Differentiation: A Cultural Ideology Vol.1 ISBN 978-976-96356-2-3

ISBN 978-976-96356-2-3

Differentiation: A Cultural Ideology Volume1

William Anderson Gittens Author, Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ Cinematographer, Cultural Practitioner, Publisher

Page 1! of 221 !

NORMATIVE

STATEMENT

Because there is a differentiation between life1 and

live; nationality and citizenship;

That being the case, differentiation cannot be a fad2

but it is a long word that sounds complicated, which just

means teachers plan for the children who are actually in

their class, instead of designing lessons for their idea

of the “average� child.

1

Life is existence where as Live is the act of existing with life.

2

http://theconversation.com/us Page 2! of 221 !

It is the means by which schools fulfil their legal

obligations

to

provide

a

quality

education

to

all

students.

This includes indigenous students, students from other

language

backgrounds,

gifted

students

or

those

with

disability.

What is also very stark the differentiation of the

human intellect combined with their unique fingerprint,3

intertwined

with

unquestionably

is

their

individual

confirmed

in

3 https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/ Page 3! of 221 !

their

learning

experience

style;

as

a

differentiation between what they do and what happens to

them4 frames the

differentiation5 cultural discourse.

For example Differentiation as a strategy is one of

the most important marketing strategy in today's business

environment.

With so many brands and so many varieties of products

and so much advertising noise,

it

becomes

very

difficult

but

ultimately

very

necessary to differentiate your brand from competition6.

4 https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/alan-watts-quotes 5 https://comm3625fa15.blogspot.com/ 6 https://www.marketing91.com/ Page 4! of 221 !

And because Differentiation7 is just a standard concept

for analyzing competition it would be prudent not use

cliches

such

as

discrimination

or

distinguish

in

this

context but apply differentiate!because it is a strategy

that provides leverage to invent or innovate which has

become a way of life.

William Anderson Gittens

Author, Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’

Cinematographer, Cultural

Differentiation

7

Practitioner, Publisher

A Cultural Discourse Vol.1 ISBN 978-976-96356-2-3

https://digitopoly.org/ Page 5! of 221 !

Copyright

Differentiation: A Cultural Ideology Vol.1

William Anderson Gittens

Author, Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’

Cinematographer, Cultural

Practitioner, Publisher

First Edition Š 2019 All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any

Page 6! of 221 !

means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or

otherwise,

without

the

prior

written

permission

of

William Anderson Gittens the copyright owner.

Typesetting,

Layout

Design,

Illustrations,

Photography by William Anderson Gittens

Edited by William Anderson Gittens

ISBN 978-976-96356-2-3

Published by Devgro Media Arts Services

Email address wgittens11@gmail.com Page 7! of 221 !

and

Twitter account William Gittens @lisalaron

https://www.facebook.com/wgittens2

https://www.Linkededin.com/in/william-anderson-gittens-

author-media-artsspecialist-b1886b26

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxYWov8tzbe5rHzik528dAw

Page 8! of 221 !

Recognitions

Special thanks to the Creator for his guidance and

choosing me as a conduit to express the creative gifts he

has given me and my late parents Charles and Ira Gittens.

Thanks to those who assisted me along this journey

namely

my

Shurland,

Beloved

Charles,

wife

Magnola

Ricardo,

Gittens,

Arnott,

my

Stephen,

Brothers-

Sisters-

Emerald, Marcella, Cheryl, Cousins-Joy Mayers, Kevin and

Ernest Mayers, Donna Archer, Avis Dyer, Jackie Clarke,

Uncles-

Clifford,

Leonard

Mayers,

Page 9! of 221 !

David

Bruce,

Collin

Rock. My children Laron and Lisa.

Well-wishers-Mr.and

Mrs.

Sutton,

Andrew

Gordon

Platizky,

Alleyne,

Mr.

Mr.

Juan

Matthew

Arroyo,

Mr.

and

Mr.&

Mrs.

Mrs.

David

Lavine, Mrs. Ellen Gordon, Dr.Nicholas Gordon, the late

Dr.Joseph

Drew,

Merline

Mayers,

Mr.

and

Mrs.

Trevor

Millington, Rev. & Mrs. Donavon Shoemaker, Ms. Geraldine

Davis, Rev.Carl and Rev Angie Dixon, Mrs. Gloria Rock,

Rev.Pauline Harewood, Mr. and Mrs. Stewart Russell, Mrs.

Shirley Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Felton Ince, Mr. and Mrs.

David

Brathwaite,

Mr.and

Mrs.

Ryan

Miller

Neilo Mascoll, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Quintyne

Page 10 ! of 221 !

Mr.and

Mrs.

Special mentioned is given to Dr. Joseph Drew was my

advisor, mentor, and teacher during my academic tenure as

a Media Arts Major at Jersey City State College now New

Jersey

City University (NJCU).

The focus of our parting conversation was about me

honing

my

writing

skills

after

I

had

graduated

and

returned to Barbados.

Between the period 1995 to 2016, I have discovered

that

the

more

that

I

practice

Page 11 ! of !221

this

leisure

pursuit

profession

it

seemed

to

be

infectious

among

other

elements.

The

other

elements

such

as

being

passionate

and

prolific combined together with the Creator’s help, made

me a productive writer to the extent that I have now

published 65 books.

In light of the aforesaid, I have decided to dedicate

my 66 th publication “A Tribute To Culture” Vol 1 in

memory of Dr. Joseph Drew .

Page 12 ! of 221 !

All

of

the

above

contributed

to

my

academic

developmental journey.

William Anderson Gittens

Author, Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ Cinematographer, Cultural

Practitioner, Publisher

Differentiation: A Cultural Ideology Vol.1 ISBN 978-976-96356-2-3

Page 13 ! of 221 !

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Normative Statement

2

Copyright

6

Recognitions

9

Table of Contents

14

Foreword

19

Page 14 ! of 221 !

Overview

30

Culture Defined

42

Historical Development

48

Abstract

62

Chapter 1 Psychological Differentiation

Page 15 ! of 221 !

75

Chapter 2 The Law Differentiates Between Civil Rights 91

Chapter 3 Differentiation Is A term In System Theory

105

Chapter 4 Recognising Differentiation In The Classroom

135

Chapter 5 Differentiation Is Also A Nuanced Process

144

Chapter 6 Separation Between The State And Cultural Life

149 Page 16 ! of 221 !

Chapter

7

Language

Ideology

and

Linguistic Differentiation

157

Chapter 8 Personal Reflections

161

Chapter 9 Conclusion Reflections

171

Chapter 10 Conclusion

173

Works Cited

180

Page 17 ! of 221 !

About The Author

192

Page 18 ! of 221 !

Foreword

Because there is a differentiation between life8

and live; nationality and citizenship;

Therefore Differentiation cannot be a fad9 but it is a

long word that sounds complicated;

but it just means teachers plan for the children who

are actually in their class, instead of designing lessons

for their idea of the “average� child.

8

Life is existence where as Live is the act of existing with life.

9

http://theconversation.com/us Page 19 ! of 221 !

It is the means by which schools fulfil their legal

obligations

to

provide

a

quality

education

to

all

students.

This includes Indigenous students, students from other

language

backgrounds,

gifted

students

or

those

with

disability.

The differentiation of the human intellect combined

with their unique fingerprint,10

intertwined with their

individual learning style; unquestionably is confirmed in

their experience as a differentiation between what they

10 https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/ Page 20 ! of 221 !

do and what happens to them11 frames the

differentiation12

cultural discourse.

For example Differentiation as a strategy is one of

the most important marketing strategy in today's business

environment.

The

more

that

I

drill

down;

it

is

clear

that

Differentiation can be characterized as a strategy which

is

one

of

the

most

important

today's business environment.

11 https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/alan-watts-quotes 12 https://comm3625fa15.blogspot.com/ Page 21 ! of 221 !

marketing

strategy

in

With so many brands and so many varieties of products

and

so

much

advertising

noise,

it

becomes

very

difficult ,but ultimately very necessary to differentiate

your brand from competition13.

Integration and differentiation14 are the fundamentals

used in calculus to study change. However, many people,

including students and scholars have not been able to

highlight

differences

between

integration.

13 https://www.marketing91.com/ 14

http://www.differencebetween.net/ Page 22 ! of 221 !

differentiation

and

Read

more:

Difference

Between

Differentiation

and

Integration.

In

this

context

the

best

way

to

implement differentiation as a strategy is to invent or

innovate.

To

add

to

this

discourse

is

the

notion

of

Public

discourse ethics15 which protects and promotes a place of

conversation

for

diversity

of

ideas

and

persons

presumably within the context of Differentiation16 which

15 https://comm3625fa15.blogspot.com/ 16 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierentiation Page 23 ! of 221 !

includes Biology, Mathematics, Science, Technology, and

Medicine.

Differentiation encompasses the following: -

Cellular differentiation, in biology.

Differentiation

journal

(journal),

covering

cell

a

peer-reviewed

differentiation

academic

and

cell

development.

Developmental biology, the study of the process by

which animals and plants grow and develop.

Page 24 ! of 221 !

Differentiation

therapy,

an

approach

to

treating

advanced cancers in which malignant cells are encouraged

to

differentiate

into

more

mature

forms

using

pharmacological agents

Geology

Igneous differentiation, in geology

Planetary

differentiation,

in

planetary

science

and

geology

Social sciences

Differentiation (economics), the process of making a

product different from other similar products

Page 25 ! of 221 !

Differentiation

(ethnography),

the

invention

of

ostensible differences between cultures

Differentiation (linguistics), in semantics, a meaning

shift

reached

by

"adding

concepts

to

the

original

concepts"

Differentiation

(sociology),

a

feature

society, and way of dealing with complexity

Page 26 ! of 221 !

of

modern

Differentiated instruction, in education

Inductive reasoning aptitude, in psychology

Other uses in science, technology, and mathematics

Differentiation (mathematics), the process of finding

a derivative

Differentiated security, a form of computer security

that deploys a range of different security policies and

mechanisms according to the identity and context of a

user or transaction

Page 27 ! of 221 !

In business

Differentiation (economics), the process of making a

product different from other similar products

Product differentiation, in marketing

Differentiated service, a design pattern for business

services

and

software,

in

which

the

service

varies

automatically according to the identity of the consumer

and/or the context in which the service is used

Page 28 ! of 221 !

William Anderson Gittens

Author, Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ Cinematographer, Cultural

Practitioner,

Publisher

Differentiation: A Cultural Ideology Vol.1ISBN 978-976-96356-2-3

Page 29 ! of 221 !

Overview

Although "Differentiation17" is a term in system

theory; yet it is a long word that sounds complicated18

but it just means teachers plan for the children who are

actually in their class, instead of designing lessons for

their idea of the “average” child.

Erasure

especially

–

renders

for

persons

or

post-enlightenment

activities

scholars,

invisible19

languages

coincided with nations in a cultural or spiritual sense

but precedes political realization of nationhood.

17 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_(sociology) 18

http://theconversation.com/us

19

https://gradschoolnotes.wordpress.com/ Page 30 ! of 221 !

From

the

viewpoint

of

this

theory,

the

principal

feature of modern society is the increased process of

system

differentiation

as

a

way

of

dealing

with

the

complexity of its environment.

The differentiation of the human intellect combined

with their unique fingerprint,20

individual

learning

style

is

intertwined with their

certainly

identifies

in

their experience as a differentiation between what they

20 https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/ Page 31 ! of 221 !

do and what happens to them21 frames the

differentiation22

cultural discourse.

Differentiation

important

as

marketing

a

strategy

strategy

is

in

one

of

today's

the

most

business

environment23.

And

implement

therefore

the

Differentiation 24

best

strategy

21 https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/alan-watts-quotes 22 https://comm3625fa15.blogspot.com/ 23 https://www.marketing91.com/ 24 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierentiation Page 32 ! of 221 !

is

way

to

invent

to

or

innovate in Science, Technology, Mathematics, Biology and

Medicine

This

is

subsystems

accomplished

in

an

effort

to

through

copy

the

within

creation

a

system

of

the

difference between it and the environment.

The differentiation process is a means of increasing

the complexity of a system, since each subsystem can make

different connections with other subsystems.

There is Cellular differentiation, in biology.

Page 33 ! of 221 !

Differentiation25 is a way thinking about how people

learn best so that we can adapt our approaches for the

success of all of our students.

It

is

a

recognition

that

students

differ

socially,

emotionally and academically, but they also have varying

readiness, interest, and prior experiences.

Differentiated

different

pathways

instruction

for

students

learning goals.

25

allows

https://www.literacytoday.ca/ Page 34 ! of 221 !

to

us

to

reach

provide

the

same

The law differentiates26 between civil rights, which

means

the

basic

right

of

freedom

from

discrimination

based on certain personal characteristics such as gender,

race, or disability, and civil liberties which are basic

freedoms.

Psychological differentiation is an important aspect

of self-development.

26 https://www.findlaw.com/ Page 35 ! of 221 !

Benjamin Deu believes that Differentiation27 is also a

nuanced process, and it can be challenging to understand

the subtleties of differentiating in marriage.

As educators28 we all recognise that differentiation in

the classroom is vital as students are individuals who

learn at different rates and in different ways.

However, planning, programming and assessing for the

wide

variety

of

needs

and

interests

of

multi-age

multi-ability classes can be quite a challenge!

27 https://seattlechristiancounseling.com/ 28 https://www.thehighlyeectiveteacher.com/ Page 36 ! of 221 !

and

Differentiation

journal

covering

(journal),

cell

a

peer-reviewed

differentiation

academic

and

cell

development

Developmental biology, the study of the process by

which animals and plants grow and develop.

Differentiation

therapy,

an

approach

to

treating

advanced cancers in which malignant cells are encouraged

to

differentiate

into

more

pharmacological agents

Page 37 ! of 221 !

mature

forms

using

Igneous differentiation, in geology.

Planetary

differentiation,

in

planetary

science

and

geology

Differentiation (economics), the process of making a

product different from other similar products.

Differentiation

(ethnography),

the

ostensible differences between cultures.

Page 38 ! of 221 !

invention

of

Differentiation (linguistics), in semantics, a meaning

shift

reached

by

"adding

concepts

to

the

original

concepts"

Differentiation

(sociology),

a

feature

of

society, and way of dealing with complexity.

Differentiated instruction, in education.

Inductive reasoning aptitude, in psychology.

Other uses in science, technology, and mathematics

Page 39 ! of 221 !

modern

Differentiation (mathematics), the process of finding

a derivative.

Differentiated security, a form of computer security

that deploys a range of different security policies and

mechanisms according to the identity and context of a

user or transaction

In business

Differentiation (economics), the process of making a

product different from other similar products

Page 40 ! of 221 !

Product differentiation, in marketing

Differentiated service, a design pattern for business

services

and

software,

in

which

the

service

varies

automatically according to the identity of the consumer

and/or the context in which the service. Differentiation:

A

Cultural

Ideology

Vol.1

ISBN

978-976-96356-2-3

is

constructed in 16,135 words,760 paragraphs,222 pages and

10 chapters.

William Anderson Gittens

Author, Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ Cinematographer, Cultural

Publisher

Differentiation: A Cultural Ideology Vol.1 ISBN 978-976-96356-2-3

Page 41 ! of 221 !

Practitioner,

Culture Defined

Clifford Geertz29 (1926-present) is best known for his

ethnographic

studies

of

Javanese

culture

(Java

is

an

Indonesian island south of Borneo) and for his writings

about the interpretation of culture.

The most influential aspect of Geertz's work has been

his emphasis on the importance of the symbolic -- of

systems of meaning -- as it relates to culture, cultural

change, and the study of culture; notice this emphasis as

you read the summaries and excerpts below.

29 https://condor.depaul.edu/dweinste/popcult/geertz.html Page 42 ! of 221 !

Bodley and Geertz can both compared here with Matthew

Arnold for for perspective on the great transition which

has

taken

place

regarding

the

concept

"culture"

in

Western thought over the past century;

Raymond

Williams's

perspective

might

be

taken

as

a

middle ground in this transition.

In attempting to lay out the various meanings attached

to the word "culture,30"

Clifford

Geertz

refers

to

the

important

anthropological work, Clyde Kluckhohn's Mirror for Man,

30 https://condor.depaul.edu/dweinste/popcult/geertz.html Page 43 ! of 221 !

in which the following meanings are suggested:"the total

way of life of a people”

"the social legacy the individual acquires from his

group""a

way

of

thinking,

feeling,

and

believing""an

abstraction from behavior"a theory on the part of the

anthropologist about the way in which a group of people

in fact behave

a "storehouse of pooled learning”

"a

set

of

standardized

orientations

problems”

Page 44 ! of 221 !

to

recurrent

"learned

behaviour�a

mechanism

for

the

normative

regulation of behaviour

"a

set

of

techniques

for

adjusting

both

to

the

external environment and to other men�31

"The concept of culture I espouse. . . is essentially

a semiotic one.

Believing,

with

Max

Weber,

that

man

is

an

animal

suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun, I

take culture to be those webs, and the analysis of it to

be therefore not an experimental science in search of law

31 https://condor.depaul.edu/dweinste/popcult/geertz.html Page 45 ! of 221 !

but an interpretative one in search of meaning. It is

explication I am after. . . . (pp. 4-5)"

Geertz

compares

the

methods

of

an

anthropologist

analyzing culture to those of a literary critic analyzing

a text: "sorting out the structures of signification. . .

and determining their social ground and import. . . .

Doing ethnography is like trying to read (in the sense

of 'construct a reading of') a manuscript. . . ."

Once human behavior is seen as . . . symbolic action--

action

which,

painting,

like

line

in

phonation

in

speech,

pigment

writing,

or

sonance

in

Page 46 ! of 221 !

in

music,

signifies--the

question

as

to

whether

culture

is

patterned conduct or a frame of mind, or even the two

somehow mixed together, loses sense.

The thing to ask [of actions] is what their import is"

(pp. 9-10).

Page 47 ! of 221 !

Historical Development

"Differentiation32" is a term in system theory. From

the viewpoint of this theory, the principal feature of

modern

society

is

the

increased

process

of

system

differentiation as a way of dealing with the complexity

of its environment.

This

is

subsystems

accomplished

in

an

effort

to

through

copy

the

within

difference between it and the environment.

32 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierentiation_(sociology) Page 48 ! of 221 !

creation

a

system

of

the

The differentiation process is a means of increasing

the complexity of a system, since each subsystem can make

different connections with other subsystems.

It

allows

for

more

variation

within

the

system

in

order to respond to variation in the environment.

For example, It is almost impossible to force diverse

learners into one box where everyone is expected to learn

the

same

thing,

in

the

same

way,

at

the

same

time.

Differentiation provides another option, one that is more

in

line

research,

with

the

reality

of

and

the

impact

that

Page 49 ! of 221 !

our

classrooms,

language,

current

culture

and

gender

may

have

on

learning.

With

differentiation

teachers meet their students where they are and provide

learning experiences that will help move them forward in

their learning33.

Increased variation facilitated by differentiation not

only allows for better responses to the environment, but

also

allows

for

faster

evolution

(or

perhaps

sociocultural evolution), which is defined sociologically

as

a

process

of

selection

from

variation;

the

more

differentiation (and thus variation) that is available,

the better the selection.34:95–96 33

https://www.literacytoday.ca/

34 George Ritzer. 2007. Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots, The Basics, Second Edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Page 50 ! of 221 !

Talcott

Parsons

was

the

first

major

theorist

to

develop a theory of society consisting of functionally

defined sub-system, which emerges from an evolutionary

point

of

view

through

a

cybernetic

process

of

differentiation.

Niklas

Luhmann,

who

studied

under

Talcott

Parsons,

took the latter's model and changed it in significant

ways.

Page 51 ! of 221 !

Parsons regarded society as the combined activities of

its

subsystems

within

the

logic

of

a

cybernetic

hierarchy.

For

Parsons,

classical

although

quadripartite

each

AGIL

subsystem

scheme

or

(e.g.

AGIL

his

paradigm)

would tend to have self-referential tendencies and follow

a related path of structural differentiation, it would

occur in a constant interpenetrative communication with

the

other

between

subsystems

the

and

the

interpenetrative

Page 52 ! of 221 !

historical

balance

equilibrium

between

various

subsystem would termine the relative degree in which the

structural differentiation between subsystem would occur

or not.

In contrast to Luhmann, Parsons would highlight that

although each subsystem had self-referential capacities

and had an internal logic of this own (ultimately located

in the pattern maintenance of each system) in historical

reality, the actual interaction, communication and mutual

enable-ness between the subsystems was crucial not only

Page 53 ! of 221 !

for each subsystem but for the overall development of the

social system (and/or "society").

In

actual

relative

history,

historical

(including

the

Parsons

strength

maintained

of

interpenetrative

various

that

the

subsystems

equilibrium

of

each

subsystem's subsystems) could either block or promote the

forces of system-differentiation.

Generally, Parsons was of the opinion that the main

"gatekeeper" blocking-promoting question was to be found

in the historical codification of the cultural system,

Page 54 ! of 221 !

including "cultural traditions" (which Parsons in general

regarded

system"

epicenter

as

a

part

(which

of

of

the

facilitated

the

so-called

the

communication

"fiduciary

normatively

and

defining

historical

mode

of

institutionalization between cultural and social system).

(For

example,

transferred

as

a

the

various

cultural

way

pattern

Islam

into

has

various

been

social

systems (Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Yemen, Pakistan, Indonesia

etc.) depend on the particular way in which the core

Islamic

value-symbols

has

been

Page 55 ! of 221 !

codified

within

each

particular

fiduciary

system

(which

again

depend

on

a

serie of various societal and history-related factors)).

Within the realm of the cultural traditions Parsons

focused particular on the influence of the major world-

religions yet he also maintain that in the course of the

general

rationalization

related

structure

stepwise

process

secularization

of

be

the

process,

religious

"transformed"

of

and

into

Page 56 ! of 221 !

the

the

"magic"

world

and

the

value-scheme

systems

political

would

ideologies,

market doctrines, folklore systems, social lifestyles and

aesthetic movements (and so on).

This transformation Parsons maintain was not so much

the destruction of the religious value-schemes (although

such a process could also occur) but was generally the

way

in

which

"religious"

"constitutive")

religious-magic

which

was

more

values

and

(and

would

primordial

secularized

in

tend

a

to

broader

move

"representation"

and

more

"modern"

sense

from

a

to

one

in

its

institutionalized and symbolistic expression; this again

Page 57 ! of 221 !

would coincide with the increasing relative independence

of

systems

of

expressive

symbolization

vis-a-vis

cognitive and evaluative lines of differentiation (for

example, the flower-power movement in the 60s and early

70s would be a particular moment in this increased impact

on

factors

of

expressive

symbolization

on

the

overall

interpenetrative mode of the social system.

The breakthrough of rock music in the 1950s and the

sensual expressiveness of Elvis would be another example,

for the way in which expressive symbolization would tend

Page 58 ! of 221 !

to increase its impact vis-a-vis other factors of system-

differentiation, which again according to Parsons was a

part of the deeper evolutionary logic, which in part was

related to the increased impact of the goal-attachment

function of the cultural system and at the same time

related

the

increased

factor

of

institutionalized

individualism, which have become a fundamental feature

for historical modernity).

Luhmann

tend

to

claim

that

each

subsystem

has

autopoeitic "drives" of their own. Instead of reducing

Page 59 ! of 221 !

society as a whole to one of its subsystems, i.e.; Karl

Marx and Economics, or Hans Kelsen and Law, Luhmann bases

his

analysis

differentiating

on

the

idea

that

society

system

that

will,

in

order

is

to

a

self

attain

mastery over an environment that is always more complex

than

it,

increase

its

own

complexity

through

a

proliferating of subsystems.

Although Luhmann claims that society cannot be reduced

to any one of its subsystems, his critics maintain that

his

autopoeitic

assumptions

make

it

impossible

to

"constitute" a society at all and that Luhmann's theory

is inherently self-contradictory.

Page 60 ! of 221 !

"Religion"

"politics"

"economics"

is

more

transcends

extensive

the

encompasses

than

governmental

more

than

the

church,

apparatus,

the

sum

and

total

of

organizations of production.35

There are four types of differentiation: segmentation,

stratification, center-periphery, and functional.

William Anderson Gittens

Author, Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ Cinematographer, Cultural

Practitioner, Publisher

Differentiation: A Cultural Ideology Vol.1 ISBN

978-976-96356-2-3

35 Stephen Holmes, Charles Larmore, Niklas Luhmann, and James Schmidt (1983). "Review: Luhmann in English- The Dierentiation of Society". Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 12, No.2. Retrieved April 24, 2007 Available: JSTOR Scholarly Journal Archive.

Page 61 ! of 221 !

Abstract

Because there is a differentiation between life36

and

live;

nationality

and

citizenship;

therefore

differentiation cannot be a fad37 but it is a long word

that sounds complicated but it just means teachers plan

for the children who are actually in their class, instead

of

designing

lessons

for

their

idea

child.

36

Life is existence where as Live is the act of existing with life.

37

http://theconversation.com/us Page 62 ! of 221 !

of

the

“average�

It is the means by which schools fulfil their legal

obligations

students.

to

This

provide

includes

a

quality

Indigenous

education

students,

to

all

students

from other language backgrounds, gifted students or those

with disability.

Also

the

differentiation

of

the

human

combined with their unique fingerprint,38

with their

confirmed

intellect

intertwined

individual learning style; unquestionably is

in

their

experience

38 https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/ Page 63 ! of 221 !

as

a

differentiation

between what they do and what happens to them39 frames the

differentiation40 cultural discourse.

For example Differentiation as a strategy is one of

the most important marketing strategy in today's business

environment.

With so many brands and so many varieties of products

and so much advertising noise, it becomes very difficult

but ultimately very necessary to differentiate your brand

from competition41.

39 https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/alan-watts-quotes 40 https://comm3625fa15.blogspot.com/ 41 https://www.marketing91.com/ Page 64 ! of 221 !

And

because

Differentiation42

is

just

a

standard

concept for analyzing competition it would be prudent not

use cliches such as discrimination or distinguish in this

context but apply differentiate!because it is a strategy

that provides leverage to invent or innovate which has

becomes a way of life that frames the

cultural discourse.

42

https://digitopoly.org/

43 https://comm3625fa15.blogspot.com/ Page 65 ! of 221 !

differentiation43

Chapter

1

The

law

differentiates

between

civil

rights

Most definitely, the law differentiates44 between civil

rights,

which

means

the

basic

right

of

freedom

from

discrimination based on certain personal characteristics

such as gender, race, or disability, and civil liberties

which are basic freedoms.

Chapter 2 Psychological Differentiation is an important

aspect of self-development.

44 https://www.findlaw.com/ Page 66 ! of 221 !

Chapter 3 "Differentiation" is a term in system theory

From the viewpoint of this theory, the principal feature

of

modern

society

is

the

increased

process

of

system

differentiation as a way of dealing with the complexity

of its environment..45

Chapter

4

"Differentiation

is

also

a

nuanced

process

Benjamin Deu believes that Differentiation46 is also a

nuanced process, and it can be challenging to understand

the subtleties of differentiating in marriage.

45 George Ritzer. 2007. Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots, The Basics, Second Edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

46 https://seattlechristiancounseling.com/ Page 67 ! of 221 !

Chapter 5 Recognising Differentiation in the classroom As

educators47 we all recognise that differentiation in the

classroom is vital as students are individuals who learn

at

different

rates

and

in

different

ways.

However,

planning, programming and assessing for the wide variety

of

needs

and

interests

of

multi-age

classes can be quite a challenge!

47 https://www.thehighlyeectiveteacher.com/ Page 68 ! of 221 !

and

multi-ability

Chapter 6 Separation between the state and cultural life

A government should not be able to control culture48;

i.e., how people think, learn, or worship. A particular

religion or ideology should not control the levers of the

State. Steiner held that pluralism and freedom were the

ideal for education and cultural life.49

Chapter

7

Language

Ideology

and

Linguistic Differentiation

48 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_threefolding 49 Johannes Hemleben, Rudolf Steiner: A documentary biography, Henry Goulden Ltd, 1975, ISBNÂ 0-904822-02-8, pp. 117-120.

(German edition: Rowohlt Verlag, 1990, ISBNÂ 3-499-50079-5).

Page 69 ! of 221 !

According

to

B.J.D.Armas

A

language

dialect that has an army and navy;

is

simply50

a

the significance of

differentiation is embedded in the politics of a region

and its observers.

Chapter 8 Personal Reflections

As an Author, Media Arts Specialist, a Publisher and a

Student

of

film;

in

this

cultural

conversation

"Differentiation" is a term in system theory. From the

viewpoint of this theory, the principal feature of modern

society 50

is

the

increased

https://gradschoolnotes.wordpress.com/ Page 70 ! of 221 !

process

of

system

differentiation as a way of dealing with the complexity

of its environment.

Symbols are signs that stand for something else. For

example, a cross is a symbol of Christianity worldwide

just as plus sign has come to mean Red Cross or hospital

in general, and even an illiterate person knows he can

get medical services when he sees this symbol. There are

symbols for elements in chemistry, which are derived by

abbreviating their names such as O standing for Oxygen.

In a similar manner, there are hundreds of symbols in all

Page 71 ! of 221 !

parts of the world that stand for something else and

readily recognizable.51.

Chapter 9 Conclusion Reflections

Most definitely, the law differentiates 52 between civil

rights,

which

means

the

basic

right

of

freedom

from

discrimination based on certain personal characteristics

such as gender, race, or disability, and civil liberties

which are basic freedoms.

51 https://www.dierencebetween.com/ 52 https://www.findlaw.com/ Page 72 ! of 221 !

Chapter 10 Conclusion

The differentiation of the human intellect combined

with their unique fingerprint,53

intertwined with their

individual learning style certainly identifies in their

experience

what

a

happens

differentiation

to

between

them54 frames

the

what

they

do

and

differentiation 55

cultural discourse.

Differentiation

important

as

marketing

a

strategy

strategy

is

in

one

of

today's

the

most

business

environment. With so many brands and so many varieties of

53 https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/ 54 https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/alan-watts-quotes 55 https://comm3625fa15.blogspot.com/ Page 73 ! of 221 !

products and so much advertising noise, it becomes very

difficult but ultimately very necessary to differentiate

your brand from competition56.

William Anderson Gittens

Author, Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ Cinematographer, Cultural

Practitioner, Publisher

Differentiation: A Cultural Ideology Vol.1 ISBN 978-976-96356-2-3

56 https://www.marketing91.com/ Page 74 ! of 221 !

Chapter 1 Psychological Differentiation

Psychological differentiation is an important aspect

of self-development.

Dr. Robert Firestone57 makes the

point that “In order for people to live their own lives

and

ful

fill

their

destinies,

they

must

differentiate

from destructive environmental influences.”

Dr. Firestone further advocates

identity

is

affected

that a person’s true

throughout

their

lives

by

interpersonal experiences that either support or damage

the development of his or her personality. In order for

us to live our own lives and fulfill our own destinies,

57 https://www.psychalive.org/ Page 75 ! of 221 !

we must differentiate ourselves from destructive family

and societal influences.

He

stress

influences

become

a

that

and

who

prescribed

we

Differentiating

identities

truly

identity

from

are,

from

our

past

rather

either

from

allows

than

our

negative

us

to

following

family

or

our

society. To the extent that we are able to develop and

sustain

our

own

unique

identities

and

follow

our

own

unique desires, we will be able to live truly fulfilling

lives.

Page 76 ! of 221 !

So, you should ask yourself: Whose life am I really

living? Am I basing my life on my own personal beliefs,

values

and

desires?

By

undertaking

the

project

of

differentiation, we are able to more fully become the

unique individuals that we have the potential to be.

By

understanding

the

process

of

psychological

differentiation, we can begin to separate ourselves from

the chains of the past and lead the most individualistic

and meaningful lives possible.

Page 77 ! of 221 !

Dr. Firestone58 argues that there are four key steps to

psychological

becoming

been

differentiation.

The

first

aware

of

the

various

influenced

by

destructive

steps

ways

involve

we

have

individuals

and

experiences from our past.

The next steps involve taking actions to break with

these old identities in order to ultimately become our

truest selves. As Dr. Firestone points out, “Becoming a

differentiated

person

is

a

lifelong

58 https://www.psychalive.org/ Page 78 ! of 221 !

project.�

So

be

patient

and

compassion

toward

yourself

as

you

move

through these steps.

The

first

step

of

psychological

differentiation

involves breaking with destructive thoughts and attitudes

toward ourselves that we internalized based on painful

early life experiences.

We

can

start

by

identifying

these

negative

thought

processes, which Dr. Firestone calls the critical inner

voice,

that are harmful or negative toward the self.

Page 79 ! of 221 !

Some

of

these

thoughts

may

seem

positive

at

first

(either self-soothing or self-aggrandizing), while others

will seem hostile, self-hating, paranoid, or suspicious.

Once we become aware of these “voices,� we can develop

insight into the sources of these destructive thoughts.

We

can

develop

this

insight

by

thinking

about

specific individuals or experiences may have lead

which

us to

feel these negative ways about ourselves. Then we can try

to answer back to these skewed thoughts in our own point

of view.

Page 80 ! of 221 !

By

learning

separate

from

to

the

challenge

“parent�

this

we’ve

inner

critic,

internalized,

a

we

step

that may cause us anxiety but will ultimately free us to

become who we strive to be.

The

second

step

of

differentiation

involves

recognizing and changing negative personality traits in

ourselves

that

are

an

incorporation

of

the

negative

traits of our parents, caregivers, or other influential

figures.

Page 81 ! of 221 !

Many individuals are surprised to find that, despite

their

best

intentions,

they

often

act

in

the

same

negative ways a parent did — reenacting the very actions

or personality patterns that they swore they would never

repeat

themselves.

personality

phoniness,

Altering

these

characteristics

self-centeredness,

—

a

unpleasant

addictions,

victimized

or

toxic

vanity,

orientation

toward life, attitudes of superiority and contempt, among

others – is a powerful way of saying goodbye to our past.

Page 82 ! of 221 !

It is important to be proactive about changing these

negative personality traits without being self-hating or

falling back into your critical inner voices. Understand

that you came by these faults honestly and that you have

the full power to change them.

The

into

third

the

step

of

differentiation

psychological

adaptation

to

the

pain

defenses

and

growing up.

Page 83 ! of 221 !

we

distress

involves

developed

we

looking

as

an

experienced

To differentiate from the more childish aspects of our

personality, we need to identify and then give up the

patterns of defense we formed to deal with pain early in

our lives.

We need to recognize that the defenses we formed to

protect ourselves as children often limit us in our adult

lives. For example, if we were intruded on as children,

we may feel excessively guarded as adults. If we were

rejected

as

kids,

we

may

feel

relationships.

Page 84 ! of 221 !

distrusting

in

our

People

tend

to

cling

to

these

defended

ways

of

responding to others and remain emotionally trapped in

cycles from their past. As adults, it’s important to give

up the hope of ever filling the vast voids we felt as

children.

In

order

to

become

psychologically

differentiated, we need to, in effect, say goodbye to our

“child selves” and live fully as the adults we are now.

The

final

step

of

psychological

differentiation

involves developing our own values, ideals, and beliefs

Page 85 ! of 221 !

rather than automatically accepting the beliefs that we

grew up with or those of our culture.

We

should

strive

to

lead

a

life

of

integrity,

according to our own ideals, in spite of social pressures

to conform to the standards of others. We should resist

influences

that

are

oppressive

or

restrictive

of

individual human rights.

Overall

implying

Dr.

that

Firestone

It

is

point

also

of

view

important

seems

to

to

be

formulate

transcendent goals, those that go beyond ourselves and

Page 86 ! of 221 !

our immediate family, and to take steps toward fulfilling

these goals that give personal meaning to our life.

In

addition,

practicable,

logical

this

and

approach

achievable

appears

as

long

to

as

be

the

individual’s attitude is consistent and practical.

What is also uniquely stark to presumably assume that

although global citizens

are born genetically unique

individuals, and we internalize our early environment, so

Page 87 ! of 221 !

that

when

we

grow

up,

we

are

not

really

fully

differentiated selves.

In many ways59 we are reliving rather than living. This

dichotomy can influence us to act in ways we don't even

like or say things we don't even mean. We are especially

susceptible to these feelings in times of stress and in

situations that trigger primal feelings, in our intimate

relationships, at work or as parents.

59 https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/experts/lisa-firestone-phd Page 88 ! of 221 !

When triggered, these overlays influence how we see

the

world,

and

how

we

see

ourselves.

We

engage60

in

behaviour that is not our own, which can be destructive

to

our

own

best

interest.

evidently

one

of

differentiation from one's way of life as opposed one's

previous way of living.

60 https://www.psychologytoday.com/us Page 89 ! of 221 !

Chapter 2 The Law Differentiates Between Civil Rights

Most definitely, the law differentiates 61 between civil

rights,

which

means

the

basic

right

of

freedom

from

discrimination based on certain personal characteristics

such as gender, race, or disability, and civil liberties

which are basic freedoms.

61 https://www.findlaw.com/ Page 90 ! of 221 !

However,

freedoms;

Civil

civil

liberties

rights

concern

concern

the

the

actual

treatment

basic

of

an

individual regarding certain rights.

Unlike civil liberties, where the government grants

broad-based rights to individuals, civil rights are not

only

granted

protective

by

aspect

the

of

government

those

but

rights

characteristics.

Page 91 ! of 221 !

also

based

contain

on

a

certain

Therefore, Knowing the difference between civil rights

and civil liberties can help to determine whether global

citizens have a civil rights claim.

A case in point Ann

Fraizer, Dr. Lisa Kuntz is a

licensed psychologist and

Dr. Billie McNealey a licensed

Clinical Child Psychologist

with

disabilities62,

loneliness,

Mr.

argued that many persons

Roberts

architectural

experienced

barriers

to

dependence on others, and discrimination.

62 https://www.crisisprevention.com/ Page 92 ! of 221 !

his

isolation,

wheelchair,

One of the biggest challenges for this college student

was where to live.

None

of

the

dormitories

was

wheelchair

accessible.

Neither were classrooms or the library. On top of this,

the wheelchairs on which Mr. Roberts and others had to

depend often broke. This could mean weeks of waiting for

a

repair.

Instead

of

accepting

these

problems,

Mr.

Roberts became a true activist. With the help of others,

Mr.

Roberts

living

space

successfully

for

persons

secured

in

wheelchair repair shop.

Page 93 ! of 221 !

funding

wheelchairs,

to

renovate

including

a

The approach of this pioneering group in California

became the blueprint for the disability movement.

Liberalism63

refers

to

a

political

doctrine64

that

emphasizes on protecting the freedom and rights of the

citizenry.

Liberals view the government as an arm that protects

citizens from external and internal threats but at the

63 https://www.worldatlas.com/society/ 64 https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-10-most-liberal-countries-of-the-world.html Page 94 ! of 221 !

same time recognize that the government by itself can be

a threat to the freedom of the citizens.

In

his

pamphlet

Common

philosopher

Thomas

Paine

“necessary

evil.�

Law

constitution

are

meant

Sense

compared

enforcers,

to

protect

(1776),

the

American

government

Judiciary,

to

and

individuals'

a

the

right,

property, and liberty but in some instances, the same

institutions might be used to against the individual.

The democratic politics of the 21st century is faced

with the challenge of devising governments that protect

Page 95 ! of 221 !

the liberty of its individuals and preventing those in

authority from flexing their muscles against the masses.

Most liberals in the late 19th century emphasized that

the government can protect and promote the liberty of

individuals.

governments

obstacles

as

that

However,

the

modern

authority

prevent

the

liberals,

whose

role

citizenry

is

from

view

to

the

remove

exercising

freedom and realizing their full potential. Barriers to

liberty and better life include diseases, discrimination,

poverty, and ignorance.

Page 96 ! of 221 !

In

the

U.S

liberalism

is

associated

with

state

policies advocated by Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt while

in Europe it is attributed to the laissez-faire economic

policies.

The 10 Most Liberal Countries Of The World

In

2006

the

State

of

World

Liberty

Index

released

ranking of the most liberal countries in the world.

Page 97 ! of 221 !

a

The ranking was based on economic freedom, individual

freedom, and the size of the government and taxation it

levied on its people.

Estonia, Ireland, and Canada were ranked 1st, 2nd, and

3rd respectively. The UK and the US were ranked 7th and

8th respectively while New Zealand was ranked 10th. The

2017

ranking

used

the

same

adjustments to the data.

Page 98 ! of 221 !

data

sources

but

with

New Zealand was ranked the most liberal country in the

world followed by Switzerland. New Zealand has a good

history regarding fundamental rights and freedom.

People exercise their political opinions through the

electoral process just while the taxation level among the

working class n among the lowest in the world.

In

Switzerland,

direct

democracy

has

been

decentralized, civil liberties are protected by law, and

the country has a good history regarding human rights.

Page 99 ! of 221 !

Canada and Australia tie in the third place. Canada is

known to respect civil liberties, political rights, and

human

rights.

It

has

one

of

the

world's

best

social

welfare programs.

The Fair Elections Act passed in 2014 guarantees a

free

and

fair

electoral

process.

Just

like

Canada,

Australia has included the civil and human rights in its

constitution. Voting is compulsory, and the constitution

guarantees a free and fair electoral process. In both

economies, the taxation level is low.

Page 100 ! of 221 !

Norway, Luxembourg, Sweden, and Finland tied for the

fifth place in the ranking. The four countries are all

ranked among the 12 best countries to live in terms of

political stability, economic prosperity and the quality

of life.

Norway is a well-established democracy with free and

fair

elections.

Conservative

and

The

government

Labor

Parties.

alternate

Sweden,

between

on

the

the

other

hand, is a parliamentary monarchy with a robust multi-

party system.

Page 101 ! of 221 !

The

rule

of

law

prevails,

and

the

constitution

guarantees the civil and liberty rights of the citizenry.

A

parliamentary

system

governs

Finland

with

robust

multipartyism.

Freedom

guaranteed.

of

speech,

The

association,

minority

in

protected.

Page 102 ! of 221 !

the

and

religion

society

are

are

also

The Netherlands and Ireland tie in the ninth place and

complete the list of the ten most liberal countries in

the world.

The

parliamentary

democracy

that

governs

the

Netherlands has a strong record. It is known to safeguard

civil

liberties,

human

rights,

and

political

rights.

Ireland is a stable democracy.

Free and fair elections65 guaranteed the will of the

majority.

Same-sex

marriage

is

65 https://www.worldatlas.com/society/ Page 103 ! of 221 !

legal,

but

abortion

is

still

restricted.

The

Catholic

church

maintains

significant influence in the society.

Chapter 3 "Differentiation" is a Term in System Theory

"Differentiation" is a term in system theory. From the

viewpoint of this theory, the principal feature of modern

society

is

the

increased

process

of

system

differentiation as a way of dealing with the complexity

of its environment.

Page 104 ! of 221 !

This

is

subsystems

accomplished

in

an

effort

to

through

copy

the

creation

within

a

system

of

the

difference between it and the environment.

The differentiation process is a means of increasing

the complexity of a system, since each subsystem can make

different connections with other subsystems.

It

allows

for

more

variation

within

the

system

in

order to respond to variation in the environment.

Increased variation facilitated by differentiation not

only allows for better responses to the environment, but

Page 105 ! of 221 !

also

allows

for

faster

evolution

(or

perhaps

sociocultural evolution), which is defined sociologically

as

a

process

of

selection

from

variation;

the

more

differentiation (and thus variation) that is available,

the better the selection.66:95–96

Exemplifying Differentiation and System Theory, this

photographic mosaic may be perceived as a whole/system (a

gull) or as a less complex group of parts67.

66 George Ritzer. 2007. Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots, The Basics, Second Edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

67 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierentiation_(sociology) Page 106 ! of 221 !

Talcott

Parsons

was

the

first

major

theorist

to

develop a theory of society consisting of functionally

defined sub-system, which emerges from an evolutionary

point

of

view

through

a

cybernetic

process

of

differentiation.

Niklas Luhmann68, who studied under Talcott Parsons,

took the latter's model and changed it in significant

ways. Parsons regarded society as the combined activities

of

its

subsystems

within

the

hierarchy.

68 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierentiation_(sociology) Page 107 ! of 221 !

logic

of

a

cybernetic

For

Parsons,

classical

although

quadripartite

each

AGIL

subsystem

scheme

or

(e.g.

AGIL

his

paradigm)

would tend to have self-referential tendencies and follow

a related path of structural differentiation, it would

occur in a constant interpenetrative communication with

the

other

between

subsystems

the

and

the

interpenetrative

historical

balance

equilibrium

between

various

subsystem would termine the relative degree in which the

structural differentiation between subsystem would occur

or not.

In contrast to Luhmann, Parsons would highlight that

although each subsystem had self-referential capacities Page 108 ! of 221 !

and had an internal logic of this own (ultimately located

in the pattern maintenance of each system) in historical

reality, the actual interaction, communication and mutual

enable-ness between the subsystems was crucial not only

for each subsystem but for the overall development of the

social system (and/or "society").

In

actual

relative

history,

historical

(including

the

Parsons

strength

maintained

of

interpenetrative

various

that

the

subsystems

equilibrium

of

each

subsystem's subsystems) could either block or promote the

forces of system-differentiation.

Page 109 ! of 221 !

Generally, Parsons was of the opinion that the main

"gatekeeper" blocking-promoting question was to be found

in the historical codification of the cultural system,

including "cultural traditions" (which Parsons in general

regarded

system"

epicenter

as

a

part

(which

of

of

the

facilitated

the

so-called

the

communication

"fiduciary

normatively

and

defining

historical

mode

of

institutionalization between cultural and social system).

(For

example,

transferred

as

a

the

various

cultural

way

pattern

Page 110 ! of !221

Islam

into

has

various

been

social

systems (Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Yemen, Pakistan, Indonesia

etc.) depend on the particular way in which the core

Islamic

value-symbols

particular

fiduciary

has

been

system

codified

(which

within

again

each

depend

on

a

serie of various societal and history-related factors)).

Within

the

realm

of

the

cultural

traditions

Parsons

focused particular on the influence of the major world-

religions yet he also maintain that in the course of the

general

rationalization

related

structure

stepwise

process

secularization

of

be

the

process,

religious

"transformed"

of

and

into

Page 111 ! of 221 !

the

the

"magic"

world

and

the

value-scheme

systems

political

would

ideologies,

market doctrines, folklore systems, social lifestyles and

aesthetic

movements

(and

so

on).

This

transformation

Parsons maintain was not so much the destruction of the

religious value-schemes (although such a process could

also

occur)

"religious"

values

would

primordial

but

(and

was

in

tend

to

generally

a

broader

move

from

"representation"

to

the

way

sense

a

in

which

"constitutive")

religious-magic

one

which

was

and

more

secularized and more "modern" in its institutionalized

and

symbolistic

expression;

this

again

would

coincide

with the increasing relative independence of systems of

expressive

symbolization

vis-a-vis

Page 112 ! of !221

cognitive

and

evaluative

lines

of

differentiation

(for

example,

the

flower-power movement in the 60s and early 70s would be a

particular moment in this increased impact on factors of

expressive symbolization on the overall interpenetrative

mode of the social system.

The breakthrough of rock music in the 1950s and the

sensual expressiveness of Elvis would be another example,

for the way in which expressive symbolization would tend

to increase its impact vis-a-vis other factors of system-

differentiation, which again according to Parsons was a

Page 113 ! of !221

part of the deeper evolutionary logic, which in part was

related to the increased impact of the goal-attachment

function of the cultural system and at the same time

related

the

increased

factor

of

institutionalized

individualism, which have become a fundamental feature

for historical modernity).

Luhmann

tend

to

claim

that

each

subsystem

has

autopoeitic "drives" of their own.

Instead of reducing society as a whole to one of its

subsystems, i.e.; Karl Marx and Economics, or Hans Kelsen

and Law, Luhmann bases his analysis on the idea that

Page 114 ! of !221

society is a self differentiating system that will, in

order

to

attain

mastery

over

an

environment

that

is

always more complex than it, increase its own complexity

through a proliferating of subsystems.

Although Luhmann claims that society cannot be reduced

to any one of its subsystems, his critics maintain that

his

autopoeitic

assumptions

make

it

impossible

to

"constitute" a society at all and that Luhmann's theory

is inherently self-contradictory.

"Religion"

"politics"

is

more

transcends

extensive

the

than

governmental

Page 115 ! of !221

the

church,

apparatus,

and

"economics"

encompasses

more

than

the

sum

total

of

organizations of production.69

There are four types of differentiation: segmentation,

stratification, center-periphery, and functional.

Niklas Luhmann (1927–1998) was a German sociologist

and "social systems theorist", as well as one of the most

prominent modern day thinkers in the sociological systems

theory. Luhmann was born in Lüneburg, Germany, studied

law at the University of Freiburg from 1946 to 1949, in 69 Stephen Holmes, Charles Larmore, Niklas Luhmann, and James Schmidt (1983). "Review: Luhmann in English- The Differentiation of Society". Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 12, No.2. Retrieved April 24, 2007 Available: JSTOR Scholarly Journal Archive.

Page 116 ! of !221

1961 he went to Harvard, where he met and studied under

Talcott Parsons, then the world's most influential social

systems

theorist.

In

later

years,

Luhmann

dismissed

Parsons' theory, developing a rival approach of his own.

His magnum opus, Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft ("The

Society

of

Society"),

appeared

in

1997

and

has

been

subject to much review and critique since.

Segmentary differentiation divides parts of the system

on the basis of the need to fulfil identical functions

over and over. For instance, a car manufacturer may have

Page 117 ! of !221

functionally similar factories for the production of cars

at many different locations. Every location is organized

in much the same way; each has the same structure and

fulfils the same function – producing cars.70:96

Stratificatory

differentiation

or

social

stratification is a vertical differentiation according to

rank or status in a system conceived as a hierarchy.

Every rank fulfills a particular and distinct function

in

the

system,

for

instance

the

manufacturing

company

70 George Ritzer. 2007. Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots, The Basics, Second Edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Page 118 ! of !221

president,

the

plant

manager,

trickling

down

to

the

assembly line worker.

In

segmentary

accidental

however,

differentiation

variance

and

inequality

is

serves

no

systemic

inequality

essential

in

the

is

an

function,

function

of

stratified systems.

A stratified system is more concerned with the higher

ranks

(president,

ranks

(assembly

manager)

worker)

than

with

communication."

Page 119 ! of !221

it

is

regard

with

to

the

lower

"influential

However, the ranks are dependent on each other and the

social

system

will

collapse

unless

all

ranks

realize

their functions. This type of system tends to necessitate

the lower ranks to initiate conflict in order to shift

the influential communication to their level.71:97

Center-periphery

Segmentary

and

automobile

firms,

differentiation

Stratificatory,

may

have

an

built

is

a

link

example

factories

between

is

in

again,

other

countries, nevertheless the headquarters for the company

71 George Ritzer. 2007. Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots, The Basics, Second Edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Page 120 ! of 221 !

remains

the

center

ruling,

and

to

whatever

extent

controlling, the peripheral factories.[1]:98

Functional differentiation is the form that dominates

modern

society

and

is

also

the

most

complex

form

of

differentiation.

All functions within a system become ascribed to a

particular

firm

as

unit

an

or

site.

example,

differentiated"

Again,

it

may

departmentally,

Page 121 ! of 221 !

citing

be

the

automobile

"functionally

having

a

production

department,

administration,

accounting,

planning,

personnel, etc.

Functional Differentiation tends to be more flexible

than Stratifactory, but just as a stratified system is

dependent on all rank, in a Functional system if one part

fails to fulfill its task, the whole system will have

great difficulty surviving. However, as long as each unit

is

able

to

fulfill

differentiated

units

its

separate

become

function,

largely

the

independent;

functionally differentiated systems are a complex mixture

of interdependence and independence. E.g., the planning

division may be dependent on the accounting division for Page 122 ! of 221 !

economic data, but so long as the data is accurately

compiled the planning division can be ignorant of the

methodology involved to collect the data, interdependence

yet independence72:98

Code is a way to distinguish elements within a system

from those elements not belonging to that system. It is

the basic language of a functional system.

Examples are truth for the science system, payment for

the economic system, legality for the legal system; its

72 George Ritzer. 2007. Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots, The Basics, Second Edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Page 123 ! of 221 !

purpose

is

to

limit

the

kinds

of

permissible

communication.

According to Luhmann a system will only understand and

use its own code, and will not understand nor use the

code of another system; there is no way to import the

code of one system into another because the systems are

closed

and

can

only

react

to

things

within

their

environment.73:100

Understanding the risk of complexity[edit]

73 George Ritzer. 2007. Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots, The Basics, Second Edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Page 124 ! of 221 !

It is exemplified that in Segmentary differentiation

if a segment fails to fulfill its function it does not

affect or threaten the larger system.

If an auto plant in Michigan stops production this

does not threaten the overall system, or the plants in

other locations. However, as complexity increases so does

the risk of system breakdown.

If a rank structure in a Stratified system fails, it

threatens the system; a Center-Periphery system might be

threatened

if

the

control

measure,

or

the

Center/

Headquarters failed; and in a Functionally differentiated

Page 125 ! of 221 !

system, due to the existence of interdependence despite

independence the failure of one unit will cause a problem

for the social system, possibly leading to its breakdown.

The growth of complexity increases the abilities of a

system

to

deal

with

its

environment,

but

complexity

increases the risk of system breakdown.

It is important to note that more complex systems do

not

necessarily

instances

the

exclude

more

less

complex

systems,

complex

system

may

in

require

some

the

existence of the less complex system to function.74:98–100

Modern social theory[edit] 74 George Ritzer. 2007. Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots, The Basics, Second Edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Page 126 ! of 221 !

Luhmann uses the operative distinction between system

and environment to determine that society is a complex

system

which

replicates

the

system/environment

distinction to form internal subsystems.

Science

is

among

these

internally

differentiated

social systems, and within this system is the sub-system

sociology.

Here, in the system sociology, Luhmann finds himself

again, an observer observing society. His knowledge of

society

as

contingent

an

internally

observation

differentiated

made

from

Page 127 ! of 221 !

within

system

one

of

is

a

the

specialized function-systems he observes. He concludes,

therefore,

that

any

social

theory

claiming

universal

status must take this contingency into account.

Once

one

uses

the

basic

system/environment

distinction, then none of the traditional philosophical

or

sociological

distinctions

–

transcendental

and

empirical, subject and object, ideology and science – can

eliminate the contingency of enforced selectivity.

Thus, Luhmann's theory of social systems breaks not

only with all forms of transcendentalism, but with the

philosophy of history as well.75 75 Eva M. Knodt, and William Rasch (1994). "Systems Theory and the System of Theory". New German Critique, No. 61, Special Issue on Niklas Luhmann. Retrieved April 24, 2007 Available: JSTOR Scholarly Journal Archive.

Page 128 ! of 221 !

Luhmann is criticized as being self-referential and

repetitive, this is because a system is forced to observe

society from within society.

Systems

theory,

for

its

part,

unfolds

this

paradox

with the notion that the observer observes society from

within

a

subsystem

subsystem

(in

(science)

this

of

the

case:

sociology)

social

system.

of

a

Its

descriptions are thus "society of society".76

Luhmann's critique of political and economic theories

of society[edit] 76 Niklas Luhmann and Sean Ward (2000). "Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft". The German Quarterly, Vol. 73, No.2. Retrieved April 24, 2007 Available: JSTOR Scholarly Journal Archive.

Page 129 ! of 221 !

Luhmann felt that the society that thematized itself

as political society misunderstood itself.

It

was

simply

differentiated

a

social

political

system

in

subsystem

which

had

a

newly

functional

primacy.

Luhmann analyzes the Marxist approach to an economy

based society: In this theory, the concept of economic

society is understood to denote a new type of society in

which

production,

and

beyond

that

"a

metabolically

founded system of needs" replaces politics as the central

social process.

Page 130 ! of 221 !

From

another

perspective

also

characteristic

of

Marxist thought, the term "bourgeois society" is meant to

signify that a politically defined ruling segment is now

replaced

as

the

dominant

stratum

by

the

owners

of

property.

Luhmann's

reservations

concerning

not

only

Marxist,

but also bourgeois theories of economic society parallel

his criticisms of Aristotelian political philosophy as a

theory

of

political

society.

Both

theories

make

the

understandable error of "pars pro toto", of taking the

Page 131 ! of 221 !

part

for

the

whole,

which

in

this

context

means

identifying a social subsystem with the whole of society.

The error can be traced to the dramatic nature of the

emergence of each subsystem and its functional primacy

(for a time) in relation to the other spheres of society.

Nevertheless,

economy

should

the

not

functional

have

led

primacy

to

claimed

asserting

an

for

the

economic

permeation of all spheres of life.

The

notion

of

the

economy

possessing

functional

primacy is compatible with the well-known circumstance

that the political subsystem not only grew increasingly

Page 132 ! of 221 !

differentiated (from religion, morals, and customs if not

from the economy) but also continued to increase in size

and internal complexity over the course of the entire

capitalist epoch.

For

functional

primacy

need

only

imply

that

the

internal complexity of a given subsystem is the greatest,

and

that

the

new

developmental

stage

of

society

is

characterized by tasks and problems originating primarily

in this sphere.77

77 Andrew Arato and Niklas Luhmann (1994). "Civil Society and Political Theory in the Work of Luhmann and Beyond". New German Critique, No. 61, Special Issue on Niklas Luhmann. Retrieved April 24, 2007 Available: JSTOR Scholarly Journal Archive.

Page 133 ! of 221 !

Chapter 4 Recognising Differentiation in the Classroom

As educators78 we all recognise that differentiation in

the classroom is vital as students are individuals who

learn at different rates and in different ways. However,

planning, programming and assessing for the wide variety

of

needs

and

interests

of

multi-age

and

multi-ability

you

cater

classes can be quite a challenge!

Here

learning

are

14

ideas

styles,

that

can

abilities,

78 https://www.thehighlyeectiveteacher.com/ Page 134 ! of 221 !

help

and

interests

to

of

the

your

students by providing flexible and alternative learning

experiences that are engaging and motivating:

1. Once you have given whole class instruction, give

small

group

lessons

to

reinforce

the

learning

and

to

check for understanding.

Allow

students

encourage

your

to

opt

in

to

extra

class

to

speak

up

group

if

work

they

and

don’t

understand.

Model risk taking and making mistakes for your classes

to create a culture of respect, empathy and acceptance of

difference.

Page 135 ! of 221 !

2.

Instead

of

creating

different

worksheets

for

different students, which can have social implications

and a greater time commitment from the teacher, consider

one worksheet with progressively more difficult tasks.

The capable students will quickly move on to the more

challenging tasks while the less able students can take

their time to understand the basics.

3. Provide students with a choice of activities and

assessment pieces e.g. written, spoken, video, PowerPoint

presentations, story boards, mind maps etc.

Page 136 ! of 221 !

4.

Provide

materials

e.g.

students

simpler

with

texts

a

variety

with

of

resource

illustrations,

more

difficult and complex texts, online materials like videos

that support students who learn in different ways.

5. Have additional interesting challenging tasks for

students who finish early so you can assist the students

who

may

need

more

time.

Make

sure

the

purposeful, engaging and not just busy work.

Page 137 ! of 221 !

tasks

are

6. 80% of students are capable of being self-directed

with their learning if they are taught how and given the

opportunity.

This gives teachers time to assist the 20% of students

who need additional support or individual instruction.

See David Langford Quality Learning Australia.

7. Use regular formative assessment to evaluate where

students

are

teaching

to

in

their

Assessments

for

their

learning

needs

a

e.g.

and

See

25

Differentiated

Scholastic.com.

Page 138 ! of 221 !

then

adapt

Quick

your

Formative

Classroom

at

8.

Use

cooperative

learning

groups

or

pairs

and

consider having small mixed ability groups for tasks.

Give

students

defined

roles

within

the

groups

and

explicitly teach them how to fulfill each of their role

descriptions. See Kagan Cooperative Learning strategies

for more ideas on how to use these.

9. Find out the learning styles of your students and

use the information for your planning and for students to

gain

greater

understanding

of

how

they

learn

e.g.

Education Planner has questionnaires for students, Ralph

Page 139 ! of 221 !

Pirozzo

matrices

combine

learning

styles

and

Bloom’s

taxonomy for student centred learning.

10. Create short videos of yourself teaching a concept

and upload them so students can access the instruction at

any times i.e. they could revisit your instructions in

class time and at home.

11. Peer mentoring and cross age mentoring benefits

the mentor and the mentee. A student who lacks confidence

can

make

massive

gains

when

they

can

share

their

expertise with a less able student and young people can

Page 140 ! of 221 !

often explain concepts to their peers in ways that are

more easily understood.

12. Use games and simulations to engage students in

the learning. Simple games such as Celebrity Heads can be

adapted

to

learning

e.g.

the

‘Celebrities’

can

be

characters from a novel, historical figures, scientific

researchers or answers to a mathematical equation.

13. Use cold calling rather than ‘hands up’ when you

ask

a

question.

Develop

a

culture

where

everyone

is

expected to think and participate. Use strategies such as

picking a name out of a hat, or a paddle pop stick with

Page 141 ! of 221 !

each child’s name and give processing and thinking time.

Encourage students to ‘have a go’ rather than needing to

be 100% correct before giving an answer.

14. Use mini-white boards for every student so they

can all write an answer to hold up to the teacher. It is

a

quick

and

effective

way

to

understanding79.

79 https://www.thehighlyeffectiveteacher.com/ Page 142 ! of 221 !

assess

each

student’s

Chapter 5 "Differentiation is also a nuanced process

Benjamin Deu believes that Differentiation80 is also a

nuanced process, and it can be challenging to understand

the subtleties of differentiating in marriage.

How do you become yourself while also deepening your

bond with another person? How do you focus on personal

development while living fully with your spouse?

These

solutions.

are

If

complicated

you

find

the

questions

without

concept

differentiation

80 https://seattlechristiancounseling.com/ Page 143 ! of 221 !

of

easy

helpful and interesting, a Christian counselor can help

you explore this idea in greater depth.

If you are just starting in your marriage and want to

set out on the right foot, or if you have been married

for years and are looking to develop a healthier marriage

relationship, a qualified Christian counselor can provide

you with the guidance and support you are seeking. Please

do not hesitate to contact us for more information about

setting up an appointment with one of our many marriage

specialists.

Page 144 ! of 221 !

Dr. David Schnarch calls this process differentiation,

and

it

is

the

centerpiece

of

his

marital

help

book

becoming

more

Passionate Marriage.

Differentiation

is

the

process

of

yourself by engaging in relationship with others – and in

particular, with your spouse.

It

others

is

the

and

act

your

of

balancing

drive

to

your

develop

drive

to

yourself

be

as

with

an

individual81 .

The process of differentiating does not alienate us

from others, but deepens our emotional connections and 81 https://seattlechristiancounseling.com/counselors/benjamin-deu Page 145 ! of 221 !

allows us to develop a whole and integrated “self-in-

relation” that does not change according to circumstance.

Ultimately, differentiation is the process by which we

grind

off

ourselves

spouse

our

“rough

while

also

edges”

and

strengthening

become

our

more

love

fully

for

our

82.

Differentiation83

is

not

a

step—

it’s

a

process,

a

lifelong goal. It is hard work, and differentiating will

require you to make difficult decisions. It is not an

easy route to healthy marriage—but it is the best option, 82 https://seattlechristiancounseling.com/counselors/benjamin-deu 83 https://seattlechristiancounseling.com/counselors/benjamin-deu Page 146 ! of 221 !

and will ultimately lead to better, more fulfilling life

with your spouse.

Page 147 ! of 221 !

Chapter 6 Separation Between The State and Cultural Life

A government should not be able to control culture84;

i.e., how people think, learn, or worship.

A particular religion or ideology should not control

the levers of the State. Steiner held that pluralism and

freedom were the ideal for education and cultural life.85

Concerning children, Steiner held that all families,

not just those with economic means, should be enabled to

84 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_threefolding 85 Johannes Hemleben, Rudolf Steiner: A documentary biography, Henry Goulden Ltd, 1975, ISBNÂ 0-904822-02-8, pp. 117-120.

(German edition: Rowohlt Verlag, 1990, ISBNÂ 3-499-50079-5).

Page 148 ! of 221 !

choose

among

government

a

wide

schools

variety

from

of

independent,

kindergarten

through

non-

high

school.86

Separation between the economy and cultural life

Examples: The fact that places of worship do not make

the

ability

to

enter

and

participate

depend

on

the

ability to pay, and that libraries and some museums are

open to all free of charge, is in tune with Steiner’s

86 A few of many possible examples from Steiner's work: "...there is no reason why the free spirit in man should defer to any stereotyped pattern in the interest of the state; it [the free spirit] is not to be limited by the condition that only those shall receive education who can command economic resources," -- from Lecture V of Steiner's, The Social Future. In the same lecture, he says, "everything relating to the spiritual and intellectual department of life should be detached from the political or equity state, and the spiritual organization should be independently administered in freedom." In his main work on social questions, Toward Social Renewal, Steiner repeatedly says society needs freedom for all the activities in the cultural sphere -- education, science, art, religion -- they must be independent of state and economic power. He argues that education, like other cultural activities, should no longer be administered by or under the authority of the State, and should be based on pedagogical freedom for teachers, as well as for the families who will choose freely among teachers and schools. With regard to independence from economic power, he writes, for example on page 92 of his main sociological work, Toward Social Renewal: Basic Issues of the Social Question, that all "children shall have the right to receive an education," i.e., not just those children whose parents happen to have sufficient economic power to afford decent schooling. In the same book, on pages 3-4, he writes that "education, from which all spiritual and cultural life emerges and develops, must be administered by the educators, without any interference from political or economic quarters." Toward Social Renewal, Rudolph Steiner Press; 4th edition (April 2000), ISBN 1-85584-072-3; ISBN 978-1-85584-072-0.

Page 149 ! of 221 !

notion

of

a

separation

between

cultural

and

economic

life.

Efforts to protect scientific research results from

commercial manipulation are also in tune with the idea.

In a similar spirit, Steiner held that all families, not

just those with the economic means, should have freedom

of choice in education and access to independent, non-

government schools for their children.87

87 A few of many possible examples from Steiner's work: "...there is no reason why the free spirit in man should defer to any stereotyped pattern in the interest of the state; it [the free spirit] is not to be limited by the condition that only those shall receive education who can command economic resources," -- from Lecture V of Steiner's, The Social Future. In the same lecture, he says, "everything relating to the spiritual and intellectual department of life should be detached from the political or equity state, and the spiritual organization should be independently administered in freedom." In his main work on social questions, Toward Social Renewal, Steiner repeatedly says society needs freedom for all the activities in the cultural sphere -- education, science, art, religion -- they must be independent of state and economic power. He argues that education, like other cultural activities, should no longer be administered by or under the authority of the State, and should be based on pedagogical freedom for teachers, as well as for the families who will choose freely among teachers and schools. With regard to independence from economic power, he writes, for example on page 92 of his main sociological work, Toward Social Renewal: Basic Issues of the Social Question, that all "children shall have the right to receive an education," i.e., not just those children whose parents happen to have sufficient economic power to afford decent schooling. In the same book, on pages 3-4, he writes that "education, from which all spiritual and cultural life emerges and develops, must be administered by the educators, without any interference from political or economic quarters." Toward Social Renewal, Rudolph Steiner Press; 4th edition (April 2000), ISBN 1-85584-072-3; ISBN 978-1-85584-072-0.

Page 150 ! of 221 !

Separation between the state and the economy

People and businesses should be prevented from buying

politicians and laws.

A politician shouldn’t be able to parlay his political

position

into

riches

earned

by

doing

favours

for

businessmen.

Slavery

political,

is

a

unjust,

person’s

because

inalienable

it

takes

rights,

something

and

absorbs

them into the economic process of buying and selling.

Steiner said, "In the old days, there were slaves. The

entire man was sold as commodity... Today, capitalism is

Page 151 ! of 221 !

the power through which still a remnant of the human

being—his labor power—is stamped with the character of a

commodity."88

state

Yet

socialism

Steiner

gives

held

to

this

that

the

problem

solution

only

that

makes

it

worse.

Cooperative economic life

Steiner advocated cooperative forms of capitalism, or

what

might

because

he

today

be

thought

called

that

stakeholder

conventional

capitalism,

shareholder

capitalism and state socialism, though in different ways, 88 Preparata, Guido Giacomo (Fall 2006). Perishable money in a threefold commonwealth: Rudolf Steiner and the social economics of an anarchist Utopia. Review of Radical Political Economics, 38(4):619-648.

Page 152 ! of 221 !

tend

to

economic

absorb

the

process

State

and

and

human

transform

rights

laws

into

into

the

mere

commodities.89

Steiner rejected state socialism because of that, but

also because he believed it reduces the vitality of the

economic process.90

Yet

Steiner

disagrees

with

the

kind

of

libertarian

view that holds that the State and the economy are kept

apart when there is absolute economic competition.

89 Toward Social Renewal, Rudolf Steiner, Rudolf Steiner Press, 1999, page 46.

90 Toward Social Renewal, Rudolf Steiner, Rudolf Steiner Press, 1999, page 80.

Page 153 ! of 221 !

According

to

Steiner's

view,

under

absolute

competition, the most dominant economic forces tend to

corrupt and take over the State,91 in that respect merging

State and economy.

Second,

productively

the

State

under

tends

such

to

fight

circumstances

back

by

counter-

increasingly

taking over the economy and merging with it, in a mostly

doomed attempt to ameliorate the sense of injustice that

91 Toward Social Renewal, Rudolf Steiner, Rudolf Steiner Press, 1999, page 88.

Page 154 ! of 221 !

emerges

when

special

economic

interests

State.92

92 Toward Social Renewal, Rudolf Steiner, Rudolf Steiner Press, 1999, page 49-51.

Page 155 ! of 221 !

take

over

the

Chapter

7

Language

Ideology

and

Linguistic Differentiation

According

to

B.J.D.Armas

A

language

dialect that has an army and navy;

is

simply93

a

the significance of

differentiation is embedded in the politics of a region

and its observers.

Iconization

features

a

transformation

of

the

sign

relationship b/w linguistic features and social images;

process

entails

attribution

of

cause

and

immediate

necessity to a connection that may be only historical,

contingent, or conventional

93

https://gradschoolnotes.wordpress.com/ Page 156 ! of 221 !

Fractal

recursivity94

opposition….ex/

=

–

involves

intragroup

group

projection

relations

of

an

might

be

projected into intergroup relations

Erasure – renders persons or activities invisible

For

with

post-enlightenment

nations

in

a

scholars,

cultural

or

languages

spiritual

coincided

sense

but

precedes political realization of nationhood

Cust:

tool

for

originally thought language could serve as a

identifiying

ethnic

units,

relationships, and reconstructing history

94

https://gradschoolnotes.wordpress.com/ Page 157 ! of 221 !

classifying

Language

mapping

project95

=

effort

to

disentangle

supposed history of conquests and represent legitimate

territorial claims

Mapping

project

involves

3

semiotic

processes:

iconization (relations between language, population, and

territory;

links

languages

with

national

and

racial

essences), erasure (removes multilingualism), recursivity

(relationships

between

Europeans

and

history of relationships of Africa).

95

https://gradschoolnotes.wordpress.com/ Page 158 ! of 221 !

Africans

are

the

Fichte (1808) “Whereever a separate language could be

found, there is also a separate nation which has the

right to manage its affairs and rule itself

Language and imagined community

Scholars

of

language

and

ideas

about

linguistic

differences play a significant part in the categories of

identity

Need to shift attention96 to linguistic differentiation

rather than community

96

https://gradschoolnotes.wordpress.com/ Page 159 ! of 221 !

Chapter 8 Personal Reflections

As an Author, Media Arts Specialist, License Cultural

Practitioner,

Publisher

and

a

Student

of

film;

this

cultural conversation underscores the point we need to

differentiate

complex

because

because

Children

and

teaching

g l o b a l i s a t i o n 97

has

are

both

impacted

differentiation within higher education systems.

Student

diversity

demands 98

a

more

sophisticated

approach to teaching, so that all children can achieve to

the best of their potential.

97

https://www.emerald.com/insight

98

http://theconversation.com/us Page 160 ! of 221 !

The old approach to teaching is where teachers plan

their

lessons

using

a

single

method

with

contingency

options, such as learning support, teacher aide time or

after-hours tutoring, for the children who – for whatever

reason – don’t happen to “get it” the first time.

This

is

unproductive

because

this

“wait

to

fail”

approach makes learning more difficult for many children

and results in gaps that are costly to remediate.

All teachers will need to teach a diverse range of

children during their career. So taking diversity into

account by planning from the outset is not only better

Page 161 ! of 221 !

for

students

and

teachers,

but

it

saves

time

and

is

easier and more successful than a “one size fits all�

approach."Differentiation" is characterized as a term in

system theory.

From

the

viewpoint

of

this

theory,

the

principal

feature of modern society is the increased process of

system

differentiation

as

a

way

complexity of its environment.

Page 162 ! of 221 !

of

dealing

with

the

This

is

subsystems

accomplished

in

an

effort

to

through

copy

the

creation

within

a

system

of

the

difference between it and the environment.

The differentiation process is a means of increasing

the complexity of a system, since each subsystem can make

different connections with other subsystems.

It

allows

for

more

variation

within

the

system

order to respond to variation in the environment.

Page 163 ! of 221 !

in

Increased variation facilitated by differentiation not

only allows for better responses to the environment, but

also

allows

for

faster

evolution

(or

perhaps

sociocultural evolution), which is defined sociologically

as

a

process

of

selection

from

variation;

the

more

differentiation (and thus variation) that is available,

the better the selection.99

Differentation has do with What do you think when you

see the symbol $, or when you are required to multiply

and are asked to do so by showing the sign X? Not much, I

presume as both stand for something that is common or

99 George Ritzer. 2007. Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots, The Basics, Second Edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Page 164 ! of 221 !

popularly known or perceived with the help of the sign or

the symbol. For example, a pigeon is a universal symbol

of peace while a ring worn by men tells the world that

they are married or engaged.

On the other hand, signs are mostly warning signs that

tell

about

impending

dangers.

Signs

are

informative,

mandatory, warning, advisory and prohibitory in nature.

For examples, when you see the traffic light turn red,

you automatically stop driving or riding a motorcycle. In

hospitals,

there

is

a

sign

that

contains

a

burning

cigarette that is crossed out inside a big circle. It is

Page 165 ! of 221 !

a prohibitory sign in the sense that you are warned that

the hospital is a no smoking zone.

Similarly, you see a sign depicting a horn that is

crossed out on a school building. It depicts that it is

mandatory to maintain silence, and you must not honk the

horn in the zone.

‘No U turn’ and ‘sharp turn’ are signs on roads to

avoid accidents and thus classify under warning signs.

Page 166 ! of 221 !

Symbols are signs that stand for something else. For

example, a cross is a symbol of Christianity worldwide

just as plus sign has come to mean Red Cross or hospital

in general, and even an illiterate person knows he can

get medical services when he sees this symbol.

There are symbols for elements in chemistry, which are

derived by abbreviating their names such as O standing

for Oxygen.

In a similar manner, there are hundreds of symbols in

all parts of the world that stand for something else and

readily recognizable.100.

100 https://www.dierencebetween.com/ Page 167 ! of 221 !

Differentiation101 is a term used in calculus to refer

to the change in, which properties experiences concerning

a unit change in another related property.

Integration is a term used in calculus to refer to

the formula and the procedure of calculating the area

under the curve102.

Differentiation103

is

a

way

of

thinking

about

how

people learn best so that we can adapt our approaches for

the success of all of our students.It is a recognition

101

http://www.differencebetween.net/

102

http://www.differencebetween.net/

103

https://www.literacytoday.ca/ Page 168 ! of 221 !

that

students

academically,

differ

but

they

socially,

also

have

emotionally

varying

and

readiness,

interest, and prior experiences.

Differentiated

different

pathways

instruction

for

allows

students

learning goals.

Page 169 ! of 221 !

to

us

to

reach

provide

the

same

Chapter 9 Conclusion Reflections

Most

definitely,

the

law

differentiates 104

between

civil rights, which means the basic right of freedom from

discrimination based on certain personal characteristics

such as gender, race, or disability, and civil liberties

which are basic freedoms.

However,

freedoms;

Civil

civil

liberties

rights

concern

concern

the

individual regarding certain rights.

104 https://www.findlaw.com/ Page 170 ! of 221 !

the

actual

treatment

basic

of

an

Unlike civil liberties, where the government grants

broad-based rights to individuals, civil rights are not

only

granted

protective

by

aspect

the

of

government

those

but

rights

also

based

contain

on

a

certain

characteristics.

Therefore, Knowing the difference between civil rights

and civil liberties can help to determine whether global

citizens have a civil rights claim.

Page 171 ! of 221 !

Chapter 10 Conclusion

Because there is a differentiation between life 105 and

live; nationality and citizenship.

Therefore it cannot be a fad106 but it is a long word

that sounds complicated but it just means teachers plan

for the children who are actually in their class, instead

of

designing

lessons

for

their

idea

of

the

“average�

child.

It is the means by which schools fulfil their legal

obligations107

to

provide

a

quality

105

Life is existence where as Live is the act of existing with life.

106

http://theconversation.com/us

107

http://theconversation.com/us Page 172 ! of 221 !

education

to

all

students.

This

includes

Indigenous

students,

students

from other language backgrounds, gifted students or those

with disability.

Differentiation108 is underpinned by the principle that

all children can learn when teachers use a variety of

methods

and

when

students

have

choice

in

how

they

demonstrate their learning.

Differentiation is not a fad. Adapting the language

and pace of instruction and providing a range of options

for students to demonstrate their learning is the essence

of quality teaching.

108

http://theconversation.com/us Page 173 ! of 221 !

But

the

differentiation

of

the

human

combined with their unique fingerprint,109

with

their

individual

learning

intellect

intertwined

style

certainly

identifies in their experience a differentiation between

what

they

do

and

what

happens

to

them 110frames

the

differentiation111 cultural discourse.

Differentiation

important

as

marketing

a

strategy

strategy

environment.

109 https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/ 110 https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/alan-watts-quotes 111 https://comm3625fa15.blogspot.com/ Page 174 ! of 221 !

is

in

one

of

today's

the

most

business

With so many brands and so many varieties of products

and so much advertising noise, it becomes very difficult

but ultimately very necessary to differentiate your brand

from competition112.

And

implement

therefore

the

Differentiation113

best

strategy

is

way

to

invent

to

or

innovate in Science, Technology, and Mathematics Biology

and Medicine.

112 https://www.marketing91.com/ 113 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierentiation Page 175 ! of 221 !

"Differentiation114" is a term in system theory. From

the viewpoint of this theory, the principal feature of

modern

society

is

the

increased

process

of

system

differentiation as a way of dealing with the complexity

of its environment.

Therefore,

a

close-up

with

my

lens

metaphorically

provided that tightly selected frame of Differentiation115

just a standard concept for analyzing competition;

114 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dierentiation_(sociology) 115

https://digitopoly.org/ Page 176 ! of 221 !

it

would

be

prudent

not

use

cliches

such

as

discrimination or distinguish in this context; but apply

differentiate because Distinguish116 and discriminate are

examples

of

differentiation

which

is

a

strategy

that

provides leverage to invent or innovate which has become

a way of life.

This

is

the

reason

why

there

is

a

differentiation

between life117 and live, nationality and citizenship.

Differentiation:

978-976-96356-2-3

A

was

Cultural

Ideology

constructed

in

760 paragraphs,222 pages and 10 chapters.

116

https://www.myenglishteacher.eu/ask

117

Life is existence where as Live is the act of existing with life.

Page 177 ! of 221 !

Vol.1

16,135

ISBN

words,

William Anderson Gittens

Author, Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ Cinematographer,

Cultural

Practitioner, Publisher

Differentiation: A Cultural Ideology Vol.1 ISBN

978-976-96356-2-3

Page 178 ! of 221 !

Works Cited

"

--

from

Lecture

V

of

Steiner's,"

i.e.,"everything

relating to the spiritual and intellectual department of

life

should

be

detached

from

state,1975,1990,1999,2007

the

political

Available:

JSTOR

or

equity

Scholarly

Journal Archive.

Andrew Arato and Niklas Luhmann (1994). "Civil Society and

Political Theory in the Work of Luhmann and Beyond". New

Page 179 ! of 221 !

German

Critique,2007

Available:

JSTOR

Scholarly

Journal

Scholarly

Journal

Archive.

Eva

M.

Knodt,2007

Available:

JSTOR

Archive.

George Ritzer. 2007. Contemporary Sociological Theory and

Its

Classical

Roots,2007

Available:

JSTOR

Scholarly

Journal Archive.

Niklas Luhmann and Sean Ward (2000). "Die Gesellschaft der

Gesellschaft". The German Quarterly,2007 Available: JSTOR

Scholarly Journal Archive.

Page 180 ! of 221 !

https://seattlechristiancounseling.com/counselors/

benjamin-deu

Johannes Hemleben,38(4):619-648.

Toward Social Renewal,Charles Larmore,Guido Giacomo (Fall

2006).

Perishable

money

in

a

threefold

commonwealth:

Rudolf Steiner and the social economics of an anarchist

Utopia.

Review

Goulden

Ltd,ISBN

of

Radical

Political

0-904822-02-8,ISBN

978-1-85584-072-0.

Page 181 ! of 221 !

Economics,Henry

1-85584-072-3;

ISBN

A

few

of

many

possible

examples

from

Steiner's

work:

"...there is no reason why the free spirit in man should

defer to any stereotyped pattern in the interest of the

state; it [the free spirit] is not to be limited by the

condition that only those shall receive education who can

command

economic

resources,ISBN

1-85584-072-3;

ISBN

978-1-85584-072-0.

Preparata,ISBN 3-499-50079-5).

A

few

of

many

possible

examples

from

Steiner's

work:

"...there is no reason why the free spirit in man should

Page 182 ! of 221 !

defer to any stereotyped pattern in the interest of the

state; it [the free spirit] is not to be limited by the

condition that only those shall receive education who can

command economic resources,ISBN 3-499-50079-5).

https://www.differencebetween.com/

https://www.psychalive.org/

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/experts/lisa-firestone-

phd

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us

https://www.crisisprevention.com/

Page 183 ! of 221 !

https://www.worldatlas.com/society/

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-10-most-liberal-

countries-of-the-world.html

Stephen Holmes,Life is existence where as Live is the act

of existing with life.

http://theconversation.com/us

https://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/

https://www.brainyquote.com/authors/alan-watts-quotes

https://comm3625fa15.blogspot.com/

https://www.marketing91.com/

Page 184 ! of 221 !

https://digitopoly.org/

http://www.differencebetween.net/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_(sociology)

https://gradschoolnotes.wordpress.com/

https://www.literacytoday.ca/

https://www.findlaw.com/

https://seattlechristiancounseling.com/

https://www.thehighlyeffectiveteacher.com/

https://condor.depaul.edu/dweinste/popcult/geertz.html

Page 185 ! of 221 !

George Ritzer. 2007. Contemporary Sociological Theory and

Its Classical Roots,NY: McGraw Hill.

Stephen Holmes,NY: McGraw Hill.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_threefolding

Johannes

April

Hemleben,Niklas

24,Rudolf

Steiner:

A

Luhmann,No.

Steiner,Rudolf

documentary

61,No.2.

Steiner

biography,Rudolph

Retrieved

Press,Rudolf

Steiner

Press;

4th edition (April 2000),Second Edition. New York,Special

Issue

on

repeatedly

Niklas

says

Luhmann.

society

Retrieved

needs

Page 186 ! of 221 !

April

freedom

24,Steiner

for

all

the

activities

in

the

Basics,The

Social

cultural

Future.

sphere

In

the

--

education,The

same

lecture,Toward

Social Renewal,Toward Social Renewal: Basic Issues of the

Social Question,Vol. 12,Vol. 73,and James Schmidt (1983).

"Review:

Luhmann

in

English-

The

Differentiation

of

Society". Contemporary Sociology,and William Rasch (1994).

"Systems

Theory

and

the

System

of

Theory".

New

German

Critique,and should be based on pedagogical freedom for

teachers,and

the

spiritual

organization

should

be

independently administered in freedom." In his main work

Page 187 ! of 221 !

on social questions,art,as well as for the families who

will choose freely among teachers and schools. With regard

to independence from economic power,for example on page 92

of his main sociological work,from which all spiritual and

cultural life emerges and develops,he says,he writes,he

writes that "education,like other cultural activities,must

be administered by the educators,not just those children

whose parents happen to have sufficient economic power to

afford

decent

schooling.

In

3-4,page 46.

Page 188 ! of 221 !

the

same

book,on

pages

Toward Social Renewal,page 49-51.

https://www.emerald.com/insight

https://www.myenglishteacher.eu/ask

Life is existence where as Live is the act of existing

with life,page 80.

Toward Social Renewal,page 88.

Toward

Social

Renewal,pp.

Rowohlt

Verlag,religion

state

and

--

economic

117-120.

they

must

power.

(German

be

He

edition:

independent

argues

of

that

education,science,should no longer be administered by or

Page 189 ! of 221 !

under the authority of the State,that all "children shall

have

the

right

to

receive

an

education,without

any

interference from political or economic quarters." Toward

Social Renewal.

Page 190 ! of 221 !

About the Author

William Anderson Gittens

Page 191 ! of 221 !

IDEOLOGY-

Developing

and

growing

in

the

context

of

excellence,

professionalism and quality in Multimedia Services

Married

Children Lisa Gittens and Laron Gittens

2018 Produced an outside broadcast at Wesleyan Holiness

Church the Barbados District for Retired Educator Mrs.

Shirley Smithen

2018 Produced Multimedia Documentary-Belmont Methodist

Church Celebrating 180 Years in Barbados

Page 192 ! of 221 !

2017

Produced

Multimedia

Trailer-

Codrington

College

Estate Committee

2017 Produced Centennial Multimedia Documentary & Murals

- Carrington Wesleyan Holiness Church

2015 CEO/Managing Director Consultant Devgro Media Arts

Services

2011Project Manager Thorsby

EDUCATION:

2004-2006 Pursue Post Masters work in Cultural Studies at

the University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus

2002 Management Course BIMAP

Page 193 ! of 221 !

1995 Bachelors of Arts in Media Arts Jersey City State

University-special

concentration

pre

and

postproduction

1992 General Education Diploma (U.S.A.)

1992 pursued the Diploma Video Production at the Barbados

Community College.

1991 Diploma in Communication Arts at the University of

the West Indies the course concentrated primarily upon

public

speaking;

speaking;

Audio

Journalism

and

video

techniques,

production,

aspect of journalism.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:

Page 194 ! of 221 !

Writing

and

the

and

legal

2015

CEO

,Managing

Director,

Consultant,

12th

January

2015, Devgro Media Arts Services was registered in the

Register of Business Names under No. 54463 and a Member

of Small Business Association # 20912

Devgro Media Arts

Services

We

will develop and grow in what we do best in this

Global

Space

Professionalism

in

and

the

context

Quality

in

of

the

Excellence,

production

of

Multimedia PowerPoint Presentations for - Anniversaries,

Birthdays,

Conference Planning,

Documentaries,

Weddings ..

Funerals,

Consultancy Services,

Graduations,

July 4-8 2011 Page 195 ! of 221 !

Publishing and

Coordinator 47th Caribbean Food Crops Society Conference

Managing a budget of BDS. $200.000.00 dollars as well as

managing

the

networking

soliciting

logistical

information

sponsorship,

aspect

to

of

the

international

coordination

12

conference,

delegates,

subcommittees,

drafting the president’s speech,

Liaising

with

the

following;

the

Chief

Immigration

Officer requesting the waiving of visas for international

delegates from Haiti,

Page 196 ! of 221 !

Chief

Protocol Officer Ministry of Foreign Affairs and

Foreign

Trade

regarding

seating

of

diplomats

and

specially invited guests.

Ministry

of

Health,

requesting

information

of

the

countries that will require vaccinations to facilitate

their at Conference; CEO at Grantley Adams International

Airport

Incorporated

Officers

and

requesting

Transportation

passes

Officers

in

for

Liaison

facilitating

delegates.

The Commissioner of Police requesting Police Officers to

provide security and to serve on the Protocol Committee

Page 197 ! of 221 !

for the conference. Managed a budget of BDS$110,489.91the

21st

Conference

of

the

World

Organisation

for

Animal

Health (OIE) Regional Commission for the Americas held in

Barbados November 26-29, 2012 at two hundred and forty-

three

thousand

six

hundred

dollars

(BDS$110,489.91)

Barbados dollars;

AUTHOR AND PUBLISHER FROM OCTOBER 2000:

1.13.75

978-976-95731-4-7 2018

2.A Writer’s Summit Vol.1 ISBN978-976-96356-0-9 29 JULY

2019

Page 198 ! of 221 !

3.A

Pluralistic

Society

A

Cultural

Discourse

Vol.1

ISBN978-976-96337-4-2 May 9 2019

4.A Portrait of Civilization Volume 1

978-976-96220-9-8

Jan 3 2019

5.A r e

There

Protocols

In

Culture

Vol.

1

ISBN978-1-64570-046-3 & ISBN978-976-96343-0-5

6.A Singular Island Vol.1 “ISBN 978-976-96337-5-9”. April

2018

7.A Slice of Culture Vol.1

978-976-96313-4-2 April 8

2019

Page 199 ! of 221 !

8.A Tribute To Culture Vol.1 978-976-96336-3-6 April 28

2019

9.Andromeda Gardens Vol1 978-976-96294-3-1 2019

10.A r e

There

Myths

About

Culture

?

Vol.1

ISBN978-976-96337-3-5 May 20 2019

11.A r e

There

Rhythms

In

Culture?Vol.1ISBN

978-976-96343-2-9

12.Barbados in Review Vol.1,

978-976-95731-3-0 Jan 18

2018

13.Belmont

Methodist

Church

978-976-96220-8-1 2018

Page 200 ! of 221 !

Celebrating

180

Vol.1

14.B e y o n d

Cultural

Boundaries

Vol.1

ISBN

978-976-96343-6-7 June 7 2019

15.Beyond The Call Of Duty A Cultural Discourse Volume1

ISBN 978-976-96342-5-1June 23 2019

16.Bridgetown Barbados Vol.1

978-976-96286-2-5

Jan.

2019

17.Building for the Future Vol.1,

976-8078-30-8 2000

18.Can

Text

Culture

Be

Read

Like

A

?

Vol.1

ISBN

978-976-96336-5-0 Jan. 2019

19.Can Human Rights Conflict with Long-standing Cultural

Practices?

Page 201 ! of 221 !

20.A Cultural Discourse Volume1 ISBN 978-976-96342-6-8

21.Can Culture Affect PoliticsVol.1ISBN 978-976-96343-7-4

June10 2019

22.Carrington Village Vol.1

978-976-96286-3-2 Jan. 2019

23.Codrington College Vol.1

978-976-96286-6-3 2018

24.Colour Me Vol.1, ISBN976-8079-28-2 2000

25.Conduit Vol.1

978-976-96286-8-7

26.Constitution & Culture Vol.1

Feb 16 2019

978-976-96286-7-0 Feb 12

2019

27.Cultural

Convergence Vol1ISBN978-976-96337-2-8 May 19

2019 Page 202 ! of 221 !

28.Cultures Evolve Over Time Vol.1ISBN978-976-96337-7-3

29.Cultural Identity Vol.1 ISBN 978-976-96343-3-6 June 3

2019

30.D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n :

A

Cultural

Ideology

ISBN

978-976-96356-2-3

31.Digital Insurgency Vol.1

978-976-96220-4-3 Sept. 24

2018

32.Established in Barbados Vol.1, 976-8080-24-8 2000

33.Excerpts from Icons Vol.1 ISBN 978-976-96337-5-9 April

2018

Page 203 ! of 221 !

34.Expressions of Culture Vol.1 ISBN978-976-96337-1-1 May

17 2019

35.Expressions of a Century Vol.1

978-976-95731-7-8 Aug.

17 2018

36.Focus Vol.1, 976-8080-53-1 2000

37.Global Images Vol.1 ISBN 978-976-96342-2-0 June12 2019

38.Global Landmarks Vol.1

978-976-96220-0-5 (Part ABC)

Sept. 6, 2018

39.H a v e

You

Considered

This

Approach?

Vol.1,

978-976-8233-38-7 Jan 18 2018

40.Illustrations Vol.1

978-976-96220-1-2

Page 204 ! of 221 !

Aug. 27 2018

41.I m a g e s

of

Yesteryear

in

Barbados

Vol.

2,ISBN

976-8078-30-8 2000

42.I m a g e s

of

Yesteryear

in

Barbados

volume

1,

976-8078-41-3 2000

43.Is

Culture

&

Religion

Inextricably

Linked?

Vol.1

ISBN978-976-96336-9-8 Jan. 2019

44.Is

Culture

A

Paradox

Vol.1

ISBN

978-976-96336-0-5

May32019

45.Is Language And Culture Inextricably Linked?

ISBN 978-976-96343-8-1 June 10 2019

Page 205 ! of 221 !

Vol.1

46.I s

It

Culture

of

The

Ecosystems

?

Vol.1

ISBN978-976-96336-6-7 Jan. 2019

47.Is

Semiotics

An

Unconscious

Cultural

Technique

Of

Culture?Vol.1 ISBN978-976-96342-0-6June 12 2019

48.I s

There

A

Culture

Of

Poverty

Vol.1ISBN

978-976-96336-7-4

49.I s

There

Anything

New

Under

The

Sun?

Vol.1,

978-976-95731-2-3 Jan. 18 2018

50.Is There An Existential Threat To Culture? Vol.ISBN

978-976-96342-1-3

Page 206 ! of 221 !

51.Is There A Why In Culture? Vol.1ISBN 978-976-96343-4-3

June 4 2019

52.I s

the

Pen

Mightier

Than

the

Sword

Vol.1?

978-976-96220-2-9 Sept.5 2018

53.Is

There

A

Lack

of

Cultural

Criticism

VOL.1

ISBN

978-976-96343-9-8 June 12 2019

54.It’s The Lens Vol.1

978-976-95731-8-5 Aug. 10 2018

55.It’s The Lens Vol.2

978-976-96220-3-6 Sept. 24 2018

56.It’s the Lens Vol.3

57.Is Culture

And

978-976-96286-5-6

Mise en scène Correlated Vol.1

58.Land Marks Vol.1, 976-8078-81-2. 2000 Page 207 ! of 221 !

59.M a t r i x !

A

Global

Cultural

Discourse

Vol.1

978-976-96313-3-5 April 6 2019

60.Mediterranean Memories.Vol.1

978-976-95731-6-1 2017

61.Mia the Leader Vol.1 978-976-95731-9-2. Oct. 12 2018

62.Mise en scene Vol.1, 976-8079-27-4 2000

63.Monuments Vol.1, 976-8080-22-1 2000

64.Narrative Vol.1 978-976-96286-1-8. Feb 8 2019

65.Our Matriarch Vol.1 978-976-95731-6-1 Jan. 2018

66.People Vol.1, 976-8080-59-0 Jan. 18 2018

67.People of Conversation Vol.1, 978-976-95731-0-9 Jan 18

2018 Page 208 ! of 221 !

68.Profiles Vol1 978-976-95731-4-7 Feb 15 2019

69.Relics Vol.1

978-976-96294-4-8 2018

70.Reparations

!

A

Global

Cultural

Discourse

Vol.1

978-976-96313-1-1 March 29 2019

71.Shades of Global Culture Vol.1 978-976-96220-7-4 Dec.

3 2018

72.Social

Psychology

of

Culture

Vol.1978-976-96294-0-0

Feb. 28 2019

73.ISBN 978-976-96342-9-9 Sticking To His Cultural Task

Vol.1 July 12 2019

Page 209 ! of 221 !

74.THE CARNEGIE FREE LIBRARY VOL1 978-976-96294-2-4 Feb.

2019

75.Technique Demonstration Vol.1, 976-8079-96-7 2000

76.The

Cultural SpheresVol.1978-976-96294-1-7 March 2

2019

77.The

Antithesis

of

Culture

Vol.1

978-976-96313-8-0

April 23 2019

78.The

Children

of

Immigrants

Vol.1

978-976-95731-1-6

Jan. 18 2018

79.The Classics Of Culture Vol.1. ISBN 978-976-96336-8-1

April 2019

Page 210 ! of 221 !

80.The Conversation Vol.1

81.The

Cultural

978-976-95731-5-4 Feb. 16 2019

Footprints

We

Leave

Behind

Vol.1

ISBN

978-976-96343-5-0 June 4 2019

82.T h e

Defining

Moments

In

Culture

Vol.1

ISBN

of

Culture

Vol.1

ISBN

978-976-96336-3-6 .April 2019

83.T h e

Economic

History

978-976-96336-2-9. April 2019

84.The Foreword of Culture Vol.1

978-976-96313-6-6 April

18 2019

85.T h e

Green

Monkey

&

Sparrows

978-976-96342-4-4 June 13 2019

Page 211 ! of !221

Vol.1

ISBN

86.The Humanity of Culture Vol1

978-976-96294-9-3 Mar.

12 2019

87.The Implications of Culture Vol.1 978-976-96337-9-7

88.The Launch Vol.1

978-976-96286-9-4 Nov. 2018

89.The Law Versus Culture Vol.1

ISBN978-976-96336-1-2

April 30, 2019

90.The Linkages of Culture Vol.1

978-976-96337-0-4 May

16 2019

91.The Optics Vol.1 978-976-95731-63-7 2018

92.The Relics of Culture Vol.1

21 2019

Page 212 ! of 221 !

978-976-96313-7-3 April

93.The Sound of Culture

Is A Cultural Discourse

94.Vol.1 ISBN 978-976-96342-7-5

95.The Soul of Culture Vol1

978-976-96294-8-6 March 8

2019

96.The Space They Occupy Vol1978-976-96286-4-9 2018

97.The Space Turtles

Occupy Vol. 1978-976-96294-6-2 2019

98.The Value of Culture Vol1

978-976-96294-7-9 2019

99.Through The Lens of a Media Arts Specialist Vol1 ISBN

978-976-96337-7-3 April

2018

100.To Classic Or Not To Classic Vol.1

2018 Page 213 ! of 221 !

978-976-96294-5-5

101.W h a t

Cultural

Practitioners

Believe

Vol.1

978-976-96313-5-9 April 15 2019

102.W h a t

Is

The

Colour

of

Culture

Vol.1

Cultured

Vol.1

978-976-96313-2-8 April 3 2019

103.W h a t

It

Means

To

Be

978-976-96313-9-7 2019

104.What’s That In Your Hand Vol.1

978-976-96220-5-0

Nov. 1st 2018

105.Who/What Holds Your Culture Vol1

March 28 2019

Page 214 ! of 221 !

978-976-96313-0-4

106.Who’s

Oct. 15

107.W h y

Culture

Is

It

Anyway

Vol.1978-976-96220-6-7

2018

Artifacts

Of

Culture?

Vol.1

ISBN

978-976-96336-4-3 May 9 2019

108.Why Culture Vol.1ISBN978-976-96337-8-0

109.Why Little England? Vol.1

978-976-96286-0-1 Jan 30

2019

110.Why Document Culture Vol1 ISBN978-976-96343-1-2

June1 2019

Editor

In

Chief

1992-1994

-Duties

meetings to discuss tender proposals.

Page 215 ! of 221 !

included

setting

up

With

prospective

tenders

of

publishing

firms

and

-

photography firms for selection.

Managed a staff of ten students;

managed

a

budget

of

$35,000.00

to

$50,000.00

in

U.S.

currency pages, laying out pages press ready.

Taking photographs of students and activities on campus

1992- 1994 -Member of the Judicial Committee Jersey City

State University Duties included listening to student's

complaints

that

contravened

'regulations.

Page 216 ! of 221 !

the

institutions

1990

~

1991

Seconded

to

the

Faculty

of

Education,

University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus. Duties

included preparing workshops for CARNEID and UNESCO.

Teaching

graphic

arts,

video

and

still

photography

to

teachers in the Dip Ed Programme and Masters programme

Graphic Artist-

1990 -1991 Technical Assistant- Ministry of Education,

Youth Affairs and Sports Audio Visual Aids Department.

Duties-processing

black

and

white,

colour

film

Transparencies slide, graphic arts and illustrations.

Page 217 ! of 221 !

and

Page 218 ! of 221 !

1983-1988

1

Official

Barbados

Police

Composite

Force

Duties

Artists

of

included

The

Royal

-sketching

composites of suspects, stolen items jewelry from written

information,

1989

–2005

Freelance

Photojournalist

–Caribbean

Broadcasting Corporation Duties - field assignments, live

broadcast, and shell umbra cup football Jazz festival,

Arial photography

1978-1979 Supervisor at Barbados Knitting and Spinning

1972-2015

Member

of

the

Barbados

Barbados Boys Scouts Association

Page 219 ! of 221 !

Regiment

and

the

HONORS AND AWARDS

➢

Inducted

in

the

Hall

of

Professionals

of

St.Giles

Primary

➢ Recipient of the 12th International Prestigious Scout

Award Arco Italy

➢ Presented to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of England

for outstanding contributions in the field of art.

➢ Presented to His Excellency Governor General Sir Hugh

Springer for outstanding contributions in the field of

art and Scouting in Barbados.

Page 220 ! of 221 !

➢

Received

Special

accreditation

from

Hackney

England

International Art Exhibition.

➢Designer of postage stamps commemorating 60 years of

scouting in Barbados

Page 221 ! of 221 !