Horse Health (September/October 2010)

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The UK’s leading equine health & well-being magazine

September/October 10 £2.95

Rare radiation method used to cure sarcoids

By Louise Cordell VETS at the University of Liverpool have carried out a rare radiation treatment in an attempt to cure a rescue horse with sarcoids.

Duke was one of more than 100 animals found seriously ill at Spindles Farm, Amersham in 2008.

Since then, the five-year-old has been recovering at a Horse Trust home, but recently developed eyelid tumours.

However, he has now undergone specialist radiation treatment at the university’s Equine Hospital – the only UK centre to offer the procedure.

Professor Derek Knottenbelt, who carried out the operation, said: “Although sarcoids don’t spread to internal organs like many other cancerous tumours, they can be severely debilitating so it is important that they are treated quickly to ensure long lasting recovery.

“We kill the diseased cells from within using iridium radiation treatment, where gamma radiation is delivered through wires inserted into the tumor.”

Duke is fortunate to have received the treatment as the Equine Hospital is the only centre in the world that has substantial

experience in carrying out the procedure – which is essential for a positive outcome.

Every other treatment for the condition has a much lower success rate whereas the prognosis with this type of radiation procedure is over 95 per cent.

However, there are downsides to the technique, for example the cost of £4-5,000 and the fact that the person carrying out the procedure is exposed to small doses of radiation themselves.

These factors make it unlikely that the treatment will become common practice in the near future, despite increasing demand.

Prof. Knottenbelt added: “We currently receive ten times more requests for treatment than we are able to carry out, so we need other organisations to get involved or we will always be constrained.

“Despite this, I wanted to try and help this horse in particular as he has had a very tough time. He has been punished by mankind and we have a duty to try and pay that debt back.

“It is our responsibility to do right by him to go some way to giving him back his faith in human nature and fortunately a successful outcome to this treatment is very likely.”

Even superstars such as Oriental Express winner of the Queen Elizabeth Cup and, in excess of £1.4m, are finding it hard to find a retirement home. Albeit one of the lucky ones, he is at the Racehorse Sanctuary in Sussex, but with a waiting list of over 80

horses the pressure to settle him, and many others is high. Rescue homes across the country are struggling to care for their residents and the appeal is out for anyone who is considering a horse or pony to look to the centres first.

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 3

Winner Researchers uncover cause of impresses lethal condition the crowds

By Louise Cordell RESEARCHERS have identified the genetic mutation responsible for Lavender Foal Syndrome.

The condition, also known as Coat Colour Dilution Lethal (CCDL), is a fatal inherited disease of newborn Arabian foals, that causes a complex neurological condition that is always lethal shortly after birth.

The name comes from the abnormal coat colour with which most affected foals are born, which can be described as silver sheen, lavender, pale chestnut or pale pinkish grey.

The clinical signs of the disease include seizures, limb rigidity, paddling movements, involuntary movements of the eyeballs and hyperextension of the neck and spine.

Now, a team of scientists from Cornell University have found that the Syndrome is the result of a mutation in a gene calle myosin Va and have developed a simple molecular assay that can be used as a diagnostic test to determine carrier status.

The report stated: “Lavender Foal Syndrome is a recessively inherited

disorder and its occurrence is often unpredictable and difficult for horse breeders to avoid without a diagnostic test for carrier status.

“The recent completion of the horse genome sequence has provided new tools for mapping traits with unprecedented resolution and power.”

In its conclusion, lead researcher, Samantha Brookes of the Department of Animal Science, Cornell University suggested that the population frequency of carriers is 10.3 per cent in the Egyptian Arabian.

However, she also observed that this could be an over or under estimation depending on whether owners with lavender foals were more or less motivated to participate in the study.

The report also pointed out that the Arabian has been used to develop other modern light breeds of horses and so it is possible that the LFS allele is also present in those breeds.

It concluded: “From a practical standpoint, this discovery and the development of a diagnostic test for the LFS allele provides a valuable new tool for breeders seeking to avoid the disease in their foal crop.”

Trust awards over £165K THE RCVS Trust has announced that it will be awarding 34 grants over the next year, totalling over £165,000.

The money will go to veterinary surgeons and universities to fund high quality research projects in the UK and overseas and to support veterinary education.

Janet Patterson-Kane MRCVS, from the University of Glasgow recently received a Blue Sky Award of £17,000 and will be using the money to investigate whether a new therapy for treating wounds in humans can be translated for use in horses.

She said: “Limb wounds in horses are very common and are notorious for developing masses of exuberant

scar tissue – proud flesh – and not healing properly. This can necessitate multiple operations.

“The findings of current research at University College London by our collaborator, Professor David Becker, suggest that in human patients a protein, connexin 43, is not downregulated at the edges of wounds that are difficult to heal.

“Use of therapy to reduce connexin 43 expression in human skin wounds in which healing has stalled has been remarkably successful in achieving wound closure. The aim of our research is to determine if connexin 43 plays a similar key role as a ‘master switch’ for wound healing in horses. I am extremely grateful to the RCVS Trust for their support.”

Veterinary convoy completes journey A MOTOR bike convoy carrying ten of the country’s top veterinary experts has completed its fundraising journey around the UK. The six day CPD challenge was organised in order to support The BEVA Trust and SPANA and involved the senior academics and practice vets visiting all seven UK vets schools.

The six-day endurance challenge saw

them cover over 1,000 miles and cover over 35 hours of multidiscipline CPD. The topics covered included imaging, orthopaedics, neonatology, neurology and opthalmology and the speakers ranged from Professor Derek Knottenbelt and Dr Caroline Hahn to Mike Hewetson of the University of Helsinki.

EDITORIAL GROUP EDITOR:

Andrew Harrod Tel: 01226 734639 email: ah@whpl.net EDITOR:

BADMINTON winner Paul Tapner impressed the crowds at Barbury International Horse Trials by making a six-foot one-inch bareback jump.

Christine Keate

He completed the jump after rising to a challenge from equine insurance company AmTrust Equine, who wanted to fine someone brave enough to jump over five feet bareback to win £500 and a bespoke Barnsby Saddle.

Tel: 01226 734694 email: lcordell@whpl.net

Perdie Reid, AmTrust Equine claims manager said: “We had no idea that it would reach such exciting heights.

“We attracted riders including Pippa Funnell and Mark Todd and had to raise the purpose-built jump on blocks for Paul to reach his massive winning jump on Tiger Flynne.

“We were delighted to support the Army Charity SSFA at Barbury and our next AmTrust Equine Eventers Puissance event will take place at Blenheim International Horse Trials where the prize for the highest bareback jump will be £1,000 and a Barnsby Saddle.”

Tel: 07825 097 464 email: chris.keate@horsehealthmagazine.co.uk REPORTER:

Louise Cordell

PRODUCTION STUDIO MANAGER:

Stewart Holt email: sth@whpl.net

DEPUTY GROUP EDITOR:

Judith Halkerston email: jhalkerston@whpl.net

ADVERTISING ASSISTANT PRODUCT MANAGER:

Andrew Loades Tel: 01226 734482 Fax: 01226 734478 email: al@whpl.net NATIONAL FIELD SALES EXECUTIVE:

Ellie Robinson Tel: 01226 734483 email: er@whpl.net

Whilst every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of all content, the publishers do not accept liability for error, printed or otherwise, that may occur.

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS

Equine Injury database unveils its latest statistics THE latest statistics from the Equine Injury Database have been presented at the third Welfare and Safety of the Racehorse Summit.

At the event, Dr Tim Parkin, epidemiologist from the University of Glasgow’s Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, presented a preliminary analysis of racing fatalities in Northern America from data compiled in the database.

Conclusions by Dr Parkin included: The incidence of fatality in two year olds for the one-year period was significantly lower than that of older horses – three years of age and up.

The incidence of fatality in fillies, mares and geldings for the one year period was significantly lower than that of intact males.

The incidence of fatality for the one year period was not significantly different for horses racing at different distances or carrying different weights.

The incidence of fatality for the one year period was not significantly different for dirt, synthetic and turf racing surfaces, or condition of the dirt and turf racing surfaces.

Dr Parkin, who works as a consultant on the Equine Injury Database, said: “This preliminary analysis just scratches the surface. As the number

of starts recorded in the database continues to grow, more complex statistical analyses can focus upon multiple variables studied in concert to better understand the myriad of factors which may contribute to fatal and non fatal injuries.

“In addition, differences that may not have achieved statistical significance after one year of data collection may do so with additional observations recorded in the database.”

The fatality information was based upon a year’s worth of data beginning November 2008 from 378,864 total starts in Thoroughbred flat races at 73 racetracks.

Matt Lulian, the executive vice president and executive director of The Jockey Club, said: “The creation and existence of the Equine Injury Database serves as a shining example of what can be achieved when industry stakeholders work together under a shared goal to improve the health and safety of our equine athletes. Dr Parkin’s work illustrates the importance of the Database, suplemented with other information to support our decision makers with good science for analysing and solving problems facing our industry.”

Hot summer brings mobility problems THE hotter summer weather has resulted in a raft of mobility problems for many horses, according to an equine nutrition specialist.

Hannah Crook, of Supplement Solutions, said: “Rock hard ground is imposing extra stresses on horses’ joints and this has resulted in increased numbers of anxious owners seeking remedies.”

According to Hannah, the most common symptons if a horse is suffering from joint problems include the animal walking in a ‘pottery’ fashion in order to shorten their stride, trying to walk on the softer and more level grass verges when out on cambered roads and refusing jumps.

She has found herself answering a record number of requests for supplements which may help to provide the nutrients needed to promote joint flexibility and lubrication.

She added: “Many of these horses we've heard described don't seem to be lame in the conventional sense, but certainly do seem to be experiencing discomfort, especially on unlevel ground or when turning.

“The cause may be the concretelike ground – especially as the bias of calls are from southern Britain where the rain shortage has been most acute.”

Hannah advises that if a horse is showing acute symptoms of joint damage and lameness, veterinary advice should be sought immediately.

However, she also believes that supplementation can provide a straightforward and highly effective means of helping less severe cases – and can help

prevent conditions arising in the first case.

She added: “When joints suffer continual trauma the cartilage, covering the end of the bone, erodes leading to deformity of the joint.

“When cartilage destruction exceeds the body’s ability to lay down new cartilage, the bones to rub together causing inflammation, pain and joint damage.

"Horses of a poor confirmation are especially prone to joint problems when ridden on hard ground, but even those with a correct way of going can be affected, particularly during jumping and galloping.

“Joint supplements containing glucosamine, chondrotin and other nutrients help to alleviate mild symptoms.”

Charity struggles amid floods THE Brooke charity is working to ensure operations continue wherever possible, whilst still ensuring staff safety, following the devastating floods in north-west Pakistan.

Currently, animals in need are being helped by the charity’s teams when they are brought to clinics or mobile units.

However, Brooke operations in Mardan and Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, previously known as the North-West Frontier Province,

have been temporarily scaled back due to lack of accessibility and the need to keep staff safe.

Despite this, the majority of Brooke operations in Pakistan are continuing as normal.

More heavy rain is being anticipated in Central and Southern Pakistan and the charity has announced its intentions to continue working closely with its teams in the country, while monitoring the situation carefully.

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 5

Artificial insemination first for rare Onagers

By Dominic Musgrave TWO rare Persian Onagers born recently at an Ohio wildlife conservation centre are the first ever produced through artificial insemination.

The births follow four years of work by a team of scientists and veterinarians from the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute and The Wilds conservation facility.

The endangered Persian onager is an Asiatic wild ass and there are thought to be only 600 remaining in two protected areas of Iran, where the population is severly threatened by a loss of habitat and poaching.

In order to make the births possible, project leader Mandi Vick worked with SCBI scientists to develop new techniques for semen collection, sperm cryopreservation and storage in equids.

Mandi and other SCBI researchers also used non-invasive hormone-monitoring techniques to learn about the normal reproductive biology of onagers in order to determine the most effective time to perform an artificial insemination.

Budhan Pukazhenthi, a reproduction physiologist at SCBI, said: “These births represent a critical development in the area of endangered equid reproduction.

“We are confident that these advances will benefit the long term management of equids in zoos and in the wild.

“Our researchers focus on understanding the fundamental biology of endangered species and use this information to develop reproductive technologies for enhanced genetic management and species conservation.”

It took the team three years before they had all the tools and information needed to attempt the artificial inseminations, then in July and August 2009 three females were inseminated with sperm collected from different males, all living at The Wilds.

The two births then took place after gestation periods of 325 and 347 days.

There are fewer than 30 onagers maintained in zoological institutions in North America – including five Persian onagers at SCBI – and less than 100 in institutions worldwide.

However, the current population is not self-sustaining and there is an urgent need to establish a healthy population of onagers as a hedge against extinction and, eventually, as a resource for future reintroduction.

Joint effort to develop Activo-Med therapy improved AHS vaccine systems focus on legs Advertiser’s announcement DEFRA and pharmaceutical company Pfizer are jointly supporting a project to develop an improved vaccine to treat African Horse Sickness.

It is feared that the highly fatal and infectious disease, which affects horses, mules and donkeys, may spread to the UK due to global warming.

The current AHS vaccine has various limitations including the fact that it contains a ‘live version of the disease and reverts to virulence in a certain percentage of cases.

It is also not 100 per cent effective at producing immunity and does not have ‘Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals’ properties, which assist vets in confirming presence of disease.

The African Horse Sickness Working Group, a government and industry working group that was founded and is led by Buckinghamshire charity The Horse Trust, has raised awareness of the need to develop a safer and more effective vaccine to limit the impact on the £7 billion equine industry in the UK. Earlier this month, Defra signed a contract with Institute for Animal Health to carry out work on developing a safer and more

effective vaccine.

Defra has provided £570,000 funding for this project, which will take place over the next three years and Pfizer are supporting the project through provision of vaccine technology and collaborating on validation studies.

The work carried out at the Institute for Animal Health will build on the work carried out by the Animal Health Trust and Merrell Dow Pharmaceutical on vector vaccines.

Paul Jepson, chief executive and veterinary director of The Horse Trust, said: “We are delighted that Defra and Pfizer have funded this vital vaccine development work and would like to thank everyone in the African Horse Sickness Working Group that has helped make this happen.

“The new AHS vaccine will be based on vector vaccine technology that has already been developed.

“The work over the next three years will be to further develop, assess and validate vaccine technologies.

“We hope that at the end of the three year project, everything will be ready for a pharmaceutical company to licence the new vaccine.”

PRACTICAL and effective for rehabilitation or every day use, the Activo-Med Combi Pro is a unique rug that provides sequenced pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) and cyclonic massage therapy from poll to tail and on the shoulders and hind quarters. The rug is already invaluable to many top riders and trainers, and with the addition of optional leg-wraps, hoof pads and lasers, the system becomes even more versatile.

Activo-Med leg-wraps fit like a travel boot and offer a wide spectrum of treatment. Each boot contains 4 magnetic spools and works using the same principle as the rug, conforming to the natural flow of the blood and lymph-lines in the legs. Both front and hind leg wraps are available. The recently introduced Activo-Med cold massage leg wraps provide a gentle but effective action on heat and swelling and are easy to use and horse friendly.

Also with the focus on legs, the Mounty Cool+Press® Boots are revolutionary boots that administer controlled intermittent compression and cold-therapy treatments, particularly beneficial in the

Activo-Med Therapy Leg Wraps, in association with Horses Inside Out Mounty Cool + Press Boots

treatment of musculoskeletal strain, muscle pain and inflammation of tendons and joints, as well as recovery after strenuous exercise.

As well as PEMF and massage, FMBs therapy systems offer spas, treadmills and water treadmills.

For more details or to arrange a demo at your yard, call 01628 472440 or 07885 539312 or visit www.fmbs.co.uk.

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS

Common ragwort call to ‘the Big Society’

Project set to boost Cumbrian tourism THE British Horse Society has launched the Eden Valley Loops project at a celebratory event in Penrith.

The Society secured match funding of £18,500 to produce the 135km of routes designed for horse riders, off road cyclists and walkers based in Cumbria.

The Eden Valley Loops also provide a key link to the Pennine Bridleway, and the BHS now aims to extend the network further north, linking the

Loops to other major routes.

Heather Clatworthy, BHS senior executive, said: “Thanks to the grant we were awarded, we were able to make so much more of this opportunity.

“The project will provide a significant boost to Cumbrian Tourism and in turn the local economy surrounding the routes.

“This is a beautiful part of the world that I highly recommend exploring on horseback.”

By Louise Cordell

code of practice.

TACKLING common ragwort can be a practical example of the Big Society in action, according to Agriculture Minister Jim Paice.

“If you’re worried about the risk to your livestock from ragwort on neighbouring land, get in touch with the owner to let them know.

With the weed now in season, Mr Paice is calling on landowners, local groups and nature lovers to work together to help control its growth.

“And if a local solution can’t be found, you can call Natural England if the problem looks like it’s getting out of hand.”

He has pointed out that while the plant makes an important contribution to wildlife and biodiversity, it also has a devastating effect on animals including horses and donkeys.

Ragwort is a risk to livestock when it grows in grazing areas, but it also remains poisonous to livestock if inadvertently cut and baled as part of hay for feed.

Mr Paice said: “This little flower may look like a pretty yellow daisy but it spreads easily and can poison horses and other animals – so tackling this problem can be a practical example of the Big Society working together to be part of the solution to control the spread.

“Landowners, conservation and community groups can all help by being on the lookout and to help remove this weed, where there’s a risk that livestock will eat it, by following the advice in the ragwort

However, where ragwort is not causing an issue for livestock and agriculture, it makes a valuable contribution to the countryside by supporting wildlife, such as providing an important habitat for insects like the Cinnabar moth.

Guidance on how to identify common ragwort and how to control it can be found in the Code of Practice on How to Prevent the Spread of Ragwort, which is available at: www.defra.gov.uk/wildlifepets/wildlife/management/weeds/ index.htm.

Opportunity for young riders YOUNG para-equestrian dressage riders have taken part in the first ever inter-regional competition which was held at Millfield School in Somerset.

BAEDT bids to raise awareness Advertiser’s announcement 2010 is proving to be a busy year for the BAEDT with one of the main aims being to raise awareness within the general horse owning public of the importance of equine dentistry and using qualified Equine Dental Technicians.

Articles and information published recently in the equine press has helped to raise this awareness and along with a full list of BAEDT members it enables a horse owner to easily locate an EDT in their area.

At the Badminton Horse Trials in April the BAEDT trade stand proved to be a great success, handing out leaflets about equine dentistry as well as having several EDT’s on hand to talk to and a guest appearance by eventer Ruth Edge.

The stand will be seen next at

Organised by British Dressage in conjunction with the British Equestrian Federation's Regional Foundation Squads, 20 riders from across five regions took part in this inaugural event, together with individual competitors.

The competition offered young paraequestrian dressage riders the chance

Burghley Horse Trials from 2 to 5 September so make sure you stop by if you are visiting the event.

Training continues to be an integral part of the BAEDT; following the training weekend at Cirencester Polo Club in November 2009, seven candidates passed their exams in February this year.

Continued professional development continues even after an EDT has qualified and attend courses during the year to further their knowledge.

For more information on the equine dentistry and a full list of members visit www.baedt.com.

to train in a competition environment and develop the skills required to be part of a team.

Top level coaches Tanya Larrigan, Nina Venables, Erik Mackechnie and Maria Eilberg supported their regional teams by providing coaching support and advice during the competition.

After this first successful competition, the aim is to replicate the inter regional structure of competitions which already exists for able-bodied dressage riders.

Showcasing stallions THE Burghley Horse Trails has teamed up with the British Bred Sport Horse for the third time to stage an eventing stallions parade.

Federation and BBSH have been working together for several years now to improve the quality and breeding of our horses and ponies.

Up to 20 ridden stallions, including proven event sires, all of which are graded, will parade in order to give breeders time to view and pick their eventing sires for the next breeding season.

“We are pleased to be linking with BBSH once again to showcase these stallions for the future of sport horse breeding.

Elizabeth Inman, event director, said: “The British Equestrain

“This year, by popular demand, we will give priority to sires known for or likely to produce event horses.”

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 7

Equine vets prepare for Mongol Derby

By Louise Cordell A GROUP of Mongolia’s top equine vets have been completing a week’s intensive training programme in preparation for the 2010 Mongol Derby.

They visited the capital Ulaanbaatar to complete the programme, which was developed and delivered by FEI four star accredited endurance vet Jenny Weston, of Massey University, New Zealand.

The scheme has been organised in conjunction with Mongolia’s Ministry of Agriculture and also aims to be part of a broader contribution to the standards of horse welfare in the country by The Adventurists, the Derby’s organisers.

The intensive training, which took place at Zaisan Veterinary University, consisted of five days of lecture material and two days' practical training, with a focus on equine medicine and first aid.

The 18 vets were intensively tutored in a wide range of essential topics including

lameness, anatomy, dentistry, fluid therapy and wound management and the diagnosis and treatment of problems that are commonly encountered in horses ridden over distances of 30 to 40 km – as in the Mongol Derby – was well covered.

The programme also included two days of practical training on the steppe, where the vets acted as jockeys and raced the horses over a distance of about 5km to demonstrate elements of recovery.

Tom Morgan, Adventurists founder, said: “As well as ensuring we have a top notch veterinary back-up team in place for the Mongol Derby, the training provides the Mongolian vets with the additional skills and techniques to deliver better quality care year-round.

“The Adventurists are committed to leaving a lasting positive legacy wherever in the world our tentacles reach, and improving the health of the highly-revered native horses is a fitting way to do this in Mongolia.”

Equine issues on the agenda THE British Veterinary Association 2010 Congress, which is to be held in Glasgow from September 23-25, features a number of equine issues on its agenda.

These range from seminars like ‘Innocent until proven guilty’ looking at vets who are called on to give evidence in animal cruelty cases and ‘Treatment too far?’ covering the issues surrounding euthanasia.

Talks will also be given on the issues surrounding animal cruelty and abuse, evaluating and treating chronic laminitis and decision making

in equine colic cases.

Finally, expert speakers will discuss the various options for basic equine dental care and first aid for equine wounds in mixed practice.

In addition to these sessions there will be a wide variety of contentious issue debates, CPD and a keynote lecture to be delivered by Professor Stuart Reid, Dean of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Glasgow.

For more information on BVA Congress 2010 visit the BVA website: www.bva.co.uk/congress.

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS

Editor’s insight...

NO-ONE in the equine industry, or beyond, failed to be appalled and moved by the facts that emerged from Spindles Farm.

It is, therefore, gratifying to hear that the first horses are now being rehomed, and that those such as Duke, featured in our lead story, are continuing to receive the treatment they need in order to go on to an undisputedly deserving happy ending.

Christine Keate

With reported increases of up to 60% in the cost of hay and straw, equine charities are already taking record numbers of requests from owners who

simply cannot afford to care for their animals.

The Horse Trust, whose doors like many are currently closed to new residents, has a dedicated call centre to advise distraught owners on the way forward.

Hotline manager Liane Crowther told me: “No one call is the same, and we cover every possible scenario to help an owner achieve the best possible outcome for their much loved animal.

In some extreme cases where rehoming on any level is not an achievable outcome, people are now

much more realistic about the difficult choice of euthanasia. Ultimately it can be a comfort to know we have given our animals a good life, and a dignified end.”

BEVA Congress is again upon us, it is a great opportunity for the Horse Health team to catch up with many of our readers, contributors and advertisers.

For me particularly, it’s a chance to see what’s new, and to gain inspiration for future issues. So, please visit us, and meet new team members Andrew and Ellie, we will be on stand B62 and look forward to seeing you.

UK farriers come out on top in competitions UK farriers have proved their worth over the last month taking part in the two most prestigious farriery competitions on both sides of the Atlantic.

Tracey Lloyd, NAF, Gary Darlow and Craig D’Arcy, BFBA president

In the UK, the British Farriers and Blacksmiths Association hosted the ProFeet Royal Show and National Show Championships at the Royal Festival of the Horse.

75 minutes.

David Smith came out on top to be crowned 2010 National Champion, receiving the Mustad New Century Cup, a gold medal and a cheque for £1,000.

Farriers and farriery apprentices from across the UK took part in four days of forging and shoeing tests for the title of Royal Show Champion and National Champion.

Meanwhile, across the Atlantic in Calgary, the inaugural World Championship Blacksmiths Competition at the Calgary Stampede reached its final day of competition with just ten out of 56 competitors from 12 countries qualifying for the final shoeing rounds.

Gary Darlow, from Over Peover in Cheshire, accumulated the most points over the first three days of competition to be crowned Royal Show Champion.

Yorkshire’s Steven Beane, in second place going into the final ten, secured the title of World Champion Blacksmith for the second year running.

The ProFeet National Championships is a single class consisting of competitors making and fitting a concave ‘hunter style’ shoe to a foot and making two specimen shoes to the judge’s specifications – all in just

He said: “It’s unbelievably hard to do that. Really, really hard. You’ve got so many good guys competing here – you’ve got to be on the top of your game, and I’m lucky I was on top of my game today.”

Bid to strengthen apprenticeship FARRIERS are being invited to join forces with Lantra to strengthen the trade’s advanced apprenticeship.

A online consultation is due to take place this September and will be the final stage of a year long review to revise the qualification’s framework and determine whether it meets the needs of the industry.

Lisa Jarvis, industry partnership manger for farriery at Lantra, said: “As an apprenticeship provides the only route into the industry, it is essential that the content is up to date, relevant and meets industry needs.

“Having employees that are well trained helps farriers combat today’s many challenges, so I strongly recommend the industry takes part in the consultation.”

Currently the farriery advanced apprenticeship is completed by onthe-job training, delivered by approved training farriers in the workplace and through approved college or training providers during block release programmes.

To take part in the online consultation, please visit www.lantra.co.uk/apprenticeships.

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 9

2010 award nominations open now THE Federation Equestre Internationale has announced that nominations for the FEI 2010 Awards are now open.

The awards, which were launched last year, acknowledge outstanding achievement in the following five categories: Athlete of the Year, for the rider, driver or vaulter who has shown exceptional sportsmanship and prowess.

Rising Star, for a rider between the ages of 14 and 21 who has demonstrated significant talent and commitment.

Development, for a development project, individual or organisation demonstrating skill, dedication and energy in expanding the sport.

Against All Odds, to celebrate a disabled rider or an individual who has overcome extreme personal

difficulties to achieve proficiency in equestrian sport.

Groom of the Year, for the often uncelebrated, yet important person who works behind the scenes.

Alex McLin, FEI secretary general, said: “The stories of dedication that accompanied last year’s nominations demonstrate how contact with horses can give meaning to people’s lives by lighting the flame of passion.

“We look forward to receiving this year’s nominations and rewarding the winners by ensuring their achievements as riders, grooms or developers of our sport are acknowledged worldwide.”

An international judging panel, chaired by HRH Princess Haya, will select the winners, who will be flown to Chinese Taipei to attend the awards ceremony at a VIP gala dinner, which takes place during the FEI General Assembly in November.

£90k to analyse tick threat THE Institute for Animal Health, in partnership with the Veterinary Laboratories Agency, has been awarded £90,000 by Defra to analyse the threat posed to UK livestock and horses from insect and tick borne viruses, and the UK's capability to respond to these threats.

These viruses are highly responsive to environmental change, as illustrated by the recent emergence of bluetongue virus in Europe and West Nile virus in the US. Whilst some of these viruses cause only mild disease or would be unlikely to spread in the UK, others could result in the deaths of tens of thousands of animals – such as

African horse sickness virus, which kills up to 90 per cent of the horses it infects.

The scientists will identify the greatest threats to the UK and produce an up to date inventory of national facilities and expertise.

They will also highlight areas where knowledge is lacking, and suggest priorities for future research.

This is in line with Defra's ‘Evidence Investment Strategy’ of using scientific evidence to identify emerging issues and to support decision-making.

The six-month project, which has just begun, is led by Dr Anthony Wilson (IAH) and Professor Tony Fooks (VLA).

Championships cancelled after failing top make a profit THE British Open Show Jumping Championships has been cancelled after failing to make a profit in eight years, organisers Grandstand Event Management have announced.

The company has confirmed that the British Open will not run in 2011 and may not be reintroduced in following years.

A company spokesperson said: “We have trialled several new inclusions

over the last few years.

“However, we believe we do not have the format quite right and intend to look at the shows content with the possibility of re-launching the show again in the future with a new look, feel and revitalised schedule.”

The British Open was launched in 2003 at the Sheffield Hallam Arena and relocated to the NEC, Birmingham, in 2007.

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feeding and nutrition

HORSE HEALTH I

Body condition scoring and top line assessment

By Emma Case Bsc(Hons) Baileys Horse Feeds THE importance of a good quality fully balanced diet throughout a youngster’s early life cannot be over emphasised.

For this reason, during the 2010 Futurity Evaluations of young horses from foals to three-year-olds, a Baileys nutritionist will work alongside the vet to give each horse an objective Body Condition Score and Top Line Assessment.

The assessment, does not affect the horse’s Futurity Evaluation score, but the results collated over all 15 Evaluation Days in 2010, will help support Baileys’ research into the growth and development of the young sporthorse, as well as the BEF’s aim to progress the Futurity series further. Assessing the amount of fat the horse is carrying can give us a good indication of how well its calorie requirements are being met.

Assessing the top line and musculature also gives an indication of the protein content of the diet.

The horse’s genetics dictate the numbers and types of muscle fibres in the body, which may be seen as a more rounded, “muscled” stamp of horse, or a leaner one, for example.

We cannot change the horse’s genetic make-up through diet but we can help optimise what genetics provide.

Research has shown that it is a high calorie, rather than a high protein, diet which is linked with nutritionrelated growth problems in horses,

especially when accompanying mineral levels are inadequate.

During the vet’s assessment at the Futurity Evaluation, he/she will be looking for signs of any developmental problem which could affect the horse’s athletic potential and future soundness.

Whilst such problems are not always or entirely nutrition-related, once identified, the provision of a correctly balanced diet, supplying sufficient essential minerals and vitamins as well as other nutrients, will support growth and help ensure that young limbs have the right nutrients to develop. Details of the assessment systems that Baileys’ nutritionists use can be found in the following tables.

As a guide, a Body Condition Score of five, with a Top Line Assessment of ‘excellent’, is ideal for optimum growth, health and performance in horses of all ages.

As a guide, a BCS of less than four would indicate that the young horse’s minimum calorie requirements are not being met by its diet, whilst one of more than six would indicate that its diet is supplying more calories than the horse requires which could lead to potential problems.

A Top Line Assessment of ‘good’ to ‘excellent’ indicates that the young horse’s diet is supplying sufficient or optimum levels of good quality protein, whilst an assessment of ‘adequate’ to ‘poor’ indicates that the youngster’s diet is supplying insufficient levels of quality protein to meet minimum requirements.

Top Line Assessment: Excellent: Diet providing optimum levels of quality protein.

This horse has ideal muscle development for its body type. The neck has a smooth or convex top line and blends smoothly into the shoulder and withers. Muscle is full each side of the withers and along the spinal column so that the vertebrae cannot be seen. The hip is full and the stifle muscles are defined. There is no hollowness between the hip and stifle.

Good: Diet providing sufficient levels of quality protein. This horse is adequately muscled although there are some areas of inadequacy. The neck has a straight top line and there is some hollowing where the neck meets the shoulder. There is hollowing each side of the withers and along the back. The hip to stifle area is

flatter.

Adequate: Diet may not be meeting horse’s minimum protein requirements. The neck has a straight or concave top line and is weak. Muscle each side of the withers are sunken. Back and loin areas appear bony. Vertebrae will be higher than the muscles beside them. Muscling over the hip and hindquarter is adequate. The hip to stifle area is weak.

Poor: Diet not meeting horse’s minimum protein requirements.

The neck has a concave top line and is hollowed. Poor concave muscling over the entire topline from withers to tail. The hip bones and the top of the vertebrae on the croup are pointed and the muscles between are sunken in.

The width of the stifles is narrower than that of the hips.

Body Condition Scores: 1. Poor – Minimum calorie requirements not met. The horse is emaciated with spine, ribs, tail head, shoulder blade and hips prominent with little or no flesh covering them.

2. Very thin – Minimum calorie requirements not met. Slight covering of flesh over scapula, spine and tail head. Ribs very prominent. Hollow through quarters, tucked up appearance in front of the stifle.

3. Thin – Minimum calorie requirements not met. Hips and ribs slightly covered. Some hollowness through quarters and tucked up.

Top line undeveloped, angular appearance.

4. Moderately thin – Optimum calorie requirements not met.

Outline of ribs discernible although covered. Scapula and hips covered.

Neck reasonably well covered with some top line.

5. Moderate – Optimum calorie requirements met. Ribs not easily distinguished but can be felt. Well

muscled top line, shoulders and neck blend smoothly into body. Fat around tailhead feeling spongy. No hollowness through quarters.

6. Moderately fat – Optimum calorie requirements slightly exceeded. May have slight crease down back. Fat over ribs feels spongy. Fat around tailhead feeling soft. Starting to deposit fat down withers and behind the shoulder.

7. Fleshy – Calorie requirements exceeded. Crease down back becoming obvious. Difficult to feel ribs. Fat deposits on neck and behind shoulders becoming obvious.

8. Fat – Calorie requirements exceeded. Definite crease down back and fatty ‘pads’ around tail head and over shoulders and ribs.

Apple shaped quarters.

9. Extremely fat – Calorie requirements exceeded. Large fat pads along ribs, shoulder, neck and over quarters and tail head area.

Obvious crease down back and apple shaped quarters.

Muscle and topline evaluation diagram

Fat evaluation diagram

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feeding and nutrition

HORSE HEALTH I 11

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TRADITIONALLY, race and performance horses are fed feeds high in starch and sugar such as a molassed grain mix, due to their high energy requirements. Unfortunately, feeds such as these are unsuitable for the digestive anatomy of the horse and require very little chewing, compared with the diet that the horse has evolved to eat – a diet that is composed primarily of fibre. Such high starch diets, coupled with the feeding practices that many racehorses are subjected to (such as infrequent, large meals), mean that digestive upset is something that is common in race and performance horses. This will result in inadequate nutrient absorption and poor digestion, and may result in disorders such as gastric ulcers, azoturia and colic, which dramatically affect performance.

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feeding and nutrition

HORSE HEALTH I

Challenges faced by the aged horse

By Dr Helen Warren of the Alltech Biotechnology Centre ONE of the largest issues for aged equids is poor body condition.

There are a myriad of factors that may affect this, including dentition, social hierarchy, reduced mobility, altered absorptive capacity, parasitic burden and disease.

Dental issues: Dentition, or rather failing dentition, is a common occurrence in older mammals.

Horses’ teeth are hypsodont and continually erupt throughout life, designed primarily for the prehension and mastication of fibrous material, they are, over time worn away at the occlusal surface.

issues.

As the animal becomes less able to cope with forage (especially long fibre) a higher proportion of the diet tends to come from concentrate sources resulting in reduced mastication and the lateral excursion (side-ways movement) that would naturally aid in minimising the formation of sharp edges.

This can lead to conditions, such as ‘step’ and/or ‘wave’ mouth of which there is a high prevalence in aged horses.

Routine and regular dental treatment throughout the horse’s life, will go a long way to minimising the agerelated effects on dentition.

Nutrition:

Rate of wear is usually around two to three mm per year until around 20 years of age when shedding of the teeth begins.

Aside from the physical aspects of deteriorating dentition, there is the potential reduction in nutrient digestion and absorption.

Effective digestion and fermentation of forage is dependent on effective mastication by the molars or cheek teeth.

It appears that aged horses exhibit significantly reduced apparent digestibility of both crude protein (CP) and phosphorous (P), as well as a tendency for reduced fibre.

Over time, abrasive surfaces become worn and diastemas arise between teeth leading to gingivitis and food pocketing.

Loss of condition, quidding and choke can often indicate dental

Digestion efficacy appeared to improve with diets containing 14 to 16 per cent CP. No difference in calcium (Ca) digestion has been noted thus, as P

digestion may be impaired, it is important not to oversupply dietary Ca.

common in the aged horse and osteoarthritis (OA) accounts for many animals afflicted.

Additionally, it has been noted that horses over 15 years of age are less capable of adapting their Ca metabolism to changes in exercise intensity and this needs to be taken into consideration during training.

Comparison with young animals following resection of the colon indicated that aged horses demonstrate a reduced absorptive and/or digestive function in the large intestine.

Osteoarthritis is a progressive, degenerative disease of the joints characterised by gradual loss of articular hyaline cartilage resulting in bone spur formation and fluid-filled joints.

Glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in horses have received much attention in recent years and insulin sensitivity has been theoretically linked to increases in the risk of certain conditions, such as laminitis. Again, the comparison of responses in young vs. older horses is limited.

However, preliminary indications seem to demonstrate much higher peak insulin concentrations in mature vs. younger horses, despite the young animals having higher peak glucose concentrations, indicating a reduced insulin sensitivity in the mature animals.

Locomotion: Reduced locomotory ability is

It is not simply a condition of domestic horses and has been found in wild ponies as a natural, agerelated process.

Supplements: Many oral supplements focussing on the perceived benefits of glucosamine and chondroitin, aiming to reduce the negative effects of degenerative joint problems, are commercially available.

Within articular cartilage, a matrix comprised of proteoglycans and hyaluronan provides both strength and support.

These proteoglycans are subsequently composed of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of which glucosamine is a precursor.

Additionally, age-related decreases in chondroitin sulphate are also thought to be associated with synovial and bone degeneration.

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feeding and nutrition Continued from Page 12 Several studies have attempted to quantify the effect of both glucosamine and chondroitin on OA. The reduced release of GAGs into in vitro following treatment with high doses of glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate, has been noted, indicating a reduced GAG cartilage degradation.

Similar results also demonstrated consistent inhibition of cartilage degradation in vitro following treatment with glucosamine-3sulphate. However, overall efficacy in the horse remains uncertain.

Several studies have demonstrated effects in vitro but these have not been definitively replicated in vivo and there is a lack of valid, blind studies in the horse.

Availability of both these compounds is lower in horses compared with other animals and higher doses have often been required to achieve results.

There are no evidence-based dosage recommendations for horses and, as these substances are not controlled by drug regulations, there can be concerns over quality and purity of preparations.

Recent research stemming from human studies has focused on the efficacy of avocado and soy unsaponifiable (ASU) extracts as a treatment for OA in horses.

It was found that, although there

HORSE HEALTH I 13

was no effect on pain or lameness, ASU significantly reduced the severity of articular cartilage erosion and synovial haemorrhage in experimentally-induced OA, together with a significant increase in GAG synthesis compared with placebotreated horses.

Research is in the early stages but merits further investigation.

Antioxidant status can be viewed as the balance between anti-oxidative and pro-oxidative compounds. The pro-oxidative reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the ageing process in animals as the balance between antioxidants and pro-oxidants tips towards the latter, and tissue destruction occurs.

The major antioxidant compounds are selenium and vitamins E and C. Vitamin C is synthesised endogenously in the horse, however, may be compromised by issues, such as pituitary tumours.

Horses with Cushings tend to have lower plasma ascorbate levels.

Definitive effects of age on antioxidant status have yet to be defined but it has been suggested that retinol and ‚-carotene levels change with age but that ·tocopherol levels do not.

However, animals used in this study were not classed as aged. There was, however, a suggestion of variation in efficiency of conversion of ‚-carotene into retinol with mature horses

This aged horse shows good condition through careful management exhibiting greater efficiency than their younger counterparts.

Conclusion: Effects on the immune system and inflammatory ageing have also been discussed in both humans and horses. Despite limited data in horses, the major alterations appear to involve a shift in T cell population from naïve to memory T cells.

There is an overall reduction in T cell proliferation and horses appear to exhibit similar inflammatory ageing characteristics to humans and mice, however, separate responses can be seen with old, healthy animals vs.

old, undernourished animals.

Additionally, inadequate selenium status has been implicated in poor response to vaccination in aged horses. There are, of course, numerous alterations in the body systems of aged animals and there is not the capacity in this report to discuss them all.

It is apparent that there are limited data on most of the issues described above and further research is warranted as the active, aged horse population grows.

References available online at www.horsehealthmagazine.co.uk

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joints

Joint management in the equine musculo skeletal system

By Anna Risius P.G.Dip VetPhys, chartered veterinary physiotherapist WHEN we talk about joints, we refer to the articulations between bones of the skeleton which allow greater movement of the spine and limbs for locomotion.

Horses are grazers and have evolved to spend long periods of time trickle feeding, so most of their joints are subject to permanent weight bearing.

They are also flight animals and use escape as their protection against threat from predators.

Therefore they need to be able to produce high speed instantly and their joints have developed along with the soft tissue structures that support them, to achieve this.

Problems: The joints are subject to injury from overload, repetitive use and trauma.

Joint function can often preclude

what injury it is likely to face, for example load bearing joints with low motion will often end up with osteoarthritis where as very mobile joints are more subject to sprain injuries and tendonopathies of the tendons that support them.

Joints are also subject to growth related problems, namely Osteochondritis Dessicans (OCD) and in the main joints of locomotion, namely the elbows, stifles and hocks this can cause a major problem in young horses.

Training: Research has shown that as soon as a horse reaches skeletal maturity, the degenerative process begins so consideration of the musculo-skeletal system is important from day one in order to maximise his comfortable working life.

The biggest dilemma is often training for cardio vascular fitness versus protecting the joints.

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joints Continued from Page 14 For example there are immense forces that travel through the joints of the limbs of a galloping horse yet it is important to raise the heart rate enough in training so that the horse can complete the cross country section safely.

With this considered, it is best to plan recovery time following fast work, before you load the joints in any other way such as collection in flatwork schooling.

Other training work will also place different demands on the joints, for example the weight through the forelimbs of a horse as he lands after a fence is multiple times his bodyweight, so it is worth considering recovery time after a horse has jumped.

However, the elastic support structures of the distal hind limb joints will be subject to more loading in collected work and work in tight spaces, again this needs to be considered when planning the training timetable.

Other factors such as ground surface also play a big part in joint management.

Both extremes of hard and soft going will put extra demand on the joints.

There is much research ongoing into the effect of surfaces on exercising horses; the consensus is that ‘good’ grass is the best.

However, in this country it is relatively uncommon and only the larger events can afford to treat their ground to any extent.

Some waxy arena surfaces could prevent some of the normal amount of slip a shod hoof has on impact and could, therefore, cause more jarring of the joints in the long term.

Most of us do not have the luxury of choice over the arenas that we work in so good advice is to consider what is to be used and tailor the amount of time spent accordingly, varying it with hacking and travelling to better surfaces for more demanding lessons when possible.

When considering a new surface, look at the most recent research and advice.

Careful consistent work on a variety of surfaces will have proprioceptive benefits, i.e mechanoreceptors within the horse’s joints and soft tissues that register changes in movement and loading can be trained by stimulation on different surfaces, but, beware of sudden changes.

There is no extra benefit to trotting on hard surfaces over walking on them as the suspensory structures will be trained enough from the impact of walking on the roads whilst the joints can be saved from unnecessary stress by trotting on them.

Continued on Page 16

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joints Continued from Page 15

cooling mechanism.

So consider speed, surface and space when working a horse to best protect and support his joints and plan ‘recovery’ days inbetween when necessary.

It is advisable therefore to remove the boots as soon as the horse has finished and cool the legs adequately.

Trauma: When things do go wrong, the acronym PRICE is often used to treat an acutely injured joint.

That is protection, rest, ice, compression and elevation, the last of which of course is not possible with a horse!

Protection from further injury often comes in the form of box rest or controlled turn out, ice and compression can be achieved by crushed ice in tubigrip around the affected joint or a number of boots and products on the market.

It is also thought that pulsed magnetic energy in the form of battery powered magnetic rugs and boots can be effective in treating acute swelling and bleeding in a joint (after the first 24 hours if severe).

Boots and bandages can provide further protection against knocks.

The modern airflow boots are light weight and do not hold water which is easier for the horse and helps prevent rubbing.

There is concern that wearing boots or bandages could prevent the natural evaporation of sweat from the leg so preventing the normal

There is some evidence that very specialised boots support the fetlock joints however research is limited to specific designs only and most only provide proprioceptive input by the horse being aware something is squeezing his leg.

Degeneration: When things go wrong in the long term, there is growing veterinary support to keep the horse comfortable and working.

It is generally believed fully retiring an arthritic horse only worsens his stiffness and symptoms.

Activity modification maybe necessary however neutraceuticals, intra-articular injections and other medication support would be worth trying first as well as physiotherapy to treat secondary symptoms as the horse often compensates for limb pain in his back.

The horse’s best chance at maintaining his joints into a comfortable life into old age, is a varied and consistent exercise routine, using the best equipment available with sympathetic veterinary support as needed.

References are available at: www.horsehealthmagazine.co.uk.

How to make your horse less susceptible to ‘tying up’

By Celia Gadd, brand manager, Equivet Animal Care Products Ltd CHANGES in routine can result in a painful build up of lactic acid in the muscles particularly if the diet is not adjusted in accordance with the level of work. Horses that are used to daily access to pasture can become more susceptible to ‘tying up’ or Azoturia when they are stable bound.

In winter months there is a distinct lack of fresh pasture meaning horses’ intake of selenium and vitamin E, a natural muscle soother found in soil, is dramatically reduced and therefore muscles can stiffen and become sore after exercise.

Including a selenium and vitamin E rich supplement in a horse’s winter

diet can help protect his muscles and maintain his physical wellbeing.

Good quality hay should also be offered and carbohydrates reduced to a minimum to maintain the right energy levels.

Providing a higher level of fat in the grain supplement can also provide the needed energy without risking carbohydrate overload.

If the horse has to be stabled for longer periods (i.e. bad weather or injury), it is very important that the starch content of the diet is also reduced.

A high fibre diet, supplemented with essential vitamins and minerals, as well as following a good warm up/down routine, before and after working will help prevent ‘tying up’.

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B l o o d s t o c k m a tter s

Joints and the stresses we place upon them

By David Chapman Jones of the Racehorse Performance and Treatment Centre BIOMECHANICAL analysis has long been used in human sports medicine.

In simple terms, it is the mathematics behind movement which facilitates the evaluation of the effects of forces on the body, so can help to improve performance and highlight asymmetries and imbalances that can cause injury.

Slight muscle asymmetries and their knock on effects can result in sub-clinical joint problems that can only be picked up with the assistance of precise mathematical evaluation, and analysis of the forces acting on the musculo-skeletal system.

A number of tendon and ligament tissue/injuries in horses if not caused by, may be exacerbated, by potentially correctable biomechanical abnormalities.

Particularly during motion, the skeletal structure is constantly absorbing shock through compressive forces; cartilage tissue within joints, which functions as a shock absorber, is particularly subject to significant and repetitive stresses.

As the forces of motion increase so the frequency, intensity and duration of the stress increases.

These forces come from several different sources and have different effects on joint integrity.

Gravitational force: One of the more significant forces is gravitational force that acts throughout the volume of a body.

This is in contrast to those which are exerted only on the surface of a body such as shear, and normal forces.

The concept of the centre of gravity is a theoretical balance point, where all the body weight is concentrated, or about which the body weight is evenly distributed.

If a horse’s body was of uniform density and had a completely symmetrical shape, the centre of gravity would be the geometric center.

Clearly this is not the case, which makes the centre of gravity difficult to locate.

Evaluating foot balance requires careful observation However, this is an important concept because, the horse’s centre of gravity will shift with each body movement, so when the distribution of its weight changes, the centre of gravity shifts toward the greater weight concentration, and changes the forces being transmitted though skeletal structures such as joints. In addition, external loads alter the position of the centre of gravity.

When an external load is added for example, putting a 60kg rider on a horse it will alter the distribution of gravitational force transmitted through the horse’s body which can significantly alter the compression on load bearing joints.

For horses that jump obstacles, this is even more of an issue because the weight may be distributed in such a way as that the centre of gravity actually falls outside the body.

Therefore, when a horse is landing at speed the forces on distal forelimb joints may far exceed those associated with normal movement.

This is particularly relevant with translation (sliding) forces, where the foot may be anchored in the ground whilst the body maintains a forward momentum.

This scenario explains why ground conditions can influence the stress patterns on particular bones and joints, and why cannon bone fractures occur in seemingly healthy animals.

‘Give’ in the ground will allow the foot to slide on landing which will reduce stress on fore limb joints.

Joint health: Factors such as trauma, age, the locomotory demands of the different equine disciplines, a genetic predisposition to disease, ground conditions, nutritional status, fitness and fatigue all play a contributing role in compromising or optimising joint health.

A bare bone surface is extremely vulnerable to damage with the slightest of friction forces, so the articular cartilage (within a joint), resilient within the horse’s normal physiological limitations, provides protection against this.

However, an overload of mechanical stress can trigger the process of cartilage breakdown. A small inappropriate overload is sufficient to initiate what is commonly known as degenerative joint disease (DJD).

This is commonly started by an uneven or inappropriate distribution of wear patterns within a joint.

This relates to biomechanics and joint loading patterns.

All joints are designed to be loaded in specific ways and even a small divergence from this can commence the process cartilage degeneration.

There is some debate as to whether this process is started in the cartilage itself, or the bone directly underneath the cartilage (subchrondral bone) that starts to work its way through healthy cartilage.

These changes in wear patterns and forces can be as a result of direct

forces such as landing on uneven ground with no foot translation or/and asymmetrical ‘pull’ on specific areas of the joint loading surfaces from tendons and ligaments.

DJD is a common problem in competition horses, most frequently affecting the hocks, knees, fore limb fetlock joints and navicular bones.

In an ideal world: The horse's foot should strike the ground as a unit, with the entire weight-bearing surface hitting the ground together.

This differs for example in the human - foot strikes the ground with the (lateral) outside of the heel and the foot ‘roles’ inwards to push off with the medial (inside) of the forefoot.

In the horse, a side-to-side imbalance (lateral-medial imbalance) will cause the outside toe to strike the ground before the heel, and the inside heel land last.

This leads to uneven forces across the hoof and uneven loading of the lower limb joints as discussed earlier.

Evaluating foot balance requires careful observation of the horse standing still (static) and in motion (dynamic).

The static evaluation examines the foot from the palmar (back), the solar (bottom) and the dorsal (front) of the foot, while dynamic evaluation is undertaken by analysis of the horse in walk and trot.

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B l o o d s t o c k matter s Continued from Page 18 The use of a pressure plate where the horse walks/trots over sensors linked to a computer can provide an accurate picture of the loading patterns on the foot and joints above it.

An unbalanced foot can quickly lead to associated soft-tissue conditions for example in the branches of the suspensory ligament and the digital flexor tendons due to torsional (twisting) stress.

Correcting foot imbalance should not be a rushed process and can take several shoeing sessions.

However, a horse with poor conformation, for example toe out, may make complete correction impossible so the farrier must make a judgement as to what will to achieve the best possible balance for that horse, accepting that achieving ideal balance may cause more harm than good.

Conclusion: Not uncommonly horses have joint problems because of the demands upon them.

Those of competition horses are

under a significant amount of additional stress, consider for example, the concussive forces on the forelimb joints when a 550kg racehorse covers a 1.6m jump and lands.

Even a dressage horse that does not experience the high impact of racing or jumping, is susceptible to degenerative joint diseases and inflammation.

The hocks, front pasterns, middle knee joints, and fetlocks, are all under additional stress from the collection and movements required.

An advanced dressage horse is required to move its centre of gravity more to its rear, putting huge additional stress on the hind limbs, and some of the lateral movements, such as the shoulder-in and half-pass, can cause a high degree of joint stress particularly on the hock.

It is, therefore, important that owners and trainers of all competitive horses work to ensure the demands placed on their horses are balanced, and, consider the factors which may reduce the impact of their activities, in order to optimise performance and joint health.

Joints under extreme force

Give in the ground allows the foot to slide on landing, reducing stress on the fore limbs

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B l o o d s t o c k m a tter s

The Horserace Betting Levy Board Codes of Practice

By Caroline Turnbull of the Thoroughbred Breeders’ Association and Stephanie McIntosh of the Horserace Betting Levy Board THOROUGHBRED breeders will be familiar with the routine swabbing of broodmares and stallions that takes place on stud farms in the UK to combat the spread of venereal disease in mares and stallions.

In fact, these procedures only became standard practice after an epidemic of Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) occurred on thoroughbred studs in the UK over 30 years ago, and which ultimately resulted in the production of a Code of Practice aimed at preventing a similar occurrence.

Today, the Horserace Betting Levy Board (HBLB) Codes of Practice are at the forefront of the fight to prevent the spread of potentially devastating diseases in the UK and for this reason the Thoroughbred Breeders’ Association (TBA) would urge all those responsible for the health and welfare of horses to become familiar with them.

Birth of the Codes of Practice: From the outset, CEM was recognised by the industry as a major threat to the health and welfare of breeding stock, with serious financial implications for the entire bloodstock industry and ongoing repercussions for its export market.

The prompt response of veterinary surgeons and scientists, supported by the TBA and the HBLB, resulted in an industry-wide concerted effort to eradicate the disease from the UK. Led by the HBLB, a Code of Practice was developed which remains in

place today.

Additional codes of practice have subsequently been developed for emerging or existing diseases judged to pose a similar catastrophic effect to the equine industry, including Equine Herpes Virus (EHV), Equine Infectious Anaemia (EIA), Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA).

Guidelines on the management of strangles are also included.

International threats: The HBLB Codes of Practice have been adopted as standard practice by the thoroughbred breeding industry in the UK, to safeguard the health of our thoroughbred breeding population.

They provide information on clinical signs, transmission of disease, diagnosis, treatment and prevention, and include detailed guidance on screening protocols.

Subsequent outbreaks of disease amongst the thoroughbred population have been promptly and effectively contained using the control measures advocated in the Codes of Practice.

International movement of all horses, and the added risk that diseases such as CEM and EVA can be transmitted in fresh, chilled and frozen semen, mean that non-thoroughbred horses can be highly susceptible.

The most recent isolated cases of CEM in the UK have occurred in horses entering the UK from mainland Europe, whilst in quarantine for onwards shipment.

Until very recently these cases were the cause of trade restrictions between the UK and India resulting in loss of significant revenue from exports.

ITaylorella Equigenitalis – the bacterium responsible for CEM – named after Dr Edward Taylor at the Public Health Laboratory at Cambridge where it was first identified during that major outbreak in 1977 Picture: Prof. Sydney Ricketts, LVO These restrictions have recently been lifted (see the July/August issue of Horse Health p.30).

and, critically, affected stallions can remain symptomless, permanent shedders of the virus.

Notifiable diseases:

Any single case or outbreak of these diseases will result in significant disruption to business, and potential loss of valuable stock.

Three diseases covered by the Codes of Practice – CEM, EVA and EIA – are by law, notifiable to Defra, and all have serious consequences for horse owners should a case occur.

CEM causes temporary infertility in mares, although it can be treated, but there is no treatment for EIA, and any horse testing positive is subject to compulsory slaughter, without compensation.

EVA infection may result in abortion,

‘Today, the Horserace Betting Levy Board (HBLB) Codes of Practice are at the forefront of the fight to prevent the spread of potentially devastating diseases in the UK and for this reason the Thoroughbred Breeders’ Association (TBA) would urge all those responsible for the health and welfare of horses to become familiar with them’

Once cases are reported to Defra, breeding and movement restrictions will be imposed and further testing and investigation will take place to identify the source and potential in contact animals.

A recent case of EVA confirmed in a three year old Dutch warmblood stallion in Staffordshire (August 2010) demonstrates that these diseases can emerge quite unexpectedly, and it is only through stringent following of the Codes of Practice that such cases are detected and managed to limit the severe damage that can occur.

The Codes of Practice remain our front line defence in protecting the UK from these diseases, which have the potential to inflict serious damage on the equine industry.

The HBLB Codes of Practice can be downloaded at www.hblb.org.uk/document.php?id= 43.

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skin

Challenges faced by the equine skin

By Robinson Animal Healthcare THE skin is the largest and most visible organ of the body, providing a barrier between the horse and its environment and protection from physical, chemical and microbiologic injury.

Its main functions are: A barrier to the external environment.

To maintain an internal environment.

To produce glands and keratinized structures e.g. hair, hoof.

Temperature regulation.

To act as a reservoir for electrolytes, water, vitamins, protein etc.

An indicator of general health or illness/disease.

Sensory perception, e.g. heat, cold, pain, pressure, touch etc.

Vitamin D production.

Facilitate secretion from sweat and sebaceous gland.

Defence from physical, chemical and microbial invasion.

Pigmentation.

In a practical sense the skin function of most relevance to horse owners is its ability to indicate general health and to alert us to possible disease or illness.

Exposed skin can be susceptible to irritants and sunburn allergens.

Atopic dermatitis is usually characterized by red and flaky inflamed skin which is also itchy.

Skin becomes vulnerable to surface infections caused by bacteria.

Parasites:

Bacteria:

Ectoparasites are also capable of transmitting numerous diseases.

If the skin’s function of acting as a physical barrier is compromised (e.g. by a cut) then this allows chemical or microbial invasion which could lead to health problems.

In winter there are three main ectoparasites that are not uncommon - lice, mites and some ticks and this is because their life cycles occur entirely on the animal.

This is how the bacterium Dermatophilus congolensis causes mud fever and rain scald by invading the underlying tissue which is usually protected by the skin barrier.

An immuno-suppressed animal will have a harder time overcoming the challenges these present.

It forms spores that are capable of surviving for many months, even years and if not effectively removed, the condition can recur at any time.

The skin and underlying tissues become inflamed and lead to the skin swelling, stretching and weeping; the skin starts to crack, hair falls out and hard scabs form.

Another chronically relapsing, noncontagious, inflammatory and pruritic skin disease is Atopic dermatitis. An affected horse may react abnormally and easily to irritants, food, and environmental

Poor diets, especially those lacking in essential vitamins and minerals, can have dire effects on the skin health, dietary intake should aid a healthy skin and coat, and excessive bathing may cause the skin to lose moisture, crack and peel.

Xeroderma – a generic term for dry skin, can also be caused by a deficiency of vitamin A, vitamin D, systemic illness, extreme overexposure to sunlight (sunburn), extreme underexposure to sunlight, or by some medication.

Symptoms may include scaling (the visible peeling of the outer skin layer), itching and cracks in the skin.

HORSE HEALTH I 21

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immunology

HORSE HEALTH I

Treatment is too late – prevention is the solution There are parallels to be drawn here with human medicine with the MMR vaccination and the reduction in uptake a few years ago.

By Ben Gaskell BVSc MRCVS, veterinary manager (equine) at Pfizer Animal Health WE all recognise the importance of disease prevention and control but, to understand how it can be achieved to maximum effect, it is important to appreciate some of the biological principles which underpin it.

This was concerning not only for the individuals involved, but also for the overall success of the vaccination scheme.

It was based on the principle of group immunity - i.e a disease is only sufficiently controlled when a significant proportion of the population is vaccinated. Clearly, if this isn’t the case, then the whole programme can be compromised.

Put simply, disease occurs when the balance between a disease challenge and an animal’s immunity tips in favour of the disease.

The immune system is designed to fight off infection but the amount and type of pathogen it has to fight will play a major role in determining its success.

In the simplest cases, the disease challenge will depend on the number of disease particles inhaled or ingested.

In more complex disease, the genetic make-up of the bug itself will also determine the severity of challenge.

From the horse’s side, the quality of immune response will depend on factors such as natural variation, the health of the horse and its previous history of exposure.

When trying to control equine diseases, we can try to manipulate this balance and therefore help our horses cope with the environment we give them, reducing the level of challenge and to maximise the horse’s immunity.

The equine immune response: The immune system recognises if something is abnormal within the animal.

It then communicates with the other body systems to regulate and destroy this foreign material or ‘pathogen’.

The mammalian immune system, which includes horses, can be broken down into two key parts.

They are distinct but related in function.

The first part, the innate immune system, can include physical barriers such as skin, as well as more complex structures such as white blood cells.

Consider it a ‘first line defence’ with no specified target.

Like a policeman on the beat, it is there in case of misdemeanour but not because of one.

The key point about the innate immune system is that it does not remember a particular type of disease challenge – so has no

Balancing act: The principle of challenge versus immunity is relevant for almost all infections in horses.

The herpes virus learning or memory.

considered a dead end host.

The second part – adaptive or acquired immunity – is different.

An infected horse cannot pass on the disease to other horses or even re-infect the mosquitoes that are the vector for the disease.

It responds to a particular pathogen and then remembers this response, creating a disease memory.

This allows the immune system to respond more quickly and more robustly in the future when challenged with this specific disease.

The two parts of the immune system work together, the innate response helping the acquired response to produce a strong memory response, helping the horse protect itself.

The role of vaccination: A vaccine is essentially an imitation of a specific disease designed to stimulate this adaptive immune response.

Vaccination primes the animal’s own immune system to allow it to mount an improved immune response more quickly when challenged in the future.

For it to be successful, two factors are required – the use of an effective vaccine and a healthy immune system, both at time of vaccination and time of challenge.

Interestingly, if the appropriate vaccine is chosen, most of the variation lies with the horse.

The vaccine make-up will be the same every time as the horse is an individual with a variable response.

Diseases are different: While vaccination should ideally be the basis of prevention, different diseases rely on vaccines to perform different functions.

For example in West Nile Virus, an emerging exotic disease, the horse is

This effectively means that, once a horse is infected, the only consideration is whether it recovers and this relies on the quality of its individual immune response.

Hence, in this case, a vaccine has to stimulate protective immunity and reduce the severity of the clinical signs.

However, when a disease can be passed from horse to horse, for example, in the case of a respiratory disease such as Equine Influenza, the vaccine has an additional and more important role.

Vaccines stop horses getting ill but, importantly, in so doing, they can also reduce the amount of disease that an infected horse passes on.

Thus vaccines also play a key role in reducing the spread of disease during an outbreak.

By reducing the length and severity of the illness, vaccinated horses are less likely to shed disease and, if they do, it will be for a significantly shorter period of time - meaning a reduction in the amount of disease in the environment.

Limiting the severity of an outbreak by reducing the spread of disease is hugely important.

The lower the disease challenge, then the more likely a horse’s immune system is to win and it is this knock-on effect which is the fundamental principle behind group vaccination.

It underlies, for example, the need to clear dung from pastures - reducing the number of worms that horses ingest whilst grazing.

For respiratory disease, there are further ways of reducing the disease challenge.

For instance, as the diseases are spread by airborne particles from infected horses, quarantining new arrivals and making sure their vaccination status is up to date is considered best practice, to reduce the chances of disease spread.

This is especially true on yards where the population is younger and under pressure – a factor in most racing yards.

The environment is also important – horses are designed to breathe fresh air all the time but in many situations this is the exception rather than the rule.

Viral and bacterial particles survive for a much shorter time in fresh air, so we are giving them an advantage due to our management techniques.

Stabling horses should provide shelter from the elements while not providing a stale, damp, warm environment which is the perfect atmosphere for disease survival.

Herd mentality: Whilst quarantining and housing environment are undoubtedly important, the most important step in preventing respiratory disease on yards in the UK is to create a critical mass of vaccinated horses because this will help to create population immunity.

This is fundamental to protection of horses and a task we share responsibility for.

The greater the understanding behind the reasons for this, hopefully the easier it will be to achieve.

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eyes

HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 23

Iris Cysts – A treatable cause of behavioural problems in the horse

By Brian Patterson and Tim Knott, The Equine Eye Clinic, Rowe Veterinary Group CYSTS of the iris and its related structure, the ciliary body (an area of anatomy collectively termed the anterior uvea), have been reported in many species including man, dogs, cats and horses.

Cysts can be easily observed when they form at the iris margin (typically associated with the corpora nigra) or if they become detached and float and freely within the anterior chamber of the eye where they appear as dark, pigmented spherical structures.

Cysts can occasionally rupture depositing pigment in the inner surface of the cornea.

If cysts form on the posterior (or inner side) aspect of the iris or ciliary body they may not be visible unless medicines are used to artificially dilate the pupil.

Systic corpor nigra

Causes: Many horses who have cysts of their corpora nigra are middle aged or older although cysts may be present at birth, albeit in small forms, only to enlarge in later life.

The cause of these cysts is not properly understood although they are not thought to be related to inflammation within the eye, either present or in the past.

It is suspected that these cysts represent a separation of two epithelial layers within the iris and ciliary body which would normally be tightly bonded together (much like layers of tissue paper separating) which suggests a localised design problem within this portion of tissue.

Effects: When corpora nigra become cystic they tend to loose their roughed, 'sea anemone' like appearance, enlarging to a variable degree as a smooth 'bubble'.

The significance of any given cyst is primarily related to what degree it obscures the pupil and hence their affect on sight.

The horse's pupil varies greatly in size depending on the prevailing lighting conditions.

Where a cyst blocks an area of pupil normally open, it will create a visual field deficit (i.e. an inability to see a portion of one's environment).

Most cysts are small and the affected individuals do not appear to be inconvenienced by the visual field deficit.

Ventral iris cyst However, behavioural and athletic consequences are reported in a certain percentage of individuals and this may be related to the size and location of the cyst, the underlying temperament of the individual and the necessity for good vision (jumping at speed is likely to requires better visual acuity than undertaking dressage).

If cysts grow large enough they can press on the inner surface of the cornea causing damage to the corneal endothelium (an important structure that regulates fluid levels within the cornea, maintaining corneal clarity as a result).

Cysts large enough to press on the endothelium are, however, extremely rare.

ultrasound exam will allow differentiation of the two.

There are several scientific case studies which demonstrate the behavioural and athletic improvement in certain individuals who have had iris cysts removed by laser treatment.

A series nine of horses which presented to the Ohio State Veterinary School showed marked improvement in head shaking and shying following the laser ablation of iris cysts.

Likewise a gelding used for competitive pleasure driving was successfully treated for a head shaking problem at the University of California following iris cyst treatment and behavioural modification therapy.

In diagnosing cysts of the anterior uvea, consideration should be given to the possibility of the lesion being a melanoma (a pigmented tumour).

A study undertaken at the University of North Carolina, resolved problems including decreased jumping performance, visual disturbance and head shaking in all eight horses treated.

However it is usually relatively easily for a clinician to distinguish a cyst from a tumour on appearance alone and if there is any debate then an

The results of treatments undertaken at the Equine Eye Clinic mirror those results achieved in the States. It is worth pointing out that the majority

Diagnosis and treatment:

of head shaking and shying issues occur in the absence of iris cysts but when cysts are present and disturbances of vision are suspected then cyst removal should be considered.

Laser deflation and coagulation of equine corpora nigra cysts is a simple non invasive technique with minimal surgical complications and postoperative care.

The procedure, which lasts about ten minutes, involves focusing a head mounted laser beam down to an area approximately 0.4mm in diameter via a special handheld lens.

This concentrated beam of laser energy allows the targeted destruction of the cyst with no effect on surrounding tissue.

Anti-inflammatories are given in most cases as a matter of routine for a few days but eyes undergo surgery with minimal reaction.

Improvement in vision should be noticeable almost immediately following surgery.

References available at: www.horsehealthmagazine.co.uk

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beva 2010

HORSE HEALTH I 25

This year’s BEVA Congress is set to take place from 8 to 11 September at the International Convention Centre in Birmingham. The event has a reputation for providing the highest quality equine CPD and is especially well known for the expertise of the speakers and the practical components of its courses.

Careers evening is recreated for 2010 A CAREERS evening hosted at last year’s BEVA Congress was such a success that it is being recreated at the 2010 event.

The purpose of the careers evening is to provide networking opportunities for all delegates and in particular to give students and recent graduates the chance to ask about existing job opportunities within exhibiting practices.

It is also an opportunity for them to find out what employers in general are looking for in their staff and to explore possibilities for their next career move.

Feedback from the 2009 event was very positive and Wendy Furness, a partner at the Scarsdale Vet Group, said: “We found the careers evening very useful for promoting who we are, and were very pleased with the opportunity that it gave people just to come and talk to us, not only about present vacancies, but also about careers in the future.”

Many practices also found the event was the ideal place to meet equine vets at varying stages of their careers who, even if they were not suitable for present vacancies, were possibilities for positions that might arise in the future.

Nicholas de Brauwere, head of welfare, education and rehabilitation at Redwings Horse Sanctuary, said: “This forum has great value, both enabling employers to meet potential candidates – I chatted with at least six people who were interested in working for us – and also in allowing practices to showcase their businesses as pathways for career development.

“It is a unique and valuable opportunity for young vets aiming to get a foot on the ladder of the equine veterinary world.”

Eight practices attended the event last year and it is hoped that its success will encourage even more to take up the opportunity at the 2010 Congress.

Prof. Derek Knottenbelt

Prof. Josh Slater

Expert speakers from around the world THE programme for the 2010 Congress includes expert speakers from around the world.

Some of those included are: Plenary Lectures from Angus McKinnon: Assisted reproduction techniques in the horse – a review from AI to cloning and Justin Turner: The legal aspects of assisted reproductive technologies.

Thursday 9 September: Chris Pearce: Dentistry Celia Marr: Cardiology Bonny Millar: Ethics in nursing Frances Henson: Complementary therapeutics and rehabilitation Richard Piercy: Neurology Alex McSloy: Endocrinology

Friday 10 September: Derek Knottenbelt: Opthalmology Eddie Clutton: Anaesthesia Luisa Smith: Wound management Ken Smith: Clinical pathology Michael Sadlier: Reproduction Mark Vaudin: Clinical genetics forum Saturday 11 September: Arno Werners: Perinatology Catherine McGowan: Abdominal disease Sarah Boys-Smith: Regional anaesthesia Peter Morresey: Neonatology Josh Slater: Infectious disease and immunity Henry Tremaine: Colic surgery

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Efficacy tests prove TRI-TEC 14 to kill horse, stable, house, face, horn, deer flies, mosquitoes, deer ticks, gnats, and lice.

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The Zamar research and development department have brought to market this new product which is simple, compact, lightweight and easy to use both in the stable or at competitions.

The Zamar unit is the only system on the market that can maintain a preset consistent cold temperature for the length of time required for the treatment.

The specially adapted refrigeration system circulates a glycol liquid around the wraps and pipes, to produce the required temperature to the area being treated.

The Easycold has cyclical compression, which penetrates the applied temperature deep into the affected tissues and structures and

helps to reduce swelling, improving circulatory performance and promoting healing. This unit is fully FEI compliant and it treats two legs at a time.

Zamar units have created huge interest in every sphere of the equine competition and therapy and veterinary markets. It is safe, effective and it is achieving fantastic results.

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HORSE HEALTH I

tack shop and stable management

A gentler, more effective way of communicating with horses ...

Advertiser’s announcement BELSTANE are the UK and Irish distributors of Myler Bits.

The Myler brothers developed their bitting system to create a gentler, more effective way of communicating with horses.

A bit is merely a communication tool and can only do one of two things, allow relaxation or create evasion.

The most common reason for evasion of the bit is the horses need to free its tongue to swallow. In order to swallow the tongue needs to be pushed against the roof of the mouth. Many bits pinch and trap the tongue and prevent this, causing tension through the jaw and therefore the whole body.

Myler Bits come in a wide range of mouthpieces with different shapes and actions. They are all curved and some are ported to give the tongue

room to swallow. This allows each individual horse to be as comfortable as possible in its mouth, so it can relax and concentrate on what its rider is asking it.

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Understanding the basic action of a bit

By Suzanna Stuart-Monteith of Belstane THERE seems to be a widespread misunderstanding of the basic action of a bit.

Some publications state that a bit’s normal action is to pull into the corners of the horse’s lips, but a cursory examination of equine anatomy and mouth-rein-hand angles demonstrates clearly that this isn’t true.

Possibly the confusion comes from riders trying to imagine the feel of a bit in their own mouth, in which of course the tongue lies horizontally, unlike the vertical positioning of the equine tongue.

Whatever kind of bit is used, the basic action is to pull the horse’s tongue back and down towards the bottom jaw from an angle of 30 to 40 degrees above the mouth.

Pressure on the tongue affects the horse’s swallowing and his consequent ability to relax and concentrate on what his rider is asking him.

The two sides of a snaffle will 'nutcracker' in on the arm and for horses which work with constant rein pressure, this usually means a

constant pinch.

Some common forms of bit resistance are due to the horse trying to free his tongue up to swallow.

If the horse crosses his jaw, opens his mouth or sticks his tongue out, he has freed his tongue from the majority of the bit pressure.

If he puts his head up in the air, he has changed the rider’s angle of pull down into the corners of his lips, freeing his tongue from most of the bit pressure.

A restrictive noseband such as a flash or crank may only serve to force the mouth shut around an uncomfortable bit, not to solve a problem.

There are now ranges of bits available that take into account the need for the horse to swallow and the conformation of the mouth, so it is worth taking a good look at what is in your horse’s mouth.

Check, not only for worn joints on metal bits and chewed, fractured coverings on plastic/rubber coated bits, both of which can cause severe discomfort and pain, but also examine the type and effects of the bit itself.

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forge

HORSE HEALTH I 27

Shoeing for the veteran

By Claire Brown of Farriers’ Pages EVERY horse and pony needs regular care and attention to their hooves; as horses age there is no exception.

Some figures currently estimate that horses over 15 years of age make up 20 to 30 per cent of the equine population in the UK. Our knowledge and care of the equine has improved and therefore, like humans, horses are living and working successfully into their ‘older’ years.

Conformation of the horse’s limbs and hoof is predetermined but begins to adapt at birth and develops through maturity.

Traits considered ‘desirable’ and ‘undesirable’ are usually evaluated based upon whether they are likely to have an adverse effect on the horse’s health in the future.

Early detection, and treatment of, potential problems in both the hoof and limb can alleviate unnecessary and uneven wear on bones, tendons and ligaments and may prevent acceleration of the ‘ageing’ process through wear and tear.

Throughout a horse’s life regular farrier appointments can assist with the early detection of underlying issues.

Horses are often able to compensate for an ‘undesirable’ trait within the skeleton long before lameness is visible - uneven or altered wear on the shoes and overall shape of the hoof can be an early indication of this.

Early detection, if not prevention, has a direct impact on the longevity of the horses working life.

Navicular, pedal osteitis, osteoarthritis, side bone and ring bone are commonly seen in the older horse frequently as a result of

excessive or uneven wear and tear on the limb and joints at some stage of life. Early diagnosis and treatment from the veterinary surgeon combined with corrective and/or remedial farriery can help support and manage these conditions and decrease the rate at which they progress.

particularly in the winter months circulation may be compromised and blood delivering vital nutrients to all the body’s tissues, particularly those of the extremities, may be affected.

As horses age their management and care may need to develop to reflect their changing needs.

As work load decreases, or stops all together during retirement, ongoing, regular hoof care is still essential.

Horses will ‘age’ at varying rates depending on conformation, previous health care and work load.

The frequency of farriery

The digestive system may become less efficient, bones and joints are less resilient and the immune system is less reliable.

Recovery from disease and injury can take longer and elderly animals are less able to cope with environmental stresses such as the wind, wet and cold.

Hoof growth decreases with age and is slowed by cold and wet environments.

An older horse in light or no work may be inclined to move less,

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With this unique composition HUFVITAL not only ensures that your horse gets the necessary nutrients for optimum horn quality but provides your horse with an overall supplement at a high level that has a

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REHE-VITAL is a high quality supplement for horses suffering from laminitis and that are prone to metabolic disorders. REHE-VITAL contains essential minerals, vitamins, amino acids and trace elements and a high amount of vitamin E which is important for an optimum anti oxidant effect.

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Good nutrition can play a vital role in alleviating this problem and a nutritionist may advise supplementation of the diet.

appointments may need to be adjusted accordingly and the farrier will advise appropriately.

It may be necessary to be flexible in appointments throughout the year depending on the seasonal fluctuations, how the horse is to be managed and whether it is still in work or not.

Depending on the conditions of the hooves and the presence of any underlying conditions older horses may still need to be shod.

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forge

HORSE HEALTH I

The effects of hard ground on the equine foot difficulty coping with hard going.

By Andrew Poynton FWCF of Poynton Ltd

A healthy foot with good conformation has a fairly symmetrical shape, some concave depth to the sole and straight outline to the hoof wall. When a stride is taken the foot, as the point of contact with the ground, the first damper in the shock absorbing system as well as the means of propulsion, needs a good grip.

THE horses’ foot is designed to operate on all manner of terrains and often does so if left to its own devices.

It is only when we start to interfere by restricting their roaming and then riding them that the problems begin to accumulate.

So if we take note of this there must be something that can be learned other than leaving the horse to revert to the wild.

A well balanced foot will strike almost flat but rapidly the heels take load in the early phase of weight bearing; the heels and frog are compressed then expand to contain this force.

By riding the horse we obviously increase the load and, therefore, wear on the equine hoof, additionally, the force on the limbs and feet escalates.

Hard ground does not yield on impact so the foot and limb have to accommodate this; conversely softer ground gives way to some extent, cushioning the force to a degree.

Although the following focuses on foot function on hard ground, the whole limb’s suspensory system has a

Side view of a morbid specimen showing the heel section of the foot major part to play in protecting the limb and aiding propulsion.

Impact on the hoof:

out on hard dry ground, so too will the hooves be; the outer stratum externum is denser and the horn casing tough.

Firstly and quite conveniently the hoof reflects the underlying ground conditions, so assuming a horse lives

If the horse is stabled in less than ideal conditions that are wet and bacteria filled, then the feet will have

System that protects the hoof A TRADITIONAL horse shoe transfers the impact force from the whole of the sole to the hoof wall and white line.

Many horses will cope with this, but for those that can’t, lameness results.

3rd Millennium manufacture a system that protects the hoof, provides extra grip and, most importantly, redistributes the load over the entire solar area, allowing the hoof capsule to function naturally.

3rd Millennium frog support pads, used together with our fast setting elastomer, provide a comfort factor that helps overcome many complications, including collapsed heels, weak flared walls, thin soles, laminitis, navicular and ringbone.

The pads are highly shock absorbent and extremely tough, the fast setting elastomer sets in 25 seconds and because it is injected as a liquid, it

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In the unshod foot the heels can also move independently so that the whole hoof capsule can flex and twist to accommodate uneven ground.

It should be emphasised that the equine foot is far from just a hard horny end to the limb, it is like this for a reason, the foot needs to move to survive, particularly on hard ground. Continued on Page 29

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forge Continued from Page 28 There is much that is vascular and mobile within the equine foot; the lamella attachment provides a strong but flexible interface between the pedal bone (P3) and hoof wall.

for example, to palmer foot pain, navicular syndrome and sidebone.

Horses in fast work on hard ground and those with poor hoof quality are liable to succumb first.

There are then the two and a half bones that articulate within the foot.

Additional foot protection comes in the form of a variety of shock absorbing hoof pads and soles which can help in many instances, though care should be taken though that the feet do not become dependant on these through sole sweating and softening.

These are housed within the hoof wall like a leaf spring wrapped from heel to heel forming the conical hoof, then the sole below acts as diaphragm and the heels bars and frog form a concertina shape.

In many cases they can be used as a short term aid during the summer months of harder ground, but the feet are then able to cope again without them, when the ground softens in the winter.

Just to finish off, there is a fair quantity of blood, and some lymph and synovial fluid to assist the hydraulic action within the foot.

Shoe protection that helps is deep seating the shoe, making space between the sole and the shoe, allowing room for the sole to flex.

Protecting the hoof:

Bar shoes provide more protection with the heartbar at the top of the list. Beyond this there are glue on, and composite and plastic shoeing systems that move with the foot and stay on.

Around the sides of P3 are the lateral and medial cartilages – mobile wings to the bone. Positioned between these and below the navicular bursa is the digital cushion above the frog.

When shoeing the foot to protect it we have always tried to allow it to still function naturally but this is a hard call when using steel and nails; that said the horse has managed amazingly well considering this. So to earth this, as the shod foot strikes the ground it is clear to see that some of the above function is limited.

Poor hoof conformation where the forces are not dissipated evenly, and weight is borne unevenly add to potential injury of the foot, leading

HORSE HEALTH I 29

In summary, the potential negative effects of hard ground on the foot are increased impact resulting initially in soft tissue damage, progressing to bony and arthritic changes within the foot. Intelligent riding and management, on a well conformed horse and good farriery swings the balance back in favour of longevity.

Rear view of a morbid specimen showing the heel section of the foot – showing asymmetry

Morbid specimen showing asymmetry, hoof distortion and soft tissue damage to medial heel region

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HORSE HEALTH I

product news

Benefits of Magnesium Supplementation MAGNESIUM is essential in the body for a range of processes and requirement is greatly increased by stress, to which the domesticated horse is frequently exposed.

It is common for magnesium requirement to far exceed dietary intake, resulting in increased sensitivity in the nervous system and the excessive release of stress hormones, notably adrenaline and cortisol.

This can, for example, cause spooking, aggression, tension, weight loss and even head shaking.

Getting the required result from a magnesium supplement depends on the type, quality and quantity used.

Magnesium oxide, for example, is readily available but almost entirely insoluble so absorption can be poor. Magnesium

Easyboot glove for lucky readers TWO Horse Health readers are in with a chance to win an Easyboot Glove with a recommended retail price of £59.99.

The new Easyboot Glove from distributor Trelawne Equine is the very latest in form-fitting technology in hoof boots for barefoot horses.

The Glove offers a seamless fit and responds like a natural foot; it is flexible and tough, giving the horse added traction and protection to the sole while allowing a free stride.

The hoof boot stretches over the hoof and clings to the wall like a second skin, which helps to prevent debris from entering even in sandy or muddy conditions.

It is unique in having no external fixings to come undone or get clogged up with grass and mud.

The Easyboot Glove suits slightly longer than wide hooves - a precise fit is paramount to their success, and half sizes are available.

For your chance to win, send your name, address and a contact telephone number to: Easyboot Giveaway, Horse Health Magazine, 47 Church Street, Barnsley, South Yorkshire S70 2AS. Entries must be received by 1 October 2010 and the winners’ names will appear on the Horse Health website at: www.horsehealthmagazine.co.uk.

sulphate and magnesium phosphate are readily available salts occurring naturally in the horse’s diet, however, absorption of these compounds can be hindered by the presence of competitive nutrients in rich feed and grass.

A magnesium supplement such as Magneisum aspartate hydrochloride (MAH) is easily absorbed and can be beneficial, however, when selecting a product it is important to consider whether other potential ingredients including mild sedatives such as valerian, L-typtophan and B Vitamins, are necessary or, competition legal.

More details: www.nupafeed.co.uk Phone: 01438 861 900

Prevention is better than cure EQUISEA Ltd specialises in selling products for use pre and post event, to help maximise performance and aid recovery.

Says Equisea director Jonathan Tunnell.

“Warming up properly before riding is essential. 15 minutes under a solarium prior to riding can help improve muscle elasticity. At a competition where this is not possible a pulsed electromagnetic and massage therapy rug will do an equally good job.”

“Despite the best management routines sometimes injury is unavoidable” says Jenny Brandham, course director of the FdSc/BSc in Equine Studies at The College of West Anglia, “We work very closely with the vet’s recommendations and tailor rehabilitation programmes to the individual horse and injury. Typically for a

tendon or ligament injury the programme would start with the horse being put through the hydrotherapy spa once a day, as well as cold therapy treatment in the stable.

“Once the horse begins to improve we would reduce the number of spa treatments and gradually start to walk them out in hand.

“The aqua treadmill is particularly useful when the work load needs to be increased. At first the horse can be put on the treadmill without any water, allowing us to carefully monitor the speed and duration of exercise. Water will be introduced gradually throughout the programme to provide resistance and improve the horse’s muscle development”.

The ideal time to get organised for Winter BEFORE winter is upon us, consider carrying out some simple but effective yard maintenance.

It’s time well spent and an investment in both your property and horse’s health.

Scotts of Thrapston, manufacturers of premium timber stabling, provide some useful tips: 1. Make sure your stable is watertight.

Most deterioration is caused by water.

2. Remove vegetation growing around the roof, gutters and foundation. They accumulate water and will ultimately damage the structure.

3. Look for insect damage and fungus growth in timbers – using wood preservatives will prevent further deterioration.

4. Check doors and windows. Adjust and oil hinges and latches. Repair broken glass and rotten wooden frames.

5. Paint or stain your timber. This is the best way to preserve your buildings.

6. Check out the new accessories available on www.scottsofthrapston.co.uk.

Products such as one off stable doors, windows, roof trusses, clock towers and weathervanes, along with a host of other decorative touches and embellishments will help refurbish your stables.

7. Finally, develop a maintenance plan that records the dates you have carried out work and diarises dates to review it, to help you keep on top little by little.

For more advice and further information please contact a member of the stabling team at Scotts of Thrapston on 01832 732366 and ask for Zoe Dolan or James Scott.

For regular tips and advice on stabling join our blog www.scottsofthrapstonblog.co.uk

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