A Novel Photography Is Culture & Culture Is Photography © 2020 Volume 1 ISBN 978-976-96531-0–8

William Anderson Gittens A Novel Photography Is Culture & Culture Is Photography © 2020 Volume 1 ISBN 978-976-96531-0–8

AUTHOR, CINEMATOGRAPHER, DIP., COM., ARTS. B.A. MEDIA ARTS SPECIALISTS’ EDITOR-IN -CHIEF DEVGRO MEDIA ARTS SERVICES PUBLISHING ®2015 LICENSE CULTURAL PRACTITIONER, PUBLISHER,CEO DEVGRO MEDIA ARTS SERVICES®2015

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A Novel Photography Is Culture & Culture Is Photography © 2020 Volume 1 ISBN 978-976-96531-0–8 CLICK THE LINK https://www.buzzsprout.com/429292/5860285-photography-is-culture-culture-is-photography-2020-volume-1-isbn-978-976-96531-0-8podcast.mp3?blob_id=24141496&download=true

Abstract As an Author, Media Arts Specialist, License Cultural Practitioner and Publisher I have always advocated that metaphorically and symbolically people function as conduits1 by being transmissive, focussing and or disperses their ideology which are a set of beliefs, doctrines that back a certain social institution or a particular organization. Correspondingly, they Philosophy2 refers to looking at life in a pragmatic manner and attempting to understand why life is as it is and the principles governing behind it. For example,

1

Gittens,William Anderson Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B..A. Media Arts Specialists’ Editor in Chief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services ®2015

2 http://www.differencebetween.net/

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developing mindfulness in photography is therapeutic because it unmasks the realities we thought we knew. Photography is a form of self-expression. This is therapeutic because it enables people to enhance understanding and learning; which is also a way of healing. Photography helps improve every day experiences.3 William Anderson Gittens Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ Editor in Chief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts

Services®2015

https://independent.academia.edu/WilliamGittens

3 https://contrastly.com/can-photography-be-used-as-a-form-of-therapy/

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COPYRIGHT

A Novel Photography Is Culture & Culture Is Photography © 2020 Volume 1

William Anderson Gittens, Author, Cinematographer Dip.Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ License

Cultural Practitioner, Publisher,

CEO Devgro Media Arts Services®2015,Editor in Chief of Devgro

Media Arts Services Publishing®2015

First Edition © 2020 All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval

system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or

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otherwise, without the prior written permission of William Anderson Gittens the copyright owner.

Typesetting, Layout Design, Illustrations, and Photography by William Anderson Gittens

ISBN 978-976-96531-0–8

Published by Devgro Media Arts Services ® 2015

Email address wgittens11@gmail.com

Twitter account William Gittens @lisalaron

https://www.facebook.com/wgittens2

https://www.linkedin.com/in/williamandersongittensauthormediaartsspecialistb1886b26

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https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxYWov8tzbe5rHzik528dAw

William Anderson Gittens

Bridgetown Barbados

https://independent.academia.edu/WilliamGittens

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RECOGNITIONS

Special thanks to the Creator for his guidance and choosing me as a conduit to express the creative gifts he

has given me and my late parents Charles and Ira Gittens.

Thanks to those who assisted me along this journey namely my Beloved wife Magnola Gittens, my Brothers

Shurland, Charles, Ricardo, Arnott, Stephen, Sisters Emerald, Marcella, Cheryl, Cousins Joy Mayers, Kevin

and Ernest Mayers, Donna Archer, Avis Dyer, Jackie Clarke, Uncles Clifford, Leonard Mayers, David Bruce,

Collin Rock.

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My children Laron and Lisa.

Well wishers Mr.and Mrs. Andrew Platizky, Mr. Matthew Sutton, Mr.& Mrs. Gordon Alleyne, Mr. Juan

Arroyo, Mr. and Mrs. David Lavine, Mrs. Ellen Gordon, Dr.Nicholas Gordon, the late Dr.Joseph Drew,

Merline Mayers, Mr. and Mrs. Trevor Millington, Mr. and Mrs. Davidson Cox,Rev. Dr. Scofield Eversley

and Rev. Dr. Margaret Eversley, Rev. & Mrs. Donavon Shoemaker, Ms. Geraldine Davis, Rev.Carl and Rev

Angie Dixon, Mrs. Gloria Rock, Rev.Pauline Harewood, Mr. and Mrs. Stewart Russell, Mrs. Shirley Smith,

Mr. and Mrs. Felton Ince, Mr. and Mrs. David Brathwaite, Mr.and Mrs. Ryan Miller Mr.and Mrs. Neilo

Mascoll, Mr. and Mrs. Robert Quintyne, Special mentioned is given to Dr. Joseph Drew was my advisor,

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mentor, and teacher during my academic tenure as a Media Arts Major at Jersey City State College now

New Jersey City University (NJCU).

The focus of our parting conversation was about me honing my writing skills after I had graduated and

returned to Barbados. Between the period 1995 to 2016, I have discovered that the more that I practice this

leisure pursuit profession it seemed to be infectious among other elements. The other elements such as being

passionate and prolific combined together with the Creator’s help, made me a productive writer to the extent

that I have now published 156 E-Publications. In light of the aforesaid, I have decided to dedicate my 66

Th publication “A Tribute to Culture” Vol 1 in memory of Dr. Joseph Drew.

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All of the above information contributed to my academic developmental journey.

William Anderson Gittens Author, Cinematographer, Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ EditorinChief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, Student of Film, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services®2015

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT

3

COPYRIGHT

5

RECOGNITIONS

8

TABLE OF CONTENTS

12

HISTORY

14

OVERVIEW

21

CHAPTER1

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CHAPTER 2

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CHAPTER3 PERSONAL CONCLUSIONS

57

CHAPTER4CONCLUSIONS

61

ABOUT THE AUTHOR WILLIAM ANDERSON GITTENS

64

WORKS CITED

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HISTORY

It is reported via the annals of history that Picture therapy is the use of visual prompts in treatments like

speech, psychological, or occupational therapy programs. The therapist can integrate the use of visual

communication and analysis of images into the program.4Photography is the result of combining several

technical discoveries, relating to seeing an image and capturing the image. The discovery of the camera

obscura ("dark chamber" in Latin) that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Greek

4

https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-picture-therapy.htm

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mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid independently described a camera obscura in the 5th and 4th centuries

BCE.5In the 6th century CE, Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura

in his experiments.6The Arab physicist Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) also invented a camera

obscura as well as the first true pinhole camera.78The invention of the camera has been traced back to the

5 Campbell, Jan (2005) Film and cinema spectatorship: melodrama and mimesis Archived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Polity. p. 114. ISBN 0-7456-2930-X

Krebs, Robert E. (2004). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-313-32433-8.

6

Crombie, Alistair Cameron (1990) Science, optics, and music in medieval and early modern thought. A&C Black. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-907628-79-8

7 Krebs, Robert E. (2004). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-313-32433-8.

8 Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001). "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective". Perception. 30 (10): 1157–77. doi:10.1068/p3210. PMID 11721819. S2CID 8185797.

Plott, John C. (1984). Global History of Philosophy: The Period of scholasticism (part one). p. 460. ISBN 978-0-89581-678-8. “According to Nazir Ahmed if only Ibn-Haitham's fellow-workers and students had been as alert as he, they might even have invented the art of photography since al-Haitham's experiments with convex and concave mirrors and his invention of the "pinhole camera" whereby the inverted image of a candle-flame is projected were among his many successes in experimentation. One might likewise almost claim that he had anticipated much that the nineteenth century Fechner did in experimentation with after-images.”

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work of Ibn al-Haytham.9While the effects of a single light passing through a pinhole had been described

earlier,10Ibn al-Haytham gave the first correct analysis of the camera obscura,11 including the first

geometrical and quantitative descriptions of the phenomenon,12and was the first to use a screen in a dark

room so that an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected onto a screen on the other

9

Belbachir, Ahmed Nabil (2009). Smart Cameras. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-0953-4. “The invention of the camera can be traced back to the 10th century when the Arab scientist Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham alias Alhacen provided the first clear description and correct analysis of the (human) vision process. Although the effects of single light passing through the pinhole have already been described by the Chinese Mozi (Lat. Micius) (5th century B), the Greek Aristotle (4th century BC), and the Arab”

10

Belbachir, Ahmed Nabil (2009). Smart Cameras. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4419-0953-4. “The invention of the camera can be traced back to the 10th century when the Arab scientist Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham alias Alhacen provided the first clear description and correct analysis of the (human) vision process. Although the effects of single light passing through the pinhole have already been described by the Chinese Mozi (Lat. Micius) (5th century B), the Greek Aristotle (4th century BC), and the Arab”

11 Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective", Perception, 30 (10): 1157–1177, doi:10.1068/p3210, PMID 11721819, S2CID 8185797, “The principles of the camera obscura first began to be correctly analysed in the eleventh century, when they were outlined by Ibn al-Haytham.”

12 Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology (PDF). p. 98. Archived from the original (PDF)on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2016. “Alhazen used the camera obscura particularly for observing solar eclipses, as indeed Aristotle is said to have done, and it seems that, like Shen Kua, he had predecessors in its study, since he did not claim it as any new finding of his own. But his treatment of it was competently geometrical and quantitative for the first time.”

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side.13He also first understood the relationship between the focal point and the pinhole,14and performed early

experiments with afterimages, laying the foundations for the invention of photography in the 19th century.15

Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscura that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit

valley. A hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down

image on a piece of paper. Renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical 13 "Who Invented Camera Obscura?". Photography History Facts. “All these scientists experimented with a small hole and light but none of them suggested that a screen is used so an image from one side of a hole in surface could be projected at the screen on the other. First one to do so was Alhazen (also known as Ibn al-Haytham) in 11th century.”

14 Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology (PDF). p. 99. Archived from the original (PDF)on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2016. “The genius of Shen Kua's insight into the relation of focal point and pinhole can better be appreciated when we read in Singer that this was first understood in Europe by Leonardo da Vinci (+ 1452 to + 1519), almost five hundred years later. A diagram showing the relation occurs in the Codice Atlantico, Leonardo thought that the lens of the eye reversed the pinhole effect, so that the image did not appear inverted on the retina; though in fact it does. Actually, the analogy of focal-point and pin-point must have been understood by Ibn al-Haitham, who died just about the time when Shen Kua was born.” ^

15 Plott, John C. (1984). Global History of Philosophy: The Period of scholasticism (part one). p. 460. ISBN 978-0-89581-678-8. “According to Nazir Ahmed if only Ibn-Haitham's fellow-workers and students had been as alert as he, they might even have invented the art of photography since al-Haitham's experiments with convex and concave mirrors and his invention of the "pinhole camera" whereby the inverted image of a candle-flame is projected were among his many successes in experimentation. One might likewise almost claim that he had anticipated much that the nineteenth century Fechner did in experimentation with afterimages.”

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rendering in colour that dominates Western Art. It is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through

and create an image onto the piece of paper.

The birth of photography was then concerned with inventing means to capture and keep the image produced

by the camera obscura. Albertus Magnus (1193–1280) discovered silver nitrate,16 and Georg

Fabricius (1516–1571) discovered silver chloride,17 and the techniques described in Ibn al-Haytham's Book

of Optics are capable of producing primitive photographs using medieval materials.18Daniele

16 Davidson, Michael W (13 November 2015). "Albertus Magnus". Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at The Florida State University. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015.

17 Potonniée, Georges (1973). The history of the discovery of photography. Arno Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-405-04929-3 18 Allen, Nicholas P.L. (1994). "A reappraisal of late thirteenth-century responses to the Shroud of Lirey-Chambéry-Turin: encolpia of the Eucharist, vera eikon or supreme relic?". The Southern African Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 4 (1): 62–94. ^ Allen, Nicholas P.L. "Verification of the Nature and Causes of the Photo-negative Images on the Shroud of Lirey-Chambéry-Turin". unisa.ac.za

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Barbaro described a diaphragm in 156619 Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals

(photochemical effect) in 1694.20The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne

de la Roche, described what can be interpreted as photography.21

Around the year 1800, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the

image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance. He used paper or white leather treated

with silver nitrate. Although he succeeded in capturing the shadows of objects placed on the surface in direct

19

Gernsheim, Helmut (1986). A concise history of photographyArchived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-486-25128-4

20 Gernsheim, Helmut and Gernsheim, Alison (1955) The history of photography from the earliest use of the camera obscura in the eleventh century up to 1914. Oxford University Press. p. 20.

21 Gernsheim, Helmut (1986). A concise history of photographyArchived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-486-25128-4

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sunlight, and even made shadow copies of paintings on glass, it was reported in 1802 that "the images

formed by means of a camera obscura have been found too faint to produce, in any moderate time, an effect

upon the nitrate of silver." The shadow images eventually darkened all over.22

https://independent.academia.edu/WilliamGittens

22 Litchfield, R. 1903. "Tom Wedgwood, the First Photographer: An Account of His Life." London, Duckworth and Co. See Chapter XIII. Includes the complete text of Humphry Davy's 1802 paper, which is the only known contemporary record of Wedgwood's experiments. (Retrieved 7 May 2013 via archive.orgArchived 7 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine).

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OVERVIEW

Through my lens as an Author, Media Arts Specialist, License Cultural Practitioner and Publisher who

advocates that metaphorical and symbolically people function as conduits23 by being transmissive, focussing

and or disperses their ideology which are a set of beliefs, doctrines that back a certain social institution or a

particular organisation. I must confess that in my field of view I concur with Matt Peters that Our brains

process images significantly faster than text, so photos are the ideal tool for telling stories digitally. Many

photos can have the power to stand alone as a story. Even if storytellers are using a caption to convey more 23

Gittens,William Anderson Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B..A. Media Arts Specialists’ Editor in Chief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services ®2015

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of the story, their image needs to be captivating enough to draw intrigue.24Photography Is Culture & Culture

Is Photography © 2020 Volume 1 ISBN 978-976-96531-0-825. Overall, this text A Novel Photography Is

Culture & Culture Is Photography © 2020 is a pretext to underscore the point that the essential purpose of

photography is communication to inform, educate, entertain, reform, or share some experienced with others.

And this statement has relevance and added value to this textual analysis which was framed in 4 chapters, in

24

https://www.meetcortex.com/blog/how-a-single-photo-can-tell-a-story

25 Gittens William Anderson,Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ EditorinChief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services®2015

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112pages, in ISBN 978-976-965531-0-8 .and most importantly A Novel Photography Is Culture & Culture

Is Photography © 2020 Volume 1 ISBN 978-976-96531-0-826.

Consequently, photography is a great hobby, and it can be very relaxing27. At the end of the day photography

can teach us about our surroundings and how each of us fits in the scheme of things. Photography

allows us to imagine, create and reflect our ideas in a visual representation of our world28. Photography

26 Gittens William Anderson,Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ EditorinChief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services®2015 27 https://petapixel.com/2017/05/12/should-photography-be-relaxing/ 28 http://www.mehtaartgallery.org/what-can-art-teach-us/

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teaches us how we are feeling and the expression on our photography is the reason why photography is

culture and culture is photography © 202029

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29 Gittens William Anderson,Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ EditorinChief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services®2015

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CHAPTER1

I am a proponent of the fact that metaphorically and symbolically people function as conduits30 by being

transmissive, focussing and or disperses their ideology which are a set of beliefs, doctrines that back a

certain social institution or a particular organization, while they Philosophy31 refers to looking at life in a

pragmatic manner and attempting to understand why life is as it is and the principles governing behind it.

30 Gittens,William Anderson Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B..A. Media Arts Specialists’

Editor in Chief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services

®2015

31 http://www.differencebetween.net/

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For example, developing mindfulness in photography is therapeutic because it unmasks the realities we

thought we knew. Photography is a form of self-expression. This is therapeutic because it enables people to

enhance understanding and learning; which is also a way of healing. Photography helps improve every day

experiences.32

32 https://contrastly.com/can-photography-be-used-as-a-form-of-therapy/

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CHAPTER 2

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CHAPTER 3 PERSONAL CONCLUSIONS

Through my lens as an Author, Media Arts Specialist, License Cultural Practitioner and Publisher who

advocates that metaphorically and symbolically people function as conduits33 by being transmissive,

focussing and or disperses their ideology which are a set of beliefs, doctrines that back a certain social

institution or a particular organisation. I must confess that in my field of view that I concur with Matt Peters

that Our brains process images significantly faster than text, so photos are the ideal tool for telling

stories digitally. Many photos can have the power to stand alone as a story. Even if storytellers are using a 33

Gittens,William Anderson Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B..A. Media Arts Specialists’ Editor in Chief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services ®2015

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caption to convey more of the story, their image needs to be captivating enough to draw

intrigue.34Photography Is Culture & Culture Is Photography © 2020 Volume 1 ISBN 978-976-96531-0-835.

Overall, this text A Novel Photography Is Culture & Culture Is Photography © 2020 is a pretext that

underscores the point, and that the essential purpose of photography which is communication is to inform,

educate, entertain, reform, or share some experienced with others. Importantly, this statement has relevance

and added value to this textual analysis which was framed in 4

34

chapters 113pages, in ISBN

https://www.meetcortex.com/blog/how-a-single-photo-can-tell-a-story

35 Gittens William Anderson,Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ EditorinChief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services®2015

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978-976-965531-0-8 A Novel Photography Is Culture & Culture Is Photography © 2020 Volume 1 ISBN

978-976-96531-0-836.

Consequently, photography is a great hobby, and it can be very relaxing37. At the end of the day photography

can teach us about our surroundings and how each of us fits in the scheme of things. Photography

allows us to imagine, create and reflect our ideas in a visual representation of our world38. Photography

36 Gittens William Anderson,Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ EditorinChief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services®2015 37 https://petapixel.com/2017/05/12/should-photography-be-relaxing/ 38 http://www.mehtaartgallery.org/what-can-art-teach-us/

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teaches us how we are feeling and the expression on our photography is the reason why photography is

culture and culture is photography © 202039

William Anderson Gittens

39 Gittens William Anderson,Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ EditorinChief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services®2015

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CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion in this final chapter as an Author, Media Arts Specialist, License Cultural Practitioner and

Publisher I will continue advocating that Photography Is Culture & Culture Is Photography © 2020 Volume

1 ISBN 978-976-96531-0-840. Overall, this textual analysis was framed in 4 chapters, in 113 pages, in ISBN

978-976-965531-0-8. This text A Novel Photography Is Culture & Culture Is Photography © 2020 Volume

1 ISBN 978-976-96531-0-841is also a pretext

that underscore the point that the essential purpose of

40 Gittens William Anderson,Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ EditorinChief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services®2015 41 Gittens William Anderson,Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ EditorinChief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services®2015

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photography is communication, to inform, educate, entertain, reform, or share some experienced with others.

Consequently, photography is a great hobby, and it can be very relaxing.42. Moreover, photography can teach

us about our surroundings and how each of us fits in the scheme of things. Photography allows us to

imagine, create and reflect our ideas in a visual representation of our world43. Photography teaches us how

we are feeling and the expression on our photography is the reason why photography is culture and

culture is photography © 202044

42 https://petapixel.com/2017/05/12/should-photography-be-relaxing/ 43 http://www.mehtaartgallery.org/what-can-art-teach-us/ 44 Gittens William Anderson,Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ EditorinChief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services®2015

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William Anderson Gittens

Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B.A. Media Arts Specialists’ Editor in Chief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural

Practitioner, Publisher, CEO Devgro Media Arts Services®2015

https://independent.academia.edu/WilliamGittens

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Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015

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AUTHOR

WILLIAM ANDERSON GITTENS

Developing and growing in the context of excellence, professionalism and quality in Multimedia Services

Married

Children Lisa Gittens and Laron Gittens

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2018 Produced an outside broadcast at Wesleyan Holiness Church the Barbados District for Retired

Educator Mrs. Shirley Smithen

2018 Produced Multimedia Documentary Belmont Methodist Church Celebrating 180 Years in Barbados

2017 Produced Multimedia Trailer Codrington College Estate Committee

2017 Produced Centennial Multimedia Documentary & Murals Carrington Wesleyan Holiness Church

2015 CEO/Managing Director Consultant Devgro Media Arts Services

2011Project Manager Thorsby

EDUCATION:

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20042006 Post Masters work at the University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus Cultural Studies

2002 Management Course BIMAP

1995 Bachelors of Arts in Media Arts Jersey City State University special concentration pre and

postproduction 1992 General Education Diploma (U.S.A.)

1992 pursued the Diploma Video Production at the Barbados Community College.

1991 Diploma in Communication Arts at the University of the West Indies the course concentrated primarily

upon public speaking; Journalism techniques, Writing and speaking; Audio and video production, and the

legal aspect of journalism.

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PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:

2015 CEO, Managing Director, Consultant, 12th January 2015, Devgro Media Arts Services was registered

in the Register of Business Names under No. 54463 and a Member of Small Business Association # 20912

Devgro Media Arts Services

We will develop and grow in what we do best in this Global Scene in the context of Excellence,

Professionalism and Quality in the production of Multimedia PowerPoint Presentations for Anniversaries,

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Birthdays,

Conference Planning,

Consultancy Services,

Documentaries,

Funerals,

Graduations,

Publishing and Weddings .. July 48 2011

Coordinator 47th Caribbean Food Crops Society Conference

Managing a budget of BDS. $200.000.00 dollars as well as managing the logistical aspect of the conference,

networking information to international delegates, soliciting sponsorship, coordination 12 subcommittees,

drafting the president’s speech,

Liaising with the following; the Chief Immigration Officer requesting the waiving of visas for international

delegates from Haiti,

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Chief Protocol Officer Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade regarding seating of diplomats and

specially invited guests.

Ministry of Health, requesting information of the countries that will require vaccinations to facilitate their at

Conference; CEO at Grantley Adams International Airport Incorporated requesting passes for Liaison

Officers and Transportation Officers in facilitating delegates.

The Commissioner of Police requesting Police Officers to provide security and to serve on the Protocol

Committee for the conference. Managed a budget of BDS$110,489.91the 21st Conference of the World

Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Regional Commission for the Americas held in Barbados November

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2629, 2012 at two hundred and forty three thousand six hundred dollars (BDS$110,489.91) Barbados

dollars;

PUBLICATIONS

1.13.75

9789769573147 2018

2.A Novel 24 Hours Condensed Into 15 Minutes© 2020 VOL.2 ISBN 9789769650664 July 19,2020

3.A Novel Between The Period 2000 to 2020 Writing Is Time© 2020 VOLUME 1 October 3,2020

4.A Novel Culture & Nature A Phenomena © 2020 Volume 1 ISBN9781649450234 June 19,2020

5.A Novel Is Tradition A Footprint Of Culture?© 2020 VOLUME 1ISBN97897696512–72 Sept.16 2020

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6.A Novel Culture Is Staged And A Stage Volume 1ISBN ISBN9781649218582 May 30, 2020

7.A Novel Culture Without Paper © 2020 VOLUME 1 ISBN 978-976-96531-1-5 Oct.9 2020

8.A Novel Does Culture Matters? © 2020 Volume 1ISBN 9781649707239 June30,2020

9.A Novel Lighting Culture Volume 1 ISBN 9781648714818 April 14 2020

10.A Novel My Commentary On Culture © 2020 Volume 1 ISBN9781649458063 June 14 2020

11.A Novel Photography Is Culture & Culture Is Photography © 2020

Volume 1 ISBN

978-976-96531-0-8 Oct.11. 2020

12.A Novel Rhetoric An Aspect of Culture© 2020 VOLUME 1 ISBN9789769651289, Sept.19,2020

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13.A Novel The Effects of Nature On Culture© 2020 Volume 1 ISBN9781648714818

14.A Novel The Silence In Culture © 2020 Vol.ISBN 9789769650671

15.A Novel The Silent Letter In Culture © 2020 Vol.ISBN 9789769650688

16.A Novel Who Framed Culture? © 2020 VOLUME 1 ISBN 9789769651258,9/10/2020

17.A Novel, Children of Culture VOLUME 1 ISBN9781645700456 April 15 2020

18.A Novel, COVID19 Resets Culture Volume 1ISBN 9781645700449 March 28 2020

19.A NOVEL CULTURE WITHOUT PAPER © 2020 Volume 1 ISBN 978-976-96531-1-5

20.A Novel, Culture Reset VOLUME 1 ISBN9781648716041March 31 2020

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21.A Novel The Classics Of Culture© 2020 VOLUME 1ISBN9789769651296, 9/22/2020

22.A Portrait of Civilization Volume 1 9789769622098 Jan 3 2019

23.A Sanctuary© 2020 Volume 1ISBN 9781649709226 June 20, 2020

24.A Singular Island Volume 1 “ISBN 9789769633759”. April 2018

25.A Slice of Culture Volume 1 ISBN9789769631342 April 8 2019

26.A Tribute To Culture Volume 1 ISBN9789769633636 April 28 2019

27.A Writer’s Summit Volume 1 ISBN9789769635609 29 JULY 2019

28.A. Novel Mise en scène A Footprint In Culture Volume 1 ISBN9781649217455 May 14 2020

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29.Abstraction In Culture © 2020 VOLUME 1 ISBN 9789769651241 September5 2020

30.Andromeda Gardens Vol1 9789769629431 2019

31.Are There Rhythms In Culture?Volume 1ISBN 9789769634329

32.Are There Myths About Culture ? Volume 1 ISBN9789769633735 May 20 2019

33.Are There Protocols In Culture Vol. 1 ISBN9789769634305

34.Are We Complicit Because of Culture? © 2019.Volume1 ISBN 9789769635647 August 29 2018

35.Barbados in Review Volume 1, ISBN 9789769573130 Jan 18 2018

36.Belmont Methodist Church Celebrating 180 Volume 1 9789769622081 2018

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37.Beyond Cultural Boundaries Volume 1 ISBN 9789769634367 June 7 2019

38.Beyond The Call Of Duty A Cultural Discourse Volume1 ISBN 9789769634251June 23 2019

39.Bridgetown Barbados Volume 1 ISBN 9789769628625 Jan. 2019

40.Building for the Future Volume 1, ISBN9768078308 2000

41.Can Culture Affect PoliticsVolume 1ISBN 9789769634374

June10 2019

42.Can Culture Be Read Like A Text ? Volume 1 ISBN 9789769633650 Jan. 2019

43.Can Human Rights Conflict with Longstanding Cultural Practices? A Cultural Discourse Volume1

ISBN 9789769634268

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44.Carrington Village Volume 1 ISBN9789769628632 Jan. 2019

45.Codrington College Volume 1 9789769628663 2018

46.Colour Me Volume 1, ISBN9768079282 2000

47.Conduit Volume 1 ISBN9789769628687

Feb 16 2019

48.Constitution & Culture Volume 1 9789769628670 Feb 12 2019

49.Context© 2020 VOLUME 1ISBN 9789769650695 August 3 2020

50.Cultural Convergence Vol1ISBN9789769633728 May 19 2019

51.Cultural Identity Volume 1 ISBN 9789769634336 June 3 2019

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52.Cultural Platforms Volume 1 ISBN 9789769639058 Jan.22 2020

53.CULTURAL WITNESSES Volume 1 © 2020

ISBN 9789769639065

54.Culture Verbalised! Is it Explicit? Is it Implicit? or is it a Cultural Practitioners Narrative?

Volume 1 ISBN 9789769635661 Sept. 10 2019

55.Culture Demystify A Cultural Conversation First Edition © 2019 Volume1ISBN9789769635616

56.Culture! Is It An Emblematic Enigma Volume 1 ISBN9789769639027

57.Culture, Is It Codified?

Volume 1 ISBN 9789769639041 https://www.buzzsprout.com/429292/

episodes/2466341

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58.Cultures Evolve Over Time Volume 1ISBN9789769633773

59.Digital Insurgency Volume 1 ISBN9789769622043 Sept. 24 2018

60.Do All Cultures And Cultured Global Citizens Ask Philosophical Questions? Volume 1 ISBN

9789769635678

61.Established in Barbados Volume 1, ISBN 9768080248 2000

62.Excerpts from Icons Volume 1 ISBN 9789769633759 April 2018

63.Expressions of a Century Volume 1 ISBN 9789769573178 Aug. 17 2018

64.Expressions of Culture Volume 1 ISBN9789769633711 May 17 2019

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65.Focus Volume 1, ISBN9768080531 2000

66.Global Images Volume 1 ISBN 9789769634220 June12 2019

67.Global Landmarks Volume 1 9789769622005 (Part ABC) Sept. 6, 2018

68.Have You Considered This Approach? Volume 1, 9789768233387 Jan 18 2018

69.If Culture Be Repositioned?1st edition © 2020ISBN 9789769639072

70.Illustrations Volume 1 ISBN9789769622012 Aug. 27 2018

71.Images of Yesteryear in Barbados Vol. 2,ISBN 9768078308 2000

72.Images of Yesteryear in Barbados volume 1, ISBN9768078413 2000

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73.In Pursuit of Global Cultural Landmarks Volume 1 ISBN 9789769639034 December 31 2019

74.Interpreting Culture Volume 1 ISBN 9789769639089

75.Is Culture And Mise en scène Correlated Volume 1

76.Is Culture & Religion Inextricably Linked? Volume 1 ISBN9789769633698 Jan. 2019

77.Is Culture A Paradox Volume 1 ISBN 9789769633605 May32019

78.Is Culture Absolute? ©2020 ISBN 9789769651265 September 2 2020

79.Is It Culture of The Ecosystems? Volume 1 ISBN9789769633667 Jan. 2019

80.Is Language And Culture Inextricably Linked? Volume 1 ISBN 9789769634381 June 10 2019

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81.Is Semiotics An Unconscious Cultural Technique Of Culture?Volume 1 ISBN9789769634206June

12 2019

82.Is The Pen Mightier Than the Sword Volume 1? ISBN 9789769622029 Sept.5 2018

83.Is There A Culture Of Poverty Volume 1ISBN 9789769633674

84.Is There A Dichotomy Linking Automation And Culture Volume 1ISBN 9789769639003 October

2019

85.Is There A Lack of Cultural Criticism VOLUME 1 ISBN 9789769634398 June 12 2019

86.Is There A Why In Culture? Volume 1ISBN 9789769634343

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June 4 2019

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87.Is There An Existential Threat To Culture? Volume 1 ISBN 9789769634213

88.Is There Anything New Under The Sun? Volume 1, ISBN 9789769573123 Jan. 18 2018

89.It’s The Lens Volume 1 ISBN 9789769573185 Aug. 10 2018

90.It’s The Lens Vol.2 ISBN 9789769622036 Sept. 24 2018

91.It’s the Lens Vol.3 ISBN9789769628656

92.Land Marks Volume 1, 9768078812. 2000

93.Language Is Culture© 2020VOLUME 1ISBN 9789769651210 August 17 2020

94.Matrix! A Global Cultural Discourse Volume 1 ISBN9789769631335 April 6 2019

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95.Mediterranean Memories.Volume 1 ISBN9789769573161 2017

96.Mia the Leader Volume 1 ISBN9789769573192. Oct. 12 2018

97.Mise en scene Volume 1, ISBN9768079274 2000

98.Monuments Volume 1, ISBN9768080221 2000

99.Myths And Culture © 2020 VOLUME 1 ISBN 9789769651234 August 24, 2020

100.Narrative Volume 1 ISBN9789769628618. Feb 8 2019

101.NOVEL, Footnoting Culture First Edition ISBN 9789769639096

102.Our Matriarch Volume 1 9789769573161 Jan. 2018

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103.People of Conversation Volume 1, ISBN9789769573109 Jan 18 2018

104.People Volume 1, ISBN9768080590 Jan. 18 2018

105.Philosophically Speaking If Texture Verbalised Can It Become A Pluralistic Cultural Narrative

Volume 1 ISBN 9789769635685

106.Profiles Vol1 ISBN9789769573147 Feb 15 2019

107.Relics Volume 1 9789769629448 2018

108.Reparations ! A Global Cultural Discourse Volume 1 ISBN9789769631311 March 29 2019

109.Repositioning Culture Volume 1 ISBN9789769639072 February 24 2020

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110.Shades of Global Culture Volume 1 ISBN9789769622074 Dec. 3 2018

111.Social Psychology of Culture Volume 1 ISBN 9789769629400 Feb. 28 2019

112.STICKING TO HIS CULTURAL TASK VOLUME 1 ISBN 9789769634299

113.Technique Demonstration Volume 1, ISBN9768079967 2000

114.The Cultural SpheresVolume 19789769629417 March 2 2019

115.The Antithesis of Culture Volume 1 ISBN9789769631380 April 23 2019

116.THE CARNEGIE FREE LIBRARY VOL1 ISBN9789769629424 Feb. 2019

117.The Children of Immigrants Volume 1 ISBN9789769573116 Jan. 18 2018

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118.The Classics Of Culture Volume 1. ISBN 9789769633681 April 2019

119.The Connectivity of Culture: the construct of being relative. First Edition © 2019.Volume1 ISBN

9789769635647

120.The Conversation Volume 1 ISBN9789769573154 Feb. 16 2019

121.The Cultural Footprints We Leave Behind Volume 1 ISBN 9789769634350 June 4 2019

122.The Defining Moments In Culture Volume 1 ISBN 9789769633636 April 2019

123.The Economic History of Culture Volume 1 ISBN 9789769633629. April 2019

124.The Foreword of Culture Volume 1 ISBN9789769631366 April 18 2019

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125.The Green Monkey & Sparrows Volume 1 ISBN 9789769634244 June 13 2019

126.The Humanity of Culture Vol1 ISBN9789769629493 Mar. 12 2019

127.The Implications of Culture Volume 1 ISBN9789769633797

128.The Ingredients of Culture A Cultural Conversation Volume 1

ISBN 9789769635623

129.The Launch Volume 1 ISBN9789769628694 Nov. 2018

130.The Law Versus Culture Volume 1 ISBN9789769633612 April 30, 2019

131.The Linkages of Culture Volume 1 ISBN9789769633704 May 16 2019

132.The Optics Volume 1 ISBN97897695731637 2018

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133.The Power of Black and White and Colour A Footprint In Culture ISBN9781648713286 May 24

2020

134.The Relics of Culture Volume 1 ISBN9789769631373 April 21 2019

135.The Scene They Occupy Vol1ISBN9789769628649 2018

136.The Scene Turtles Occupy Vol. ISBN 19789769629462 2019

137.The Soul of Culture Vol1 ISBN9789769629486 March 8 2019

138.The Sound of Culture Is A Cultural Discourse Volume 1 ISBN 9789769634275

139.The Value of Culture Vol1 ISBN 9789769629479 2019

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140.Through The Lens of a Media Arts Specialist Vol1 ISBN 9789769633773 April 2018

141.To Classic Or Not To Classic Volume 1 9789769629455 2018

142.What Cultural Practitioners Believe Volume 1 9789769631359 April 15 2019

143.What Is The Colour of Culture Volume 1 ISBN 9789769631328 April 3 2019

144.What It Means To Be Cultured Volume 1 ISBN 9789769631397 2019

145.What’s That In Your Hand Volume 1 9789769622050 Nov. 1st 2018

146.When The Sun Meets Culture © 2020VOLUME 1 ISBN 9769651227

147.Whether Culture & Science Are Inextricably Linked© 2020 VOLUME 1ISBN 9789769651203

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148.Who/What Holds Your Culture Vol1 9789769631304 March 28 2019

149.Who’s Culture Is It Anyway Volume 19789769622067 Oct. 15 2018

150.Why Artifacts Of Culture? Volume 1 ISBN 9789769633643 May 9 2019

151.Why Culture Volume 1ISBN9789769633780

152.Why Document Culture Vol1 ISBN9789769634312

June1 2019

153.Why Little England? Volume 1 9789769628601 Jan 30 2019

154.© 2020 PODCAST © 2020 VOLUME 1 July 19, 2020ISBN 9789769650657

155.2020ISBN 978-976-96506-5-7

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NJCU Editor In Chief

19921994 Duties included setting up meetings to discuss tender proposals.

With prospective tenders of publishing firms and photography firms for selection.

Managed a staff of ten students;

managed a budget of $35,000.00 to $50,000.00 in U.S. currency pages, laying out pages press ready.

Taking photographs of students and activities on campus

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1992 1994 Member of the Judicial Committee Jersey City State University Duties included listening to

student's complaints that contravened the institutions 'regulations.

1990 ~ 1991 Seconded to the Faculty of Education, University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus. Duties

included preparing workshops for CARNEID and UNESCO.

Teaching graphic arts, video and still photography to teachers in the Dip Ed Programme and Masters

programme Graphic Artist

1990 1991 Technical Assistant Ministry of Education, Youth Affairs and Sports Audio Visual Aids

Department.

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Duties processing black and white, colour film and Transparencies slide, graphic arts and illustrations.

19831988 1 Official Composite Artists of The Royal Barbados Police Force Duties included sketching

composites of suspects, stolen items jewelry from written information,

1989 –2005 Freelance Photojournalist –Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation Duties field assignments, live

broadcast, and shell umbra cup football Jazz festival, Aerial photography

19781979 Supervisors at Barbados Knitting and Spinning

19722015 Member of the Barbados Regiment and the Barbados Boys Scouts Association

HONOURS AND AWARDS

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➢ Inducted in the Hall of Professionals of St.Giles Primary ➢ Recipient of the 12th International Prestigious Scout Award Arco Italy ➢ Presented to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of England for outstanding contributions in the field of art. ➢ Presented to His Excellency Governor General Sir Hugh Springer for outstanding contributions in the

field of art and Scouting in Barbados. ➢ Received Special accreditation from Hackney England International Art Exhibition.

Designer of postage stamps commemorating 60 years of scouting in Barbados

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WORKS CITED

Crombie, Alistair Cameron (1990) Science, optics, and music in medieval and early modern thought. A&C

Black. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-907628-79-8

Gernsheim, Helmut (1986). A concise history of photographyArchived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback

Machine. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-486-25128-4

"Who Invented Camera Obscura?". Photography History Facts. “All these scientists experimented with a

small hole and light but none of them suggested that a screen is used so an image from one side of a hole in

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surface could be projected at the screen on the other. First one to do so was Alhazen (also known as Ibn al-

Haytham) in 11th century.”

Allen, Nicholas P.L. (1994). "A reappraisal of late thirteenth-century responses to the Shroud of Lirey-

Chambéry-Turin: encolpia of the Eucharist, vera eikon or supreme relic?". The Southern African Journal of

Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 4 (1): 62–94.

Belbachir, Ahmed Nabil (2009). Smart Cameras. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN

978-1-4419-0953-4. “The invention of the camera can be traced back to the 10th century when the Arab

scientist Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham alias Alhacen provided the first clear description and correct analysis of

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the (human) vision process. Although the effects of single light passing through the pinhole have already

been described by the Chinese Mozi (Lat. Micius) (5th century B), the Greek Aristotle (4th century BC), and

the Arab”

Belbachir, Ahmed Nabil (2009). Smart Cameras. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN

978-1-4419-0953-4. “The invention of the camera can be traced back to the 10th century when the Arab

scientist Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham alias Alhacen provided the first clear description and correct analysis of

the (human) vision process. Although the effects of single light passing through the pinhole have already

been described by the Chinese Mozi (Lat. Micius) (5th century B), the Greek Aristotle (4th century BC), and

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the Arab” Campbell, Jan (2005) Film and cinema spectatorship: melodrama and mimesis Archived 29 April

2016 at the Wayback Machine. Polity. p. 114. ISBN 0-7456-2930-X

Davidson, Michael W (13 November 2015). "Albertus Magnus". Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics

and You. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at The Florida State University. Archived from the

original on 22 December 2015.

Gernsheim, Helmut (1986). A concise history of photographyArchived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback

Machine. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 3–4. ISBN 0-486-25128-4

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Gernsheim, Helmut and Gernsheim, Alison (1955) The history of photography from the earliest use of the

camera obscura in the eleventh century up to 1914. Oxford University Press. p. 20.

Gittens,William Anderson Author, Cinematographer,Dip., Com., Arts. B..A. Media Arts Specialists’ Editor

in Chief Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015 License Cultural Practitioner, Publisher, CEO

Devgro Media Arts Services ®2015

https://contrastly.com/can-photography-be-used-as-a-form-of-therapy/

https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-picture-therapy.htm

http://www.differencebetween.net/

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http://www.differencebetween.net/

http://www.mehtaartgallery.org/what-can-art-teach-us/

http://www.mehtaartgallery.org/what-can-art-teach-us/

http://www.mehtaartgallery.org/what-can-art-teach-us/

https://contrastly.com/can-photography-be-used-as-a-form-of-therapy/

https://contrastly.com/can-photography-be-used-as-a-form-of-therapy/

https://petapixel.com/2017/05/12/should-photography-be-relaxing/

https://petapixel.com/2017/05/12/should-photography-be-relaxing/

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http://www.differencebetween.net/

https://petapixel.com/2017/05/12/should-photography-be-relaxing/

https://www.meetcortex.com/blog/how-a-single-photo-can-tell-a-story

https://www.meetcortex.com/blog/how-a-single-photo-can-tell-a-story

https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-picture-therapy.htm

Krebs, Robert E. (2004). Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle

Ages and the Renaissance. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-313-32433-8.

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Litchfield, R. 1903. "Tom Wedgwood, the First Photographer: An Account of His Life." London, Duckworth

and Co. See Chapter XIII. Includes the complete text of Humphry Davy's 1802 paper, which is the only

known contemporary record of Wedgwood's experiments. (Retrieved 7 May 2013 via archive.orgArchived 7

October 2015 at the Wayback Machine).

Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology

(PDF). p. 98. Archived from the original (PDF)on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2016. “Alhazen used

the camera obscura particularly for observing solar eclipses, as indeed Aristotle is said to have done, and it

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seems that, like Shen Kua, he had predecessors in its study, since he did not claim it as any new finding of

his own. But his treatment of it was competently geometrical and quantitative for the first time.”

Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology

(PDF). p. 99. Archived from the original (PDF)on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2016. “The genius of

Shen Kua's insight into the relation of focal point and pinhole can better be appreciated when we read in

Singer that this was first understood in Europe by Leonardo da Vinci (+ 1452 to + 1519), almost five

hundred years later. A diagram showing the relation occurs in the Codice Atlantico, Leonardo thought that

the lens of the eye reversed the pinhole effect, so that the image did not appear inverted on the retina; though

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in fact it does. Actually, the analogy of focal-point and pin-point must have been understood by Ibn al-

Haitham, who died just about the time when Shen Kua was born.”

Allen, Nicholas P.L. "Verification of the Nature and Causes of the Photo-negative Images on the Shroud of

Lirey-Chambéry-Turin". unisa.ac.za

Plott, John C. (1984). Global History of Philosophy: The Period of scholasticism (part one). p. 460. ISBN

978-0-89581-678-8. “According to Nazir Ahmed if only Ibn-Haitham's fellow-workers and students had

been as alert as he, they might even have invented the art of photography since al-Haitham's experiments

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with convex and concave mirrors and his invention of the "pinhole camera" whereby the inverted image of a

candle-flame is projected were among his many successes in experimentation. One might likewise almost

claim that he had anticipated much that the nineteenth century Fechner did in experimentation with after-

images.”

Potonniée, Georges (1973). The history of the discovery of photography. Arno Press. p. 50. ISBN

0-405-04929-3

Plott, John C. (1984). Global History of Philosophy: The Period of scholasticism (part one). p. 460. ISBN

978-0-89581-678-8. “According to Nazir Ahmed if only Ibn-Haitham's fellow-workers and students had

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been as alert as he, they might even have invented the art of photography since al-Haitham's experiments

with convex and concave mirrors and his invention of the "pinhole camera" whereby the inverted image of a

candle-flame is projected were among his many successes in experimentation. One might likewise almost

claim that he had anticipated much that the nineteenth century Fechner did in experimentation with after-

images.”

Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to

Helmholtz's perspective", Perception, 30 (10): 1157–1177, doi:10.1068/p3210, PMID 11721819, S2CID

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8185797, “The principles of the camera obscura first began to be correctly analysed in the eleventh century,

when they were outlined by Ibn al-Haytham.”

Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001). "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to

Helmholtz's perspective". Perception. 30 (10): 1157–77. doi:10.1068/p3210. PMID 11721819. S2CID

8185797.

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Published by Devgro Media Arts Services Publishing ®2015

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