Horse Health (July/Aug 2010)

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The UK’s leading equine health & well-being magazine

July/August 10 £2.95

Bid to improve standards at horse sales

By Louise Cordell A CAMPAIGN to improve welfare standards at horse sales across the UK has been launched by charity Equine Market Watch.

The charity uses a team of volunteers to monitor equine welfare at auctions and markets around the country and is concerned that legislation put in place in 1990 is not adequately protecting the animals involved.

Elaine Tasker, EMW sanctuary manager, said: “Week on week we see horses and ponies that are put through auctions even when they are clearly unwell or injured.

“The legislation that exists does not deal with a lot of important issues, and those that it does cover are pretty much being ignored. There are some good, purpose built venues, but many others, especially the older buildings, leave a lot to be desired.

The problem is that there is no continuity, it is a postcode lottery and there is a lot that needs to be done.”

The charity has now launched a petition with the aim of getting the National Equine Welfare Council Codes of Practice used to bring the 1990 legislation up to a better standard.

Some of the issues targeted include the fact

that current rules do not give clear guidelines on the minimum age of foals for sale.

Due to this, the charity has witnessed many vulnerable horses, some as young as three months, penned with older animals and subject to injury and bullying.

Elaine added: “We are also calling for mature entire males to be penned away from all other horses, as we have seen many penned next to mares, resulting in them climbing the railings in an attempt to get through and attacking nearby geldings and colts in a show of dominance.”

The charity would like to see the introduction of on the spot fines and follow up investigations into the home conditions of animals in poor condition or showing signs of neglect.

The charity’s aim is to reach a target of 5,000 petition supporters by the end of 2010 and EMW-UK then hopes to have a meeting with animal welfare ministers to put forward the case for legislative changes.

For more information and to support the petition visit: www.petitiononline.co.uk/petition/supportof-campaign-to-tighten-the-1990-statutoryorder-no2627/109/.

French horse whisperer Jean-Marc Imbert, who trains his horses bareback using only his voice, will perform at the Royal Horse Gala alongside five of the world's outstanding classical riding schools, including Friesians from the Royal Stud of the Netherlands, this September at the O2 Arena in London.

Promoter Stuart Galbraith, who originally brought the show to Britain in 1996 said: “The first time we brought the show here it was a sell out and received rave reviews.

“It's taken 16 years to bring it back and I know audiences will feel it's been worth the wait.”

Picture: Jean-Louis Perrier

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 3

Ammonia link revealed NEW research has confirmed a link between ammonia and respiratory problems in horses.

The Horse Trust funded project has found that stabling horses results in increased exposure to environmental ammonia, and that this is associated with respiratory problems.

The presence of ammonia in stables, which is caused by the decomposition of a horse's urine and faeces, has long been a concern of horse owners and yard managers, but until now there has been little scientific research to back up the link.

The study, led by Professor Sandy Love at the University of Glasgow, looked at eight yearling Welsh Mountain ponies, who were alternately housed then grazed for periods of three weeks.

Dust, endotoxins and ammonia was monitored and the forage and bedding within the stables were also

varied to test whether this had any impact.

Love found that the stabling of horses resulted in increased exposure to environmental ammonia and that this was associated with an increase in the pH of the horse's exhaled breath. Under the study conditions, no significant differences were found in ammonia levels under the different grazing and stabling conditions.

Professor Love said: “Horse owners have long worried about the ammonia smell in stables, but there has been little scientific evidence to back this up.

“These findings comfirm that ammonia is linked to poor respiratory health, although further research is needed to confirm whether and how ammonia causes respiratory problems.”

Researchers added that although it is unclear at present how the ammonia

impacts respiratory disorders in horses, in other animals exposure has been found to result in increased mucin production and reduced pulmonary clearance.

In the next phase of the research project, Love's team are carrying out a large-scale field study to quantify the environmental risk factors - such as bedding, feeding and ventilation that predispose horses to respiratory inflammation.

Paul Jepson, chief executive and veterinary director of the Horse Trust, said: “We are pleased that the research we have funded has improved understanding around the causes of respiratory problems in horses.

“We look forward to receiving the results from the final stage of Professor Love's research, which we hope will give horse owners practical advice about how to reduce the risk of this distressing condition.”

EDITORIAL GROUP EDITOR:

Andrew Harrod Tel: 01226 734639 email: ah@whpl.net EDITOR:

Christine Keate Tel: 07825 097 464 email: chris.keate@horsehealthmagazine.co.uk REPORTER:

Louise Cordell Tel: 01226 734694 email: lcordell@whpl.net

PRODUCTION STUDIO MANAGER:

Stewart Holt email: sth@whpl.net

DEPUTY GROUP EDITOR:

Judith Halkerston email: jhalkerston@whpl.net

ADVERTISING ASSISTANT PRODUCT MANAGER:

Andrew Loades Tel: 01226 734482 Fax: 01226 734478 email: al@whpl.net NATIONAL FIELD SALES EXECUTIVE:

Ellie Robinson Tel: 01226 734483 email: er@whpl.net

Homes sought for animals NEW homes are being sought for abused horses, ponies and donkeys rescued from a horse trader in Buckinghamshire who was jailed for cruel treatment.

More than 100 animals were found were found dehydrated, starved and seriously ill at Spindle Farm in Amersham in January 2008.

The RSPCA has spent £2.3m in legal fees, veterinary bills and caring for the animals and 17 of the 36 horses they have rehabilitated are now fit and healthy enough to be re-homed.

Sally Learoyd, RSPCA equine rehoming officer, said: “Some of these animals were young, some ancient, some were sound and some wrecked. They were all sick and sorry and in desperate need of our help.

“Their rehabilitation has been a fascinating journey to witness and a testament to the bravery of horses.

“We are looking for patient, experienced owners who have the facilities, time, knowledge and money needed to care for the horses for the rest of their lives.

“These horses are mostly youngsters, so potential adopters will need to be able to offer a long-term commitment.”

James Gray of Amersham, was sentenced to a 26-week jail term when he was found guilty of animal welfare offences alongside his wife and three children. He absconded during a court hearing and when he was caught two weeks later was jailed for a further eight weeks.

Congress to look at NSAID research WORLD experts are to speak at a global FEI Congress on the incompetition use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID).

Leading authorities on NSAID research in equestrian sports will address the congress on Medication in the Equine Athlete in Swizerland this summer.

Dr Wayne McIIwraith from the USA, Professor Pierre-Louis Toutain from France and Professor Ken Hinchcliffe from Australia will be part of a high level panel of speakers at the event on 16 and 17 August.

Dr McIlwraith will speak on the effectiveness of NSAIDs in pain control, Professor Toutain on determining effective levels and Professor Hinchcliffe on the effects NSAIDs may have on equine performance.

In order to bring together the various aspects of the debate, speakers on the non-scientific perspective will

also be involved in panel discussions.

This will mean that important nonscientific aspects can be presented, including the legal status in certain countries, and the media and sponsors’ perspective, resulting in a full overview of the subject.

Registration for the Congress is now open to representatives from all stakeholder groups, including National Federations, vets, officials, FEI laboratories, racing and breeding authorities, sponsors, the IOC and the media.

Further speakers will be announced at a later date and a finalised timetable is due to be published soon.

All interested parties are advised to register for the Congress to ensure that their voices are heard in this debate, and the vote on the use of NSAIDs in competition will be taken at the FEI General Assembly in Chinese Taipei in November.

Whilst every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of all content, the publishers do not accept liability for error, printed or otherwise, that may occur.

Groom Clare with Lulu now ready to be re-homed

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS

Older horses at more risk of tendon injury OLDER horses are at an increased risk of tendon injury due to a reduction in protein renewal.

A research project funded by The Horse Trust has found that the proteins in a commonly-injured tendon are renewed less frequently in older horses, leading to an increased risk of injury.

This type of damage is one of the most common causes of wastage in the performance horse and some tendons are much more prone to injury than others.

Up to 99 per cent occur to the forelimb tendons, with the superficial digital flexor tendon, which is located at the back of the horse’s leg, being injured in 75 to 93 per cent of cases.

The research, which is being led by Dr Helen Birch at University College London, has found that SDF tendons renew themselves less frequently in older horses - the tissue half-life is more than double in a 15-year-old horse than in a five-year-old.

As the renewal rate drops, this is likely to reduce the integrity of the older horses’ tendons and could lead to an increased rate of SDFT injury, relative to younger horses.

Dr Birch said: “Most horse owners are well aware of the risk of tendon injury, yet little is known about tendon health management.

“Our research shows that tendon

renewal rate reduces as the horse ages.

“We are now working towards understanding why this is, as it may help us reduce the chances of tendon injury.”

In an earlier stage of the research, Birch's team found that the SDFT is renewed much less frequently than the common digital extensor tendon (CDET), which is located at the front of the horse's leg.

This finding was unexpected as they had hypothesised that high-strain tendons, such as SDFT, would need to be renewed more frequently than low-strain tendons, such as CDET. When the researchers measured protein age in the different tendons they found that SDFT collagen had a half-life of 198 years, compared to 34 years for CDET collagen. This means that every year, only 0.25 per cent of the collagen gets replaced in the injury-prone SDFT tissue.

Birch hypothesises that too much renewal would compromise the strength and stiffness of the SDFT, so the horse's body tries to preserve their structural integrity at the expense of increased injury risk later in life In the final stage of the research, she will be looking at whether tendon cells can be reprogrammed using mechanical signals to behave more like cells from tendons which turnover more rapidly.

Charity issues laminitis warning after pony tragedy ANIMAL charity The Blue Cross is warning of the dangers of laminitis after a pony handed over to the charity with a particularly severe case of the condition had to be euthanased on arrival.

Tango, a Shetland gelding, was recently signed over to the charity’s equine welfare centre at Burford in Oxfordshire when his elderly owner could no longer provide him with the care he needed.

However, when the pony arrived it was clear that he was in agony and virtually unable to walk.

A veterinary examination diagnosed severe laminitis and X-rays confirmed that Tango’s feet were in the worst possible state, causing him excruciating pain with no likelihood of recovery.

Natasha Seely, the Burford centre vet who treated Tango, said: “This is one of the worst cases of laminitis I have ever seen.

“The pony was in a chronic state, and had clearly been in considerable pain for some time.

“His condition and level of suffering was such that we had no option but euthanasia.”

Vicki Alford, equine centre manager at The Blue Cross, Burford, added: “Laminitis is a painful and debilitating condition that should be treated immediately by a vet and prevented from reoccurring through long-term management.

“This is a shocking example of how dangerous it can be if left untreated, and should be a warning to all horse owners.”

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 5

New strangles vaccine set for October

By Louise Cordell

in horses that are at risk of infection.

A NEW strangles vaccine is to go on sale in October, four years after being withdrawn.

Dr Roberto Ragni-Alunni, global technical manager equine at Intervet/Schering Plough Animal Health, said: “The re-launch of Equilis StrepE in Europe is an important milestone in our efforts to fully meet the needs of our customers in the equine industry.

Equilis StrepE is a new version of the vaccine that was voluntarily recalled in 2007 after some vaccinated horses were found not to be immune to the contagious respiratory disease.

However, Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health have now confirmed that three years of additional research and development have resulted in several improvements, including a better manufacturing process to ensure the product is effective throughout its shelf-life and a new applicator which makes it easier to administer the vaccine.

Equilis StrepE is administered through a submucosal injection in the upper lip of the horse and provides immunity for three months following two initial injections, four weeks apart.

“We continue to work in a very intense and comprehensive way to ensure adequate supply of our equine vaccine range.”

Strangles is a highly contagious infectious disease in horses worldwide and it is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus equi subsp. equi.

It is one of the most common bacterial equine respiratory infections and may cause major economic losses to the equine industry due to its prolonged course, recovery period and associated complications.

Football fans are urged to give horses wide berth FOLLOWING an incident in Cornwall, the British Horse Society is urging England football supporters to be aware of the dangers that flying flags on their cars could create for horses and riders.

A rider was taken to hospital after an accident when noise of flapping flags caused her horse to bolt and fall, narrowly missing a second car.

Sheila Hardy, BHS senior executive of the safety department, said: “The BHS understands fan wishing to show their support for the England team by flying St George’s flags on their vehicles.

“However, we would ask everyone to be aware that horses are likely to be startled by the loud flutter that car window flags generate and to pass any horses they encounter on the road with due care and attention.”

The Society is advising drivers with carmounted flags to slow down even more and give horses a wider berth when overtaking.

They are also asking supporters to consider flying flags only on the offside of their vehicle to allow more room between the horse and the flag.

Support for Improved horse welfare Gillian’s needed in Ireland – report lecture tour The vaccine significantly reduces clinical signs of strangles and occurrence of lymph node abscesses

A NEW report has highlighted the need for improved horse welfare in Ireland.

The comprehensive study was carried out at the University College of Dublin and funded by international horse charity World Horse Welfare.

The three-year research project, ‘Challenges and solutions to support good equine welfare practice in Ireland’, was led by a team of researchers at the university’s Veterinary Science Centre, with collaboration from groups in government, industry and animal welfare sectors.

The report focussed on four key recommendations for Ireland’s €1.5bn horse industry, these were: The regulation of horse fairs and markets.

Enforcement of horse identification.

Control of indiscriminate horse production.

Mortality is rare, but up to ten percent of recovered animals become chronic carriers of the bacteria and subsequently can spread the disease.

The humane disposal of unwanted horses.

The report found that horse production had oustripped demand in all sectors, leading to the escalation of the country’s equine welfare problems.

All the involved groups were present at the recent announcement of the study’s findings, and all were in agreement that the industry should take the lead in addressing the problems, with suitable support from the government and guidance from a range of welfare charities.

Roly Owers, chief executive at World Horse Welfare, said: “We are delighted with this report and how it has been received in Ireland.

“In fact we have been so encouraged by the project and the benefits it should bring to the future welfare of horses in Ireland, that we have now commissioned the University of Bristol to carry out similar work in England and Wales.”

Advertiser’s announcement FMBs Activo-Med Therapy Systems are supporting Gillian Higgins and her famous painted horse in the Horses Inside Out lecture tour.

There is a great deal of synergy between the two organisations as an understanding of equine anatomy and biomechanics allows riders to fully appreciate how the Activo-Med therapy system works to support the horse’s physiology.

Practical and effective for rehabilitation or everyday use, the Activo-Med Combi Pro rug works in harmony with the horse’s circulatory system, providing sequenced pulsed electromagnetic field and cyclonic massage therapy from poll to tail and to the shoulders and stifle area.

The system offers pre-set warm-up and post exercise programmes, plus

options to change therapy time, frequency and intensity to create individual therapy programmes to suit specific horses or conditions.

Sports and remedial physiotherapist, Gillian Higgins, focuses on the training and management of horses from an anatomical perspective in her Horses Inside Out demonstrations.

By painting the skeleton and musculature on to the side of a real horse, Gillian helps riders to understand equine anatomy, biomechanics and physiology.

For Horses Inside Out lecture demo dates, visit: www.horsesinsideout.com.

To organise an Activo-Med demonstration or for information on therapy systems or treadmills, call 07885 539312 or visit: www.fmbs.co.uk

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HORSE HEALTH I

New development task Survey is launched to coincide with Ragwort force set up by FEI Awareness Week A NEW Development Task Force has been set up by the FEI and will be chaired by organisation president HRH Princess Haya.

It has been asked to recommend a commonly agreed mission statement for the FEI Development Programme for approval by the Bureau and General Assembly, alongside its other responsibilities which include: To evaluate the mandate for and composition of a future development committee.

To evaluated the operation of the development committee and supporting structures within the FEI. To examine possible financial models to create a sustainable development programme in order to identify solutions which will best serve the National Federations.

To identify immediate operational priorities for development, including the creation of a five year

development plan.

The Development Task Force members are: Dmitry Titov, president of the Russian Equestrian Federation; Ho Nai Yue, president of the Asian Equestrian Federation; Betty Wates, vice president of the Jamaican Equestrian Federation; Pablo Mayorga, FEI Executive Board member; Kim Gueho, secretary general of the Mauritius Equestrian Federation; Manoj Jalan, member of the Indian National Sports Development Fund and Ludger Beerbaum, sport representative.

Princess Haya said: “As chair of this new development task force, I am honoured to be working with such an inspirational and motivated group of people.

“They have the ability to make a huge difference to the development of equestrian sport and we all recognise that it is now time to move to the next level with our development plans.”

New bottle size added to range Advertiser’s announcement MEASOM Freer have added a brand new 75ml bottle size to their popular Griffin bottle range.

This attractive oval bottle with neck size 18mm (R4) stands out from the crowd with its arching shoulders and tall slim styling.

These prestige bottles are available from stock now in 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 250ml sizes and are manufactured in house from clear PVC with other materials and colours to order.

With a wide variety of caps, spray and gel pumps and closures also manufactured in house all you will need to achieve your desired look is a printing service.

Well Measom Freer offer that too, screen printing in one or several colours is available for all their bottles and packaging products.

Their in house design team can help

you with your design and production planning.

They really are a one stop packaging service. Their attention to detail together with a reputation built up over 74 years gives their customers peace of mind when placing their orders with Measom Freer.

As well as a full custom moulding and bespoke design service they are also happy to look at small alterations to their stock ranges to help customers achieve their desired look (subject to production parameters).

Measom Freer also manufacture an extensive plastic packaging ranges, from jars and boxes to measuring scoops and fasteners with all their products designed and manufactured in-house.

For more information call: 0116 2881588, fax: 0116 2813000, email: sales@measomfreer.co.uk or visit: www.measomfreer.co.uk.

By Louise Cordell THE British Horse Society is taking Ragwort Awareness Week one step further this year, with the introduction of a new survey.

Every year horses suffer painful and unnecessary deaths as a result of damage to their livers from ragwort consumption.

Despite this, levels of the weed are on the increase and the BHS has seen a marked increase in the number of reported cases over the last few years.

The Society has suggested that this means that the laws governing ragwort are not being enforced and that many horse owners are not taking the threat that ragwort represents seriously.

However, there is currently no hard data that can be used to support these suppositions and paint a picture of the extent of the problem.

To address this, the BHS is conducting a ‘snapshot survey’ during Ragwort Awareness Week and is asking for reports of the location of ragwort spotted between

12 and 18 July.

Mapping software will be used to show the areas where the weed is most prevalent and the number of animals grazing in ragwort infested fields will be calculated.

The survey is looking for reports of ragwort when it is in or near fields being grazed by horses, sheep or cattle – but if it is a long way from livestock, for example in the middle of woodland, then it does not need to be reported. Conducting the survey during just one week means that the results can be compared to the same week in forthcoming years, enabling trends to be identified.

It is hoped that once this data has been collected it can be used to encourage better enforcement of ragwort control and potentially lobby for changes in legislation.

If you spot any ragwort during Awareness week, fill in the online survey at www.bhs.org.uk or request a hard copy of the survey from BHS Welfare on 01926 707807. When filling in the survey be as precise as possible with location information in order to allow accurate mapping.

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HORSE HEALTH I 7

Doping in sport hotline launched

By Louise Cordell

way.

EQUESTRIANS are being asked to do their bit for fair competition by reporting doping in sport.

The phone line is manned by Crimestoppers and all calls will be answered by professional call handlers trained in anti-doping.

UK Anti-Doping is urging sports people to ‘make the call’ as it launches a new confidential hotline.

The initiative comes on the back of the organisation’s first six months of operation which has already seen the formation of an Athlete Committee, celebration of five years of antidoping education and provided education and support to all of the GB team at the Vancouver Winter Olympics and Paralympics.

The Report Doping in Sport line is a new service for athletes, support personnel or concerned family and friends to pass on information about the use, supply or trafficking of doping substances.

All the information gathered will then be passed onto the UK AntiDoping Intelligence Unit to be processed, researched and investigated.

Hugh Robertson, minister for sport and Olympics, said: “UK Anti-Doping has made a strong start since its formation as an independent organisation.

“It is forging ahead in the fight against drugs in sport and this is another good initiative to protect the integrity of sport.

By dialling 0800 032 2332, callers will be able to speak to someone 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

“There is no greater threat to the sporting integrity of London's Olympics than doping and it is incumbent upon us as the host city to have the strongest possible antidoping measures in place.

It is hoped that the line will give the sporting community a simple way of lodging any suspicions or evidence they may have in an anonymous

“The 'Report Doping In Sport' hotline sends out a strong message to anyone coming to the UK that we do not tolerate cheats.”

Group set up to compile guidelines AN international group of veterinary experts has been set up to advise on preventing infectious diseases in horses.

The Prevention of Equine Infectious Disease Guidelines Group (PrEquID) is an independent panel of specialists, with expertise in immunology, vaccinology and/or equine medicine.

The group was set up to compile

guidelines for the prevention and management of major equine infectious diseases based on current scientific knowledge and available vaccines. At a recent meeting they discussed Equine Influenza and Equine Herpes virus infections.

Practical, evidence-based recommendations are currently being finalised and will be made available shortly.

Equine influenza alert line VETS can now sign up to be alerted to all recorded equine influenza cases in the UK, thanks to a new services from the Animal Health Trust.

The Trust has teamed up with Merial Animal Health to create ‘Tell Tail’, the first EI text alert service exclusively for equine vets.

The scheme aims to provide practices and their clients with what could be invaluable information in the face of a potential outbreak.

Dr Emma Batson, of Merial Animal

Health, said: “Vets will be notified of an EI outbreak within 48 hours of confirmed diagnosis.

“Not only will this allow them to alert their clients, but it may also help to encourage horse owners to become more compliant with vaccination schedules.”

Tell Tail is a free service. To register your interest, all you need to do is text your name, practice and postcode to 07797 801863 or visit www.merial.co.uk and click on the Tell Tail link.

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS

Editor’s insight...

Amazing tale of how Tim gave the gift of sight

Christine Keate

IT is always good to hear of success stories, and there can be little more gratifying than the ability to restore sight.

Horse Health is very pleased, therefore, to bring you a step-by-step account of an amazing operation on a two-week old shire filly born completely blind, carried out by veterinary ophthalmologist, Tim Knott.

This condition is extremely rare, and previously, the surgery has only been performed a very few times.

Still on the subject of equine eyes, David Donaldson, head of the Comparative Ophthalmology Unit at the Animal Health Trust, continues his insight into the diagnosis and management of equine recurrent uveitis, and the treatment options available.

Recognising and managing the stresses faced by those competing at the top of their game is always a topic on which there is plenty to say.

In this issue, David Chapman Jones

brings an in-depth look at the problems arising during recovery from tendon injuries in racehorses, and equine physiotherapist, Cath Fowdrey discusses the importance of maintaining peak physical condition to optimise performance.

She identifies many of the subtle problems that can be attributed to altered muscle function, and suggests that timely hands-on therapies should not be just for the elite performer.

Local authority horse whisperers Liane Crowther, Horse Trust welfare and education officer and Nicolas De Brauwere, Redwings head of welfare, demonstrating the use of a head collar at the Society for the Welfare of Horses and Ponies in Monmouth

A must-have for many Advertiser’s announcement POPULAR with vets, international competitors, stud farms and owners alike, Ruggle-it has become a musthave for many yards, homes and farms.

Whether you have one or 18 issues, the Ruggle-it duo of a pioneering and gentle shampoo plus a 100 per cent natural vegetable oil blend, can be used year-round on an incredible 18 issues plaguing horses, farm animals, pets and even humans.

“It is a great product and so versatile – I even use it on my own dry skin.”

And by simply adding tap water, you get an instant fly spray too.

Karen said: “The Ruggles and Stopitall Ltd ethos is to pioneer and sell products inspired from mother nature’s wisdom – to deliver results effectively and consistently with natural and kind ingredients.

Ponies in Monmouth and the Bransby Home of Rest for Horses in Herefordshire.

Paul Jepson, chief executive and veterinary director of The Horse Trust, praised the Welsh Assembly for its approach on animal welfare.

He said: “Wales is leading the way in animal welfare by giving its local authority inspectors the resources to enforce the Animal Welfare Act. “Their proactive approach will improve the welfare of horses across Wales, ensuring that welfare cases are dealt with effectively and minimising the suffering caused to horses.”

The training was carried out by Nicolas De Brauwere, head of welfare at Redwings, and Liane Crowther, welfare and education officer at The Horse Trust.

Stronger EIA measures introduced by EU

Barbara Hotchin, Lincolnshire-based horse owner, said: “I used Ruggle-it on my horse for sweet-itch and flies as well as for mud-related problems on a friend’s pony, and it really works.

Developed by ex-international rider Karen Ruggles, the mother natureinspired duo offer an effective, longlasting, versatile and gentle solution to many of today’s skin and itching problems.

OVER 40 local authority inspectors from across Wales have received ‘horse whisperer’ training in how to handle equines and assess their welfare.

It is hoped that this will allow them to better investigate complaints from the public about alleged cases of curelty and neglect involving horses, ponies and donkeys.

The trading standards and environmental health inspectors were given hands-on training in how to safely approach a horse, fit a head collar and lead the animal and how to assess health and welfare to decide whether there are any concerns. The one-day courses were organised and run by equine charities The Horse Trust and Redwings and took place at the Society for Welfare of Horse and

Whether topical skin applications, ‘pure’ probiotics and Omega 3 supplements, or even the revolutionary Fresha discs for keeping water troughs sparklingly clean, we try to think ‘outside of the box’.”

Mention this magazine to receive free postage and packaging (value £3.99) on your first order with Ruggles and Stopitall Ltd.

For more information, visit: www.karenruggles.co.uk or call 01823 259952

STRONGER measures to prevent the spread of Equine Infectious Anaemia from Romania are being introduced by the EU. EIA is a viral disease affecting equidae which is endemic to Romania, and certain rules are already in place to prevent its spread via animal movements.

However, there have been recent cases of EIA infected horses being moved from Romania to other member states and it has now been decided that efforts by Romanian authorities to control the disease would benefit from further EU measures.

Equidae from Romania will now be transported to other member states only from holdings that are certified free of EIA through a comprehensive regime, which includes double

testing before dispatch.

The new rules also reinforce traceability and post-arrival control measures once the animals reach their destination.

On top of this, they allow for a possible future ‘regionalisation’ of measures within Romania, in those areas where it can be demonstrated that the diseease has been successfully eradicated.

The decision was based on a Commission proposal that was endorsed by the member states during a two-day meeting of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health (SCoFCAH), which also agreed on a series of other measures aiming to protect animal and public health in the EU.

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HORSE HEALTH I NEWS 9

Progress on tackling strangles EXPERTS from all over the world have teamed up in Stockholm to learn about recent progress on tackling strangles.

The International Strangles Conference saw scientists and veterinary surgeons congregate at Ulfsunda Castle to further their knowledge on the equine disease.

Strangles is the most commonly diagnosed infectious disease of horses worldwide and is of major welfare and economic importance.

The conference discussed recent scientific advances made possible throught the completion of the Streptococcus equi and Streptococcus zooepidemicus genome sequencing projects and their implications for the prevention of the disease.

Carl Robinson, senior scientist at the Animal Health Trust, said: “Access to the genetic makeup of these closely related bacteria has revolutionised our ability to design better diagnostic tests and vaccines.

“This meeting has been a fantastic opportunity to bring together the world experts and really make a difference towards the eradication of strangles.”

The event was organised by the Animal Health Trust and sponsored by Intervacc, Pfizer and Intervet.

Carl added: “In recent years huge advances have been made in what we know about strangles and a wealth of new information to update scientists and veterinary surgeons on.”

Keep your clients close THE effects of the recession are being felt by everybody and horse owners are not exempt.

Vet practices have been hit by falling revenues as clients shop around and cut back on procedures they perceive as non-essential.

It is perhaps not surprising that the effects of belt tightening are being felt among equine vets.

After all, in 2009, the Horse Trust reported a five fold increase in the demand for rehoming aimals from owners who were struggling financially.

But tough times present opportunities to examine your business and to set in place strategies which will enable you to operate more successfully and pull ahead of the competition when better times return.

Client relationships:

Clients are the lifeblood of your practice and if they are happy with the service you provide, they will remain loyal, increase their spend and bring new clients.

However, if you disappoint, they will be quick to move on and make their dissatisfaction known.

So, how can you bond your clients so tightly that moving is the last thing on their minds?

Ask what they want: Carry out a survey asking for feedback on ways your practice can improve its service offering and understand their satisfaction level with your current performance. Send out the survey by letter or by e-mail with a link so that it can be filled in quickly, easily and anonymously if preferred. You might want to consider an incentive – perhaps a free vaccination or prize of your choice – for one named responder whose survey is pulled out of a hat each month.

Aside from the survey, always use your time treating their animals as a further opportunity to talk to your clients about the service the practice is providing and to hear their feedback at first hand. Time spent listening to clients' views is time well spent.

Support for programme INTELLIGENT Worming has stepped forward to support the BEF Futurity, the country’s top young horse performance potential assessment programme.

identify talent early in British bred horses and to provide feedback on their conformation, movement, athleticism and likely long term soundness.

This means that this year each Futurity participant will receive a free six month Intelligent Worming programme where they will be able to learn the most effective way to manage worm burdens in their young horses.

A panel of evaluators, a vet and nutritionist provide feedback to all Futurity participants and whether a horse is bred for dressage, showjumping, eventing or endurance, there is a Futurity section to assess their potential at one of 15 venues up and down the country in July and August 2010.

The Futurity has been designed to

Communicate: Invest time in getting to know clients and in explaining the various treatment options you propose so they understand what you're suggesting and the importance of compliance in the case of preventive health. Be open and honest – and don't shy away from issues such as cost which you may be less comfortable talking about. Don't be shy about calling them proactively to remind them about appointments or that a vaccination is due and always find out why lapsed clients have left you.

Explore ways to sustain the relationship between appointments: Hold information evenings; update them about relevant issues (eg new legislation, emerging diseases) and keep in touch via a newsletter – e-mail

is a more cost-effective format. Launch a preventive health plan or flexible payment scheme.

Keep your local profile high: Make sure it's your practice they're reading about even when they don't need you.

Get involved with community or charity initiatives and take a good 'action photo' and send a press release to the local paper. If you treat any unusual or funny cases, let the paper know.

Offer yourselves to the local radio station as experts on horse related issues or offer talks to local equestrian groups.

A few simple measures such as these will help keep your clients loyal - and a strong, committed client base gives you the ideal foundation stone on which to build the future success of your practice.

BAEDT bids to raise awareness Advertiser’s announcement 2010 is proving to be a busy year for the BAEDT with one of the main aims being to raise awareness within the general horse owning public of the importance of equine dentistry and using qualified Equine Dental Technicians.

Articles and information published recently in the equine press has helped to raise this awareness and along with a full list of BAEDT members it enables a horse owner to easily locate an EDT in their area.

At the Badminton Horse Trials in April the BAEDT trade stand proved to be a great success, handing out leaflets about equine dentistry as well as having several EDT’s on hand to talk to and a guest appearance by eventer Ruth Edge.

The stand will be seen next at

Burghley Horse Trials from 2 to 5 September so make sure you stop by if you are visiting the event.

Training continues to be an integral part of the BAEDT; following the training weekend at Cirencester Polo Club in November 2009, seven candidates passed their exams in February this year.

Continued professional development continues even after an EDT has qualified and attend courses during the year to further their knowledge.

For more information on the equine dentistry and a full list of members visit www.baedt.com.

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HORSE HEALTH I

Feeding the horse on box rest

By Claire Lawrence BSc(Hons), Company Nutritionist, Allen and Page

the gut it helps to expel gas that could otherwise build up.

A FIT horse that is suddenly injured and requiring box rest is one of every owners worst nightmares. Overnight the horse’s routine and feeding requirements are changed dramatically, which places great stress on the horse, not to mention the owner.

Forage:

When feeding any horse it is important to bear in mind the diet that their digestive system is designed for. Ideally the horse on box rest should have access to ad lib forage, which will help to keep the digestive system healthy by providing the beneficial bacteria in the gut with a source of food.

Additionally, as fibre travels through

In the confined environment of a stable, keeping it as dust free as possible is imperative to avoid allergic respiratory problems such as recurrent airway disorder (RAO).

Haylage is an obvious choice generally being a much ‘cleaner’ forage.

Haylage does tend to have a higher energy content than hay and due to its higher moisture content, it will need to be fed in greater quantities than hay which may lead to unwanted weight gain in good doers on box rest or those on limited exercise.

Hay can be of variable quality and may contain considerable levels of

fungal spores which can initiate an allergic reaction.

Soaking hay to reduce the number of inhaled respirable particles is commonplace and soaking hay for just ten minutes can reduce the number of these particles by up to 93 per cent (Blackman and MooreColyer, 1998).

Steaming hay is becoming an increasingly popular method of reducing respirable particle numbers and Blackman and MooreColyer (1998) also found that steaming hay reduced its number of respirable particles by up to 95 per cent.

Research has shown that offering several different forage types increases the frequency and length of time spent foraging (Thorne et al., 2005).

Meeting the horse’s psychological need to spend the majority of their time eating can help to prevent stereotypic behaviours developing too.

Energy requirements: Fit, hardworking horses will have been fed a high energy concentrate feed to meet their workload, however, with exercise curtailed or at least seriously limited, the horse’s energy requirements will be considerably lower.

Essential amino acids that the horse cannot manufacture itself must be supplied by the diet.

Lysine is the first limiting amino acid, and if it is not present in sufficient quantities it will affect the synthesis of other amino acids.

Good quality protein sources that are commonly used in horse feed include soya and alfalfa.

Stress: Horses under stress, i.e. those that are working hard or are unwell can benefit from the addition of antioxidants.

During oxidation nutrients are broken down and are converted into energy, during times of stress the rate of oxidation is increased to keep up with the energy demands of the body.

Concurrently the rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) also referred to as ‘free radicals’ increases too, leading to oxidative stress.

ROS are missing an electron which makes them unstable and in order for them to become stable they need to ‘steal’ an electron from elsewhere, therefore creating a chain reaction situation which can lead to tissue damage.

Counteracting the damage caused

by ROS are antioxidants, notably vitamins E and C as well as selenium.

A low energy and low starch feed will help to avoid unwanted excitable behaviour while the horse is confined to barracks.

Antioxidants scavenge for ROS and have the ability to convert them to harmless substances or to inactivate them.

Opting for a high fibre feed helps to provide a steady supply of energy as the beneficial microflora ferment fibre to produce volatile fatty acids that are made available to the horse much more slowly.

Antioxidants can also aid in the repair of damaged tissue and are commonly found in pasture grasses, so for the horse on box rest who may have no or limited access to pasture increasing the antioxidant intake may be particularly beneficial.

Using a feed containing probiotics or an additional probiotic supplement can be particularly beneficial to help the horse’s digestive system adapt to its new higher fibre diet.

Adding additional chaff to concentrate feed, not only encourages chewing and makes mealtimes last longer, but it also provides additional fibre too.

For the recuperating horse it is important to ensure that the diet contains quality protein sources to aid in the repair of muscle and other tissues.

Care does need to be taken with selenium as it can be toxic at relatively low doses.

Checking the levels of selenium that the horse is already consuming via concentrate feed and forage therefore is important before supplementing the diet with additional selenium.

With a little thought to the routine and feeding of the horse on box rest, the situation can be managed as effectively as possible to keep the horse happy and aid a rapid recovery.

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Nutrients important to ensure optimum performance

By Emma Case, BSc(Hons) of Baileys Horse Feeds ENERGY intake is often the focus of the competition horse’s diet but other nutrients are just as important to ensure optimum performance.

The provision of sufficient quality protein, for example, is critical since the essential amino acids it provides, such as lysine and methionine, are important for muscle development and function.

Where the diet is deficient, the horse will struggle to maintain a rounded top line and may lack power and strength – a fit horse should not be thin and angular.

Amino acids are also major components of the hoof (and most body tissues) and hoof quality and integrity are reliant on a combination of these plus calcium, zinc sulphur, copper, selenium, vitamin A and oils, and not on the vitamin, biotin, alone, as we are often led to believe.

This illustrates the importance of a fully balanced diet to supply all these nutrients rather than supplementation with a single nutrient alone.

Indeed, the importance of vitamins and minerals in the competition horse’s diet cannot be over emphasised.

It is often forgotten, for example, that copper is important for the formation of haemoglobin (which carries oxygen in the blood) and plays a major role in the mobilisation and utilisation of iron.

Horses who become fatigued or ‘below par’ at the end of the season may be diagnosed as slightly anaemic, for which the long-term-fix is a fully balanced diet supplying sufficient copper rather than a quickfix dose of an iron-based blood tonic.

All minerals have many functions within the body but zinc and manganese are also vital components of enzymes and play an important role in the utilisation and metabolism of carbohydrates and fats so, even though a diet many supply more than enough carbohydrates to fuel performance, if the micronutrients are in short supply, the energy sources cannot be utilized to the full.

Since they are so important, reputable manufacturers now include certain minerals in a more bioavailable form in those feeds designed to support performance.

Bioplex minerals, for example, are chelated by attaching the minerals, copper, zinc and manganese, to carbohydrate or protein molecules so that they are more easily absorbed and utilised by the horse’s body.

Likewise, selenium included in the form of an organic seleno-yeast also

Picture: Sue Carden ensures the improved bioavailability of this essential mineral to the horse at peak fitness and during times of stress.

Selenium, along with vitamins, such as vitamins C and E, are very important as antioxidants, since the greater the physical demands on the horse, from performance and the associated stress, the more free radicals are produced.

They are also involved in the immune response, helping protect against the potentially increased challenge of disease experienced by the busy competition horse.

Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids supplied by vegetable oils are not simply a source of slow release energy but also maintain healthy skin and coat condition.

Omega 3 fatty acids have antiinflammatory properties and a balance should be maintained with Omega 6 fatty acids, which have a pro-inflammatory role in the immune response.

Competition horses also benefit from the inclusion of digestive enhancers or prebiotics, to maintain gut health and function and to optimise fibre utilisation, especially when receiving a lower forage, higher cereal diet.

So, with increased requirements for so many key nutrients, it’s clear why the competition horse should receive an appropriately formulated feed however this can only provide a fully balanced diet to meet these requirements when fed at the recommended level.

Any horse receiving less than this should have the diet topped up with a nutrient-dense balancer to provide the essential nutrients without associated calories.

Horses whose temperaments or waistlines meant they are expected to compete on high fibre, low energy, lower nutrient feeds formulated for leisure horses should also have the nutritional status of their diets improved with a balancer.

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feeding and nutrition

Benefits of supplementing a horse’s diet with oil

By Kate Startin and Lisa Megginson of Lincoln Omega Gold THE benefits of feeding oil is well documented and over the last decade there has been a massive influx of high oil content feeds onto the equestrian market.

The buzz words such as ‘high omega 3’, ‘balanced omega levels’ and ‘energy without the fizz’ are seen everyday – but what does this all mean?

In the past a horse’s natural diet has not been particularly high in oil, grass hay and cereals having a total oil content of 1.5-3.0 per cent.

This can be advantageous for fussy feeders where poor appetite prevents adequate energy intake which can result in loss of condition.

There are now many feeds manufactured with higher oil content through the addition of ‘free’ vegetable based oils.

Diets that are low in starch and sugar and high in fibre and supplemented with oil can also be beneficial for horses prone to azoturia and laminitis.

Adding oil to the feed can increase the energy density per kilogram therefore reducing the need to increase the volume of feed fed to your horse.

‘Diets that are low in starch and sugar and high in fibre and supplemented with oil can also be beneficial for horses prone to azoturia and laminitis’

Cold pressing: Recently more research has been done into the feeding of oils to horses.

This research has highlighted the benefits of using cold pressed oils in place of heat extracted oils.

In the past many vegetable oils have been produced using a heat extraction technique.

The problem with this is that all the goodness in the oil is destroyed, therefore the oil that you are feeding your horse does nothing more than add calories to its diet, you get none of the health benefits which come from feeding a high quality cold pressed oil.

Essential fatty acids: Essential fatty acids are required by the body for good health, however the horse cannot manufacture them itself and they must, therefore, be present in the horse's diet.

Fatty acids make up cell membranes and are therefore involved in all processes in the body to some degree.

This means that changing the balance of fatty acids in the diet can impact on a lot of systems in the body. The body needs both essential fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 as both have different functions but are needed for optimum health and performance.

Omega 6 is a precursor of the inflammatory response, Omega 3 is necessary for reducing inflammation.

For the body to function correctly the two must be in balance, it is possible to have too little or too much of either group in a diet, but it is the ratio of the two together that is important.

The majority of horse's diets are likely to have too many omega-6s and not enough omega-3s.

The horses’ natural diet is grass and although grass is not high in oil, what is present is rich in omega-3s meaning that horses on a grass only diet will be receiving a balanced omega-3 and 6 ratio.

Hay and cereals have a high level of

omega-6 meaning horses on this type of diet will have a ratio skewed toward omega-6.

When the diet is high in omega-6 without the balancing effect of omega-3 it can lead to inappropriate inflammatory responses such as arthritis, allergic reactions, laminitis and exercised induced pulmonary haemorrhage in high performance horses.

The omega 6:3 ratio is unlikely to be the primary cause for any of these diseases, but in a horse predisposed to these conditions it could be a consideration.

Supplementation with omega-3 to horses on a high omega-6 diet elicits a reduction in inflammatory response in cells, showing that it could help modify the inflammatory response seen in these diseases.

A diet high in omega-3 could therefore prevent or reduce the severity of symptoms.

Rapeseed oil: Oilseed Rape has been selectively bred to contain the essential fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 in a balanced ratio of 1:2 respectively, along with a source of vitamin E. The vitamin E is an antioxidant which prevents the oxidising of the omega3, if oxidisation occurs the oil may become rancid and unpalatable to the horse.

Supermarket-bought, human grade oils, which have been through a heat extraction, are processed to improve their shelf life and most do not contain the essential fatty acids which would be beneficial to your horse.

They will still work as an energy or calorie source, but will not supply any omega-3 or 6 fatty acids.

Rapeseed oil has been fed extensively to horses in Canada and America as canola oil however cold pressed rapeseed oil has only recently become popular in the UK.

Conclusion: Oil in most forms can be fed to horses and is a useful source of calories providing slow release energy without the ‘fizz’ associated with traditional cereal feeds.

As omega-3 and 6 cannot be made by the horse’s body it must be fed as part of the diet provided in a balanced form.

Cold pressed rapeseed oil is an ideal oil to feed to your horse as it achieves this balance.

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Lifeforce Formula to be won by Horse Health readers TWO Horse Health readers are in with a chance to win a month’s supply of Alltech Lifeforce Formula worth £49.99.

travelling and competing, Lifeforce will support overall health at times when the horse is vulnerable through sickness or injury.

Alltech has developed its new Lifeforce Formula to support the horse through a range of challenges as it goes from growing foal and beyond, into working or competitive life and eventual old age.

Broodmares and stallions can also benefit from Lifeforce, while the antioxidant-rich formulation is ideal for nursing foals as they face immunity challenges.

Thirty years of research have gone into this natural supplement, which is designed to create the optimum digestive environment to promote peak condition and help maintain strong hooves, a glossy coat and general good health and well-being.

As well as helping the equine athlete cope with the stress of training,

For your chance to win, send your name, address and a contact telephone number to: Alltech Giveaway, Horse Health Magazine, 47 Church Street, Barnsley, South Yorkshire S70 2AS. Entries must be received by 6 August 2010 and the winners’ names will appear on the Horse Health website at: www.horsehealthmagazine.co.uk.

Positive feedback to product SINCE the launch of Vetrofen Equine and Pet, Animalife has been receiving unprecedented levels of customer feedback via e-mail, fax, post and vets.

The reason? People’s horses and pets are now mobile, happy and comfortable.

In most cases Vetrofen Equine and Pet is used long term to support

mobility and joint stiffness or the arthritis associated with old age but it is also very good for short term management of assisting their flexion whilst managing bumps and bruising fast.

It is 100 per cent natural, safe for long term use with no side effects, and contains no banned substances.

Specialised rosehip supplement NEW Litovet is a specialised rosehip supplement for equine joint health that has a unique standardised GOPO content, achieved through a patented manufacturing process.

Unlike many other feed supplements for horses, the beneficial effect of Litovet is supported by extensive research studies in humans and by an equine specific study carried out in performance horses.

In a double blind placebo controlled trial involving 74 horses, Litovet

helped to maintain the horses' natural anti-inflammatory processes and significantly boosted antioxidant defences which resulted in horses with better suppleness and a greater willingness to work in the supplemented group.

Litovet is suitable for all types of horses and ponies, available in 1.5kg tubs lasting approximately two months and 3kg tubs lasting approximately four months at maintenance level.

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Veterinary opthalmologist Tim Knott has been carrying out pioneering work at the Rowe Veterinary Group’s Equine Eye Clinic. Christine Keate found out more.

Pioneering work gives sight to Shire foal SIGHT has been restored to Mary Anne, a 14-day-old Shire foal, who was born blind.

ability to quantify vision in non human patients is limited.

This condition is extremely rare, but modern technology and the skills of senior cataract surgeon, Tim Knott, BSc(Hons) BVsc MRCVS Cert Vet Ophth, assisted by veterinary ophthalmologist Brian Patterson, successfully performed the bilateral cataract surgery.

However, the lens is designed to reproduce the function of the normal equine lens and it is expected that as long as Mary Anne’s eye grows normally (which is not always the case in foals who are born with cataracts), her visual ability should be indistinguishable from a ‘normal horse’.

Tim trained alongside human cataract surgeons, and used the same instruments and equipment which would be used during human surgery.

Veterinary ophthalmologists have the ability to test for refractive errors (long or short sightedness) in horses in the same way as an optician does for people.

The procedure: The procedure was carried out using one of the very few equine cataract machines in the UK. Both cataractous (white) lenses were removed using phacoemulisification the same technique as used in human cataract surgery, and replaced with artificial lenses.

These are engineered in Germany; they are acrylic and machined using natural diamonds in a process involving dozens of technicians.

The manufacturing process and material is the same used for many human artificial lenses.

Phacoemulsification is a technique where the lens material is liquefied and then aspirated (sucked out) through a needle.

The needle acts like a miniature jack hammer vibrating backwards and forwards some 40,000 times a second.

This acts to liquefy the usually solid lens contents, allowing it to be aspirated through the needle which can be inserted in to the eye through a small (1mm) incision.

Until very recently the only equipment available for cataract surgery relied on needles designed for the much smaller human lens.

Results: The availability of cataract machines and needles optimised for the much larger equine lens means the advent of a much safer and more successful procedure in the horse, and the prospect not only of returning vision, but restoring it to that close to the normal horse.

This is not the same as saying Mary Anne will have ‘normal vision’ as the

This technique (refractometry) was used in the development of the equine lenses and Mary Anne’s refraction will be checked when she is fully grown.

The future: Several factors may result in sub optimal vision as she ages, for which she will be monitored.

Firstly, the artificial lens is held within a transparent membrane (the lens capsule) which previously held the abnormal opaque (cataractous) lens material.

This membrane can scar leading to some fogging of the vision - this happens commonly in humans and may necessitate laser surgery to cut a hole in the membrane.

If scarring of the membrane occurs in Mary Anne, the large size of the lens and design of the equine retina, which relies on a larger ‘picture’ formed on the retina than in man, means that further surgery is very unlikely to be required.

The second factor which may affect vision, is whether Mary Anne’s eye will grow to the normal size.

The lens is supposed to focus light on the retina which is some 18mm behind the front of the eye (the cornea) in man.

If our eyes are too long then the image is focused in front of the retina (this is commonly referred to as short sightedness), if our eyes are too short, then the image is focused behind our retina (long sightedness).

If Mary Anne’s eyes do not reach the full adult size (a condition called microphthalmia – literally ‘small eye’ often associated with cataracts) then she would be expected become relatively long sighted.

Tim Knott operating on Mary Anne Pictures: Sue Carden In a human we would expect shortsightedness or long-sightedness to cause demonstrable problems, however, because of the design of the much larger equine eye it is likely that such errors in vision would have less effect on Mary Anne.

Interestingly there have been several cases reported of horses with demonstrated shortsightedness, which has been corrected with contact lenses with reported improvement in behaviour and performance. Finally, to put this in perspective, the removal of a cataractous lens without replacing it with an artificial lens, whilst restoring vision will not restore normal vision or anything near it.

Equine patients without lens

replacement are estimated to be eight to ten dioptres long sighted, which would render them legally blind if human.

The technique used in this procedure has only been used in a small number of UK horses, and offers the very real option of restoring normal or near normal vision to blind foals.

Veterinary nurses Jess Izzard (Bushy Equine Practice) and Jo Franks (Equine Eye Clinic) assisted during the operation.

Mary Anne and mother Faith, who has normal eyes with no cataracts present, stayed at the Bushy Equine Clinic for one week after the surgery.

She was cared for and medicated by the Bushy team and checked daily by Tim.

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Mary Anne was anaesthetised, clipped and scrubbed prior to local anaesthetic injection behind the eye to facilitate surgery. A similar local anaesthetic injection is used in humans, however, it is introduced from the front of the eye rather than from above as in Mary Anne. She was draped and an operating microscope used to visualise the eye.

1

Right eye pre-surgery. The central inverted Y visible in the centre of the cataractous lens is caused by splitting of the abnormal lens contents. The roughened areas at 12 and six o'clock on the pupil margin are normal – these ‘granula iridica’ are the horse’s built in sun shades to stop them being dazzled by the sun when grazing.

2

The eye has been cleaned, draped and exposed prior to the start of surgery. Two small incisions are made into the eye at the edge of the cornea. A 1mm wide hole is made using a special knife designed for performing the same procedure in man. A second 3mm incision is later made to allow cataract removal via a specially designed needle. The cataract is removed by microsurgical key-hole surgery using the special equine cataract (phacoemulsification) machine. Whilst the actual cataract removal took only 47 seconds for both eyes, the entire procedure was in excess of three hours long.

Mary Anne ten days post surgery. The artificial lens can be clearly seen in the centre of the pupil. The ‘flecks of gold’ which can be seen through the lens is the natural reflective pigment present beneath the retina of the horse (the tapetum lucidum), which cause horses’ eyes to glow at night. The eye takes on a green glow which indicates that the operation is now allowing light to enter the eyes, and reflect back out again from her tapetum lucidum.

5

The cataractous lens has been removed and the artificial intraocular lens (IOL) placed; the concentric rings of the lens are visible. Tim is closing the corneal wound using microsurgical suture material a fraction of the thickness of human hair.

The artificial lens is 24mm wide, but is uniquely designed to allow it to be folded and inserted through a much smaller incision. The concentric rings (fresnel rings) allow the powerful lens to be flat (like a credit card magnifying lens).

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Mary Anne seeing mum (Faith) for the first time.

The ‘fresnel rings’ are clearly seen in this view down the operating microscope. Similar lenses are used in light houses, overhead projectors and credit card magnifying lenses.

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HORSE HEALTH I

Equine recurrent uveitis – the long run

By David Donaldson BVSc (Hons) DipECVO MRCVS, European Specialist in Veterinary Opthalmology for the Animal Health Trust IN the first part of this editorial the diagnosis and management of an attack of ‘acute’ uveitis was discussed.

By definition, a diagnosis of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) can only be made when a recurrent attack of uveitis occurs.

The interval between an initial and subsequent episode of uveitis is highly variable and may be months to years, although after two years the chances of developing ERU is greatly reduced.

Similarly, the risk of the disease affecting both eyes (when the initial presentation involved one eye) is much smaller if two or more years pass without the fellow eye being affected.

Most cases of ERU follow a pattern of recurrent episodes of uveitis separated by quiescent periods during which the eye appears normal or near normal.

The changes visible in the eye during a quiescent period will depend on the damage that occurred during the active episode(s) of ERU. These changes include darkening (hyper-pigmentation) of the iris, adhesions between the iris margin and the lens (synechiae), pigment deposition on the surface of the lens, opacity in the lens (cataract) and shrinking (atrophy) of the granula iridica.

The granula iridica is the protuberant mass which is normally found at the top of the horse’s pupil.

During the quiescent phases of classic ERU, treatment isn’t normally prescribed.

During this time general changes in husbandry may be implemented to reduce the incidence of attacks.

Normal eye of a horse showing the typical degree of iris pigmentation and large protuberant granula iridica at the top margin of the pupil. The lens, which can be seen in the pupil is clear, the pupil margin is smooth and no pigment is evident on the surface of the lens Triggers: The role of external triggers in the development of recurrent disease is poorly understood; factors implicated as having an effect on the pattern of disease recurrence include strong sunlight, wind, fly worry, allergies, worming, vaccinations, competition and transport related stress, trauma and changes to pasture and feeding.

Keeping a record of such variables may help isolate factors important for triggering recurrence in a particular individual and therefore allow more specific management changes.

The horse’s general medical care should be up to date and include routine worming, vaccination, foot and dental care.

Although optimizing the horse’s health should reduce the chances of the horse suffering diseases which could activate the immune system, there have been cases where ERU appears to have been triggered by the process of worming or vaccination itself.

Prevention: If such an association is made, using a short course of anti-inflammatories at such times would be indicated.

Horse eyes affected by varying degrees of ERU-related damage. Abnormalities include shrinking of granula iridica (open arrows), opacities in the normally clear lens (closed arrows) and irregularity of the iris margin (arrowheads) due to adhesions between the iris and lens. The damage in the picture above is mild with fine white lines in the lens and minor pupil irregularity

several weeks rather than in combination to spread out the stimulation of the horse’s immune system.

More common day to day measures include the use of a protective fly mask, fly repellants and reducing dust in stables.

The inside of stables should also be examined carefully and any edges or projections such as nails or hooks, on which a horse could catch or rub the eye.

These should be removed or covered.

Avoidance of hay nets will also reduce the risk of ocular trauma from a piece of hay.

Surgical intervention: In many horses with ERU the disease progresses despite optimal management of the horse’s environment and appropriate medical interventions.

In such cases partial or total loss of vision from an eye is usually inevitable.

Until recently no treatment options were available for such horses.

However, two surgical procedures have now become available which aim to reduce the overall ocular damage in ERU cases.

Vaccinations can also be given over

‘Although optimizing the horse’s health should reduce the chances of the horse suffering diseases which could activate the immune system, there have been cases where ERU appears to have been triggered by the process of worming or vaccination itself’

The surgeries used to control ERU are suprachoroidal ciclosporine CsA implantation and vitrectomy.

Vitrectomy is a procedure where the core of the vitreous gel is removed and replaced with saline.

The idea is to remove inflammatory cells that are sequestered in the vitreous.

Leptospiral organisms have also been identified within this material.

This surgical approach has been used successfully in Germany for a number of years, where it has dramatically reduced the number of attacks compared with untreated horses.

Vitrectomy is a highly specialized procedure which requires a general anaesthetic and specialised surgical knowledge and equipment.

The vitrectome is introduced into the posterior segment of the eye via an incision through the sclera.

Visualisation of the cutting end of the vitrectome and its direction can be through the pupil (transpupillary) or via an endoscopic probe placed through the sclera, depending on surgeon preference/experience, as well as the presence of cataract which would preclude transpupillary visibility.

The procedure is undertaken during quiescence and only where there is evidence of ERU (two or more documented episodes of uveitis).

Possible complications include retinal detachment, infection (endophthalmitis), notwithstanding the general anaesthetic risks.

Suprachoroidal CsA implantation involves placement of a CsA implant underneath the sclera of the eye and adjacent to the vascular bed of the eye (choroid).

Continued on Page 19

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In contrast to the picture opposite this horse has complete whiteness of the lens and a grossly distorted pupil margin with pigment dispersal and clumps on the surface of the lens.

Uncertainty over why some horses respond better than others to implants Continued from Page 18 The implants are biodegradable and slowly release CsA over a period of 3.2 years.

The CsA implant works by suppressing the immune system locally within the eye without affecting the function of the immune system in the rest of the body.

Outcomes: In one study about 75 per cent of eyes that receive a CsA implant did not have another episode of uveitis.

Those that do relapse generally have less severe episodes that are more easily controlled medically.

It is not fully clear why some horses respond better to CsA implants than others, although those with more inflammation in the posterior part of the eye, particularly if related to Leptospiral bacteria, may not respond as well as those with more anterior signs.

At the AHT the recommended surgical procedure for an individual case is dependant on the presenting ophthalmic changes and whether the patient is in ‘remission’ or clinical signs are considered maximally controlled by medical treatment.

‘The surgical treatments available at present are intended to limit the frequency, and reduce the severity of the recurrences of uveitis’

Ciclosporine implant (blue arrow) being sutured in place underneath the sclera or a horse.

In the absence of significant posterior segment changes, as with the case described, suprachoroidal CsA implantation is usually recommended.

In cases where severe vitreal changes are present, particularly if significant vitreal debris and membrane formation are evident then vitrectomy is considered.

The surgical treatments available at present are intended to limit the frequency, and reduce the severity of the recurrences of uveitis.

Greater control of the ERU is expected to reduce the long term, potentially blinding, sequelae of ERU including cataract, glaucoma and retinal detachment.

A horse that undergoes surgical treatment will need to be monitored lifelong as recurrences are still anticipated, and with better control the recurrence may be less obvious to the owner.

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B l o o d s t o c k m a tter s

Tendon pathology Dr David Chapman-Jones of the Racehorse Performance and Treatment Centre THERE are two clear factors that must be considered when dealing with tendon pathology.

Firstly, the longitudinal arrangement of the collagen fibres that make up 90 per cent of the structure of the tendon needs to be maintained.

When disrupted through injury and pathology, recovery can be significantly aided by regular exercise at a frequency, duration and intensity appropriate to the condition of the tendon.

Secondly, disorganised fibrous tissue will be detrimental to the long-term viability of the functional capacity of the tendon, therefore, opportunity for the accumulation of this should be minimised.

Tendon injuries: Tendons are physiologically and structurally complicated and often injuries have long healing times and convoluted aetiology.

In use they undergo constant loading and un-loading, often to extremes, and are only capable of minimal elastic elongation, which makes them prone to injury. Tendons contain little vasculature and as a result the blood supply is poor.

Stretching the tendon can help the remodelling phase of the tendon tissue.

This is also true of ligaments and this poor blood supply often results in long healing times.

In the racehorse the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is the most commonly affected tendon and the suspensory ligament the most frequently affected ligament.

It is almost certain, as is the case in human subjects, that the injury is nearly always preceded by chronic degeneration in the tendon, when there is a repair a type III collagen (scar type tissue) replaces the normal type I collagen.

where the general philosophy in musculo-skeletal medicine is that ‘mobilisation is preferential to immobilisation’.

This scar tissue is less flexible than the original tissue which increases the risk of re-injury.

Methods of mobilisation used can be: walking in hand and under saddle – when appropriate over a variety of terrains and gradients, eccentric proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitative stretching and basic schooling work where the body is treated as a whole entity rather than concentrating on the injury in isolation.

For many of these injuries time is not the best healer; commonly left to its own devices the tendon will repair with a type III fibrous collagen so compromising the functional viability of the structure.

Treatments: This suggests an optimal treatment would be one that prevents this chronic degeneration and promotes a repair with a type 1 collagen.

A structured exercise programme can significantly improve the prognosis in the case of a horse with a tendon injury. The model for the a rehabilitation programme, I feel, should be based upon principles used extensively in human medicine,

A badly-damaged tendon.

This is particularly important in the re-modelling phase of tissue replacement.

Unless an injury is very severe I would not follow a regime of sustained period of box rest.

Walking in hand is preferable to the use of a circular horse walker, ideally in a straight line or using a treadmill, which will reduce the torsional stress on the developing fibrillar matrix and cross-links, during the remodelling phase of tissue repair.

Continued on Page 21

‘Methods of mobilisation used can be: walking in hand and under saddle – when appropriate over a variety of terrains and gradients, eccentric proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitative stretching and basic schooling work where the body is treated as a whole entity rather than concentrating on the injury in isolation’

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B l o o d s t o c k matter s Continued from Page 20 Why the SDFT? Tendon tissue is biologically unusual in that it follows a pattern of embryonic regeneration.

This means that the tissue is constantly being broken down and replaced with new tissue – there is a constant cycle of degeneration and regeneration.

If this cycle maintains equilibrium, despite the fact that there may transient changes in the balance, it will remain within a functional tolerance.

Stretching helps the collagen fibres align correctly.

However, particularly in the superficial digital flexor tendon in the horse this balance is not maintained (cellular activity is reduced after the horses reaches the age of three/four).

The reasons for this are not yet clearly understood, however, the effect of this reduced level of cellular activity is, the reduced capacity of the tendon to adapt and respond to repeated levels to mechanical stress induced micro-trauma.

This is why we see degenerative pathology prevalent in the older horse. The same is also true in humans in the Achilles tendon.

It is interesting to note that in the immature racehorse there is a considerable level of collagen synthesis in the SDFT, which tails off as the horse matures; this contrasts with the common digital extensor tendon (CDET) that maintains collagen turnover into maturity.

Injury to the SDFT is a very common occurrence, which prematurely ends the careers of many competition horses whilst injury in the CDET is rare.

Biomechanical analysis

How tendons are made:

Where tendon cell membranes meet they contain gap junctions.

Tendons and ligaments have a highly structured and ordered cellular organisation within the tissue matrix.

Tendon cells are arranged in longitudinal rows between collagen based fibre bundles.

These gap junctions are specialized areas of the cell membrane that are organised collections of protein channels that allow ions and small molecules to negotiate their way between connected cells.

Within the rows the cells are arranged in a manner so they are in contact end-to-end.

These channels facilitate cellular communication, which enable cells to balance their key regulatory ions and molecules.

Between the rows they are in contact via processes that extend around the collagen fibrils so one cell will meet up with a process from another cell.

It appears that the major physiological role of the gap junction

is to synchronize metabolic and electronic signals between cells enabling key functions such as proliferation and differentiation.

It is believed that different types of gap junctions occur in lateral and longitudinal planes, which have different communication characteristics, therefore, in theory, will have differing capacities to pass messages longitudinally and laterally.

This makes sense as the principal line of strain is along the longitudinal plane.

‘It is interesting to note that in the immature racehorse there is a considerable level of collagen synthesis in the SDFT, which tails off as the horse matures; this contrasts with the common digital extensor tendon (CDET) that maintains collagen turnover into maturity’

It is suspected that the failure in the correct function of these gap junctions is responsible for the significant down regulation of cellular activity in tendon cells, which promotes the breakdown of the tissue architecture.

Conclusion: In the racehorse it is probable that some horses are carrying a genetic predisposition to present with future tendon problems.

Evidence suggests that this is caused by a down regulation of the regenerative phase of tendon tissue replacement.

If this is the case, then horses with the potential to present with tendon problems, and we do not know in advance which horses are affected, should be managed more carefully.

Ultimately, the aim should not be, what is the best method to treat a horse with a tendon problem, rather, how can the incidence of tendon injury be reduced?

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HORSE HEALTH I

Cover all bases ...

By David Ashby, Bloodstock underwriter for Amlin Plus, specialist insurer of Thoroughbred horses TODAY’S elite sports horses and bloodstock travel long distances in the course of their competitive careers, so owners and trainers are now mindful of the need for insurance that covers the horse during transit.

It is wise to choose an insurer whose products match the value, both personal and monetary, of the horse, as it is a a case of ‘you get what you pay for’ in the insurance field; a ‘bargain’ policy may not provide the required cover, whatever its type.

Most equine breeders, regular competitors and trainers that travel their horses extensively choose a mortality policy that includes Transit Insurance – the cover is usually available as an ‘add-on’ to standard policies, and covers the horse during initial loading and transit.

Alternatively, one-off transit policies can be purchased these cover death during the trip as well as for a set duration after arrival.

Policies vary, and it is important to check what time-scales, methods of transport and international destinations are covered. For example, those travelling to European destinations may travel by road, whereas other destinations are more usually traversed by air, or sometimes sea.

Taking precautions: Some All Risks Of Mortality policies cover the horse during transit, but may restrict the cover to local journeys; for example, local horse shows and veterinary trips. Check the policy wording to see what coverage is supplied.

policy before transporting the horse.

The transporter themselves must also have their own commercial hire and reward insurance.

travelling abroad on unfamiliar roads, and of course, satellite navigation helps.

Naturally, accidents can be prevented by sound loading and travelling techniques, such as using protective travel wear and boots, and travelling the horse in a comfortable, familiar position in a ventilated vehicle.

Remember that insurance policies tend to have clauses that exclude ‘failure by the insured or other persons who have care or control of the horse to provide proper care and attention’, so it is vital for the horse’s carers to reduce the risk factors for accidents at all times, whether during transit or at the horses’ yard.

Most horses prefer to travel rearfacing, as they maintain their balance more easily in this position.

It is also important to overcome any loading problems in advance of events.

It is important to note that commercial transporters will probably not cover a horse during transit, and if they do, it may only be for a relatively small amount.

From the driver’s point of view, factoring in rest stops and choosing an experienced, careful driver will help to prevent accidents on the road.

They may request proof of insurance

This is especially important when

The carer’s responsibility:

In addition, under The Welfare of Animals During Transport Council Regulation, anyone transporting animals must ensure the animals are fit for the intended journey.

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) also has guidelines for The Global Standard for the Transportation of Live Animals by Air.

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HORSE HEALTH I 23

On the road: feeding competition horses while travelling ...

By Anna Pyrah of The Pure Feed Company

intestine to become temporarily imbalanced.

TRAVELLING undoubtedly has an impact on the horse, and the way in which it is fed during this time can sometimes be overlooked or misjudged.

Trickle feeding of fibre (preferably hay and not haylage, due to the acidity of haylage caused by the preservation process) not only satisfies the evolutionary need for grazing, but also has other related benefits.

The environmentally induced stress may cause digestive transit time to be increased, resulting in incomplete degradation of the feed.

It could even induce a change in gastrointestinal pH, causing the population of beneficial and not so beneficial microbes in the large

The absorptive nature of hay means that it can help to retain water and nutrients in the gut, it is digested slowly in comparison to high sugar and starch concentrates, and will also help to reduce the occurrence of stomach ulcers due to the delayed

‘Trickle feeding of fibre (preferably hay and not haylage, due to the acidity of haylage caused by the preservation process) not only satisfies the evolutionary need for grazing, but also has other related benefits’

gastric emptying and the increased production of saliva through increased mastication.

The addition of succulent feeds such as carrots and apples as a substitute for grass is not advised, as they include high amounts of sugars which may not only release a burst of readily utilizable energy, but the by-products of digesting high sugar (and starch) can alter the pH in the large intestine, creating an unappreciated acidic environment for the beneficial bacteria responsible for the breakdown of the otherwise indigestible, structural carbohydrates.

This acidic environment can destroy the beneficial bacteria, leading to a reduction in the ability to break down the fibrous components of the diet, releasing endotoxins into the blood - a contributory cause of laminitis.

With large intestinal health in mind, a useful factor to include in the horse’s diet can be a pre and pro biotic.

This can help to keep the beneficial bacteria at the optimum functioning population, and should be gradually introduced over a week or so, in order to minimize the shock to the digestive system.

Changing diet in the short term, in accordance to a change in situation for example, reducing concentrate feed intake before a show if a horse is a stressful traveller or competitor, or increasing intake to boost a lazy horse is not beneficial.

Any abrupt change in amount or type of feed will only not only cause digestive upset, but a sudden increase in the volume of feed may induce a bout of colic.

The key when travelling horses is to keep the feeding regime as similar as possible to normal.

A high fibre diet, ad lib hay, and feeding times consistent with the regular daily routine, with a good supply of fresh water, will give the horse the best chance of being as digestively sound as possible for the competition ahead.

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Overloading can have serious consequences IT is becoming a more familiar site on our roads – vehicles being pulled over for spot checks by the Vehicle and Operator Services Agency (VOSA) to check for road worthiness.

If you are the type of owner who knows something about maintaining vehicles then surely you should have no concerns, but what do you do about factors that are not so easy to see, such as the weight of the vehicle?

Once the weight of the horses is added to the vehicle along with all the tack and feed, how do you know you are not beyond the legal limit?

Under The Road Traffic Act 1972 and The Motor Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1978, it is a punishable offence to use (or permit to use) on the Public Highway, a vehicle whose weight exceeds its plated gross weight or where the maximum plated axle weight is exceeded.

The plated weights include the unladen vehicle and any payload then added on.

You would be amazed at just how many people believe that a 7.5 tonne vehicle can carry 7.5 tonnes of payload.

Over-loading makes a vehicle less stable, can invalidate your insurance and increases the wear and tear on

the tyres, on the suspension, on the road itself and it will also affect braking and steering.

Imagine the horror if this caused the loss of a prize stallion when the driver had no idea the vehicle was unsafe.

Punishment is a fine of up to £5,000 per offence; this can mean that a 7.5 tonne vehicle can potentially generate fines of up to £15,000 in a single case (one fine per axle, plus one for the gross).

Repeat offenders may well see their Operators License taken away and the Road Traffic Act 1988 states that driving a dangerously over-loaded vehicle carries a maximum two years imprisonment.

According to its Effectiveness Report of 2005/6, VOSA stopped nearly 75,000 vehicles for overloading in that year, and over a quarter of these were issued with prohibitions.

The figures show that LGV's are often the worst offenders, with 38.7 per cent of light vehicles prohibited when stopped.

Red Forge is a market leading company in the field of Axle Load Indication.

With a Red Forge system, the vehicle can be made to give a warning when the vehicle is overloaded on any axle or the gross weight.

Fatigue reduction and foot protection DOES your horse kick out at the partitions when travelling? Is he a problem loader that slips off the ramp? Or does he travel long distances, and become fatigued?

The Old Mac G2 boot from Easycare Inc. could be the answer.

Distributed by Trelawne Equine, wholesaler of natural hoofcare products, the Old Mac G2 is easily fitted, and offers not only protection when travelling (in addition to padded leg boots), but also helps lessen fatigue during long journeys by providing foot stability and comfort.

The boot can be used during transport over metal shoes to help protect the foot from bulb and tendon damage, and prevent bruising to the hoof wall and sole.

The exceptional traction also helps

improve the horse’s confidence when loading.

Trelawne Equine is the UK’s dedicated distributor of the Easycare range of horse boots.

In addition to the Easycare range, Trelawne Equine also stocks other carefully selected products, including the Rider’s Rasp.

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HORSE HEALTH I 25

The importance of equine rehabilitation and remedial therapy

By Catherine Fowdrey AMCST, MCSP, BHSII, BSc(Hons) of Equestrian Physiotherapy, Horse and Rider Treatment Centre IN this current age of ‘world class performance programmes’ and sports academies the importance of maintaining peak physical condition is well recognised.

Aspects of this include the provision of timely, relevant hands-on therapy (whether it be massage, physiotherapy, osteopathy or chiropractic) and the use of progressive intelligent exercise programmes to hone the skill and the ability of the athlete.

These organisations also recognise the need for medical care and rehabilitation when injuries are sustained to minimise damage and promote optimal recovery.

How does this, or should this, translate to the equine world?

There are those fortunate enough to be part of the World Class Performance Programme, receiving the best advice, training and treatment but what for the rest of us?

Owners and riders are becoming aware of the many factors that affect a horse’s performance. Acknowledging subtle changes is the first step in realising something may be wrong.

This may just be a feeling the rider has, or a change in the horse’s attitude to work or reaction to the aids. There may be more obvious signs of reluctance to pick up a particular canter lead, resistance to lateral work or always taking off or landing on a particular leg over a fence or, the most blatant signs of discomfort such as rearing, bucking and refusing to jump.

The key is the change in behaviour.

If the horse is new to you, and demonstrates what you feel is an abnormal asymmetry or behaviour it

is best to have it checked out physically to eliminate problems, before potentially exacerbating them, hindering your training programme and also your relationship with the horse.

used when indicated (H-wave, TENS, interferential, short wave diathermy, therapeutic ultrasound, electroacupuncture).

Many of the subtle problems identified above can be attributed to altered muscle function, for example:

To many who have been involved with training horses, these will be second nature.

Blocked, tight or damaged paraspinal muscles (longissimus dorsi, iliocostalis dorsi and latissimus dorsi) prevent the horse working over his back; he will therefore, hollow and be unable to correctly engage the hind quarters, this will affect dressage scores and block the transmission of power from the hind quarters limiting scope over a fence.

You may notice that the horse sounds heavier on his front feet, or the front shoes are wearing quicker than normal as he is unable to shift the weight to the hindquarters.

A horse that has strained or altered tone in the shoulder girdle muscles may be more reluctant to go down hills, prefer to land from a fence on the unaffected forelimb or indeed stop jumping altogether.

A more subtle sign may be less extravagant medium or extended paces where the horse will compensate for the tight side by reducing the overall length of step to appear level.

Tight or damaged hamstrings may result in decreased tracking up, decreased hind limb power and resistance to lateral work.

Treatments: As with human athletes soft tissues can be treated with hands-on techniques such as massage, reflex inhibition, acupressure, trigger point release, mobilisations, manipulations, adjustments and stretches.

Electrotherapy modalities may be

All these should be complemented by appropriate remedial exercises.

A basic working knowledge of anatomy is required, sensible achievable goals and a little lateral thinking.

A human athlete who has suffered a hamstring tear would (alongside manual and electro therapies) follow a strict programme of strengthening, stretching and stabilisation, along with proprioception exercises and reestablishing muscle patterns and reactions.

This could include lungeing, longreining, use of pessoa/side-reins, pole work, raised poles, weighted boots, use of different surfaces (for proprioception) and all types of ridden work (flat/grids/jumping).

Muscular spasm and altered muscle tone in horses can occur as a result of compensation due to underlying pathologies (joint, tendon or systemic).

The horse’s age and level of training must also be taken into account.

To give horses the best chance of a full recovery and reduce the incidence of recurrence the same principles should be applied.

An assessment therefore must be multifactoral, but it is worthwhile considering that a problem may just be muscular.

The exercise or schooling programme should be progressive and cover general physical development as well as targeting the problem areas.

So in order to ‘bend it’ like Beckham or run like Paula Radcliffe maybe our horses should be treated like professional athletes.

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HORSE HEALTH I

Holistic service in East Sussex Advertiser’s announcement AT The Centre for Horse and Rider Treatment, Training and Rehabilitation in East Sussex we provide a unique holistic service which includes:

By Celia Gadd, brand manager at Equivet Animal Care

Physiotherapy and manual therapy for horses and riders by qualified registered staff.

ATHLETIC training and competitions are hard on a horse, with increased exercise, training and travel all contributing to extra strain on their bodies.

Treatment of acute/subacute veterinary referrals (tendon/ligament damage).

Hot/cold compression treatment.

Post-operative treatment and care.

Fantastic purpose built in-patient facilities.

Remedial Training to deal with any particular training issues whether these are due to behavioural, physical or psychological issues.

Electrotherapy. (H-wave, TENS, Interferential, electro-acupuncture).

Remedial saddle fitting service (WOW and Flair).

Horse and rider training for general improvement.

Training liveries.

This is delivered by our MultiDisciplinary Team comprising: British Horse Society intermediate instructor and assistant instructor with experience riding and producing horses to international

How to help horses take extra strain

level eventing and showjumping.

List 3 and FEI dressage judge.

Chartered physiotherapist.

Equine McTimoney-Corley manipulator and therapist.

Equine behaviouralist/rebalancer.

Remedial saddle fitter.

If you would like some help or advice for you and your horse, whether for a clinical condition, behavioural problems, rehabilitation or training then please give us a call and see if we can help to ‘Make things Better’.

Equestrian Physiotherapy, Woodside Farm, Caneheath, Arlington, East Sussex BN26 6SL www.equestrianphysiotherapy.co. uk, Tel: 01323 484125.

If the horse is lacking in vital vitamins, minerals or simply does not have enough energy to sustain performance, then strains, muscle problems and other ailments can become an issue.

Extra pressure is put on horses’ muscles during training and competition so those who have suffered muscle or joint damage will need help getting back up to full fitness.

Ginger’s anti-inflammatory benefits are ideal to help speed up the muscle-healing progress and enable training to continue.

However, it must not be taken in the two-week run up to a competition as ginger is a prohibited substance.

The extensive travel a horse endures during the season and the restriction of natural movement, can cause

stiffening of the muscles.

This, combined with the limited opportunity to graze, means they do not get the required amounts of vitamin E that is required to sustain the muscles.

Vitamin E should be added to feed to keep muscles in good working order and to reduced the stress of the animal by preventing the build up of lactic acid, which can lead to tying up.

When competing, horses’ sweat levels increases and so the lost fluid, sodium, chloride and potassium must be replaced in order to maintain a healthy balance and prevent dehydration – electrolytes can compensate for the secretion of sweat after exercise and help to rehydrate horses quickly and effectively.

Probiotics can also be useful to help keep the immune system working efficiently as well as ensuring the gut is constantly flooded with healthy micr-flora which will help aid digestion, and keep the horse calm and in good condition throughout the season.

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Farriery training

By Claire Brown of Farriers’ Pages IN the Farriers (Registration) Act 1975, farriery is described as 'any work in connection with the preparation or treatment of the foot of a horse for the immediate reception of a shoe thereon, the fitting by nailing or otherwise of a shoe to the foot, or the finishing off of such work to the foot’.

A farrier is a skilled craftsperson who has a sound knowledge of both the theory and practice of the craft, capable of shoeing all types of feet, whether normal or defective, making shoes to suit all types of animal and working conditions, and of devising corrective measures that will help to compensate for faulty limb action.

The training therefore, aims to provide a candidate with a sound theoretical and practical knowledge of all aspects of the equine limb, its movement and action in both good and ill-health, and to enable the candidate to prepare and make a shoe to protect and enhance the horse’s foot and limb at rest and work.

The training of farriery apprentices in Great Britain is overseen by the National Farrier Training Agency (NFT).

The Advanced Apprenticeship in Farriery includes a Level 3 NVQ in Farriery and a Technical Certificate which is the Diploma of the Worshipful Company of Farriers.

The period of the apprenticeship is four years and two months.

Potential applicants cannot apply directly to the NFTA but must be proposed by an Approved Training Farrier (ATF).

The minimum educational entry requirements for the Advanced Apprenticeship in Farriery are four GCSE’s or above which must include English language and mathematics or an NVQ Level 2 and the Level 2 key skills of communication and application of number, or a BTEC First Diploma and the key skills.

The Forging Certificate is a mandatory element of the entry criteria and is a practical test which consists of making 15 forging pieces in your own time and a further two under timed conditions.

An online test is also included.

Applicants may take the Forging Certificate as part of a ‘pre-farrier’ course at college or can be prepared for the Certificate under the guidance of a competent person, e.g. an ATF, or as part of a short course at an approved college.

A ‘pre-farrier’ or ‘Access to Farrier’ course is provided by colleges in the UK for those wishing to gain further experience prior to beginning an apprenticeship or for those that do not have the minimum academic requirements.

Competition for apprenticeships is fierce and many ATFs have a number of applicants to choose from.

Following a successful two-month probationary course in which the ATF can assess the individual, an Apprenticeship Agreement is signed.

The Apprenticeship comprises fulltime on the job training and 23 weeks off the job training at one of the three approved colleges as arranged by the NFTA. The 23 weeks are divided into ‘block release’ sessions at college every six months which can last between two and four weeks a time.

During each attendance theoretical and practical assessments are provided along with additional training and instruction. Successful completion of each college block is required before progressing to the next stage.

To be eligible for entry on the Farriers Register (and work legally in the UK) a candidate must have completed an NVQ Level 3 in Farriery, the Key/Core Skills of Communication and Application of Number at Level 2, a college based qualification in IT and Business Studies and the Technical Certificate (The Diploma of the Worshipful Company of Farriers).

The Diploma is the recognised examination for entry on to the Farriers Register.

The farriery training system in Great Britain is highly recognised and as such the NFTA receives applications from outside the UK wishing to take the Diploma examination.

There are currently 454 apprentices in the system and approximately 100 new farriers qualify in the UK each year. This is a qualification recognised across Europe and the rest of the world.

‘The training aims to provide a candidate with a sound theoretical and practical knowledge of all aspects of the equine limb, its movement and action in both good and ill-health, and to enable the candidate to prepare and make a shoe to protect and enhance the horse’s foot and limb at rest and work’

HORSE HEALTH I 27

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Andrew Poynton FWCF of Poynton Ltd continues his discussion of the treatment of severe laminitics.

Farriery treatment of laminitis FARRIERY treatment of the severe laminitic entails trimming the hoof towards re-attaining correct orientation around P3, balance on all planes, removing excess length to reduce leverage, immediate frog support and sole elevation.

The location of the apex of the frog plate or frog cast needs to be forward of the central widest point of the foot, which is usually approximately at the centre of articulation.

Taking reference from a lateral radiograph, a line dropped from the base of the extensor process and perpendicular to the solar plane of P3 gives the forward extent of the ‘frog plate’.

The shoe fitted, needs to bridge the sole in the front half of the foot, and the point of breakover shortened. A heartbar plastic mould on Imprint shoe is the shoe of choice for these severe cases.

Hoof trimming: This can be carried out accurately following x-ray. This often entails trimming some heel due to forward rotation of P3 and shortening the toe to reduce leverage.

A severe case of P3 rotation at the beginning of treatment. And above right, the same foot 12 months later, improved phalangeal alignment and P3 high in the hoof but some deterioration to P3 due to infection in the bone Following acute laminitis, sub-solar Ongoing treatment needs to be hoof capsule occurs, it will appear abscessing and infections in the toe tailored to each case. more graphic and attention to detail are more likely. These can be dealt and skilled art is more critical.

In severe cases when there is little or with but can swing the recovery into no new growth, if there is no Hoof reconstruction: It appears that possible failure if not managed. deterioration, the longer the shoes building prosthetic hoof replacement can stay on the better.

If the hoof grows rapidly at the heel but little toe, and the dorsal wall is deviating then in five to six weeks time the angle of P3 will be pitching forward again, so the hoof will need trimming back to alignment.

The same principles apply whether it’s a relatively straightforward case or when major melt down of the

parts whilst the hoof is recovering is beneficial, providing it is not divergent from P3.

As many attachment points as possible are desirable, certainly two if not three around the wall, if not completely from heel to heel.

The frog is vital for support, even with an infection above the frog, drainage can be provided; it can be flushed out.

Following frog support, the lateral and medial walls are important, as much contact on either side as possible.

I have practised casting these walls to prevent them from collapsing when the hoof is unstable, particularly where a large amount of the dorsal wall is missing.

Shoe attachment: Bridging gaps in the hoof and keeping the shoe elevated from the sole can be difficult, so in some instances an attachment has been made in areas where the dorsal wall has been partially resectioned, the surface tissue keratonises.

This has been utilised to provide three point attachment, lateral, medial wall and centre of toe, along with the frog support to maintain elevation of, and provide central support beneath P3 via the digital cushion and frog. I have found this effective and helpful.

A hospital plate is applied in severe cases to protect the area where the sole has prolapsed, dressings can be applied so there is no direct contact and it can be kept clean, reducing the likelihood of infection.

Monitoring progress: Each case is unique, even though proven methods of treatment and regimes are followed, recovery is not automatic.

If the patient’s condition deteriorates, there is always a reason.

Recognising when there is an infection and when it is another acute laminitic episode of is worth bearing in mind.

Managing infection: If infection or pressure builds up within the foot, the horse will be in pain, but once any pockets of pus or fluid build-up are located and drained there is usually significant pain relief.

I prefer to drain them at the white line if possible, so that it can drain out at the side, rather than making holes in the sole, as this is easier to manage and keep clean.

Veterinary intervention with antibiotics is advisable if the infections are deep, but for more superficial infections, localised drainage and poulticing are usually sufficient.

Stable floor covering: If the sole is acutely sore or open, particularly if a hospital plate is not used it is better that the horse stands on a rubber mat than a deep bed, so, in the stable, one third clear rubber matting two thirds with a reasonable depth of clean dry bedding to recline and stale on is recommended. The horse will invariably stand where it is most comfortable, where there is air beneath the foot and no upward pressure on the sole.

The sole can then dry and harden. It can make all the difference for the comfort of the horse and aid recovery

Signs of recovery: Clinically - in patient behaviour: Immediately the support shoes are in place it is encouraging to see obvious signs of relief, the horse is usually more willing to stand and able to move around gently.

The horse’s demeanour changes, tautness in the abdomen and the classic signs of laminitis reducing, are evidence of progress.

Continued on Page 29

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HORSE HEALTH I 29

Richard Davison and Hiscox Artemis A foot with the greater part of the hoof sloughed, with a support shoe/cast fitted If the patient does not respond, it is likely to be caused by pressure in a place of pain, constriction of circulation or an infection site without drainage.

Physically - in the hoof: External signs of recovery of the hoof begin in the wall from coronary border down and in the sole from the heels forward until healing is focused in the toe, the final point of restoration. Once a support shoe is fitted I’ve noticed that the depression in the coronary border in many cases is reduced immediately, it becomes firmer.

This is not due to everything being pushed back into place, but because

the free play within the hoof is reduced by having central support beneath the frog; the foot structures are held together.

This does not knit together the structures that have been torn, but reinstates the position of the pedal bone more ideally, and then around that centrally supported bone, new lamellar attachment can form.

Further signs of recovery, are the sole regaining its’ healthy concave shape; x-ray will show the pedal bone sitting higher in the hoof and more depth beneath the pedal bone through the sole. New horn growth is even, and in alignment with P3.

Richard joins ‘endorsers’ Advertiser’s announcement KEVIN Bacon’s Equine Products are delighted to add Richard Davison to their elite group of ‘endorsers’.

Richard is currently enjoying an extremely successful season and joins Henrietta Knight, Andrew Nicholson, John Whitaker, Anna Ross-Davies and five times World Champion Farrier Billy Crothers as a multidiscipline group of top equine professionals who regularly use the Kevin Bacon’s Equine Products.

Richard said: “We have used Hoof Dressing on all our horses now for

almost four years.

“We think it’s the best and keeps the horses feet supple and in good shape.

“It doesn’t matter how much time and money you spend on training and other equipment, you know what they say – no foot, no horse – and it’s right!”

Kevin Bacon’s Hoof Dressing is formulated to apply moisture in dry conditions and protect the hooves from becoming saturated in wet conditions with the added benefit of being 100 per cent natural and helping to protect the hooves from bacterial infections.

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product news

HORSE HEALTH I

Action plan to help equine industry meet the challenges THE British Horse Society and Lantra have pledged to work together to develop a professional equine workforce.

The formal agreement details an action plan to help the equine industry meet the challenges they may face, today and in the future, by boosting workforce development to ensure it has the skills it needs.

Amy Cosgrove, Lantra’s industry partnership manager, said: “This demonstrates our dedication to support those working with horses and to ensuring that they are seen as professional and highly skilled.

“Through our joint working, we can encourage BHS members to ensure they have the right skills to

face the demands placed on them, including equine health and welfare, responding to customers changing needs and embracing legislative requirements.”

The document also highlights the commitment to shape qualifications and develop National Occupational Standards so they are completely up-to-date and relevant to employer needs.

Margaret Linington-Payne, BHS director of standards, added: “It’s important for us to collaborate with Lantra in supporting the training and skills development of those working within the equine industry and to maintain the profile of qualifications respected by the equestrian industry.”

Sylvia honoured for her work with fire officers A REGIONAL welfare officer with the British Horse Society has had her horse rescue work recognised by the Wiltshire Fire and Rescue Service.

Sylvia Sullivan-Tailyour has received an award in honour of the work that the Wiltshire branch of the equestrian charity has contributed to training fire officers in large animal rescue.

handling horse, but after the training their confidence improved to a remarkable degree.

“A further series of training days has just started, after which it is hoped that all the teams in the force will have received the basic familiarisation course.

India lifts trade restrictions on importation

By Louise Cordell INDIA has lifted its trade restrictions on the importation of thoroughbred breeding stock from Britain, following extensive lobbying by the Thoroughbred Breeders’ Association.

The regulation was set up in 1995 as a result of a CEM outbreak in the United Kingdom.

However, the veterinary profession has clarified the UK distinction between Thoroughbred and non-TB trade and the value of the HBLB Codes of Practice for CEM, whose compliance is of the highest standards within the British Thoroughbred industry – persuading the Indian authorities to lift the import restriction.

Kirsten Rausin, TBA chairman, said: “We have been working to secure the movement of horses since the restriction was imposed in 1995.

“This has been a long campaign, but one which stepped up a gear last year.

“Whilst it was unfortunate that we were unable to welcome Indian buyers to the 2009 Tattersalls December Sales, we now look forward to their return to British

sales later this year.”

The implications for British breeders are significant as in 2009 Indian purchasers accounted for 79 mares at a value of €1.7m at Goffs November Sales in Ireland and at least 150 Thoroughbred mares were purchased for India last year.

Louise Kemble, TBA chief executive, said: “In securing this fantastic result the TBA is able to demonstrate to its members, and the wider bloodstock community, the importance of a well funded and active Association, that is focussed on securing benefits for the Industry at every level.”

The Indian Government has now amended its import conditions to allow the import of breeding horses from countries where CEM has been detected within three years prior to export.

They now require at least three years absence in the premises of origin and testing pre-export by culture.

DEFRA will amend their current corresponding certificate to include the new clause for breeding horses so it can be formally agreed with India and released for use in the near future.

Coaches competition launched A NEW competition for aspiring coaches working within the equestrian industry has been launched by the British Horse Society.

The aim of the ‘Coach of the Year’ competition is to encourage and inspire coaches to continue their education, take pride in their professional development and strive to improve standards.

Regional qualifying days will be taking place, where candidates will demonstrate their coaching skills to a BHS Fellow. The people selected for the final will be the ones that show the most potential as a coach, as well as having a good grasp of each of the different areas covered on the day. They will be invited to the final at Warwickshire College in October.

Mrs Sullivan-Tailyour, said: “I am very pleased to receive this award on behalf of the Wiltshire Branch of the BHS.

“It is very impressive how far the rescue teams have come over the past two years and how professionally they now deal with often very difficult and complicated situations.

“Many of the firemen had little or no experience of approaching and

“Horse owners owe a lot to their dedication and skill."

No minister

Warm-up facilities researched

THERE will be no new Minister of the Horse appointed under the new coalition government.

Instead, the responsibility will be shared by farming minister Jim Paice and under-secretary Lord Henley.

Lord Henley’s responsibiilities will include hunting and Mr Paice’s brief will cover most of the equine portfolio including passports, animal health and alternatives to the horse tax.

Mr Paice became a parliamentary private secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in 1997 and was appointed Shadow Minister for Agriculture in September 2004.

By Louise Cordell CONCERN over equine fatalities and injuries during racing has led to research into the availability of pre and post-race warm up and cooling down facilities at UK racecourses being carried out by Dr David Chapman-Jones, from Tendonology: Specialist Tendon Treatment for Racehorses.

The aim was to evaluate what role these regimes take in horse-racing, to determine whether they could be related to the incidence of tendon injury in race horses, and to ascertain the provision of facilities, and their uptake in use when available.

It is suggested that carrying out functional activities such as sprinting/cantering in the later stages of warm-up will activate neural pathways, speeding up reaction time.

effect leading to beneficial changes in body tissue allowing muscles and tendons to become more extensible, therefore making stretching easier and more effective.

Research has suggested that the optimal duration of the warm up period, before flexibility or functional activities are undertaken should be between 15 and 20 minutes, consisting of a gradual increase in intensity until 75 to 80 per cent of maximal heart rate is achieved.

Of the 59 racecourses surveyed, 21 (36 per cent) responded with completed questionnaires.

An adequate warm-up regime produces a two to three degree rise in body temperature; the heating

Results demonstrated in the main, an interest in the need for warm-up and cool-down facilities, and furthermore that there should there be such a requirement; also what, if offered, the most appropriate amenities could realistically be.

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