or obese animals as well as those at risk of laminitis.

The study, which was completed earlier this year, examined the loss of water-soluble carbohydrates from nine different hays submerged in water for up to 16 hours and was recently presented to the biannual Equine Science Symposium in America.

Previous studies have shown that the prolonged soaking of chopped hay in large volumes of water can result in the leaching of nutrients, including

Current advice is to analyse hay before feeding it to an animal at risk of laminitis. soluble carbohydrates.

to laminitis.

However, because common practice in the UK tends to involve longstemmed hay, soaked in relatively small volumes of water usually in a conventional dust bin over varying timescales, the Laminitis Consortium’s study aimed to replicate this practice.

Therefore currently the best advice is that ideally you should analyse your hay before feeding it to an animal at high risk of laminitis and choose hay with the lowest WSC content you can find.

The study took nine different hay samples that were analysed for WSC and then soaked in cold water. The soaked samples were subsequently analysed at four intervals of 20 minutes, 40 minutes, three hours and 16 hours.

The results showed a highly variable leaching of WSC and substantially less leaching than reported previously for chopped hay soaked for 30 minutes and more worryingly very few samples reached below ten per cent WSC, despite prolonged soaking.

The concern is that this strongly suggests that soaking may not be sufficient to render some hays safe to feed to horses and ponies prone

Soaking hay provides an additional safeguard but should not be relied upon.

The study also highlighted that if hay is soaked for extended periods, it may not meet the nutritional requirements of the animal because substantial amounts of other nutrients, protein, vitamins and minerals will also be lost.

In such cases it is even more important that the horse or pony should receive a balanced supplementary feed.

The Laminitis Consortium is continuing its work in this area and now hopes to be able to identify practices that will be of greater benefit to the horse owner faced with hay of unknown WSC content.

‘The study also highlighted that if hay is soaked for extended periods, it may not meet the nutritional requirements of the animal because substantial amounts of other nutrients, protein, vitamins and minerals will also be lost’

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feeding and nutrition

HORSE HEALTH I

Helping manage arthritis

By Neil Hammill of Maxavita

to the joints, the chances are that the delicate tissues and cartilage will be worn down faster and more traumatically than in lesser worked animals.

ARTHRITIS is a common problem for horses of all ages and breeds and although there is no actual cure for the often painful and restrictive condition, there are many ways in which we can manage and help them live with the disease without having to condemn them to a life behind a stable door.

A common misconception with arthritis is that it only occurs in older horses; this is not strictly true and unfortunately all horses are susceptible to developing the ailment.

Factors such as the horse’s activity background and general workload can play a role in when and where the condition develops.

A horse’s joints are used every day

Arthritis in all animals begins when the lubricating synovial fluid begins to thin, thus leaving the joint less lubricated. This in turn causes the cartilage cushion to break down and once the cartilage has worn away the bones will painfully grind against each other.

and are often subjected to an array of stressful movements and activity.

No matter how the disorder manifests itself within the horse’s joint to begin with, unless quickly diagnosed and managed, the results of arthritis can be extremely painful and cause lameness and/or severe loss of movement.

With horses who are jumping, racing, or in an environment where additional pressure is being applied

There are generally two types of common arthritis in horses so it is important to identify which one is

Neil Hammill

‘No matter how the disorder manifests itself within the horse’s joint to begin with, unless quickly diagnosed and managed, the results of arthritis can be extremely painful and cause lameness and/or severe loss of movement’

affecting your animal.

The first type is fairly obvious to see and develops from an infected or traumatised joint, resulting in lameness and clear discomfort for the horse.

The second variety is not so blatant and does not make the horse sore or lame at first, but will noticeably manifest itself as puffiness or swelling around the joint.

In both cases, it’s imperative to take action immediately and a vet should be contacted to get a full medical opinion.

Treatments: The most common recommendations for alleviation and ‘treatment’ for arthritic joints is the introduction of a glucosamine based supplement, reduced riding of the horse or even injections directly into the affected area (for horses in a lot of pain).

Treatments for the condition will vary depending on the severity of the problem, the worst case scenario being surgery on the area itself.

Unfortunately once a degenerative disease such as arthritis has developed in a joint, there are no cures for the condition.

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feeding and nutrition

Horses used for jumping or racing will suffer from faster and more serious joint damage than lesser worked animals.

Continued from Page 16

Supplementation: However there are recognised products and treatments on the market that can help give a horse better quality of life and still allow it to be ridden and turned out.

Adding a supplement to your horse’s diet will aid the management and maintenance of affected joints.

Virtually all the supplements on the market will be glucosamine based and available in a variety of forms from powders to feeds.

Glucosamine is a good long term supplement for horses suffering from arthritis and can help in the rebuilding and strengthening of the joint structure and mechanics.

Glucosamine itself is a compound found naturally in the body and is primarily made up of glucose and the amino acid glutamine; it’s also essential in the production of glycosaminoglycan, a molecule used in the formation and repair of

‘Realistically we need to accept the facts associated with arthritis and deal with the condition in the best possible way for the horse’ cartilage and other body tissues.

However, it is important to be aware that when a joint becomes arthritic, cartilage can not be regenerated.

Another important component of healthy joints which can be gained in selected supplements are ETA ‘fatty acids’ and Hyaluronic Acid (HA) which in the short term can help significantly in the soothing and circulation process, which in turn can alleviate the swelling and trapped fluid on the joint.

These highly beneficial components when combined with glucosamine

can often help the horse regain flexibility and mobility within a matter of days.

Realistically we need to accept the facts associated with arthritis and deal with the condition in the best possible way for the horse.

Every case will be different, so it’s important to seek a professional opinion before you look for any methods of treatment; but using both a short and long term supplement can help maintain and stabilise affected joints whilst reducing painful and restrictive swelling.

Win an all-new professional hay steamer WINNER of a BETA innovation award for feed and supplements, Hay Steamers are the ideal solution for horses with dust allergies, respiratory conditions, or simply for owners wishing to help protect their horse’s lungs from dust and fungal spores.

They are easy to use and designed to do the same and more as soaking hay, without the inconvenience of dustbins full of waste water, leached minerals and heavy, wet haynets.

The steamers introduce steam to the hay to penetrate at approximately 100°C, destroying fungal spores, bacteria and dust mites present in the hay, while also dampening down and neutralising all potentially airborne dust particles.

The Hay Steamer Professional has a large capacity hay steam chamber that can steam loose hay or up to one whole small bale at a time.

It also has a built in timer so freshly steamed hay can be ready and waiting when you need it.

For a chance to win a Professional Hay Steamer send your name, address and telephone number to: Hay Steamer Giveaway, Horse Health Magazine, 47 Church Street, Barnsley, South Yorkshire S70 2AS.

Deadline is Friday 11 September 2009 and the winner’s name will be posted on the Horse Health website at www.horsehealthmagazine.co.uk.

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HORSE HEALTH I

boots and bandages

Owners must assess risk of injury BOOTS and exercise bandages are most commonly used on horses to provide protection against concussion and penetration resulting from trauma during exercise and competition. They are also applied for support.

However, as well as reducing injury, boots and bandages can themselves cause problems associated with heat and moisture retention; restriction of movement or blood supply; or excessive weight on the leg.

Although one needs to be aware of and minimise these issues, there are clearly many occasions when the use of boots is strongly indicated.

In a study investigating polo ponies during one season, wounds and injuries accounted for 68 per cent of all veterinary problems.

Similarly for event horses in competition, the most frequent injury was superficial trauma which accounted for nearly 60 per cent of injuries.

The most frequent cause of injury was reported as hitting a fence, which was nearly twice as likely as

being caused by a fall.

In contrast, in a survey of dressage horses, wounds and external trauma was not considered the most likely problem to occur in training or competition.

The type of wound or injury which one might reasonably expect boots to protect against can be divided into two categories.

They may be blunt, resulting in superficial bruising to either the skin surface or deeper internal damage, or a penetration with cutting of the skin and other soft tissue.

Boots generally need to protect against both types of injury.

The first, described as concussion, is reduced by a boot that effectively dissipates shock.

The second, a penetration injury, will be caused by a sharp edge or a pointed object, and prevention typically requires the boot to have a layer of highly resistant material such as polycarbonate in the vulnerable areas.

Given the potential problems that

Wounds and injuries account for 68 per cent of polo ponies’ veterinary problems are associated with boots, the first question must be does the horse need to wear boots?

Horse owners must assess the risk of injury before deciding if there is a need to use boots or bandages, and if so what level of protection is

needed.

If the owner, rider or trainer decides to use boots then the boots must deliver on the protection level required while minimising the downsides associated with boot usage.

Last issue Horse Health reported on new research revealing the varying levels of protection available from equine boots. A seminar looking into the discrepancies between products led to calls for further investigation and minimum industry standards. Readers Lucy and Sam Griffiths respond:

‘Seminar could change the market for good’ Lucy and Sam Griffiths: Myself and my husband, Australian event rider, Sam Griffiths, attended the seminar on leg protection, that you reviewed in a recent article.

We read your report with interest as we had found the seminar to be a thoroughly educational day, bringing home not only the importance of protecting our horse's legs but also how crucial it is to really investigate how much protection the boots we use

provide.

The seminar highlighted the critical balance to be struck between sufficient protection and keeping the vital tendons and ligaments as cool as possible.

In our sport, where the boots can be on the horse for long periods of time, it is key to us that the boots will protect the legs from the inevitable knocks and at the same time keep the leg temperature to a minimum.

We and the other event riders who

attended the seminar were quite shocked to find out that there is no real industry standard for leg protection and strongly believe something should be put in place to ensure that, as with other equipment such as riding helmets, the boots on the market do offer a suitable degree of protection and are constructed out of suitable materials that are not going to shatter on impact or heat the leg to an unacceptable degree during wear.

However, we do understand that this is not always easy to set up and will certainly not be something that can be implemented over night but perhaps, in time, a system can be put in place to regulate the competitive leg protection market.

It was a brave decision of Equilibrium Products to run this seminar and we believe the issues it raised could change the market for good.

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dentistry

HORSE HEALTH I

Miriam Casey reports on her recent research, funded by the Horse Trust, into the etiology, diagnostic features and treatment of apical pulpitis (tooth root infections) in equine cheek teeth.

Advances in the diagnosis of equine pulpitis PULPITIS, an inflammation of the pulp that results in tooth root abscesses is a common reason for horses to be referred to equine hospitals for dental treatment.

major procedure and also necessitates lifelong management of the teeth opposing the extraction site to prevent them from overgrowing.

Frequently, it’s not identified until the disease process has reached an advanced stage and the horse is suffering from bony swellings, discharging tracts or sinusitis secondary to the tooth root disease.

Earlier diagnosis of pulpitis could facilitate less-invasive and more effective treatment of this disease with direct benefit to the patient.

At that stage in the disease, the most successful treatment is to extract the tooth, which can be a

Traditionally, radiography and an examination of the mouth for major problems with the teeth, were relied upon to identify the offending tooth.

Diagnosis of the tooth that is causing the problem can be a challenge.

However radiography has been shown to lack sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of this disease and often the diseased teeth will have no changes identifiable by a cursory dental examination.

The advent of more detailed examination of the occlusal (chewing) surfaces of the teeth with dental mirrors and endoscopy means that we are now able to pick up more subtle lesions on the teeth.

This is where recent research funded by the Horse Trust comes into play.

The clinical relevance of subtle changes in the occlusal surface was assessed.

Two different changes were looked at; firstly defects in the secondary dentine of cheek teeth and secondly caries of the infundibula of the upper cheek teeth.

Extracted maxillary cheek tooth

A significant link was found between defects in the secondary dentine and

Extracted maxillary cheek tooth tooth root disease.

Also, severe caries, involving the infundibular enamel was shown to be associated with disease.

Hence detailed examination of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth using a dental mirror or endoscope is a valuable addition to the diagnostic armoury.

An awareness of the significance of these lesions will facilitate earlier recognition and more efficient treatment of the pulpitis as well as enabling more precise identification of the diseased tooth.

A full list of references is available on the Horse Health website.

Routine equine dental maintenance: It is recommended to have s horse’s teeth checked at six to 12 monthly intervals, horses can have significant lesions in their mouths and not show obvious outward signs.

Early identification and treatment of more serious lesions and other problems, will lead to more efficient and economical treatment and, most importantly, less discomfort for the horse.

With improved general care, and the perception of many horses in the UK as lifelong pets rather than working animals, there are increasing numbers of geriatric

horses.

Aged horses can run out of functional dental tissue to chew with and can develop large dental overgrowths opposite these missing teeth.

Often, having a functional set of teeth can be the deciding factor as to whether an aged horse manages to get through a winter or not.

Careful dental examination and management throughout the horse’s life will prolong the lifespan of his teeth and make his latter years healthier and easier.

Dental exam in a sedated horse

Normal equine dental anatomy

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BEVA preview Endoscope breakthough launched at BEVA HORSE HEALTH I

THE first commercially available nonjockey based remote upper airway video endoscope will be launched at this year’s BEVA Congress by equine equipment specialist EV Veterinary Products.

The new XiScope enables remote viewing of the upper respiratory tract, including the pharynx and larynx, whilst the horse is exercising on the gallops. Its commercial launch follows extensive consultation with specialist soft tissue surgeon Justin Perkins of the Royal Vet College.

The XiScope comprises of a 65cm semi-flexible endoscope with a

locking system to ensure the scope stays in place once positioned and a quick release mechanism to ensure the practitioner can quickly and easily remove it. The unit can be controlled by the user remotely, allowing for four-way deflection and flush. High quality video footage or stills can be captured to enable diagnosis and management of the upper respiratory tract.

Meeting challenges head on ...

THE time and money invested in the selection of bloodlines that will make up the genes of future winners is only the first step to success.

Adapted training, healthcare and nutrition have an equally important role to play.

However in the current economic climate you also want to be sure that any supplement you buy for your horse is going to reach the area you want it to, be cost effective and work, so choosing the right product is very important. The bio-efficient approach, adopted by the Equistro range when developing its nutritional supplements, meets these challenges head on.

Bio-efficient means premium quality

ingredients with a high biological value and a real understanding of the specialised nutritional requirements of the horse.

The products are manufactured as powder, pellets or liquid with great attention to palatability and are produced by a veterinary only pharmaceutical company with over 75 years of experience and expertise in understanding the needs of horses.

Congress aims to appeal to range of interests

THIS year’s BEVA Congress is set to take place from 9 to 12 September at the International Convention Centre in Birmingham.

The event will include presentations on the latest scientific research and a veterinary products trade show as well as networking opportunities.

The programme has been designed to appeal to a range of different levels of interest with six parallel tiers including lectures and physiotherapists as well as for nurses and practice managers.

The plenary lecturer, Professor Paul Lunn from Colorado State University, will exploring the idea that ‘All disease and misery has its roots in immunology, and all solutions are to be found in the same place’ and there will be an increased emphasis on panel discussions which will include the ever-popular lameness and imaging panels, but also dermatology and opthalmology.

Clinical research sessions will also be running parallel to the main

programme over the three days of the congress, discussing the latest developments in clinical sciences, including much research which will not be appearing in scientific journals for over a year.

Session subjects will include the prevalence and pattern of tongue tie use in UK Thoroughbred racehorses, a comparison of intestinal motility in stabled horses and horses at pasture, post-operative complications in geriatric horses, high risk pregnancies, hoof confirmation, infections after colic surgery and managing weight in the grazing horse.

This year’s event is also hosting a number of workshops, including an international pre-purchase symposium, business development and practice management, reproduction and critical care.

Other major themes will including the foot and laminitis, the geriatric horse, the 2012 Olympics and the working horse and donkey.

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eyes

HORSE HEALTH I

A brief look into the basic anatomical structures surrounding the equine eye and how to minimise the problems associated with, and arising from conjunctivitis.

Protecting the eyes from conjunctivitis ...

By Oliver Davis MRCVS, Fort Dodge Animal Health WITHOUT sight, we are unable to perceive and react to our surroundings. Horses in the wild, for example, would quickly succumb to predators.

By necessity, this complicated organ cannot be completely protected, although a series of ingenious mechanisms ensure that the surface is kept in the pristine condition necessary for it to function properly.

The eyes are set into the sockets of the skull which provide a bony protection to its back half and the short optic nerve which carries the neural stimuli from the back of the eye (retina) to the brain.

The area within the sockets is padded out with fat and subconjunctival tissue to provide a soft cushioning effect.

In predators, the eyes are set fairly close together deep within the sockets. This not only protects them more, but allows these animals the benefit of depth perception.

In horses, the eyes are set wider apart on the sides of the head protruding slightly further out.

This allows the horse a much wider field of vision to observe movement and potential danger.

In some breeds, exposed eyes have been selectively bred into the animals for appearance purposes and these animals will be at greater risk to eye irritations and injuries.

Besides providing a protective cushion around the eye, the conjunctiva lines the inside of the eyelids, helping to lubricate the eye

by producing mucous and tears.

This function is further enhanced by the lacrimal glands which are located on the upper outer portion of each eye.

This tear secretion is not only important for lubrication, but also for providing a protective barrier against invading micro-organisms which could block the field of vision or eventually even destroy the clear outer surface (cornea) of the eye.

Conjunctivitis: An inflammation of the conjunctiva (conjunctivitis) is often the first indicator that something has disturbed the sensitive equilibrium within or around the eye.

It is however, a very non-specific sign and may indicate a wide range of problems ranging from bacterial or viral infections to the presence of foreign bodies or even actual trauma to the surface of the eye.

Often the eyelids are swollen and painful to touch, and an excess of tear fluid can be seen streaming down, usually from the lower inside portion of the eye.

This is where the tear duct is located which would normally transport the excess fluid away from the eye to the outer nostrils.

However, swelling of the conjunctiva can often block the patency of the duct temporarily.

It is important never to underestimate the symptoms of conjunctivitis as it could be an indication of something more serious.

If the problem persists or there are any doubts regarding the condition,

A healthy equine eye the eye should be examined by a veterinary surgeon as soon as possible.

It may make the difference between whether the horse’s eyesight can be saved or not.

Never, ever put medical creams into an eye without veterinary consent as some actually harm the eye or make it more vulnerable to outside infection.

Causes: Some simple causes of conjunctivitis can be attributed to over-exposure to windy conditions. This is particularly true on blustery autumn and winter days.

Breeds with more prominent eyes will be more prone to this problem as the exposed corneal surface of the eye begins to dry as normal tear production cannot keep pace with the drying effect of the wind.

This in turn reduces the eye’s immune defences to protect the eye and opportunistic bacteria begin to colonize the area.

On warmer, sunnier days, conjunctivitis is often caused by large hordes of flies which are attracted to land near the eye to scavenge the tear fluid. This again, can often set a bacterial infection into motion.

In both cases, the key is to lessen the

exposure of the eye to these adverse environments.

Solutions: If flies are the suspected problem, it may be easier to stable the horse during the hot summer days and let it graze at night.

If this is not possible, then a full eye mask, not simply a fringe, can physically keep the flies away from the eyes.

For added protection, or if the animal doesn’t tolerate the mask, fly repellents should be used.

This is particularly important for older horses with blocked tear ducts which will be prone to conjunctivitis caused by swarming flies.

Besides the obvious solution of not exposing horses to windy conditions, another solution is again to use a fly mask to lesson their direct exposure to the wind.

If one eye is particularly badly affected, the mask can be covered up on that side using tape to completely block off direct exposure to the wind.

In summary, by using effective fly control and regulating the amount of exposure to adverse windy conditions, it is possible to protect the eyes and prevent the most frequent causes of conjunctivitis.

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B l o o d s t o c k m a t ter s

The challenge of maintaining the TB Foot ...

By Andrew Poynton FWCF THROUGHOUT the development from foal to racehorse, mediocrity in the farriery department will not do if the horse’s potential is to be realised.

By the time a horse goes into training as a two year old for the flat, it is likely to have already been plated for the yearling sales, however, the feet are far from maturity and all structures still developing and growing.

At this stage maintaining balance that is central beneath the bone column landing and loading evenly, and well trimmed hooves, continue to be essential if the horse is to have the best chance of staying sound in work as a mature horse.

Common weaknesses in plating racehorses: As soon as a colt or filly is plated it is only too easy to fit the heels of the plate tight, to prevent shoe loss; but very quickly as the hoof grows the heels run under and flatten.

The heel of the shoe overloads the seat of corn area and the horse gets corns or ‘heel pain’.

The inside heels usually crush more due to being closer to the central body mass.

Wet conditions under foot contribute to softening of the horn structures and bacterial degradation; this problem is less likely in arid environments such as Dubai or Australia where the TB hoof can be tighter deeper and stronger.

That said, not all race horses in the UK have poor hooves, far from it, but we do have our fair share.

Once the proportions of the hoof become distorted, the balance is thrown out.

A common sight is a flat foot with a low hoof angle and the hoof pastern alignment broken back, which has succumbed to the effects of the environment, work and shoeing regime, and hoof type.

The shallow hoof can only withstand so much before collapsing, whereas the dry stronger more upright hoof will hold out for longer.

In an attempt to prevent the toes spreading some well meaning farriers may over trim the front wall hard back to the white line, thinning the hoof wall which initially may appear aesthetically improved, but in effect weakens the strongest part of an

already weak hoof.

This combined with fitting heels short and tight, is a recipe for, if not disaster, a lame horse.

Nailing damage: Add six or eight closely driven nails into an already frequently nailed hoof and you do have a disaster.

A horse with flat feet, most likely bruised soles, sore heels and split hoof walls is unable to take a nail.

The lightweight plates, particularly if partially worn out and not clipped, can twist – pulling at the nails in the horn.

It is a hard job to enable a hoof in this state to recover and time consuming, if at all possible – these are high maintenance feet, needing more frequent attention.

When shoeing and plating racehorses it is important to preserve and nurture a healthy hoof, but it can be, and is, done, by some excellent craftsmen.

The margins for error are fine, shoeing by feel rather than sight.

Depending on the particular yard regime some racehorses are shod with light steel for work and training and plated for the track when running; this obviously creates more shoeing thus more nail holes in the hooves, but shrewd farriers will be careful to re-use good old nail holes and keep nails to a minimum to securely hold the shoe.

Interference injuries: Injuries such as overreaching, brushing and scalping are mostly resolved by paying attention to the basic principles of shoeing – taking time to watch the horse moving to identify any peculiarities of gait.

To summarise, the feet should be trimmed regularly to maintain correct length balanced hooves, with a correct hoof pastern axis.

Shoes should follow the outline of the hoof and fit right to the bulbs of the heels with no sharp protrusions.

I prefer the hind shoes to be set under the toe and the toe rounded at the base to prevent injury or interference from overreaching; though many trainers and farriers plate with a toe clip on the hinds to help prevent the shoe from spreading and being kicked back.

Hoof cracks: Hoof cracks encountered in brood mares and young stock are predominantly due to overgrowth with a few exceptions, injury or

conformational peculiarity.

In horses in training this could also be the case, but neglect or poor farriery aside, due to the extreme pounding the feet take quarter cracks are not uncommon.

It is seen more in two and three year olds with immature hooves.

At the point of maximum expansion the shod hoof cannot expand quickly enough and bursts out splitting from the coronary border.

It will bleed and shear completely if not dealt with immediately and there are a number of farriery remedies for this.

Repair procedures: Current procedures include acrylic patching and re-enforcing with fibre glass, self tapping screws and wire; also there are a variety of crack plates available to glue on.

These combinations are used firstly for the adhesive grab, and secondly for tensile strength of the reinforcement material.

Yet another method is a plastic and adhesive mix - the plastic which has similar strength to the horn is moulded and keyed into the hoof with the adhesive.

A carbon fibre quarter patch has also been developed at the Royal Veterinary College to re-enforce the

hoof quarters as a precaution but not as a repair product.

Hoof defect repairs: When hooves have been damaged by nailing, degraded from bacteria or other reason, there are a selection of hoof care products available that in the right hands can rebuild and restore hooves, however, a prophylactic approach is more desirable.

Hoof management: Horses’ hooves appear to thrive best in dry and clean bedding, where the air can circulate around the feet, and preferably on rubber matting; fine wood shavings pack in the sole harbouring bacteria.

In a yard where the horses are walked in sea water the hooves are clean and strong and I am sure this is a great benefit.

The areas that influence hoof quality most are farriery and environment; if the horse has a balanced diet and good coat then usually the horn quality is also good.

Hoof supplements and dressings are no substitute for the former.

The quality and health of the feet have a major effect on the horses’ performance, and so worth giving the best possible care.

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breeding matters

HORSE HEALTH I 27

Ethical considerations in horse breeding, selling, loaning and retirement

By Dr Mark Kennedy, chief executive of Anglia Equine Consultancy

INCREASING speculation on the impact of the global recession on the horse industry suggests it is timely to consider the ethics of horse breeding, and the wider issues of what happens to horses leaving our care.

When discussing the ethics of our use of horses, there are two main issues.

Firstly, the way we treat the horse when it is in our care, for however long, whether in training, at stud, or every day riding, should be quite straightforward.

We must act in a way that satisfies our duty of care, whether we are owner, or merely in charge.

If we do not satisfy our duty of care, or behave in a way which inflicts suffering on the horse, we ultimately face prosecution under the Animal Welfare Act (2006), which all responsible people would agree is right and proper.

Horses leaving care: The second issue is perhaps more rarely addressed - to what extent are we responsible for the fate of horses which leave our care?

Our attitude to horses in this respect is somewhat different when compared with that to other companion animals, principally dogs and cats.

When we own or care for horses, we usually form a close relationship with them, as we do with our smaller animal companions.

This relationship is the reason why many people own horses despite the very considerable expense and why so many people work in an industry which is potentially dangerous and involves very hard work, sometimes in unpleasant conditions.

Yet unlike dogs and cats, usually our companions for their comparatively short lifetimes, we are prepared to sell our horses on - for example because we have outgrown their ability or height.

Selling an animal of reasonable value, which suggests we can be sure that it is going to a good home, should not present an ethical problem.

In some cases, however, horses are literally given away, e.g. on loan, or by asking rescue shelters to take them on (along with the financial burden this imposes).

As is the case with selling horses, providing we can be sure the loaner is competent and will look after the horse well, or if there are genuine reasons for passing the horse on to a rescue shelter, there may be no ethical problem.

for the horses they produce. If we do not do so, we truly are treating horses as commodities.

I have yet to meet anyone involved with horses who thinks of them in this way, so let us also make sure we do not treat them as such.

Conclusion:

An increasing proportion of leisure and professional horses are enjoying retirement

Decision to destroy: Some people, however, want to divest themselves of responsibility for their horses because they can no longer be worked due to age, lameness, or some other problem, but still want to ride and cannot afford the expense of keeping two.

An owner may, therefore, elect to have the ‘useless’ horse destroyed.

While this is probably slightly more ethically acceptable than abandoning the animal to neglect by passing it on to auction sales or unsuitable loaners, it is hardly the way we would treat our small animal companions.

Destroying a perfectly healthy horse or abandoning it to neglect simply because it is no longer of use to us is, in my opinion, an unethical way to treat an animal which has given years of service.

The increasing proportion of leisure (and ‘professional’) horses enjoying retirement rather than a bullet or lethal injection bears witness that I am not alone.

Of course, this retirement must be pain-free and the horse must enjoy a good quality of life.

It is equally ethically unacceptable to keep a horse alive to endure pain and discomfort because we are reluctant to take the decision to give it a pain-free and dignified end.

Breeding: Regarding breeding, the ‘hobby’ breeder, tempted to produce a foal from a much-loved mare, as well as professional Thoroughbred and Sports Horse breeders, must consider the destination of the horses they produce.

Are they producing horses of quality which will sell for prices that, through their value, increase their chances of being well-cared for and treated with respect?

Are we producing horses free from genetic defects, meaning they will be able to perform well in any discipline without being subject to the discomfort of musculoskeletal and other disease?

The British Horse Society’s Responsible Breeding campaign is to be applauded for raising the profile of such questions.

In breeding horses, all breeders must acknowledge their ethical responsibility

I hope the above makes it very clear that it is not only the Thoroughbred breeding industry that has to be prepared to ask itself difficult questions over the fate of horses when they leave the industry.

The fate of our horses when they leave our care should be considered by every horse owner and user. Such introspection may be personally uncomfortable, and challenge our beliefs and pre-conceptions, but the reward will be an ability to counter the emotional opinions of the animal rights movement (from which all areas of horse use, not just Thoroughbred racing and breeding, are going to be subject to increasing pressure) with rational, well-reasoned and objective arguments.

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forge

HORSE HEALTH I

Farriery competitions – the origins and modern benefits

By Claire Brown of Farriers’ Pages SHOEING competitions date back as far as the mid 19th century.

Following the Crimean War the army had lost many horses to lameness, partly as a result of inappropriate farriery, so standards needed to be raised and educational classes with prizes for those taking part, were devised.

Competitions today are either shoemaking or shoeing based. In a shoemaking class the competitor is usually required to make two or more shoes to the judge’s specification from bar stock.

Marks are allocated depending on the accuracy of the shoe(s) produced when compared with the specimen(s) made by the judge.

The shoes are assessed on a number of elements including overall size and shape, strength and size of the ‘clip’ if present, and the position and size of the nail holes.

A shoeing competition involves the forging of a specimen shoe(s) as in the shoemaking class but the competitor is also required to make, fit and nail on one or more shoes to a horse’s foot.

The shoeing element is judged on the initial trim, the forging of the shoe, its fit and suitability for the foot, the nailing-on of the shoe and the finish.

Both shoemaking and shoeing classes are run within strict time limits and often represent a particular style of shoeing or shoemaking for a specific purpose.

For example, a ‘hunter’ class will comprise of a hunter shoe, designed to last and ensure good grip but will be fitted to the horse’s foot with little or no exposed steel so that it is very hard for the horse to pull the shoe off.

In a ‘driving horse’ class a plain stamped shoe (with no fullering or ‘groove’) will be forged, designed for

Steven Beane maximum wear.

These shoes may also feature ‘heels’ to promote grip and/or to assist with the horse’s action.

A therapeutic or remedial class may

involve two or more types of shoe for specific problems such as sidebone or navicular, or for one that strikes into itself.

Continued on Page 29

Range gains loyal client base THE Kevin Bacon’s range of equine products have gained a loyal client base as they consistently achieve excellent results.

The products are individually created to suit specific needs based on the latest developments in horse health care whilst being entirely natural.

The hoofcare range promotes a healthy foot with consistent moisture content and quality horn growth and Hoof Dressing is formulated to apply moisture in dry conditions and protect the hooves from becoming saturated in wet conditions.

Maintaining consistent hoof moisture content will help to keep feet supple and elastic and added laurel helps keep the hoof free from bacteria.

Kevin Bacon’s Hoof Solution provides an intense antibacterial and fungicidal formula with antiseptic properties which is excellent for drying out and cleaning infected keratinized tissues.

To provide additional support in the care of equine limbs, Kevin Bacon’s Clay may help to cool and tighten tendons and tissues after exercise or competition and will help to reduce minor swellings.

Hoof Formula is the ultimate nutritional supplement for quality horn growth containing high levels of biotin and calcium, optimum levels of magnesium, potassium and phosphorous and the trace elements copper, zinc, cobalt and iodine.

Completely natural it is particularly good for sensitive skin and safe to use over minor cuts and grazes the Clay is effective used without bandaging making it time efficient and hassle free.

One of the most concentrated supplements on the market Hoof Formula also promotes a healthy coat and skin.

For more information please call 01296 662473 or visit www.kevinbacons.co.uk to view the entire range of products.

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forge

HORSE HEALTH I 29

Educational value is acknowledged Continued from Page 28 Preparation for competitions involves hours of practise and many competitors choose to work with different farriers, in order to learn from each other’s strengths.

The constant scrutiny of their work and practise for improvement helps to ensure that standards are constantly being raised.

The educational value of such competitions is acknowledged by the working party for Continuing Professional Development and points are awarded to each farrier participating in competitions.

Farriery competitions take place across the world, some featuring classes for pairs or teams, with many occurring in the UK at the county shows and qualified and apprentice

farriers are encouraged to participate.

The Royal Show Championship and the National Championship are both run by the National Association for Farriers, Blacksmiths and Agricultural Engineers and are held at the Royal Show.

The ‘Internationals’ held on August

‘In an age when machine-made shoes are readily available it may be considered that the art and skill involved in crafting horseshoes from steel bar stock is no longer necessary’

bank holiday weekend last year involved teams from 12 different countries, with Wales managing to clinch the title from England by just 2.4 marks.

Englishman Darren Bazin clinching Reserve.

The most prestigious event is the World Champion Blacksmiths’ Competition, held each year at the Calgary Stampede in Canada.

In an age when machine-made shoes are readily available it may be considered that the art and skill involved in crafting horseshoes from steel bar stock is no longer necessary.

Considered to be the ‘Olympics’ of farriery competitions, 76 competitors representing 13 different countries took part.

This year was the 30th Anniversary, involving six tonnes of coke, 1,300 linear feet of steel bar stock and $35,000 in prize money.

After four gruelling days of competition UK farrier Steven Beane took home the coveted title of World Champion Blacksmith, with fellow

Going into the top ten on the final day were no less than six UK based farriers.

However, what happens when the horse has a particularly unusual shaped foot or an ailment which requires individual care?

The practise of the traditional forging skills not only helps to ensure that standards in farriery are constantly being improved, but also helps to provide a farrier with ability to meet the needs and requirements of every horse, as an individual.

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product news

HORSE HEALTH I

‘The only hay steamer that enables you to feed dust-free palatable hay’

Time Lord IV and Graham Williams, Intelligent Worming MD

Worming firm sponsors classes THE Ridden Hunter classes at The Royal Show were sponsored by Intelligent Worming.

The John Dunlop owned Lightweight winner, Finn McCool III, went on to take Supreme Title under Guy Landau.

Other Intelligent Wormer Ridden

Hunter class winners were Heavyweights Darragh Classic Prince ridden by Jack Cochrane, the Ladies Hunter, Time Lord IV for Phillipa Moon, Major Moylaw for Lorraine Homer in the Four Year Old class, and the Small Hunter winner, First Edition who provided a double for Jayne Webber.

New feed supplement launched A NEW feed supplement created from organic, natural mushroom products has been launched in the UK. Mushroom Matrix follows studies into the benefits of mushrooms and their ability to help reduce chronic inflammatory disease as well as provide health benefits in other areas.

The range is made up of nine products, each featuring a different blend of biocultured mushroom species and enzymes to tackle issues from stress, respiratory problems and poor hoof quality to joint and oral care.

Each supplement has been through testing and blood studies, showing an increase in antioxidants and red blood cell count, enabling the horse’s immune system to cope better when under stress.

They also contain chitin, a natural source of glucosamine and triterpene compounds, which provides additional support towards tissue healing and reduction of oxidative stress of the joint tissue.

Bedding

Breeding

HAYGAIN is the only hay steamer that enables you to feed dust-free palatable hay, helping maintain a healthy respiratory system to enhance performance.

Created by the experts at Propress Ltd, who have more than 60 years of specialist experience in the steam industry, providing steamers to leading designers and high street brands worldwide.

New Haygain is a fully insulated unit with a unique function enabling steam to penetrate the centre of the bale, releasing steam which defuses outwards, ensuring the entire bale is steamed at the critically necessary temperatures – in excess of 100°C throughout.

Haygain is the only scientifically proven hay steamer that ensures the hay is clean by killing all spores.

It is robust and easy to maintain.

The unit is designed to take an entire strung hay bale, but if required can also be used with hay nets or wedges of hay.

The steamed hay is ready to feed in approximately 50 minutes and retains its complete nutritional value and goodness.

Haygain steamed hay is warm, sweet smelling and palatable. Research indicates it is effective at encouraging fussy eaters.

The revolutionary concept has been researched, developed and tested at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.

Led by Dr Moore-Colyer, the research found that hay treated with the Haygain steamer destroys all mould and spores present, in effect sterilizing the hay.

Findings prove that one gram of untreated good quality hay will contain around 7,750,000 spore colonies: Haygain reduces that number to virtually zero.

System tests for imbalances CROSSGATES Bioenergetics provide remedies and bio-resonance analysis for health and emotional conditions.

Its PC-based analysis system tests for over 285,000 different imbalances, physical and psychological disorders and destructive substances including poisons, toxins, bacteria and allergens.

The system analyses any imbalances

and then runs through a list of homeopathic remedies, herbs, flower essences and nutritional factors in order to produce a specific combination remedy for the subject.

The aim of the bio-resonance therapy is to restore healthy energy patterns to the body, resulting in an improved sense of mental clarity, vitality and optimum wellness.

New atmospheric sanitiser A NEW atmospheric sanitiser has been launched in the UK to help fight cross contamination of equine diseases.

DNA

Equi-Shield produces a ‘fog’ in any confined space like a horsebox or stable and within half an hour all surfaces have been sanitised and are protected from further microbial infections for up to 30 days.

Penny Cruttwell, director of the product’s creator Brandwell, said: “Both the horses and those of us that work with them are under constant threat from infection due to cross contamination.

“We spend a lot of time in close contact with each other and transportation is, by necessity, in confined conditions.”

The Equi-Shield’s ‘fog’ is attracted to any surface where it dries and

forms a microscopic layer that destroys any viruses, germs or bacteria.

Christine Brander, director of Brandwell Ltd describes the EquiShield process in straight forward terms.

She said: “It destroys microbes in the same way that soap bubbles ‘pop’ when they land on the lawn.

“It simply creates a surface environment that microbes can’t survive on, and it stays there, actively destroying dangerous microbes and protecting our animlas for up to 30 days.”

It has received approval from the Environmental Protection Agency and is effective against equine flu, ringworm, swine flu, bird flu and the MRSA virus whilst being safe for animals and humans.

Full Product Review next issue

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HORSE HEALTH I 31

Effects of new registration legislation for horse owners

By Colin Herapath AMIMechE, engineering design manager, Equi-Trek MANY horse owners will use either horseboxes or trailers to move their animals.

Converted vehicles such as these are registered as the base vehicle and this means that the vehicle converter can effectively make any modifications they want without further checks for the Vehicle Inspectorate.

However, on the 29 April the European Community adopted new legislation covering the way in which vehicles can be registered.

Following the lead of passenger carrying vehicles, all other types, including trailers, will now require approval before they can be used.

This is being phased in over the next three years depending on the vehicle class.

In the UK there are three options for manufacturers to allow for this.

If their product is in continuous production then they can apply for Type Approval which involves submitting a sample vehicle for testing and having their production procedures audited.

Using this method the manufacturer may either chose European Wide approval or a National Small Series approval which limits the number of vehicles they can produce.

The third option is Individual Vehicle Approval (IVA). This allows manufacturers who don’t produce continuous models to gain registration for their product.

Using this method each vehicle produced must undergo testing before it can be registered and used on the road.

With these new regulations in mind it is a case of ‘buyer beware’.

As it stands vehicles can still be registered as before but in the future this won’t be the case.

It will become worth checking the manufacturers plans for approval and their record with IVA’s if they don’t have a Type Approval.

DEFRA Animal Welfare in Transport The EU has introduced new regulations concerning the transport of animals.

These apply to all journeys deemed to be ‘in connection with economic activity’.

As with tachographs the definition of

economic activity is not clearly defined but DEFRA have released guidance on what they would consider to be covered and what should be excluded.

In general any journey which forms part of the transporters business is covered. This includes commercial haulers, farmers and breeders amongst others.

Journeys not connected with economic activity are not covered by this regulation and neither are journeys made to a veterinary practice or to seek veterinary advice.

There are three levels of approval needed depending on the distance to be travelled and the length of journey.

Journeys of less than 65km from place of departure to destination require the transporter to hold a valid Animal Transport Certificate.

This must contain the origin of the animals, departure point, destination and journey times.

This must be made available to an inspector if required and held for 6 months after the journey is completed.

Journeys over 65km but not exceeding eight hours require the transporter to hold a valid Transporter Authorisation and the driver and attendants to hold valid Certificates of Competence.

This is Type One Transporter Authorisation and must be applied for from DEFRA. The Certificate of Competence for journeys of this length is normally acquired through the completion of a theory test.

It is designed to ensure that the humans responsible for the animals in transit are capable of ensuring their welfare.

Journeys over eight hours or involving transport by sea and air require Type Two Transporter Authorisation, a valid vehicle approval certificate and complete a journey log.

The Transporter Authorisation is much the same but includes further information about the procedures in place to ensure the animals welfare.

The vehicle or container used in transport must have been inspected and approved to ensure that it meets the requirements of the regulation.

The journey log must be filled in before, during and after the journey to ensure that the journey is properly planned and that facilities for any necessary rest stops are available.

All information must be made available to an inspector if required.

regarding horse transport not as a statement of law.

All information supplied as guidance with the aim to highlight issues

All readers must check their own personal entitlement and situation.

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