Canola pulse 2014

DECEMBER 2014

Canola Western

P ulse + Crops Producer

Glyphosate resistance looms over wild oats in Western Canada | P. 6

What do markets have in store? | P. 8

Making seed pay off | P. 12

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contents

3

DECEMBER 2014

Canola WESTERN

+Pulse CROPS PRODUCER

Glyphosate resistance looms over wild oats in Western Canada | P. 6

What do markets have in store? | P. 8

Making seed pay off | P. 12

Publisher: Shaun Jessome Managing Editor: Michael Raine Section Editor: Dan Yates Art Director: Michelle Houlden Layout Designer: Shelley Wichmann Advertising Director: Kelly Berg Creative Director: Robert Magnell Marketing Manager: Jack Phipps

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4 chem fallow practices challenged

Agriculture Canada researcher believes chem fallowed fields are a major contributor to the development of herbicide resistant weeds.

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32 soil-borne root rot

A new plant disease, first found in Saskatchewan, has been identified in Alberta pea fields.

36 Swede midge moving

A new insect pest that feeds on canola crops should be on the minds of growers in Saskatchewan.

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Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: P.O. Box 2500 Stn Main, 2310 Millar Ave., Saskatoon, SK S7K 2C4.

38 Summertime storage

Researcher looks for best management practices for keeping canola cool on the farm over the summer months.

variety trials

17-24

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| WESTERN CANOLA & PULSE CROP PRODUCER published by the Western Producer

Chem fallow adds to weed resistance woes Idle land is a ‘breeding ground’ for herbicide resistant weeds, says researcher

By Sean Pratt

Saskatoon newsroom

T

here is one thing growers can do immediately to stem the tide of herbicide resistant weeds, says a weed expert.

“I would like to see chem fallow eliminated because it is a breeding ground for glyphosate resistance,” said Hugh Beckie, Agriculture Canada’s herbicide resistance expert.

Bad things happen when growers apply herbicide to bare ground, he said during a presentation at the 2014 Canola Discovery Forum in October and in a later interview following his speech.

“Your risk of glyphosate resistance in whatever weed increases dramatically, mainly because there’s no crop competition,” said Beckie.

Growers who chem fallow use high rates of herbicide multiple times throughout the year, which is another sure-fire way to promote resistance.

The amount of land chem fallowed every year is declining, but significant acres are still idle every year in places like southern Alberta and west-central Saskatchewan.

Part of the problem is that farms have become so large that growers can’t cover all the

ground that needs to be seeded in spring. As a result, chem fallow remains a regular farming practice for some growers. For others, it is an emergency measure for unexpected events such as spring flooding.

Beckie would much prefer farmers to seed idle land to annual or perennial cover crops that can be planted well into June, long after the spring seeding season.

“There is a lot of research going on in terms of cover crops that can self-destruct before they compete for moisture or nutrients in the next crop,” he said.

Annual or perennial crops dramatically reduce weed seed banks.

“If you can drive down the weed seed bank without herbicides, you’re way ahead of the game,” said Beckie.

A lot of growers feel that crop rotation is the best line of defence against resistant weeds.

Surveys reveal farmers are rotating four or more crops a lot more than they did in the 1990s, but growers shouldn’t be too quick to pat themselves on the back.

“You have to ask yourself, is that real crop diversity?” he said.

Farmers are just switching from one springseeded, cool season crop to another. They’re all planted at the same time, sprayed at the same time and harvested at the same time.

“I would argue that is not diversity,” said Beckie.

“We still have very few fall-seeded and perennial crops.”

A long-term study on cropping systems at Agriculture Canada’s Scott Research Farm

in Saskatchewan has demonstrated that a diversified rotation that incorporates a perennial crop such as alfalfa significantly reduced the level of wild oat herbicide resistance.

In fact, there was barely any resistance, even in a system where six applications of Group 1 herbicides were applied over an 18-year period.

By comparison, 42 percent of the wild oat population was resistant in a diversified grain rotation that had 10 applications of Group 1 herbicide over an 18-year period.

“This just demonstrates the impact of real crop diversity on resistance management,” said Beckie.

He recognizes that growers are reluctant to incorporate three years of alfalfa in a sixyear rotation, but there needs to be some

Hugh Beckie | FILE PHOTO

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OPPOSITE PAGE: Agriculture Canada researcher Hugh Beckie says producers must reduce herbicide use to curb the development of herbicide resistant weeds. | FILE PHOTO

new approach to weed management other than continued reliance on herbicides.

“Worldwide, we’re really at a tipping point in terms of resistant weed management because we have an explosion of weeds that are resistant to multiple modes of action,” said Beckie.

More than 70 weeds are resistant to two or more modes of action, including wild oats in Western Canada, which are resistant to Group 1 and Group 2 herbicides.

As well, a new mode of action hasn’t been made available to farmers since 1982.

Beckie said short-term help is coming in the form of new genetically modified crops containing stacked traits.

For instance, Dow AgroScience recently

received U.S. Department of Agriculture approval for its Enlist corn and soybeans, which are tolerant to glyphosate and a new form of 2,4-D. However, he believes the stacked trait crops will eventually exacerbate the problem with multiple resistance.

“It’s not a long-term solution,” said Beckie.

“The long-term solution is we have to start reducing our herbicide use.”

He believes governments have a role to play in providing financial incentives for growers to adopt best management practices.

One best management practice for soil conservation is having a negative affect on weed resistance.

The move to no-till systems has facilitated

weed resistance because weed seeds are concentrated near the soil surface rather than buried deep in the profile where they may not germinate.

The turnover rate from seed to weed is much faster in no-till systems, which leads to increased resistance.

As well, the crops grown on those no-till fields are also contributing to the problem.

Contrary to what seed technology companies preach, today’s GM canola crops use more herbicides than the non-GM crops grown in the 1990s.

“Even though the promise of reduced herbicide use in GM crops was made by many, we just haven’t seen that in Canada and other countries,” said Beckie.

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| WESTERN CANOLA & PULSE CROP PRODUCER published by the Western Producer

Wild oats next in line to challenge farmers Researcher says abundant weed will be the next to develop immunity to glyphosate

By Sean Pratt Saskatoon newsroom

W

estern Canadian farmers will have a tough time battling the next glyphosate resistant weed, says an expert.

Wild oats is the most likely candidate to follow resistant kochia, according to a risk assessment model developed by Hugh Beckie, a weed scientist with Agriculture Canada.

The same model successfully forecast kochia as Western Canada’s first glyphosate resistant weed.

The forecast came out in 2010, one year before the weed was discovered in a field in southern Alberta. It has since been detected in Saskatchewan and Manitoba.

Kochia is the only glyphosate tolerant weed in Western Canada, but the U.S. experience suggests others are sure to follow.

“Wild oats resistant to glyphosate would be a worst case scenario,” Beckie said in an interview following his presentation at the 2014 Canola Discovery Forum in October.

“It’s really resistant to everything out there already. If you lose the efficacy of glyphosate, you really restrict your herbicide options to control that weed.”

Wild oats has a resistance risk assessment rating of 9.99 in the grassland region (brown and dark brown soil zones) and 7.83 in the parkland region (black and grey soil zones).

It is followed by green foxtail with a 6.54 rating in the grassland and 4.09 rating in the parkland.

Cleavers are expected to be a close third in the parkland with a 4.05 rating.

Wild buckwheat is the fourth likeliest candidate in the parkland at 3.01 and the third

In Agriculture Canada researcher Hugh Beckie’s forecast, wild oats are of the greatest risk of developing resistance to glyphosate in Saskatchewan’s grassland region (brown and dark brown soil zones). | FILE PHOTO

likeliest in the grassland at 2.71.

Beckie said wild buckwheat’s risk rating will rise dramatically with the anticipated 2016 introduction of Monsanto’s TruFlex Roundup Ready canola.

Wild buckwheat is more tolerant to glyphosate than other annual weeds. It is hard to control at today’s recommended application rates.

TruFlex canola will allow growers to use higher rates of the chemical over a wider window of application.

Monsanto’s new Roundup Ready trait will make the weed more susceptible to the most popular herbicide used in Western Canada, but it will also increase resistance selection pressure in weed populations.

“The risk rate is going to increase substan-

tially, and it is our most abundant weed, so that’s one to watch,” said Beckie.

Joe Vink, weed management technical lead with Monsanto Canada, doesn’t think higher rates of herbicide and a longer window of application will result in glyphosate resistant buckwheat.

“I don’t think that necessarily drives the evolution of glyphosate resistance,” he said.

“For me, it’s more the frequency of application and just total over-reliance on one herbicide mode of action.”

Vink said growers need to use best management practices such as crop diversification and tank mixing to combat the resistance problem.

“It would be really, really nice if we had other herbicides available in canola to tank mix

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with Roundup Ready, but there are very limited options at this point,” he said.

Canola has been a key weapon in combatting weed resistance in Western Canada.

Canola hybrids are good at fighting weeds, and the herbicides used on canola contain two modes of action that are not used widely in other crops: glyphosate and glufosinate.

Glyphosate resistance is a serious threat to western Canadian crop production because growers rely so heavily on the chemical. More glyphosate was sold in Western Canada in 2012 than the next 12 most popular active ingredients combined.

There are already 25 weed species around the world that are resistant to glyphosate.

The list of weeds resistant to other chemistries also continues to grow.

Farmers in the United States are battling 145 species of herbicide resistant weeds, while Canada ranks third in the world behind the U.S. and Australia with 60 resistant weeds.

“The majority of growers in Western Canada are fighting herbicide resistant weeds

based on surveys we’ve conducted,” said Beckie.

He estimated that 38 million acres of farmland in Western Canada are infected, costing farmers $1.1 to $1.5 billion per year in increased herbicide use and decreased yields.

Those costs are only going to escalate, partly because of a lack of new investment in herbicides. There hasn’t been a new mode of action since the 1982 introduction of HPPD inhibitors.

Herbicide investment plummeted in the 1990s with Monsanto’s release of its Roundup Ready crops because chemical companies thought glyphosate was the Holy Grail of farm chemicals.

Syngenta and other companies are now significantly investing on herbicide discovery, but growers shouldn’t expect a new mode of action anytime soon.

“It has been 32 years since the world has seen a new herbicide mode of action, and the experts predict we won’t see anything (for) at least 10 (more) years,” said Beckie.

7

ranking weeds The risk rating number is a relative ranking of a weed’s likelihood of developing glyphosate resistance. A higher number signifies a greater likelihood.

Glyphosate weed risk assessment Soil zone black/ brown/ type grey dark brown Green foxtail 4.09 6.54 Wild oat 7.83 9.99 Wild buckwheat 3.01 2.71 Lambsquarters 0.89 0.69 Chickweed 2.03 0.05 Stinkweed 0.58 1.06 Redroot pigweed 0.47 0.89 Cleavers 4.05 0.69 Kochia 1.71 18.80 Wild mustard 0.14 0.11

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| WESTERN CANOLA & PULSE CROP PRODUCER published by the Western Producer

soy crops and rising global stocks are the reasons the prices of soybeans, canola and other oilseeds fell sharply from the beginning of July until the end of September.

SOY MEAL A SURPRISE

Canola prices unlikely to rally

By D’Arce McMillan Markets editor

A

s is often the case, the price outlook for canola this year depends heavily on what happens in the soybean seed, meal and oil markets.

Also, the global general crop market shift to surplus from shortage and the widespread weakness in commodities, especially crude oil, are negative factors in the canola market.

On its own, Canada’s canola supply and demand situation is not a depressing factor on prices.

After a record large crop in 2013, canola production this year shrank about 22 percent.

Statistics Canada has pegged the crop at 14.08 million tonnes, the third largest ever.

The forecast will be updated in early December.

But carry-in stocks from the 2013-14 crop year were the second largest ever, leading to total supplies of 16.57 million tonnes.

That is the second largest amount ever, but luckily exports and domestic use are expected to be robust and eat up

most of the supply.

Agriculture Canada’s forecast for 2014-15 year end stocks is only 900,000 tonnes, for a relatively tight stocks-to-use ratio of six percent.

Globally, rapeseed/canola supply is a little heavier with the carry-out at the end of the current crop year at 6.8 million tonnes, up nine percent from the year before, Agriculture Canada said.

SOYBEAN SURPLUS The main problems in the canola market come from soybeans.

A record large soybean crop was harvested in the United States and South American farmers seeded what was expected to be a record large crop there.

Consumption is expected to rise but not as fast as production, resulting in world yearend soybean stocks rising 36 percent to about 91 million tonnes, according to USDA’s October forecast.

That puts the stocks–to-use ratio at a burdensome 32 percent.

This expectation of bumper

But then soy meal took the driver’s seat and sparked a counter seasonal rally.

Old crop soybean and meal supply had been exceptionally tight going into the U.S. harvest.

That had kept meal prices strong but the market expected the shortage would disappear as soon as there was good progress on the harvest.

Futures traders took short positions to profit as the price fell and grain companies planned aggressive crushing and export programs.

But a delay to the start of harvest in the Midwest, slow farmer selling and rail and river transportation logistics problems slowed the movement of soybeans to crushers.

That kept the market short of soy meal and its futures price rallied 27 percent in October as traders liquidated their short positions and crushers and exporters competed for limited available supply.

The question was, how long would it take for crushers to get the supply needed to ramp up production and settle the soy meal shortage?

Once that happened, the expectation was that prices could back off.

But the ultimate price trend would depend on American farmer deliveries, the pace of U.S. exports, the weather in South America and commodity prices, especially crude oil.

It is unlikely, but if meal price continues strong into the new year, analysts worry it might encourage a larger than expected increase in U.S. soybean seeding. That would be

negative for 2015-16 oilseed pricing.

SOUTH AMERICAN WEATHER Lack of rain delayed seeding in central Brazil but that was not expected to reduce acreage or yields. It could push back the harvest though.

The El Nino that did not develop as expected earlier this year is again building. Climate watchers expect a weak version of the event.

Weather experts speculate that the event could deliver bountiful rain in Argentina and Paraguay, but not the extreme amounts that sometimes cause flooding in El Nino years.

Reuters reported that the Brazilian Somar Meteorology consultancy forecasts the El Nino could bring long wet, cool and cloudy periods to Brazil, possibly generating plant disease and limiting photosynthesis.

Analysts suggest Brazil’s crop will likely range from about 89 million to 96 million tonnes. The USDA’s October forecast was 94 million tonnes.

Last year it produced 86.7 million.

For Argentina, USDA sees 55 million tonnes, up from 54 million last year.

CRUDE OIL WEAK Crop prices generally are getting no support from the wider commodity market.

The end of the U.S. Federal Reserve’s stimulus program and slowing growth in China are a weight on commodities.

Crude oil is particularly weak. That affects vegetable oil values because vegoil can be made into biodiesel.

Because of the relatively high oil content in canola, its price takes more price direction from vegetable oil than meal.

From the start of July to the end of October, crude oil prices

Trait Stewardship Responsibilities Notice to Farmers

MF12C001TCG

2011 2012 2013 2014 Seeded area (million acres 19.0 22.0 19.9 20.0 Production (000 bushels) 644,107 611,497 792,157 620,819 Average yields (bu./acre) 34.3 28.1 40.0 32.1 Carry-out stocks (000 tonnes) 588 2,363 900* Average price ($/tonne) $650 $503 $430-470* Source: Statistics Canada, Agriculture Canada | WP GRAPHIC

*forecast

ly back to the levels farmers have become accustomed to in recent years.

The price outlook for corn is also weak, providing little incentive for stronger oilseed prices when the market is “buying acres” for the 2015 crop.

A significant, sustainable oilseed rally would requirela e major crop production problem in a major global production region.

Massey Ferguson is a worldwide brand of AGCO. © 2011 AGCO Corporation, 4205 River Green Parkway, Duluth, GA 30096 (877) 525-4384.

canadian Canola statistics

fell by about a quarter. Oil production is rising faster than global demand, partly because of the rapid expansion of U.S. production from shale formations such as the Bakken.

The seasonal lows in the oilseed markets were likely posted in September. However, given the expectation of large supplies of American and South American soybeans, prices have little reason to ral-

Monsanto Company is a member of Excellence Through Stewardship® (ETS). Monsanto products are commercialized in accordance with ETS Product Launch Stewardship Guidance, and in compliance with Monsanto’s Policy for Commercialization of BiotechnologyDerived Plant Products in Commodity Crops. Commercialized products have been approved for import into key export markets with functioning regulatory systems. Any crop or material produced from this product can only be exported to, or used, processed or sold in countries where all necessary regulatory approvals have been granted. It is a violation of national and international law to move material containing biotech traits across boundaries into nations where import is not permitted. Growers should talk to their grain handler or product purchaser to confirm their buying position for this product. Excellence Through Stewardship® is a registered trademark of Excellence Through Stewardship.

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW PESTICIDE LABEL DIRECTIONS. Roundup Ready® crops contain genes that confer tolerance to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup® brand agricultural herbicides. Roundup® brand agricultural herbicides will kill crops that are not tolerant to glyphosate. Acceleron® seed treatment technology for canola contains the active ingredients difenoconazole, metalaxyl (M and S isomers), fludioxonil, and thiamethoxam.

Acceleron® seed treatment technology for soybeans (fungicides only) is a combination of three separate individually registered products, which together contain the active ingredients fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin and metalaxyl. Acceleron® seed treatment technology for soybeans (fungicides and insecticide) is a combination of four separate individually registered products, which together contain the active ingredients fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin, metalaxyl and imidacloprid. Acceleron® seed treatment technology for corn (fungicides only) is a combination of three separate individually-registered products, which together contain the active ingredients metalaxyl, trifloxystrobin and ipconazole. Acceleron® seed treatment technology for corn (fungicides and insecticide) is a combination of four separate individuallyregistered products, which together contain the active ingredients metalaxyl, trifloxystrobin, ipconazole, and clothianidin. Acceleron® seed treatment technology for corn with Poncho®/ VoTivo™ (fungicides, insecticide and nematicide) is a combination of five separate individuallyregistered products, which together contain the active ingredients metalaxyl, trifloxystrobin, ipconazole, clothianidin and Bacillus firmus strain I-5821. Acceleron®, Acceleron and Design®, DEKALB and Design®, DEKALB®, Genuity and Design®, Genuity®, RIB Complete and Design®, RIB Complete®, Roundup Ready 2 Technology and Design®, Roundup Ready 2 Yield®, Roundup Ready®, Roundup Transorb®, Roundup WeatherMAX®, Roundup®, SmartStax and Design®, SmartStax®, Transorb®, VT Double PRO® and VT Triple PRO® are trademarks of Monsanto Technology LLC. Used under license. LibertyLink® and the Water Droplet Design are trademarks of Bayer. Used under license. Herculex® is a registered trademark of Dow AgroSciences LLC. Used under license. Poncho® and Votivo™ are trademarks of Bayer. Used under license. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

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| WESTERN CANOLA & PULSE CROP PRODUCER published by the Western Producer

factoring for field comparisons

By Ron Lyseng and Michael Raine Winnipeg bureau

Yield isn’t the only factor when comparing canola seeded with a hoe drill to canola seeded with a corn planter.

Growers who have conducted their own field-scale comparisons say they also look at seeding rate, crop health, crop uniformity and ease of seeding and swathing.

These factors are especially important if the field yield data indicates that canola seeded with a Flexi-Coil hoe drill provides the same yield as canola seeded with a Monosem corn planter, according to Tony Bos. The seed grower from Coaldale, Alta.,

said his irrigated commercial canola yielded 55 to 58 bushels per acre in 2012.

His irrigated commercial canola in 2013 yielded 65 to 68 bu.

The difference between the two types of planting systems was virtually nil.

“We’ll never do that again. It wasn’t worth the money or effort. It took way too much time, and the accuracy of the RTK just wasn’t good enough.”

Bos said reducing seed costs is the biggest benefit from using a planter for canola.

As well, entire fields growing and maturing uniformly means fewer hangups at harvest.

“However, there was one year I recall

that we had a tremendous amount of straw. I think the Monosem was the only way we could have seeded canola in a reasonable fashion that year,” said Bos. “We have trash cleaners in front of the row units. They push straw off to the sides so the planter puts the seed into clean soil between the rows of straw. It gave us a real nice stand. If I had been using our normal air drill, I would have had all kinds of plugging issues.”

Trash management issues aside, Bos said any type of disc seeder is better than a hoe drill for small seeded crops, even in the most ideal conditions.

He thinks hoe drills move too much soil

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AND MAKE MOR ON YIELD.

|

around, which plays havoc with seed placement uniformity.

A disc is better, he added, whether it’s on an air drill or a corn planter.

This year was Bos’s fourth crop with the 24-row Monosem. He previously had a 12row John Deere corn planter but decided it wasn’t doing the job he expected. “ (Deere has) a plastic metering disc that causes static electricity, so it’s not as accurate,” he said.

“This (Monosem) has a stainless steel disc, which doesn’t cause static to build up.”

When planting hybrid canola for seed, Bos puts down four rows of female seed and then one row of male seed. He lifts the

outside two rows at each end of the planter so that he uses only 20 rows.

For commercial canola, he uses all 24 rows, which are on 22-inch centres. He admits being surprised that the Monosem has not given him a yield benefit.

“The crop looks so much better. It stands up better. It’s on 22-inch row spacing, so you look at the crop early in the season and you actually think you don’t have enough rows. But it’s always a good healthy crop.

“One year, we double seeded our commercial canola. We put the crop in with RTK. Then we turned around and moved over 11 inches and seeded again between the first rows.

Healthier canola AGRONOMICS help you profit to your potential.

11

(The crop) stands up better. It’s on 22-inch row spacing, so you look at the crop early in the season and you actually think you don’t have enough rows. But it’s always a good healthy crop.

Tony Bos | seed grower

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12

| WESTERN CANOLA & PULSE CROP PRODUCER published by the Western Producer

Future crops begin in the spermosphere

INVEST IN SEED WISELY Farmers should only expect half of canola seeds to emerge

By ROBYN TOCKER Saskatoon newsroom

There’s a lot left to learn about what contributes most to canola yield potential.

Speaking at a Canola Council of Canada conference in Saskatoon in October, Neal Harker posed three questions: how many plants are needed, how many seeds will actually emerge and how many seeds should be planted?

“But why should we worry about stand establishment?” asked the Agriculture Canada researcher. “Obviously, we want to maximize our yield. When we have a more uniform stand, harvest losses are lower.”

Farmers with 30 to 40 plants per square metre will only see about 60 to 80 percent of the maximum yield, said Harker. He suggested a minimum of 50 plants per square metre or five plants per square foot.

When it comes to seed emergence, Harker said 2013 and 2014 had wetter springs which led to better establishment than in other recent years, but seed depth can also affect emergence.

In most years, emergence won’t be much worse or better than 50 percent, he said.

“Sometimes, if you’re willing to slow down and plant a little shallower, you can do a little better.”

But planting shallow doesn’t mean all seeds will suddenly shoot up and produce a plant.

Harker conducted an experiment to see if microbes in the soil were hurting plants.

Seeds were planted in two plexiglas con-

tainers. One had normal soil and the other had autoclave soil, which kills microbes.

“It was way worse when we killed the microbes than when they were alive,” Harker said.

It’s difficult to pinpoint exactly Neal Harker what will make seed emergence better, but planting seeds one quarter of an inch under the soil seems to lead to the best yield potential. Harker said farmers seeding average sized seed at five pounds per acre can see 80 percent seed emergence. However, Harker said farmers are more likely to see 50 percent seed emergence.

“If you’re more realistic and assume emergence is closer to 50 percent than 80 percent, you’re going to need a little more seed than what you’ve been saying you want.”

Harker said precipitation will contribute to emergence in drastic ways. Both 2013 and 2014 had higher-than-normal precipitation levels. This led to a prairie average of 81 percent emergence in 2013 and 69 percent in 2014.

“Precipitation will be our biggest determinant, but there are things we can do with direct seeding,” said Harker. “It’s important to buy and plant enough seed. It won’t be cheap, but it is a very important investment.”

Canola can demand a lot of crop inputs, but naturally occurring microorganisms can help plant growth too.

Making better use of these microorganisms is important, says Agriculture Canada researcher Chantal Hamel.

Speaking at a Canola Council of Canada conference in Sasktoon in October, Hamel addressed how “the spermosphere effect” impacts many areas of seed growth and development.

Spermosphere — the area around a germinating seed — is stimulated by microorganisms in seeds. The interaction in the spermosphere is very intense. After about eight to 12 hours, the seeds are fully hydrated and metabolically active. Hamel said that, to some extent, this interaction could determine seed emergence and yield.

“Different environmental conditions may have a different shell influence on the seed that lives in the spermosphere,” Hamel said.

Microorganisms are found in the soil surrounding the seed and inside the seed itself.

Those found in the seeds differ depending on the genotype of the plant. That genetic profile could explain the reason for certain disease resistance, she said.

“We’ve been looking a lot at the influence of genotypes on the bacterial community associated with the roots of these plants and we find genotypes have a large influence,” said Hamel.

Continued on page 14

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14

| WESTERN CANOLA & PULSE CROP PRODUCER published by the Western Producer

Stand establishment issues are persistent in both corn and canola. | FILE PHOTO Continued from page 12

This influence can carry over from one season to the next, effecting future crops.

Microorganisms can also stimulate root growth and seed germination under stressful conditions.

Aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid is one cause of stress in seeds. When the microorganisms react to it, seeds can have rapid root growth and vigorous seed germination.

Using the tools at her team’s disposal, Hamel has hopes of looking at the microorganisms in canola, wheat, peas, and corn.

“We hope to make a definition of what microorganisms are associated with this crop and what is associated with the health of the crop or the not so good performance of a crop.”

In the near future, Hamel hopes to manage the microorganisms of plants and be able to produce a better yield with less input from human influence.

“We can also use the natural mechanisms of plants.

They are able to determine the bacterial and fungal community around them and defend against them.”

— Robyn Tocker

LESSONS FROM THE CORN FIELD Prairie canola growers encouraged to ‘think outside the box’

By ROBYN TOCKER Saskatoon newsroom

C

orn and canola are very different crops, but when it comes to stand establishment, Western Canadian farmers can learn a lot from their American counterparts.

There are several factors that contribute to corn yields that possibly overlap with canola, Jeff Coulter of the University of Minnesota told a Canola Council of Canada conference in Saskatoon in October.

Although it may seem strange to have a corn specialist at a canola conference, the transfer of information is useful to the agricultural industry as a whole.

“The whole idea is to get people thinking outside the box and looking at areas that can be improved,” said Warren Ward, agronomy specialist with the CCC in Yorkton, Sask.

“We’re looking at what’s going on in other commodities to see if there are practices that can be put in place.”

Seeding date is one of the most important factors, said Coulter, but unless there is a four-week delay in planting, “It doesn’t translate to big reductions in crop growth or final yield at the end of the year,” he said.

Coulter has studied the relationship between seeding date and a starter fertilizer containing phosphorus and a small amount of nitrogen.

In one study, using different planting dates, fields and corn hybrids over four

years, Coulter found fertilizer response was inconsistent. In one year of the trial, a field yielded seven bushels lower than others, despite receiving a starter fertilizer.

He said starter fertilizer and hybrid seed act independently of one another.

“This tells us we can just look at the starter fertilizer by itself,” he said.

Ward said that no matter the crop type, it’s important to have the amount of fertilizer the seed needs at the right time.

“We do want to make sure not too much seed-placed fertilizer goes down in a seed row. That is one area that can be looked at,” said Ward.

Uniformity of emergence is another factor when it comes to stand establishment.

Coulter said that when a plant is two leaf stages behind others in a field, the plant becomes a “problem child” and is at a competitive disadvantage.

In that situation, a study in southwest Minnesota discovered those plants were only yielding 50 percent of what they normally would.

Canola can experience similar challenges if plants don’t emerge at the same time.

Ward said things like varied seed depths, excess crop residue and insect or weed pressure all affect emergence.

“It just leads to increased management problems through the year.”

Seeding rates and row formation are other factors to consider. Coulter said these have less impact on corn stand establishment, but it’s still important to look at them.

SEED SURVIVAL It takes more than large seeds to establish a successful plant population in a canola crop. However, large seeds tend to have higher survival rates. Canola crops can reach their yield potential as long as plant density is 40-50 to 200 plants per square metre (4-5 to 20 per square foot).

Seed survival 40% Thousand seed weight (grams) 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

4 6.7 5.6 4.8 4.2 3.7 3.3 3.0 2.8

Seeding rates (lb./ac.)

5 6 8.3 10.0 6.9 8.3 6.0 7.1 5.2 6.3 4.6 5.6 4.2 5.0 3.8 4.5 3.5 4.2

7 11.7 9.7 8.3 7.3 6.5 5.8 5.3 4.9

8 13.3 11.1 9.5 8.3 7.4 6.7 6.1 5.6

4 10.0 8.3 7.1 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.5 4.2

Seeding rates (lb./ac.)

5 6 12.5 15.0 10.4 12.5 8.9 10.7 7.8 9.4 6.9 8.3 6.3 7.5 5.7 6.8 5.2 6.3

7 17.5 14.6 12.5 10.9 9.7 8.8 8.0 7.3

8 20.0 16.7 14.3 12.5 11.1 10.0 9.1 8.3

4 11.7 9.7 8.3 7.3 6.5 5.8 5.3 4.9

Seeding rates (lb./ac.)

5 6 14.6 17.5 12.2 14.6 10.4 12.5 9.1 10.9 8.1 9.7 7.3 8.8 6.6 8.0 6.1 7.3

7 20.4 17.0 14.6 12.8 11.3 10.2 9.3 8.5

8 23.3 19.5 16.7 14.6 13.0 11.7 10.6 9.7

4 13.3 11.1 9.5 8.3 7.4 6.7 6.1 5.6

Seeding rates (lb./ac.)

5 6 16.7 20.0 13.9 16.7 11.9 14.3 10.4 12.5 9.3 11.1 8.3 10.0 7.6 9.1 6.9 8.3

7 23.3 19.5 16.7 14.6 13.0 11.7 10.6 9.7

8 26.7 22.2 19.1 16.7 14.8 13.3 12.1 11.1

3 5.0 4.2 3.6 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.3 2.1

Seed survival 60% Thousand seed weight (grams) 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

3 7.5 6.3 5.4 4.7 4.2 3.8 3.4 3.1

Seed survival 70% Thousand seed weight (grams) 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

3 8.8 7.3 6.3 5.5 4.9 4.4 4.0 3.6

Seed survival 80% Thousand seed weight (grams) 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

3 10.0 8.3 7.1 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.5 4.2

Formula to set seeding rate based on seed size: Seeding Rate (lb./ac) = [9.6 x diresed plant density (plants/ft2) x TSW (grams)] รท estimated seed survival (%, expressed as a whole #) Source: Canola Council of Canada, AAFC

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2014 Inf ormed seeding decisions.

This is preliminary data. For the latest data, go to www.canolaperformancetrials.ca

TOOLS TO HELP YOU MAKE BETTER CHOICES The CPT system includes both small plot and large field scale trials. Results for 2014 are based on 25 small plot trials and 101 field scale trials across the Prairies. Trial results that missed the print deadline for this publication are available online at www.canolaperformancetrials.ca.

Site distribution is based on seeded acres in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia.

The small plot system ensures that: • All varieties are treated with appropriate commercially associated herbicides and seed treatments.

• An independent third party representative inspects all trials.

• Varieties are in blocks based on maturity. That way, harvest occurs at the appropriate time to minimize harvest losses due to maturity differences.

Field scale comparisons add extra perspective for assessing consistency in variety performance. For field scale plots, two or more varieties were compared at each site, and each site had a common check, 73-75 RR. Comparisons are based on harvested strips of 0.5 to 1.5 acres each. Field scale data is not necessarily replicated in all cases, but the data presented has been audited to make sure it complies with CPT protocols.

CV – For coefficient of variation (CV), the lower the CV value, the more reliable the test. For example, if comparing results from two test locations, one with a CV of 4% and the other with a CV of 8%, the test with the CV of 4% can be considered more reliable. There is always variability in research trials. The key is designing and managing experiments so CVs stay within a reasonable range. For the CPT, experience has shown that CVs below 15% indicate good test reliability.

LSD – The least significant difference (LSD at a 5% level of statistical significance) for each dataset indicates whether differences between varieties are statistically meaningful. Varieties should only be considered different in yield performance if the numerical difference between them is greater than the LSD value. Using the sample table below, if the LSD is 5.0, varieties A and B are not statistically different, B and C are not statistically different, but A and C are statistically different. In the yield graphs for each season zone (see page 20), LSD for each variety group is given on the left.

Variety

Yield (bu./ac.)

A

52

B

54

C

58

LSD

5.0

Long Season Mid Season Short Season

A total of 81 field scale trials were approved this year: AB=33, SK=27, MB=20, BC=1

Results are organized by short, medium and long season zones. CPT uses the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/ RRC) season zones, which are based on typical frost free days, growing degree days and soil type. Grey wooded soils, for example, are in the short season zone. See Table A for specific numbers for each zone.

Season Short Medium Long

Table A: Season Zones Growing Degree Days Frost Free Days (Base 5ºC)* 75–95 1,100–1,450 95–115 1,450–1,700 115+ 1,700+

*On a base 5ºC scale, growing degree days only accumulate on days when highs are above 5ºC.

Small plot and field scale data are presented separately in the following tables. For more detailed performance results, growing conditions and production details for specific trial sites, use the online CPT database at www.canolaperformancetrials.ca.

The tables include yield, days to maturity, height and lodging scores for each variety. Lodging scores are between 1 and 5, with 1 being no lodging

and 5 being completely lodged.

Gross revenue is based on yield multiplied by $9.280/bu. This is based on $409.30 per tonne, the March 2015 futures close on October 1, 2014, and a 50-pound bushel weight. Premiums are included in the calculations for specialty market varieties.

In the tables, varieties are listed numerically and alphabetically, starting with Clearfield (CL) varieties, followed by Liberty Link (LL) and Roundup Ready (RR).

Each zone and small plot location is identified on the map above.

1. To begin, use the map above. Identify your growing season zone and trial locations closest to your farm.

2. To evaluate yield potential, look at all small plot and field scale locations in your growing season zone and the average yield for your zone.

3. Consider other information such as maturity, lodging resistance and cost. The online database at www.canolaperformancetrials.ca includes an economic calculator.

4. Ask your seed dealer for more information on specific varieties.

Canola Performance Trials 2014 Results Average Results by Season Zone (small plot data) Variety Clearfield 5525 CL VR 9560 CL LSD Liberty Link 5440 L130 L252 L261 LSD Roundup Ready 6044 RR 6060 RR 6064 RR 1990 13DL30122 V12-1 V12-2 SY4157* 09H7763 08H0004 11DL30318 13DL30323 SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT-SN 11-2786 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-54 RR 73-15 RR LSD

Long Season Zone Yield (% 73-75 Days to Lodging Height (in.)

RR 81 bu./ac.) Maturity

Yield (% 73-75 RR 58 bu./ac.)

Mid Season Zone Days to Lodging Maturity

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75 RR 65 bu./ac.)

Short Season Zone Days to Lodging Maturity

Distributor Height (in.)

93 97 11

94.1 97.3 –

2.2 2.7 –

48.0 49.5 –

92 98 13

94.7 96.4 –

1.7 2.1 –

42.8 47.1 –

98 99 13

100.7 102.3 –

3.2 3.8 –

44.2 43.9 –

BrettYoung Proven Seed / CPS –

102 100 113 106 10

96.1 92.8 96.3 96.4 –

1.7 2.0 2.3 1.7 –

50.6 48.4 49.5 54.5 –

105 100 108 107 10

95.0 93.3 95.3 96.3 –

1.5 1.7 1.9 1.7 –

45.1 44.1 43.7 49.0 –

108 105 115 113 10

100.2 98.0 100.7 101.9 –

2.0 2.4 2.4 2.8 –

45.9 43.4 44.3 49.5 –

Bayer CropScience Bayer CropScience Bayer CropScience Bayer CropScience –

97 95 98 99 100 101 96 105 103 101 98 107 95 96 101 98 100 101 101 – 9

95.3 97.8 97.2 93.9 96.7 95.3 97.4 98.1 95.2 100.2 95.3 97.3 94.0 94.0 93.8 93.8 93.3 94.3 93.8 – –

1.8 2.2 1.8 3.0 2.6 2.4 2.3 1.9 2.9 1.9 2.2 1.9 3.4 3.4 2.5 2.4 3.7 3.3 3.4 – –

47.5 48.8 47.1 45.8 50.8 47.4 48.4 51.9 47.7 52.0 48.5 49.3 44.9 43.6 49.2 47.6 44.7 45.0 45.3 – –

97 97 102 102 103 103 93 105 100 101 97 109 98 95 105 101 100 98 101 – 10

95.2 97.2 97.3 94.9 96.0 94.8 95.9 96.5 95.5 98.4 95.2 94.2 93.3 93.8 94.3 94.3 93.6 94.5 93.0 – –

1.7 2.2 1.6 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.4 2.1 2.4 2.4 2.5 – –

41.5 43.2 42.3 42.8 46.5 43.0 41.0 44.9 43.7 46.1 42.9 43.2 41.4 40.8 44.7 42.0 40.6 41.9 42.0 – –

94 97 99 102 101 99 92 102 96 97 96 110 94 97 106 99 100 97 102 89 11

100.7 103.3 103.2 100.6 101.4 101.3 101.8 102.3 101.1 104.1 101.4 102.0 99.6 99.7 99.9 100.3 99.4 100.3 98.9 97.4 –

3.0 2.8 2.9 3.7 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.0 2.7 2.9 4.2 3.4 3.0 2.8 3.8 3.3 3.4 3.7 –

41.7 44.9 42.7 42.6 46.2 43.1 40.6 45.5 44.3 44.8 45.0 44.1 41.5 42.2 45.5 43.4 42.0 41.7 42.3 39.7 –

BrettYoung BrettYoung BrettYoung Canterra Seeds Canterra Seeds Cargill Cargill Syngenta Cargill Cargill DL Seeds DL Seeds Syngenta Syngenta Proven Seed / CPS Proven Seed / CPS DEKALB DEKALB DEKALB DEKALB –

*SY4157, sponsored by Syngenta, was previously named 09H7757 and sponsored by Cargill in 2013.

110

Long Season Zone: (% of 73-75 RR bu./ac.)

100 90 80 70

SY4114

SY4135

VR 9562 GC

VT-SN11-278

73-75 RR

13DL30323

SY4114

SY4135

VR 9562 GC

VT-SN11-278

73-75 RR

13DL30323

SY4114

SY4135

VR 9562 GC

VT-SN11-278

73-75 RR

74-44 BL

13DL30323

11DL30318 11DL30318

74-54 RR

11DL30318

08H0004 08H0004

74-44 BL

08H0004

09H7763 09H7763

74-54 RR

09H7763

SY4157 SY4157

74-44 BL

V12-2

SY4157

V12-2

74-54 RR

V12-1 V12-1

V12-2

6064 RR 6064 RR

V12-1

6064 RR

6060 RR 6060 RR

1990

6060 RR

6044 RR 6044 RR

13DL30122

L261

6044 RR

L261 L261

1990

L252 L252 L252

13DL30122

L130 L130 L130

1990

5440 5440 5440

110

13DL30122

5525 CL

20

VR 9560 CL

30

5525 CL

Mid Season Zone: (% of 73-75 RR bu./ac.)

40

VR 9560 CL

Roundup Ready LSD: 9

50

5525 CL

Liberty Link LSD: 10

60

VR 9560 CL

Clearfield LSD: 11

100 90 80

Clearfield LSD: 13 Liberty Link LSD: 10 Roundup Ready LSD: 10

70 60 50 40 30 20

Short Season Zone: (% of 73-75 RR bu./ac.)

Clearfield LSD: 13 Liberty Link LSD: 10 Roundup Ready LSD: 11

110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

Long Season Zone: small plot results by location

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75 RR 97 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75 RR 67 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Clearfield 5525 CL VR 9560 CL* LSD Liberty Link 5440 L130 L252 L261 LSD Roundup Ready 6044 RR 6060 RR 6064 RR 1990 13DL30122 V12-1* V12-2* SY4157* 09H7763 08H0004 11DL30318 13DL30323 SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT-SN 11-2786 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-54 RR LSD CV

87 89 9

$662 $721 –

85.8 88.5 –

2.5 3.3 –

47.2 45.3 –

89 95 11

$806 $925 –

– – –

1.3 2.3 –

– – –

93 94 20

$581 $629 –

97.0 99.0 –

3.8 4.0 –

42.8 49.2 –

100 103 111 105 8

$754 $778 $837 $796 –

89.8 84.8 89.5 90.5 –

1.0 1.5 1.8 1.5 –

47.7 47.2 48.7 53.6 –

90 92 107 96 8

$819 $831 $972 $869 –

– – – – –

1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 –

– – – – –

107 103 109 110 12

$664 $638 $675 $687 –

97.8 95.3 98.0 98.8 –

2.5 3.0 4.5 2.0 –

50.2 46.3 46.3 56.6 –

91 94 97 99 100 96 101 101 101 103 100 100 102 99 103 101 100 100 101 7 4.6

$691 $712 $734 $751 $753 $793 $839 $761 $762 $778 $755 $760 $772 $749 $783 $764 $757 $753 $764 – –

88.0 91.0 90.0 86.8 89.3 85.8 88.8 90.8 87.5 92.8 88.0 89.0 88.3 86.8 86.3 86.3 86.0 87.3 85.0 – –

1.3 1.3 1.5 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.8 2.3 2.0 1.5 3.0 2.8 1.8 2.0 3.8 2.8 3.0 – –

44.3 47.2 45.8 43.8 49.2 45.3 44.3 50.7 45.3 49.7 47.7 48.2 44.3 44.8 48.2 46.3 41.8 43.3 42.3 – –

94 90 88 97 99 97 90 102 107 80 100 102 101 99 101 99 100 103 101 8 6.3

$848 $815 $801 $878 $893 $967 $897 $922 $970 $723 $909 $924 $911 $893 $919 $901 $906 $932 $917 – –

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.3 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.5 2.0 – –

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

108 104 105 100 109 108 103 116 109 110 103 112 91 103 105 111 100 109 101 9 7.2

$669 $648 $653 $619 $676 $740 $706 $721 $679 $684 $642 $694 $566 $642 $655 $688 $622 $679 $626 – –

97.0 99.5 99.8 98.0 98.5 98.5 100.0 100.8 99.0 102.0 98.8 100.3 97.3 96.5 95.8 96.3 95.8 96.8 97.8 – –

2.8 3.8 2.5 6.0 4.8 3.8 3.0 2.0 5.3 2.0 4.0 3.5 7.0 7.3 5.3 4.8 7.5 6.5 6.8 – –

47.2 47.2 46.8 42.8 51.7 45.3 50.2 53.6 45.8 56.6 46.8 49.2 41.8 40.8 48.2 47.2 43.8 42.3 43.3 – –

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75 RR 97 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Clearfield 5525 CL VR 9560 CL* LSD Liberty Link 5440 L130 L252 L261 LSD Roundup Ready 6044 RR 6060 RR 6064 RR 1990 13DL30122 V12-1* V12-2* SY4157* 09H7763 08H0004 11DL30318 13DL30323 SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT-SN 11-2786 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-54 RR LSD CV

Coaldale, AB

Yield (% 73-75 RR 65 bu./ac.)

Teulon, MB

Variety

Sun Valley, MB

Gross Revenue/ac.

Variety

Rosebank, MB

Yield (% 73-75 RR 81 bu./ac.)

High Bluff, MB

98 112 5

$586 $720 –

96.0 99.0 –

1.3 1.0 –

43.3 43.8 –

98 96 8

$884 $869 –

97.5 102.5 –

2.3 3.0 –

58.6 59.5 –

109 104 122 126 8

$658 $623 $736 $760 –

95.5 94.0 96.3 97.5 –

1.5 1.8 1.8 1.0 –

44.3 42.8 44.8 45.8 –

104 99 117 94 15

$939 $896 $1,056 $848 –

101.5 97.3 101.5 99.0 –

2.3 2.5 2.0 2.8 –

60.0 57.1 58.1 62.0 –

93 87 99 96 99 104 91 107 102 114 93 105 95 89 100 94 100 87 103 10 6.8

$557 $523 $595 $574 $594 $687 $600 $644 $613 $685 $558 $634 $574 $537 $598 $566 $601 $523 $617 – –

95.3 98.0 99.3 94.0 97.0 96.0 97.3 97.5 94.8 100.5 95.8 98.3 94.3 95.3 95.5 95.0 94.0 95.3 95.5 – –

1.5 2.0 1.8 2.8 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.0 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.5 3.0 2.5 – –

42.3 42.8 43.3 41.3 44.3 43.8 43.3 43.8 43.3 43.3 43.8 43.3 42.3 41.3 43.3 42.3 41.8 41.8 43.3 – –

98 100 101 103 94 100 94 99 97 97 94 114 88 89 93 86 100 105 100 13 4.6

$882 $904 $910 $931 $846 $994 $929 $894 $871 $873 $845 $1,025 $790 $800 $837 $774 $902 $945 $898 – –

101.0 102.8 99.8 97.0 102.0 100.8 103.5 103.5 99.5 105.5 98.8 101.8 96.3 97.5 97.5 97.5 97.3 98.0 97.0 – –

2.3 3.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.0 3.0 2.5 2.8 – –

56.1 58.1 52.7 55.1 58.1 55.1 55.6 59.5 56.6 58.6 55.6 56.6 51.2 47.2 57.1 54.6 51.2 52.7 52.2 – –

*Gross revenue for this Cargill Specialty Canola hybrid includes a premium of $1.13/bu. Yield is rounded to the nearest whole number. Gross revenue is based on non-rounded yield. Gross revenue is yield multiplied by $11.20/bu. VR 9560 CL is eligible for pricing premiums of $15/MT (Alberta), $25/MT (Saskatchewan) and $35/MT (Manitoba) in addition to the price provided in the “Gross Revenues” column. Final premium amount will be dependent on delivery period. Contact Viterra for more details. SY4157, sponsored by Syngenta, was previously named 09H7757 and sponsored by Cargill in 2013.

Mid Season Zone: Small plot results by location

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75 RR 97 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75 RR 67 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75 RR 67 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Melfort, SK

Days to Maturity

Foam Lake, SK

Gross Revenue/ac.

Variety

Aberdeen, SK

Yield (% 73-75 RR 81 bu./ac.)

Dauphin, MB

83 85 17

$497 $550 –

88.5 89.8 –

1.0 1.3 –

37.0 40.0 –

86 102 18

$239 $296 –

94.5 95.0 –

– – –

37.2 40.8 –

89 102 13

$604 $727 –

99.0 101.0 –

2.3 3.5 –

32.5 35.0 –

102 109 4

$559 $629 –

94.0 97.3 –

1.3 1.3 –

38.9 45.3 –

93 87 109 98 8

$559 $524 $654 $590 –

87.8 87.3 89.0 89.5 –

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 –

40.2 38.0 35.0 40.7 –

90 87 101 95 11

$250 $242 $281 $263 –

94.3 92.5 94.0 94.8 –

– – – – –

35.2 33.5 35.2 40.8 –

107 103 113 115 3

$722 $694 $764 $782 –

99.0 97.0 99.3 100.8 –

2.0 2.8 3.0 2.5 –

37.0 34.4 36.4 40.4 –

126 116 125 132 6

$691 $636 $688 $724 –

92.8 91.3 94.5 96.0 –

1.3 1.3 1.8 1.0 –

42.3 44.8 41.8 47.2 –

93 85 99 96 95 94 79 93 88 87 90 100 90 84 102

$562 $511 $599 $580 $571 $623 $520 $559 $531 $527 $542 $600 $543 $509 $614

88.0 93.3 92.3 88.0 89.3 87.8 87.5 89.3 88.8 94.5 88.3 92.0 87.0 86.5 88.3

1.0 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.8 1.0

36.0 38.8 40.4 33.7 40.6 36.2 32.7 37.8 35.4 42.1 36.4 37.4 34.4 33.5 38.8

86 85 94 96 92 104 85 104 98 95 95 100 87 95 99

$239 $237 $261 $267 $255 $317 $259 $288 $272 $264 $265 $276 $242 $265 $275

92.0 94.0 95.3 94.3 95.0 93.0 94.8 94.8 94.0 95.3 94.5 95.3 92.8 93.5 93.5

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

34.4 34.7 34.4 34.0 39.1 33.7 34.9 38.4 35.7 37.9 34.4 34.9 33.5 34.9 35.4

87 95 103 92 102 100 87 110 101 107 97 111 98 94 110

$587 $640 $696 $625 $692 $741 $650 $743 $685 $728 $654 $755 $666 $638 $742

96.8 101.5 100.0 96.8 97.8 97.0 98.0 99.5 98.8 100.8 98.8 98.3 95.5 95.8 99.3

2.5 3.5 2.5 4.0 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.3 3.5 4.0 3.3

31.1 33.5 35.2 35.2 39.6 35.8 32.9 37.2 34.1 37.2 35.6 36.0 34.1 34.4 39.6

112 112 120 113 121 108 97 114 106 127 104 121 98 95 116

$615 $617 $658 $623 $663 $651 $585 $626 $582 $698 $574 $667 $538 $521 $636

95.3 96.5 97.8 93.5 96.5 94.0 96.0 97.0 96.0 99.0 95.8 96.8 90.5 93.0 92.5

1.3 2.3 1.0 2.5 2.3 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.8 1.3 1.8 3.0 2.5

40.8 41.8 40.8 41.3 45.3 42.8 38.9 45.8 41.8 42.8 40.4 41.8 40.4 38.4 39.4

Clearfield 5525 CL VR 9560 CL* LSD Liberty Link 5440 L130 L252 L261 LSD Roundup Ready 6044 RR 6060 RR 6064 RR 1990 13DL30122 V12-1* V12-2* SY4157* 09H7763 08H0004 11DL30318 13DL30323 SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT-SN 112786 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-54 RR LSD CV

92

$554

87.0

1.5

37.4

102

$283

93.8

–

35.2

95

$644

97.0

3.3

34.6

105

$577

94.0

1.3

41.3

100 101 101 13 8.6

$602 $611 $609 – –

87.8 88.0 86.5 – –

1.3 1.0 1.5 – –

32.3 37.0 36.0 – –

100 93 93 11 7.9

$278 $259 $259 – –

92.8 93.0 93.3 – –

– – – – –

33.0 32.0 33.5 – –

100 91 98 8 6.7

$677 $616 $666 – –

95.8 96.3 95.5 – –

4.0 4.0 4.0 – –

33.5 33.7 32.1 – –

100 99 101 8 5.1

$550 $547 $557 – –

91.0 93.8 90.3 – –

2.3 2.3 2.8 – –

37.4 39.9 42.3 – –

Mid Season Zone: Small plot results by location Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75 RR 97 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75 RR 67 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Clearfield 5525 CL VR 9560 CL* LSD Liberty Link 5440 L130 L252 L261 LSD Roundup Ready 6044 RR 6060 RR 6064 RR 1990 13DL30122 V12-1* V12-2* SY4157* 09H7763 08H0004 11DL30318 13DL30323 SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT-SN 11-2786 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-54 RR LSD CV

Swift Current, SK

Gross Revenue/ac.

Variety

Saskatoon, SK

Yield (% 73-75 RR 81 bu./ac.)

North Battleford, SK

105 114 9

$605 $695 –

94.0 97.3 –

1.3 1.3 –

38.9 45.3 –

87 97 5

$725 $843 –

97.0 98.8 –

1.0 1.8 –

47.7 50.7 –

83 86 13

$288 $311 –

92.8 95.0 –

1.0 1.0 –

44.9 48.2 –

117 111 126 124 8

$678 $644 $729 $719 –

92.8 91.3 94.5 96.0 –

1.3 1.3 1.8 1.0 –

42.3 44.8 41.8 47.2 –

102 102 111 108 6

$849 $842 $917 $897 –

97.0 93.0 96.0 98.5 –

1.0 1.0 1.3 1.8 –

53.1 49.2 50.2 55.1 –

91 85 92 80 11

$317 $296 $318 $277 –

95.8 93.0 95.0 93.3 –

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 –

45.6 45.0 46.2 46.8 –

104 108 109 105 120 109 100 117 114 112 104 119 102 107 105 103 100 107 101 7 4.3

$600 $625 $631 $608 $693 $692 $633 $676 $659 $647 $601 $689 $592 $618 $609 $596 $579 $616 $587 – –

95.3 96.5 97.8 93.5 96.5 94.0 96.0 97.0 96.0 99.0 95.8 96.8 90.5 93.0 92.5 94.0 91.0 93.8 90.3 – –

1.3 2.3 1.0 2.5 2.3 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.8 1.3 1.8 3.0 2.5 1.3 2.3 2.3 2.8 – –

40.8 41.8 40.8 41.3 45.3 42.8 38.9 45.8 41.8 42.8 40.4 41.8 40.4 38.4 39.4 41.3 37.4 39.9 42.3 – –

97 96 94 97 103 105 91 101 103 97 98 104 94 90 103 98 100 89 102 7 4.4

$803 $798 $777 $802 $852 $955 $832 $841 $857 $806 $816 $860 $782 $746 $852 $810 $829 $739 $842 – –

97.0 99.0 98.0 94.5 96.5 95.0 97.8 98.0 97.3 100.3 95.0 97.8 91.8 93.5 94.8 94.3 92.3 94.3 90.0 – –

1.3 2.3 1.0 2.5 2.3 1.3 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.3 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.3 – –

47.2 48.2 45.3 47.7 52.7 50.2 47.7 51.2 52.2 49.2 48.7 50.2 45.8 44.8 48.7 47.2 46.3 44.8 46.3 – –

86 85 91 96 85 83 84 85 74 81 77 92 91 92 94 95 100 85 88 13 10.6

$300 $294 $316 $331 $296 $317 $318 $296 $258 $282 $267 $318 $315 $318 $325 $331 $347 $295 $306 – –

96.8 96.5 98.8 94.3 97.0 96.0 97.5 96.8 97.5 99.5 92.8 96.5 95.0 95.0 95.5 93.5 94.8 93.5 94.3 – –

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 – –

43.1 47.5 43.3 44.4 48.2 45.5 43.5 47.1 46.8 46.0 45.9 45.5 43.3 44.2 49.9 45.0 44.7 44.0 46.5 – –

*Gross revenue for this Cargill Specialty Canola hybrid includes a premium of $1.13/bu. Yield is rounded to the nearest whole number. Gross revenue is based on non-rounded yield. Gross revenue is yield multiplied by $11.20/bu. VR 9560 CL is eligible for pricing premiums of $15/MT (Alberta), $25/MT (Saskatchewan) and $35/MT (Manitoba) in addition to the price provided in the “Gross Revenues” column. Final premium amount will be dependent on delivery period. Contact Viterra for more details. SY4157, sponsored by Syngenta, was previously named 09H7757 and sponsored by Cargill in 2013.

Mid Season Zone: Small plot results by location

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75 RR 97 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75 RR 67 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

96 96 7

$399 $418 –

87.3 87.3 –

1.0 1.0 –

53.4 58.3 –

94 109 16

$713 $873 –

99.0 101.5 –

3.0 3.8 –

39.0 43.5 –

81 81 12

$410 $414 –

101.0 101.0 –

1.0 1.0 –

44.4 45.8 –

100 103 97 109 14

$417 $430 $404 $455 –

86.3 85.5 87.0 87.0 –

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 –

53.2 49.8 52.9 59.8 –

107 101 115 121 6

$812 $770 $877 $920 –

99.0 97.0 99.5 100.8 –

2.0 2.3 2.8 2.5 –

42.3 40.0 40.7 44.9 –

97 96 106 101 11

$495 $491 $540 $515 –

101.0 99.0 100.0 102.0 –

1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 –

43.8 42.4 42.4 45.2 –

102 111 109 115 115 111 98 115 99 96 97 111 93 93 105 103 100 100 100 16 10.6

$424 $462 $452 $479 $478 $507 $447 $481 $411 $401 $405 $461 $385 $385 $439 $428 $416 $417 $417 – –

86.5 87.0 86.8 87.0 87.0 86.0 86.3 86.8 86.0 87.3 86.8 87.0 85.8 86.3 86.0 85.8 86.0 86.3 85.5 – –

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 – –

49.3 53.0 51.6 51.3 55.4 49.9 46.0 54.5 54.2 55.5 52.1 53.0 52.0 50.0 51.8 49.4 49.9 51.1 50.8 – –

92 101 102 98 104 102 90 103 106 105 95 110 100 94 105 97 100 95 108 5 4.4

$700 $766 $777 $746 $791 $851 $754 $783 $804 $798 $725 $838 $763 $718 $798 $741 $762 $723 $822 – –

98.5 102.3 100.0 99.3 99.8 98.0 99.3 99.8 99.5 101.3 98.8 100.0 96.5 96.5 98.5 99.0 98.5 99.0 96.8 – –

3.0 3.3 2.5 4.0 3.5 3.3 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.8 4.0 4.0 4.0 – –

36.0 37.2 36.8 39.4 42.7 40.9 37.2 40.0 41.5 40.0 41.3 39.0 35.2 36.4 40.2 37.0 37.8 36.2 37.4 – –

103 98 107 113 99 108 99 106 108 109 100 111 99 103 101 102 100 102 100 4 8.0

$527 $498 $547 $574 $502 $606 $554 $539 $552 $557 $511 $567 $505 $524 $512 $517 $509 $521 $510 – –

101.0 101.0 103.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 103.0 101.0 100.0 101.0 101.0 100.0 101.0 101.0 101.0 100.0 – –

1.0 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.8 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.0 – –

43.1 42.4 43.1 45.8 45.2 43.1 43.1 43.8 43.0 47.2 43.1 42.4 43.1 39.6 48.6 41.7 37.5 44.4 41.7 – –

Clearfield 5525 CL VR 9560 CL* LSD Liberty Link 5440 L130 L252 L261 LSD Roundup Ready 6044 RR 6060 RR 6064 RR 1990 13DL30122 V12-1* V12-2* SY4157* 09H7763 08H0004 11DL30318 13DL30323 SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT-SN 11-2786 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-54 RR LSD CV

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75RR 66 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75RR 44 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75RR 31 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Vulcan, AB

Days to Maturity

Vermillion, AB

Gross Revenue/ac.

Clearfield 5525 CL VR 9560 CL* LSD Liberty Link 5440 L130 L252 L261 LSD Roundup Ready 6044 RR 6060 RR 6064 RR 1990 13DL30122 V12-1* V12-2* SY4157* 09H7763 08H0004 11DL30318 13DL30323 SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT-SN 11-2786 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-54 RR LSD CV

Tofield, AB

Yield (% 73-75RR 77 bu./ac.)

Lamont, AB

Variety

Forestburg, AB

Gross Revenue/ac.

Variety

Yorkton, SK

Yield (% 73-75 RR 81 bu./ac.)

Wakaw, SK

94 97 7

$675 $698 –

97.5 101.3 –

2.3 3.8 –

51.2 56.1 –

101 101 30

$620 $620 –

– – –

4 4 –

47.9 58.3 –

93 106 29

$384 $436 –

96.3 96.8 –

– – –

43.6 45.3 –

90 88 5

$259 $251

90.8 91.8

– –

– –

106 110 113 113 10

$765 $791 $811 $810 –

100 98.8 98.8 101 –

1 1.8 2.5 1.5 –

55.6 54.1 52.2 62.5 –

114 101 105 115 8

$694 $618 $640 $701 –

– – – – –

4 4 4 4 –

54.2 56.3 50 58.3 –

106 111 100 94 26

$439 $458 $413 $387 –

94.8 94.8 94.8 96 –

– – – – –

41.6 41.3 42.8 47.5 –

106 92 101 90 9

$305 $264 $289 $259 –

94.8 92.5 96 96 –

– – – – –

– – – – –

95 89 93 94 94 103 95 102 101 90 95 100 97 94 95 97 100 96 94 7 5.5

$686 $638 $670 $674 $674 $814 $751 $734 $726 $651 $681 $717 $700 $677 $685 $700 $720 $690 $679 – –

100.8 100.5 101.3 99 101.3 99.8 100.3 101.8 98 102.5 100.3 100 97.5 98 98.3 98 97.5 100 97 – –

1.8 2 2 2.8 2.3 3 2 2.3 3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.5 2.5 3.3 2.8 3.5 – –

50.2 52.2 49.2 50.2 58.1 51.2 50.2 54.6 51.2 59.5 51.7 51.7 49.7 51.7 53.6 51.2 51.2 51.2 52.7 – –

105 108 109 111 110 106 108 123 126 114 107 126 109 97 114 113 100 116 115 15 7.8

$642 $658 $666 $677 $670 $714 $724 $753 $769 $695 $654 $766 $668 $593 $698 $690 $611 $709 $704 – –

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 – –

45.8 45.8 45.8 47.9 47.9 41.7 45.8 41.7 47.9 54.2 45.8 45.8 45.8 41.7 50 43.8 45.8 47.9 43.8 – –

98 97 106 107 105 107 102 112 96 102 94 124 104 87 109 112 100 109 102 14 10.9

$404 $402 $437 $442 $433 $485 $463 $461 $396 $421 $388 $512 $429 $360 $448 $462 $413 $451 $421 – –

95.8 96.8 97 97.3 96.8 96.3 95.8 96.5 95 98.5 96.5 69.3 95.5 95.5 94.5 94.3 95.8 95.8 95.5 – –

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

41.6 44.8 42.8 43.8 44.8 45.5 41.1 46.3 42.1 44.8 41.8 42.3 40.4 42.6 46.3 40.6 41.6 42.1 40.8 – –

97 83 87 94 98 97 86 91 80 84 102 105 105 99 110 97 100 87 106 14 9.9

$278 $238 $250 $270 $280 $306 $272 $260 $230 $242 $292 $302 $301 $284 $314 $279 $287 $250 $305 – –

94 98.8 96.8 95.3 93.5 94.5 97.3 96.3 94 99 93.5 95 94.3 92 92 93.8 92.8 93.5 94.8 – –

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

*Gross revenue for this Cargill Specialty Canola hybrid includes a premium of $1.13/bu. Yield is rounded to the nearest whole number. Gross revenue is based on non-rounded yield. Gross revenue is yield multiplied by $11.20/bu. VR 9560 CL is eligible for pricing premiums of $15/MT (Alberta), $25/MT (Saskatchewan) and $35/MT (Manitoba) in addition to the price provided in the “Gross Revenues” column. Final premium amount will be dependent on delivery period. Contact Viterra for more details. SY4157, sponsored by Syngenta, was previously named 09H7757 and sponsored by Cargill in 2013.

Short Season Zone: Small plot results by location Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75RR 72 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75RR 75 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

95 105 17

$524 $606 –

93.8 96.8 –

4.8 4.5 –

49.7 51.7 –

89 100 12

$593 $664 –

103.3 103.5 –

2 3.5 –

49.2 51.2 –

86.5 87.1 7.6

$607 $611 –

93.5 95 –

– – –

41.5 33.8 –

133 138 135 134 13

$736 $764 $747 $736 –

96.5 94.5 96 99 –

1.3 2.5 2.8 3.8 –

46.8 46.8 45.3 53.1 –

100 100 115 113 9

$667 $665 $767 $749 –

100.5 98.3 101 104.3 –

2 2 1.8 2 –

53.6 50.2 52.2 59.1 –

92.4 87.5 96.3 99.2 7.4

$648 $613 $675 $695 –

92.5 88 93.8 92.5 –

– – – – –

44.1 41.9 41.6 48.2 –

116 134 112 110 113 113 103 105 106 107 118 124 92 103 130 119 100 116 113 90 14 8.2

$638 $737 $618 $607 $621 $686 $626 $579 $584 $592 $648 $685 $506 $567 $720 $655 $552 $642 $625 $496 – –

95.8 99.3 98.3 94.5 95.5 95.5 95.8 95.8 94 96.8 95.8 95.8 92.8 93 95.5 95.3 93.8 93.5 94 90 – –

4.3 3.5 3.8 4.3 4 3.5 4 3.8 4.3 3.3 2.8 4.3 4.5 4 3.8 3.8 4.8 3.8 3.8 4.3 – –

48.2 46.8 48.7 46.3 49.2 47.7 46.8 47.7 47.7 50.7 48.7 49.7 48.7 46.8 50.7 48.7 46.3 46.8 47.2 47.7 – –

85 88 98 107 99 87 86 97 87 95 94 100 88 85 104 95 100 87 100 79 10 7.1

$566 $583 $654 $711 $658 $633 $628 $647 $581 $631 $625 $663 $585 $567 $689 $631 $665 $580 $662 $524 – –

101.5 106.8 105.8 103 105 104.3 105 105.8 103.8 108 103.8 106 102.3 100.5 102.5 102.8 100.8 103 99.5 95.8 – –

2.3 2 2.3 3 3 3 2.5 3 3.5 2.3 2.8 2.3 4 3.3 2.5 2.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 – –

46.3 53.6 50.2 49.2 53.6 50.2 50.2 53.1 51.2 53.6 53.1 50.7 46.3 46.8 53.6 48.2 48.7 47.2 48.2 44.8 – –

94.3 100.1 104.3 107.8 104.6 104.9 98.1 107 105.2 107.3 102.5 117.9 97.6 110.7 103.6 104.5 100 105.6 100.6 100.6 7.7 7

$662 $702 $731 $756 $733 $807 $755 $750 $737 $752 $719 $827 $684 $776 $727 $733 $701 $741 $705 $706 – –

92.8 95.5 95 93.5 92.5 93.5 94.8 94.5 94.3 96 94 93.5 93 94.8 89.3 92.3 92.8 93.8 91.5 92 – –

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

42.5 44.7 42.5 41.9 45.7 42.5 39.5 44.7 45.7 44.2 45.1 44.8 40.5 41.1 44.1 43.9 41.3 41.6 40.9 40.1 – –

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75RR 79 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Yield (% 73-75RR 50 bu./ac.)

Gross Revenue/ac.

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (in.)

Fort St. John, BC

Gross Revenue/ac.

Clearfield 5525 CL VR 9560 CL* LSD Liberty Link 5440 L130 L252 L261 LSD Roundup Ready 6044 RR 6060 RR 6064 RR 1990 13DL30122 V12-1* V12-2* SY4157* 09H7763 08H0004 11DL30318 13DL30323 SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT-SN 11-2786 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-54 RR 73-15 RR LSD CV

Dawson Creek, BC

Yield (% 73-75RR 54 bu./ac.)

Lacombe, AB

Variety

Falher, AB

Gross Revenue/ac.

Clearfield 5525 CL VR 9560 CL* LSD Liberty Link 5440 L130 L252 L261 LSD Roundup Ready 6044 RR 6060 RR 6064 RR 1990 13DL30122 V12-1* V12-2* SY4157* 09H7763 08H0004 11DL30318 13DL30323 SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT-SN 11-2786 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-54 RR 73-15 RR LSD CV

Dapp, AB

Yield (% 73-75RR 59 bu./ac.)

Variety

Shellbrook, SK

120 111 28

$599 $556 –

105.3 109 –

2.8 3.5 –

45.8 46.3 –

90 93 6

$663 $689 –

106.7 107.8 –

– – –

40.6 41.8 –

105 98 5

$490 $458 –

101.5 101.8 –

– – –

38.1 38.9 –

114 118 123 118 11

$570 $593 $615 $593

105 102 105.3 107.3

2.8 2.8 2.8 2.5

50.2 44.8 42.3 50.7

94 93 103 98 8

$694 $688 $760 $724

106.3 105.5 107 106.7

– – – –

41.3 38.6 44 42.6

112 94 116 115 10

$521 $440 $539 $535

100.5 100 101 101.8

– – – –

39.6 37.9 40.4 43.6

85 85 94 90 91 92 75 98 83 94 94 91 105 87 107 81 100 87 98 92 18 12.7

$425 $424 $470 $450 $454 $505 $412 $489 $414 $469 $469 $458 $526 $434 $538 $406 $501 $435 $491 $461 – –

105.5 106.5 108.5 102.8 105.5 105 104.5 106.5 104.3 109.5 105.8 105.5 102.3 102.5 104.8 103.8 101.3 102.5 100.8 100 – –

2.5 3 2.8 3.8 3.3 3.3 2.5 3 2.5 3.5 2.5 2.3 4 3 2.8 2.3 3.5 2.8 3.3 3.5 – –

40.8 41.8 41.3 40.8 42.8 42.3 36.4 47.7 42.8 40.8 41.8 39.9 40.4 39.9 45.8 39.9 41.3 36.9 41.8 36.9 – –

92 87 91 96 97 96 93 98 97 83 86 105 96 98 94 94 100 93 99 88 8 7.1

$677 $640 $674 $707 $715 $711 $688 $721 $714 $616 $635 $775 $708 $726 $691 $695 $738 $690 $733 $647 – –

107.2 109 108.7 108 107.3 107.8 108.5 108.8 108.2 109.8 108 108.5 107 107.3 107.5 107.2 107.2 108.2 107.5 106.7 – –

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

39.9 42.1 37.4 40.8 44.3 40.1 37.2 42.1 43.3 40.1 43.3 41.8 37.6 42.1 40.6 41.6 41.3 41.8 39.6 37.2 – –

93 92 96 104 100 100 96 107 99 98 82 119 89 97 98 99 100 91 99 87 8 5.9

$434 $431 $447 $483 $467 $469 $448 $500 $463 $458 $384 $557 $415 $452 $456 $461 $466 $423 $460 $404 – –

101.3 103 103 101.7 102.3 101.5 102.2 102.5 102.2 104.5 101.2 103 100.3 99.8 100.2 100.5 100.8 101.2 100.2 100 – –

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

32.7 40.1 36.2 36.7 41.6 35.7 33.5 37.6 35.2 39.4 37.9 37.6 35.7 36.4 37.9 37.9 33 35.9 35.9 31.7 – –

*Gross revenue for this Cargill Specialty Canola hybrid includes a premium of $1.13/bu. Yield is rounded to the nearest whole number. Gross revenue is based on non-rounded yield. Gross revenue is yield multiplied by $11.20/bu. VR 9560 CL is eligible for pricing premiums of $15/MT (Alberta), $25/MT (Saskatchewan) and $35/MT (Manitoba) in addition to the price provided in the “Gross Revenues” column. Final premium amount will be dependent on delivery period. Contact Viterra for more details. SY4157, sponsored by Syngenta, was previously named 09H7757 and sponsored by Cargill in 2013.

Field Scale Trial Yield Results Field scale trials are managed by growers using their typical production practices. Trials are planted, swathed, harvested and, when necessary, sprayed by growers using the respective herbicide systems according to established protocols. Individual plots range from 0.5 to 1.5 acres. Results below are given as a percentage of the check, 73-75 RR. Yield in bu./ac. for 73-75 RR for each location is given in brackets at the end of each row.

L130

– – – – – 103 – – – 109 – – – – – 100 – – – 103 – – – 126 – 103 109

– – – – – 101 – 99 109 – 98 – – 118 – 115 – – – 98 – – – – – – –

101 111 – 95 104 104* – 103 110 103 101 – – 123 103 120 – – 85 98 99 – – 102 – 101 106

104 101 – 86 98 101 – 100 98 98 101 – – 113 – 112 – – – 98 101 – – 101 – 105 103

102 – – – – 103 – – 108 100 – – – – – – – – – 98 – – – – – 111 –

– – – – – 110* – – – – – 123 – – – 120 107 – 92 – – – – – 103 130 –

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 106* 107* 107* – – – 99 103 104 107 104 – – – – 115 113 – 125 110 110 – – – 126 112 – – – – – 110 – 102 103 104 – – – 92 108 86 94 101 100 103 121 129 – – – – – – 95 101 95 117 108 103 – – 133 105 97 –

73-75 RR(bu./ac.)

5440

Strongfield, SK Swan Lake, MB Turin, AB Westbourne, MB Whitewood, SK Mid Season Zone Alvena, SK Andrew, AB Arborg 1, MB Arborg 2, MB Bawlf, AB Biggar, SK Bruno 2, SK Camrose, AB Canora 1, SK Canora 2, SK Canora 3, SK Caron, SK Carseland, AB Castor, AB Corinne, SK Cudworth, SK Davidson, SK Denzil, SK Eston, SK Fulda, SK Hafford, SK

L261

SY4135

100 (46) 100 (47) 100 (34) 100 (71) 100 (38) 100 (52) 100 (47) 100 (42) 100 (42) 100 (44) 100 (52) 100 (35) 100 (42) 100 (39) 100 (47) 100 (48) 100 (43) 100 (60) 100 (45) 100 (55) 100 (32) 100 (54) 100 (50) 100 (52) 100 (47) 100 (52) 100 (48)

L252

74-54 RR

105* 108* 104* 124 120 117 119 100 97 106 104 100 – – – 108 117 115 – 104 105 95 98 104 127 113 126 109 108 109 107 108 104 – 107 95 94 106 92 106 102 89 – – – – – – 103 107 106 108 107 102 104 111 107 103 104 101 80 – 101 110 110 103 88 – – 103 112 102 112 111 108 94 113 91 – 113 110

74-44 BL

104 117 119 – – 116 – – 107 – 109 94 – 97 – – – – 107 97 81 – 92 – 112 – 109

73-15 RR

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 91 – – – – – – – – – – –

Location

1990

102 121 103 112 98 – 96 101 101 104 98 98 98 – 101 95 99 102 – – 117 112 103 111 – 101 –

73-75 RR(bu./ac.)

L130

105* – – 115 116 – 102 103 110 101 105 103 102 97 111 106 – 108 – – – 103 103 108 106 114 101

L261

5440

99 – – 101 108 – – – 93 95 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 97 – – –

L252

SY4135

99 – 108 – – – – – – – 109 –

74-54 RR

103 – – 102 – – – – – – 102 96 – –

74-44 BL

Long Season Zone Bagot, MB Carlyle, SK Cranford, AB Glenside, SK Gretna, MB Howden, MB Killarney, MB Lampman, SK Langenburg, SK Magrath, AB Medicine Hat 1, AB Medicine Hat 2, AB Melita MB, Miami, MB Moosomin 1, SK Moosomin 2, SK Nobleford, AB Oakbluff, MB Petersfield, MB Pilot Mound, MB Roblin 1, MB Roblin 2, MB Roblin 3, MB Russell, MB Somerset, MB St. Adolph, MB

2014 Yield Results (% of check, 73-75 RR) Roundup Ready Liberty Link

Liberty Link

73-15 RR

Location

1990

Yield Results (%of check 73-75 RR) Roundup Ready

100 (40) 100 (50) 100 (43) 100 (32) 100 (53) 100 (45) 100 (46) 100 (54) 100 (56) 100 (52) 100 (49) 100 (57) 100 (50) 100 (42) 100 (40) 100 (36) 100 (52) 100 (43) 100 (41) 100 (52) 100 (38) 100 (39) 100 (43) 100 (30) 100 (56) 100 (38) 100 (45)

When comparing average results between varieties, consider the number of test sites for each variety. Field scale trials occasionally produce data that is above or below the expected range. If agronomic observations cannot explain these “outliers,” then they are checked against the statistical limits of deviation established by the Canola Performance Trial technical committee. If the data falls outside the limits, it is removed. For more details on individual trials and for data from sites that reported after this information went to print, visit www.canolaperformancetrials.ca.

100 (42) 100 (38) 100 (44) 100 (52) 100 (39) 100 (37) 100 (40) 100 (37) 100 (32) 100 (52) 100 (46) 100 (41) 100 (50) 100 (36) 100 (44) 100 (54) 100 (48) 100 (48) 100 (51) 100 (36) 100 (50) 100 (51) 100 (44) 100 (45) 100 (34) 100 (48) 100 (57)

Veteran, AB Vulcan 1, AB Vulcan 2, AB Vulcan, AB Waldheim, SK Watrous, SK Wetaskiwin, AB Wilkie, SK Wishart, SK Yellow Grass, SK Short Season Zone Charlie Lake, BC Dawson Creek, BC Fairview, AB Grande Prairie, AB High River, AB Legal, AB Peace River, AB Ponoka, AB Prince Albert, SK Shellbrook 1, SK St. Isidore, AB Westlock, AB Overall Average

100 – – – – – –

– 100 – – 111 – 92 105 – – – 86 – – – – – – – – – – – 102

– 97 – – – – 96 – – 92 102 120 – – 91 – – 96 – 107 112 86 – 101

– 99 – 102 103 101 97 100 98 – – – – – 109 106 104 100 117 – – – 122 104 88 – – 108 97 – – – – – – 102 105 – – 104 105 – 105 117 122 – – 107 – – 116 – 107 – 116 94 107 – – 93 – – 93 – 102 – 98 98 96 – – – 99 – 103 118 106 – – 111 104 – – 94 106 – – 101 98 – – 104* 102* 102 107*

73-75 RR(bu./ ac.)

101 – – 107 – – – 132 – – – 104 – – – 106 109 101 – – – – 130 90 – 100 109

L261

– – – 105 – 110 – 135 – 91 – 120 102 – 126 106 104 102 – – 107 – – – – 103 107

L252

107 – – 103 – 110 – 126 – 83 – 106 106 118 133 105 97 90 – – 113 – 115 86 – 90 103

L130

73-75 RR(bu./ac.)

103 – – 105 – – – 124 – – – – – 124 – 106 101 96 – – 113 – 112 – – 93 104

5440

L261

– – – – 102 – – – – – – – – 112 – – – – – – – – – – – – –

SY4135

L252

103 91 101 108 95 99 100 116 93 88 101 117 99 123 105 – 95 – 105 93 104 – – 97 99 99 –

74-54 RR

L130

104 97 106 – 104 104 107 – 91 91 99 107 106 118 125 – – 101 105 91 108 – – 87 113 – –

74-44 BL

5440

– – 95 – 100 97 96 – 88 – – 113 99 101 122 – – – 88

73-15 RR

SY4135

Location

1990

74-54 RR

97 – – – – 98 104 – 101 – – – – – – – – – 107 92 106 – – – 94 – –

74-44 BL

Hanley, SK Herbert, SK Indian Head, SK Kitscoty, AB Lone Rock, SK Margo, SK Melfort 1, SK Melfort 2, SK Melville, SK Morinville, AB Mortlach, SK Mundare 1, AB Mundare 2, AB Neilburg, SK North Battleford 1, SK North Battleford 2, SK Red Willow, AB Regina, SK Rhein, SK Rockyford, AB Rose Valley, SK Rumsey, AB Saskatoon, SK Sedley, SK Standard, AB Swan River, MB Tisdale, SK

2014 Yield Results (% of check, 73-75 RR) Roundup Ready Liberty Link

Liberty Link

73-15 RR

Location

1990

Yield Results (%of check 73-75 RR) Roundup Ready

103 – 95 107 117 113 110 113 – 88 109 – 109 120 – 100 98 90 108 139 126 102 104 106*

103 – 94 97 111 114 104 101 – 96 105 – 116 111 – 105 99 92 111 – – 101 104 107*

102 – 90 96 114 114 – 115 – 88 108 – – 103 – – 96 – 96 127 120 – – 106*

100 (55) 100 (53) 100 (47) 100 (38) 100 (47) 100 (40) 100 (52) 100 (37) 100 (61) 100 (43) 100 (41) 100 (29) 100 (31) 100 (30) 100 (50) 100 (55) 100 (57) 100 (34) 100 (44) 100 (32) 100 (44) 100 (30) 100 (62) 100 (45)

*Denotes a 5% level of statistical significance using paired t-tests. In this case, these compare the variety to the check.

|

25

Name game hurts canola sales Labels on canola products in India create marketing hurdle for Canadian exporters

By Sean Pratt

Saskatoon newsroom

I

magine being a sales representative for Coke in a foreign country that refers to your product as soda.

That’s the conundrum facing the Canola Council of Canada in India.

The regulator in charge of India’s food imports has deemed that canola oil should be labelled as low erucic acid rapeseed oil on raw product entering the country and processed products on grocery store shelves.

“I think it’s just a misunderstanding of what canola is and the difference between it and rapeseed,” said Bruce Jowett, vice-president of market development with the canola council.

The issue was brought to light when federal agriculture minister Gerry Ritz met with influential Indian cabinet ministers during a trade mission to India and China.

“I raised some key market access issues, including canola oil labelling,” Ritz said.

The mislabelling of canola oil is hampering marketing efforts in a country the council believes holds huge potential for the product.

“India is what we refer to as a wave two country for us,” said Jowett.

It is the world’s second largest consumer of vegetable oil behind China and the world’s largest importer of the product.

The U.S. Department of Ag-

riculture expects the country to import 12.33 million tonnes of vegetable oil in 2014-15, led by palm oil at 8.75 million tonnes.

Canola or rapeseed oil imports are expected to be tiny by comparison at an estimated 50,000 tonnes. The country does not import oilseeds.

That’s why we see a great success in China is that people are becoming more health conscious.

BRUCE JOWETT | CANOLA COUNCIL OF CANADA

Jowett said sales are low because canola oil is a highpriced commodity in a pricesensitive market, but it’s also a function of a lack of consumer awareness of the product and its health benefits.

“It isn’t a word that is common in the Indian vocabulary,” he said.

“Canola is something very new to them.”

The council believes canola oil is a good fit for India’s growing middle class, which

Officials have identified India as a potential growth market for Canadian canola. The U.S. Department of Agriculture expects India to import 12.33 million tonnes of vegetable oil in 201415. Canola or rapeseed oil imports are estimated at 50,000 tonnes. | FILE PHOTO

is estimated to be 200 to 300 million people, depending on how middle class is defined.

Indians consume a lot of animal fat, which is leading to health problems in a country of 1.3 billion people.

“It is estimated that by the year 2020, India will have 60 percent of the world’s coronary disease problems,” said Jowett.

He believes that will eventually lead to increased interest

in healthy oil such as canola.

“That’s why we see a great success in China is that people are becoming more health conscious.”

The council has been working on a consumer education program in India for the past three years but still has plenty of work to do to boost awareness of canola oil. It doesn’t help that the small amount of product trickling into the country is being mislabelled as rapeseed.

26

| WESTERN CANOLA & PULSE CROP PRODUCER published by the Western Producer

New options for weed control on tap in mustard Officials may pursue registration of new Group 14 herbicide

By DAN YATES

Saskatoon newsroom

M

ustard growers shouldn’t expect a silver bullet to help them fight weeds, says a weed biologist.

However, ongoing work should provide new additions to a limited list of registered herbicides for the crop.

“There are fairly limited options because the companies really don’t try to develop a product for a small crop like mustard. Even canola is pretty small potatoes,” said Eric Johnson with Agriculture Canada.

“They’re looking at wheat or rice or corn or soybean. If it happens to work on these other crops, then it gets registered, usually through minor use.”

Research plots in Saskatoon this summer were testing carinata and oriental, brown and yellow mustard performance following an application of the Group 14 herbicide Authority.

The herbicide, whose active ingredient is sulfentrazone, is normally used on sunflowers, peas, chickpeas and flax.

Johnson said previous work had identified Authority as

Authority, a Group 14 herbicide, has potential for control in yellow mustard, says Agriculture Canada researcher Eric Johnson. | FILE PHOTO

weak on wild mustard. Carinata is the most sensitive of the commercial mustards to the herbicide, while yellow varieties are the most tolerant.

He expects that a registration for yellow mustard will come. Speaking this summer, however, he said it remains more than a year away. Until then, applications remain illegal, except in his developmental plots.

Options for growers today include Edge and Muster.

In yellow mustard, Johnson is looking at a low-rate, preseeding springtime application of Authority, similar to the herbicide’s chickpea registration. Injury from fall applications was too high, he added.

Applications would target broadleaf weeds, including kochia, wild buckwheat, red root

pigweed and lambsquarters.

Any possible registration for other species of mustard would come later after researchers collect more data and fine tune application rates.

“We were suggesting the lower rate for mustard, knowing that even a lower rate will control kochia. The problem is when you try to go to a lower rate with registration, PMRA (Pesticide Management Regulatory Agency) says, ‘why now? What’s changed? Why didn’t you have that rate registered to begin with?’ ” said Johnson.

The current label for Authority warns against applications in soil with an organic matter content greater than six percent.

Applications would also prevent lentil crops from being seeded for two years.

mustard acres Seeded area in Canada (in acres): 2010 470,000 2011 327,958 2012 335,000 2013 365,000 2014 465,000 Source: Statistics Canada | WP GRAPHIC

Johnson said researchers are also looking at possibilities with Group 4 herbicides such as dicamba and a combination of fluroxypyr and 2,4D (Attain), which could be stacked with Group 2 resistant traits.

“If you look at corn and canola, about half of the yield increases have been due to breeding and half due to agronomy. I expect we’ll come up with a similar situation in the future,” said Johnson.

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28

| WESTERN CANOLA & PULSE CROP PRODUCER published by the Western Producer

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Always read and follow label directions.

AgSolutions is a registered trade-mark of BASF Corporation; AgCelence, PRIAXOR, and XEMIUM are registered trade-marks of BASF SE; all used with permission of BASF Canada Inc. PRIAXOR should be used in a preventative disease control program. © 2014 BASF Canada Inc.

30

| WESTERN CANOLA & PULSE CROP PRODUCER published by the Western Producer

COMING CLEAN ABOUT CLUBROOT

Alberta farmer Dave Trautman has clubroot in one of his fields. | file photo

Producers urged to talk openly about canola disease

By MARY MACARTHUR CAMROSE BUREAU

N

EW NORWAY, Alta. — Dave Trautman has grown canola three times in the last 12 years in a field overlooking the Battle River Valley.

He followed best management practices, rotated the canola with wheat and barley and kept the weeds under control.

This year, he found clubroot in a corner of the field.

“I am coming out of the closet. I have clubroot,” Trautman said during a UFA field day this summer.

Trautman doesn’t know if the clubroot spores arrived on equipment, wind, water or from all-terrain vehicles driving down to the river valley.

The clubroot isn’t in the field entrance, but in a corner, where he suspects it may have been carried by ATVs. It doesn’t matter how it got into the field.

Trautman must now manage his field knowing the clubroot spores are there.

Farmers from Hay Lakes to Meeting Creek to Flagstaff County in eastern Alberta should all assume they have clubroot, he said.

“After two canola crops, how would I know I had it?” said Trautman, a former assistant agricultural fieldman with Camrose County who struggled about going public about his discovery.

“I really had to do some soul searching.”

The county hasn’t found clubroot in nearby fields, but Trautman said he found it in six canola fields within five kilometres after discovering clubroot in his field.

“I’m finding it everywhere.”

A new clubroot policy adopted by Camrose County encourages landowners with low levels of clubroot infestation to en-

Clubroot monitoring Tests have found clubroot in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and North Dakota, but the soil-borne disease is most prevalent in Alberta, where almost 1,500 cases across the province were confirmed at the end of 2013. Officials recommend an integrated approach to managing the disease and limiting its spread with a focus on minimizing soil movement. Producers are advised to:

»»Minimize traffic in infested fields, especially »»Rotate clubroot resistant varieties. under wet conditions. »»Control volunteer canola and weeds. »»Knock off soil and plant debris from »»Scout fields regularly for stressed crops, machines. Cleaning should include tires and wheel wells.

»»Use longer crop rotations between canola crops.

courage discussion and education about best management practices, especially in fields with low infestation.

“If you find some, talk to your fieldman,” Trautman said.

Clubroot was first discovered in fields near Edmonton in 2003. The soil-borne disease can dramatically reduce canola yields, especially in fields heavily infested with spores.

When clubroot was first discovered, counties and municipalities across the province implemented tough rules preventing farmers from growing canola on land with the disease.

At the same time, best management practices for clubroot control included washing equipment between fields and spraying equipment with bleach.

“They recommended spray bleach on a drill. Bleach on a $100,000 drill is bad ad-

looking for wilting and stressed plants, then checking for clubroot galls at the plant’s roots.

Source: Staff research

vice,” he said.

Instead, farmers should use an air hose or a leaf blower to blow off most of the dirt and dust every time they leave the field. It’s estimated 10 to 50 pounds of dirt travels with a piece of equipment when it leaves the field, he said.

Genes for clubroot resistance became part of many canola varieties after the disease was discovered.

Going public about clubroot in his field has allowed Trautman to talk openly with his neighbours about best management practices to limit the spread of clubroot. Limiting fall tillage, growing clubroot resistant varieties, controlling volunteer weeds and limiting soil movement between fields will help limit its spread.

“I’m not happy about this, but it’s a fact of agriculture that we are in.”

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For a complete list of varieties visit useJumpStart.ca

32

| WESTERN CANOLA & PULSE CROP PRODUCER published by the Western Producer

New pea root disease found in Alberta fields First discovered in Saskatchewan in 2012, aphanomyces euteiches has been identified in five Alberta counties

BY BARB GLEN

LETHBRIDGE BUREAU

S

top: A new type of pea root rot is difficult to distinguish from root rot caused by fusarium.

The image shows the difference in the early stages of infection, with aphanomyces euteiches infection on the left and fusarium infection on the right. bottom: Caramel-brown discolouration of the pea’s root system is caused by A. euteiches. | SYAMA CHATTERTON, AGRICULTURE CANADA PHOTOs

even Alberta pea fields in five counties have been confirmed as reluctant hosts of a pea root rot that is new to the province.

Caused by a pathogen called aphanomyces euteiches, the root rot is highly virulent and often occurs in conjunction with other infections.

Agriculture Canada plant pathologist Syama Chatterton said she and her team surveyed 150 fields in 2013 and another 170 this year, primarily looking for fusarium infection in pea fields.

However, they also found A. euteiches in the counties of Vulcan, Forty Mile, Warner, Wheatland and Newell.

It is the first confirmation of the pathogen’s presence in Alberta.

It was first confirmed in some Saskatchewan fields in 2012.

“Based on the fact that they had already found it in Saskatchewan, we weren’t surprised, and because of this excess moisture in the soil, because aphanomyces is a pathogen that’s highly dependent on water, that’s why it was never considered to be an issue … because of our drier climate,” said Chatterton.

Recent wet years have apparently allowed the pathogen to gain a foothold.

It also tends to occur along with fusarium, which makes it a challenge for researchers to isolate.

“The problem is that it always seems to occur in conjunction with some of these fusarium species, so trying to tease apart which one is the major pathogen or which one might be causing the initial infection is something that we’re still working at,” Chatterton said.

“The hypothesis right now is that it’s prob-

ably aphanomyces that is coming in and causing the disease first because it is specialized on peas.

Then after that you have fusarium coming in that is a little more of a broad-spectrum generalist pathogen.

“The two combined is probably where we’re seeing a lot of the damage coming from.”

Infection is characterized by caramelcoloured brown roots on the pea plant.

However, its effects are difficult to distinguish from fusarium.

BDS Laboratories and Discovery Seed Labs in Saskatchewan and 20/20 Seed Labs in Alberta and Winnipeg are able to conduct the needed diagnostic tests.

Aphanomyces is soil-borne, so it spreads only with movement of infected soil.

Cleaning equipment before moving it from fields known to be infected is the best control strategy.

Fields known to host aphanomyces should not be planted to peas for five or six years, said Chatterton.

Seed treatments are not effective against the disease, which can also affect lentils, dry beans and alfalfa.

Some fababeans and chickpeas seem to have resistance, Chatterton said.

Researchers only recently began looking for the pathogen, so it isn’t known how long it has been present in southern Alberta.

Chatterton said research in the United States has identified resistant germplasm, which will likely be available in Canada in coming years.

The other good news is that surveys show most Alberta pea fields are healthy.

The Alberta Crop Industry Development Fund and Alberta Pulse Growers fund Chatterton’s work on the pea root rot.

Address the Elephant in the Field.

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34

| WESTERN CANOLA & PULSE CROP PRODUCER published by the Western Producer

Asian demand for Canadian peas growing China poised to claim top customer crown from India

By Sean Pratt Saskatoon newsroom

C

hina is poised to overtake India as Canada’s top pea customer in the coming years, says an analyst.

Stat Publishing editor Brian Clancey found earlier this fall, while attending the China Pulse Import and Export Industry Conference in Taiyuan, China, that there is a growing demand for the product.

There is huge investment in fraction-

ation plants in China, according to Boasheng Zhang of Cofco-Shandong Vermicelli and Beans Import Export Company, one of the presenters at the conference.

Processing capacity is expected to double by the end of 2014 to 320,000 tonnes and more than double again to 690,000 tonnes by the end of 2015.

Clancey said that will soon have a profound impact on Canadian pea demand.

“In 2014-15 it could add a couple hundred thousand tonnes of demand,” he said.

China is expected to import one million tonnes of peas in 2014.

“They think by 2016 they’re looking at 1.4 million tonnes of demand, which would put them ahead of India. The Indian traders were there and they were not happy to hear this.”

Canadian pea exports to China took off when vermicelli noodle makers discovered peas could be used as a cheap substitute for mung beans, but it is a market that

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The big potential is for fractionating peas and using the starch, protein and fibre in new food products gaining traction in China as consumers have more disposable income to spend.

“There is a huge growing demand for the fractionated products,” he said. “It’s just ending up in a ton of different food products in China.”

Clancey thinks the market outlook is bright for yellow peas given the new Chinese demand and this year’s lackluster monsoon rains in India, which could limit the winter or rabi season production of pulses.

“Yellow peas probably will be kind of flat but firm through the end of the year. We’ll probably begin to see some increases in the new year,” he said.

However, he doesn’t anticipate a huge run-up in prices due to the stiff competition for Canadian rail service and the price sensitivity of markets like India.

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| WESTERN CANOLA & PULSE CROP PRODUCER published by the Western Producer

Pest a potential canola crusher Swede midge continues to move into Saskatchewan

By William Dekay Saskatoon newsroom

S

wede midge numbers are a growing concern for prairie canola producers and will need to be taken seriously, says a researcher.

“In my mind, I think swede midge is the most important emerging pest issue in canola,” said Rebecca Hallett of the University of Guelph.

Hallett has been working on a swede midge management program since 2000, when it was first found and identified in Ontario.

“Swede midge really presents a challenge to pest management for a number of different reasons,” said Hallett, who spoke at the Canola Discovery Forum in Saskatoon in October.

“It is a very successful invasive insect.

It has a tremendous amount of variability built into its lifecycle, which helps it survive in any environment that it’s introduced into.”

Added Keith Gabert of the Canola Council: “This is an insect pest that should really scare us. It’s developing a little larger footprint in Saskatchewan and it’s relatively in low numbers.”

In Ontario and Quebec, swede midge populations are soaring. In one test, officials there found a high of over 180 swede midge per trap per day.

In Saskatchewan, the highest popula-

While only found in small numbers in Saskatchewan, swede midge populations have exploded in eastern Canada and have been identified as a serious threat to canola growers. | FILE PHOTO

tion found in 2014 was eight swede midge per trap.

“In Ontario, swede midge is absolutely the most serious pest insect in canola at the moment. In the prairies, it’s a developing problem … producers need to be vigilant and have pheromone traps out to see if swede midge is in their area,” Hallett said.

Swede midge, which thrive in moist, warm environments, have benefited from weather conditions on the prairies in recent years.

Since adults only live one to three days, control efforts need to be targeted at the pest’s larval stages.

Females lay egg clusters on cruciferous crops like canola. Once hatched, the gregarious maggots feed on the plant and distort growth. They can overwinter in cocoons in the soil for up to two years before becoming adults.

Hallett presented weather models that indicate future climate patterns on the prairies could be warmer with more moisture, producing more favourable conditions for swede midge.

“It’s projected to increase greatly by the 2080s into the prairies here under various scenarios. So, potentially, this area will become increasingly favourable for the swede midge,” she said.

Southern Ontario has four to five generations of swede midge pressuring plants during a growing season. Researchers estimate the pest sees two to three generations on the prairies.

“As it begins to become more widespread in Saskatchewan, then I think efforts need to be taken to reduce the potential for population growth,” she said.

“That means long rotations — at least three-year rotations and probably thinking about use of management techniques to keep populations down when they’re still in the manageable stage.”

Added Gabert: “It will decide in some cases if you grow canola or not.”

In Timiskaming in northern Ontario, almost every field has been heavily hit with swede midge, said Hallett.

“Frankly, I think the best solution there is for them not to grow canola for three years. Knock the populations back down to a level where they can actually control them with insecticides.

It’s just too difficult when they get that high to get good insecticide control,” she said.

“This is not an insect where you can go in once with an insecticide and expect to get 95 percent control and carry on your merry way,” she said.

While the numbers remain low on the prairies, Hallett suggests insecticide application cannot be justified.

“This is something we need to be ahead of and to know a little bit about recognizing this insect pest and what kind of threat it might have on your farm,” said Gabert.

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38

| WESTERN CANOLA & PULSE CROP PRODUCER published by the Western Producer

STORING CANOLA IN AN UNUSUAL YEAR Researcher tests canola storage in summertime conditions

By DAN YATES Saskatoon newsroom

P

rairie producers can safely store canola seed over the summer with minimal effort, provided it starts the season in the right condition, says a Saskatchewan researcher.

The results of a summer-long canola storage study conducted this year took Joy Agnew by surprise.

“We got some great, interesting data, but it did not validate my hypothesis at all,” Agnew, project manager at the Prairie Agricultural Machinery Institute, said in September.

She monitored the temperature and relative humidity of canola stored in 4,000 and 2,800 bushel grain bins on a commercial farm near Lake Lenore, Sask.

The initiative, funded by the provincial canola grower commissions and the national council, sought to address concerns about summertime storage.

It’s a unique problem stemming from

the 2013-14 grain transportation logjam that resulted in a larger-than-normal carryout.

The grain in one bin was turned at the start of the project in early June, with frozen grain coming out of the bin at -25 C. Another bin was aerated, while the third was left untouched.

Agnew had thought leaving the grain untouched could lead to spoilage, while running the fan might increase moisture content.

The monitoring revealed some close calls, but researchers found no problems when they pulled the grain out of the bin in late July.

“It really didn’t matter what you did, whether you ran the fans, whether you turned it or you left it alone,” she said.

“But I do have to make it very clear that that is technically only valid for the condition of grain that we were working with, which was very dry canola that had been frozen over the winter.”

Seed at the core of the untouched bin was still frozen at the end of monitoring in late July, while the moisture content of seed in the aerated bin remained 6.6 percent.

“I honestly can’t tell you what was happen-

ing,” said Agnew. “Theoretically, warming it up was adding a lot of moisture to it, but it didn’t translate into the grain itself.”

The Canola Council of Canada recommends moisture content of no more than eight percent when storing seed for more than five months.

Further tests would be needed to offer recommendations for larger grain bins or seed with higher moisture content.

“If the grain started at a higher moisture content or close to dry, then I can’t say that same conclusion would be found,” said Agnew.

Turning and aerating resulted in a more even distribution of temperatures in the bin but also led to spikes in temperatures. However, stable conditions persisted.

The temperature difference between the edge and the core in the untouched bin rose as high as 26 C. Canola should be cooled to at least 15 C once it goes into the bin in the fall, according to the CCC. The temperature in the untouched bin was already at safe levels in September.

“I think that at the end of the day, the message is monitor it. You have to keep an eye on it and then know what to do if you see an issue,” said Agnew.

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