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Canola Western

P ulse + Crops Producer

HAIRY PLANTS OFFER NEW PROTECTION Trait may help guard against flea beetles. | P. 4

Clubroot on the move Manitoba growers get first look at the disease. | P. 14

T h e w e s t e r n p roducer • Nov E MBER 2013

big yields

Ready,

Set, GROW PLUS: 2013 CPT TRIALS

Growers harvest a record crop in 2013. | P. 32

storing canola, staying cool Keeping crops safe once they’re in the bin. | P. 36

| P. 17 - 23

SOME SEED REPS STAND BY THEIR PRODUCTS. WE PREFER TO GET WAIST-DEEP IN THEM.

If you’re looking for your local Pioneer Hi-Bred sales representative, try the

we can help our partners get the best yield possible. It’s this kind of passion

nearest farm. You see, we’re always out walking the fields, talking to our

that’s helped Pioneer Hi-Bred sales representatives become leaders in

neighbours and checking the crops. In fact, we make it our mission to know

the seed business and in their communities. Talk to your local Pioneer

everything there is to know about our local growing conditions. That way,

Hi-Bred sales representative or visit pioneer.com for more information.

Our experts are grown locally

Pioneer® brand products are provided subject to the terms and conditions of purchase which are part of the labeling and purchase documents.

The DuPont Oval Logo is a registered trademark of DuPont. ® , ™, SM Trademarks and service marks licensed to Pioneer Hi-Bred Limited. © 2013, PHL.

@PioneerWCanada

Box 2500, 2310 Millar Avenue, Saskatoon, SK S7K 2C4

a supplement to The Western Producer

Contents

4

Hairy canola A new germplasm, available to Canadian breeders, could improve the crop’s tolerance to flea beetles.

6

4

Adjust for seed size Maximize returns from canola by achieving the ideal plant density, making calculations for the thousand kernel weight of seed.

12

14 32 36

Green seed discovery

New research could eventually lead to varieties reducing the amount of downgrading because of green seed in canola.

14

Call for control Clubroot continues to spread throughout Alberta and has now been identified in Manitoba, spurring a call for increased management and monitoring for the disease.

15

Looking for Lygus

Officials believe that canola varieties today can withstand more feeding from lygus bugs than previously thought. Ongoing research will develop new thresholds.

25

Picking the right seed There are several factors to consider when choosing a canola variety. One Alberta project tried seeding more than 30 varieties of canola in 2013.

What were the results?

26

Scout fields, save money Sclerotinia remains a serious concern for farmers. Growers can learn a lot about the disease by scouting their fields while swathing.

32

Huge haul for farmers

Prairie farmers saw huge numbers in 2013.

Average yields were up across the board, with some growers seeing more than 70 bushels an acre.

36

Keeping canola safe Controlling moisture and temperature are critical to safely storing canola once it’s in the bin.

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Western Canola & Pulse Crops Producer is published by Western Producer Media each year in the fall.

38

India debates pulse duty India could reintroduce a duty on imported pulses. What would that mean for western Canadian farmers?

3 THE WESTERN PRODUCER

Hairy canola offers new protection against pests New germplasm now available to Canadian plant breeders could bring plants with hairs on leaves and stems that prevent feeding.

By Robert Arnason Western Producer staff

A

n Agric u l tu re Canada document noted this year that hairy canola germplasm is now available for “plant breeders to use in developing commercial vaKeith Gabert rieties.”

It means plant science companies can now take the necessary steps to commercialize this genetic technology, which could potentially supplant insecticidal seed treatments to combat flea beetles.

“The hairs on leaf and stem surfaces, called trichomes, provide a natural physical barrier that seem to prevent flea beetles from feeding on newly emerged seedlings,” said the document, which was published in a recent issue of Innovation Express, an Agriculture Canada publication.

“Even with chemical applications, flea beetles still account for more than $250 million in crop damage annually. Research (into hairy canola) … may help producers grow canola without the need for these pesticides.”

The Canola Council of Canada, the Alberta Canola Producers Commission, the Saskatchewan Canola Development Commission and the Saskatchewan and Alberta governments have funded Agriculture Canada research into the potential of hairy canola for the last decade.

An Agriculture Canada video about the trait explains that scientists at the department’s research centre in Saskatoon, including Margaret Gruber, inserted a gene from a plant called arabidopsis into canola. The gene substantially increased the amount of hair on canola seedlings.

CANOLA & Pulse 2013

4

Hairy canola has more hairs, called trichomes, on leaf and stem surfaces, which reduces feeding by crucifer and striped flea beetles. | Agriculture Canada Photo

“(The) new canola plants had between 250 and 1,000 times the number of hairs on the young seedlings, leaves and stems,” Gruber said in the video.

Julie Soroka, an Agriculture Canada entomologist and flea beetle expert in Saskatoon, said field tests of the trait have proven that hairy canola deters feeding by crucifer and striped flea beetles.

“I believe the hairy trait will be a valuable addition to our arsenal of pest man-

agement techniques,” Soroka said in an email.

The hairy trait may be particularly helpful because Agriculture Canada research shows that existing neonicotinoid seed treatments are ineffective against striped flea beetles.

Keith Gabert, a canola council agronomist in Alberta, said growers aren’t clamoring for hairy canola, but they do want something to battle flea beetles.

Warm, dry and calm weather will allow the highly mobile flea beetle to migrate into fields in the spring, even if populations were low in the fall. | Canola council of canada photo

“The industry does have some experience seeding canola without flea beetle protection, and that experience, overall, has been relatively negative,” he said.

Gabert said hairy canola rarely comes up in his conversations with growers.

“We’ve had some indications that growers are looking for a little bit more protection than the neonicotinoids offer,” he said.

“In the case of hairy canola, if it happens to be (that) instead of treatment on the seed … to a grower, I’m not really sure they are going to distinguish between those.

They just need something that works for flea beetles.”

John Germs, who farms near Saskatoon, said in the Agriculture Canada video that a trait that repels flea beetles would be better than a pesticide.

“Any opportunity that we have to use green products versus dangerous pesticides and chemicals, in my books, is a tremendous opportunity for long-term sustainability for my family and my kid’s future.”

Nadine Sisk, a spokesperson for CropLife Canada, said the organization wouldn’t comment on the commercialization of hairy canola. She said individual companies would have to speak about their intentions to commercialize this trait. ◆

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5 THE WESTERN PRODUCER

Maximize production by making adjustments for seed size and weight Thousand kernel weights vary for different varieties and can influence plant densities depending on seeding rates.

By Brian Cross Western Producer staff

C

anola producers are accustomed to thinking in bushels per acre and dollars per tonne.

However, if they want to maximize profits, they should also be paying close attention to grams per thousand seeds.

Seed size and seed weight are critical factors in determining optimal plant densities in a canola stand.

According to the Canola Council of Canada, thousand kernel weights (TKW) for pedigreed canola seed can vary significantly from variety to variety and year to year.

TKWs can range from less than three grams per thousand seeds to more than six grams, according to canola council literature.

That said, most hybrid seed lots available today generally fall between four and six grams per thousand kernels, with a few approaching 6.5 grams or higher.

To maximize canola returns, producers should observe TKWs for every seed lot they plant and calibrate their implements accordingly to ensure optimal plant densities.

“If you plan to seed at five pounds per acre regardless of seed size, know the risks,” says the canola council.

“Large sized seed planted at five lb. per acre may not achieve the safe minimum plant stand of seven plants per sq. foot.

The combination of lower seeding rates and larger seed size can lead to disappointing plant populations and a significant drop in yield potential.”

Canola seedlings generally have higher mortality rates than most other crops.

Sixty to 80 percent of germinated canola seeds will produce viable plants under good growing conditions.

However, only 40 to 60 percent of seeds

CANOLA & Pulse 2013

6

Most hybrid seed falls between four and six grams per thousand kernels, but sizes can fall outside of that range. | FILE PHOTO

will produce viable plants under average conditions.

In some cases, mortality rates can exceed 75 percent, depending on the location of the field, soil conditions and temperatures during establishment.

If a producer seeds canola with a TKW of six grams at a rate of five lb. per acre, the corresponding seeding rate is 8.7 seeds per sq. foot.

Assuming a 60 percent survival rate, which is considered high under average growing conditions, those 8.7 seeds can be expected to produce 5.2 viable plants per sq. foot.

This is well below the minimum target density of seven plants per sq. foot, which is required to produce optimal yields.

By comparison, the same farmer seedCONTINUED ON PAGE 8

SOME SEED REPS STAND BY THEIR PRODUCTS. WE PREFER TO GET WAIST-DEEP IN THEM.

If you’re looking for your local Pioneer Hi-Bred sales representative, try the

we can help our partners get the best yield possible. It’s this kind of passion

nearest farm. You see, we’re always out walking the fields, talking to our

that’s helped Pioneer Hi-Bred sales representatives become leaders in

neighbours and checking the crops. In fact, we make it our mission to know

the seed business and in their communities. Talk to your local Pioneer

everything there is to know about our local growing conditions. That way,

Hi-Bred sales representative or visit pioneer.com for more information.

Our experts are grown locally Pioneer® brand products are provided subject to the terms and conditions of purchase which are part of the labeling and purchase documents.

The DuPont Oval Logo is a registered trademark of DuPont. ® , ™, SM Trademarks and service marks licensed to Pioneer Hi-Bred Limited. © 2013, PHL.

@PioneerWCanada

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 6

ing canola with a TKW of three grams at the same seeding rate of five lb. per acre would be planting at a density of 17.4 seeds per sq. foot.

At the same 60 percent survival rate, those 17.4 seeds could be expected to produce 10.4 viable plants per sq. foot, well above the minimum target density of seven plants per sq. foot.

So, is small sized seed with a lower thousand kernel weight preferable to a large sized seed lot?

Not necessarily.

That’s because seed size and weight can also influence seedling vigour and yield potential.

Research in this area is limited, but studies conducted in Western Canada suggest that larger canola seed produces larger seedlings and higher yields.

However, the yield benefits realized by using larger seed may plateau once seed size reaches four or five grams per thousand seeds.

Autumn Barnes, an agronomy specialist with the canola council, said most canola seed on the market today is more than four grams per thousand seeds.

“Thousand seed weight is very important for growers to know about to make sure they have an adequate plant density,” Barnes said.

“But in the range (of TKWs) that we have now, the research likely shows that it’s not going to affect your yield too much if you use a five or a 5.5 thousand seed weight or a 4.5.”

In other words, know your thousand seed weights and adjust your seeding rates accordingly, but don’t worry about yield differentials if your TKWs are four or higher.

Barnes said some growers in Western Canada wondered last year if larger seeds — in the range of six or 6.5 TKW — would result in better seedling vigour, lower

smaller seeds need higher rates Thousand seed weight (grams) 3 4

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

mortality rates and better establishment.

In other words, do larger seeds allow the growers to lower target plant densities of less than seven plants per sq. foot.

“Unfortunately, we didn’t have a lot of answers for those growers,” Barnes said.

Despite a significant increase in canola seed size over the past five to 10 years, there has been little research recently about the relationship between seed size, seedling vigour and yield.

A benchmark study conducted by Agriculture Canada researcher Bob Elliott and published in 2007 concluded that leaf area, shoot weight and biomass of seedlings from large and very large seeds were 1.3 to two times greater than those of seedlings from small seeds under controlled environmental conditions.

Large seeded seed lots also produced higher yields, according to the study.

However, open-pollinated varieties were common when the study was conducted, and seed lots with TKWs of 3.6 to 4.4 grams were considered to have large seeds.

Today’s hybrid varieties are much larger.

Subsequent studies have not been undertaken to assess the performance and yield potential of seed in the range of four, five and six grams per thousand

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7

8

17.5 14.6 12.5 10.9 9.7 8.8 8.0 7.3

20.0 16.7 14.3 12.5 11.1 10.0 9.1 8.3

kernels.

In addition, there is evidence to suggest that bigger is not always better.

“Seed size has been related to subsequent plant development and yield in many crops,” the canola council says on its website.

“However, in canola, research on the effect of seed size on subsequent yield has been contradictory. In a review of seed size research on the Prairies, larger seed produced higher yield in five of 11 site years (and) in some cases, larger seed produced more vigorous seedlings, but this advantage wasn’t carried through to seed yield.”

In the absence of any more conclusive evidence, growers should choose canola varieties based on regional performance and other issues.

Watch thousand kernel weights and adjust seeding rates accordingly.

Maintain target plant densities at seven plants per square foot or higher, but don’t otherwise worry about the difference between a seed lot that is 4.5 grams per thousand kernels and another that is 5.5 grams.

As the old saying goes, it’s not the size of your seed that matters. It’s how you use it. ◆

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CANOLA & Pulse 2013

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10.0 8.3 7.1 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.5 4.2

Source: Canola Council of Canada

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9 THE WESTERN PRODUCER

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Researcher makes green seed breakthrough A new discovery from a University of Calgary researcher could bring improved tolerance to frost in western Canadian canola crops.

By Sean Pratt Western Producer staff

A

University of Calgary researcher believes he has figured out a way to permanently eliminate the biggest downgrading factor in canola.

Marcus Samuel, an assistant professor at the university’s biological sciences department, has discovered a gene regulatory network that prevents green seed damage caused by frost.

The discovery was made in arabidopsis, a close relative of canola.

Samuel and his team, which included researchers from the University of Toronto and the University of Bordeaux in France, discovered a mutant line of arabidopsis in which the seeds never turned brown.

The mutant line provided the team with the clues to figure out the gene and the associated plant regulatory network responsible for de-greening.

“We figured out a pathway on how degreening happens and what genes are important in the pathway,” said Samuel.

The research has been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, a peer reviewed journal.

Researchers were able to use the information they gleaned from the mutant line to transform a normal arabidopsis plant to over express the de-greening factor.

They then exposed it to two to three days of mimicked harsh cold stress treatments during seed maturation.

“This transgenic line was able to take the hit from the frost and still was able to produce brown seeds,” said Samuel.

Other researchers repeated the experiment in the lab and confirmed the results.

Samuel said it was phenomenal to see the plants brush off the frost.

He knew they were onto something big that could eventually become a stackable trait in canola.

“You won’t have this green seed problem anymore. You will have seeds that will actually become brown or black,” said Samuel.

CANOLA & Pulse 2013

12

Marcus Samuel, a University of Calgary researcher, has made a discovery that could prevent green seed downgrading in canola. | University of Calgary photo

That is music to the ears of Rick White, general manager of the Canadian Canola Growers Association.

“Research that eliminates green seed and lets the plant do it is a great solution that will save the industry money,” he said.

Veronique Barthet, program manager of oilseeds with the Canadian Grain Commission, said green seed is the biggest downgrading factor for canola. Its impact

on the industry varies widely from year to year. It wasn’t a big issue this year, but that wasn’t the case in 2004.

“The first frost was in mid-August. All the canola was green. There was a big issue,” she said.

Successfully introducing the trait in canola could save farmers losses of $15 per tonne due to downgrading.

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

Researchers making better pulse crops without biotechnology

By Ed White Western Producer staff

M

ORDEN, Man. — It’s getting harder to find beans and other non-soybean pulse crops around this area, but not here at the Agriculture Canada research centre.

The invasion of soybeans and corn to the area has conquered much of the acreage where the Red River Valley’s traditional crops like beans, sunflowers, oats and even wheat and canola once grew. But researchers hope modern breeding methods can keep some of the old crops growing in the area.

“There’s a real advantage to developing molecular methods for screening for root diseases because as you can see, it’s very laborious here,” said Agriculture Canada researcher Bob Conner as he stood in the midst of thousands of plots of pea and bean varieties earlier this year.

“We are going to have 3,500 plots to rate in the coming weeks.”

Edible beans and other crops are having a tough time competing for acreage with soybeans because of advances in developing soybean varieties that can be grown on the Prairies.

Many farmers like soybeans because of their easy management, low input demands and because many varieties have herbicide resistances.

Soybeans are among the big success stories of genetic modification, which is bad news for any crop going head-tohead with it.

Complicating the outlook for beans, peas and other small acreage pulses is that they are not expected to benefit from major investments from biotechnology CONTINUED FROM PREVIOUS PAGE

The U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates green seed causes $150 million in annual losses to North America’s canola crop.

The unwanted seeds result in a chlorophyll pigment that gives canola oil an unfavourable taste and odour and decreases its shelf life.

The grain commission allows a maximum of six percent green seed for a crop to be considered No. 2 or better.

However, exposure of maturing seeds to freezing temperatures can easily result in more than 20 percent green seed. In 1992, a severe frost put 70 percent of the crop in the No. 2 and No. 3 grades.

White said there are plenty of times

Bob Conner of Agriculture Canada says molecular breeding is helping researchers identify material to improve resistance in bean and non-soybean pulse crops. | FILE PHOTO

firms. That’s because their acreage is too limited to offer companies enough profit potential and because many pulse buyers don’t want GM crops.

However, other modern methods are already being used by breeders and pathologists to try to develop better new varieties.

The use of molecular markers, which can identify certain crucial genes in a variety, is helping shrink the amount of time and labour required to develop new varieties with already identified traits.

“Molecular breeding is becoming more and more common,” said Conner.

“Breeders are using it as a tool to select for parental material so they can combine resistance to a number of diseases all into one background.”

That potential is something Michael Reimer of Genome Prairie hopes to see exploited. His not-for-profit genomics institution sees methods like molecular breeding allowing scarce research resources to be more effectively invested.

“Conventional breeding is such a painstaking process,” said Reimer, who was part of the Pulse Growers tour.

“Being able to take advantage of some of these tools really is the wave of the future and certainly goes a long way to advancing crops like pulses, which don’t incorporate any genetic modification.”

For decades, crops like beans have offered prairie farmers agronomic advantages and been a useful part of their rotations, but their fate seems grim unless they can keep up with the surge of soybeans.

Reimer said molecular breeding might be one of the factors that allows beans, peas and other crops to hold at least some of their acreage against soybeans.

“How do you keep pace with soybeans, which are taking advantage of the (GM) technology?” said Reimer.

“This (molecular breeding) is where it’s going. It allows you to expedite the process and be a lot more precise.” ◆

when canola in the swath is dry enough to harvest but can’t be put through the combine because of high green seed counts.

“Lots of times you’ll have to leave that swath lay another week, and that’s a risky venture,” he said.

He believes a de-greening trait would be well received by western Canadian farmers.

Samuel’s research team is working with Sinai Biotech, an Ottawa biotechnology firm, to patent the transgenic technology.

He hopes the project will capture the attention of Bayer CropScience, Monsanto and BASF, the three big players in the production of herbicide tolerant canola.

His goal is to prove that the technology performs as well in canola as it did in arabidopsis, but it will take time and money.

He needs $100,000 per year over the next three years to prove it works in canola.

“I’m definitely willing to partner with anybody interested,” said Samuel.

“Anyone that’s willing to fund the program can actually have rights to part of the ownership.”

The research team has already identified the pertinent genes in canola, but the process of transforming a canola plant is a lot more complicated than arabidopsis.

As well, tests will need to be performed to ensure oil quality is not affected by the transformation.

Samuel is confident the technology will work in canola, which is 85 percent similar to arabidopsis.

“We are predicting it will essentially do the same thing in canola,” he said. ◆

13 THE WESTERN PRODUCER

First appearance of clubroot spurs call for management Manitoba farmers say biosecurity protocols should be mandatory.

By Robert Arnason Western Producer staff

M

anitoba is no longer free of clubroot.

In September, Manitoba Agriculture announced it had found clubroot galls on canola plants in two separate fields.

The province hasn’t released the locations of fields with confirmed cases of clubroot, but a farmer in Manitoba’s oil patch is worried about high volumes of petroleum industry vehicles in the region.

Carlyle Jorgensen, who farms near Cromer, said cleaning trucks and other equipment is standard protocol in Alberta’s oil industry. It should also become customary in Manitoba.

“In our area of our province, an existing oil and gas facility (on a farm) could see traffic in a year of up to 400 (visits).

A new exploration could see in the thousands, in a year,” Jorgensen said.

“Alberta has had clubroot for decades, and when I worked out there … it was mandatory that (trucks) had to be cleaned. The pipeline industry is the same…. They stop at the edge of a quarter, the equipment is washed (before) they move to the next quarter.”

When landowners sign lease agreements

Clubroot disease is characterized by the formation of galls on plant roots. They limit the plant’s ability to use water and nutrients, reducing growth and yield. | FILE PHOTO

with petroleum firms in Manitoba, they can request a provision requiring the company to wash trucks and other equipment before entering farmland, Jorgensen said.

If the landowner and the company fail to agree on a lease, the firm then asks the provincial government for a right of entry.

The language in that boilerplate document doesn’t mention equipment cleaning, Jorgensen said.

“That right of entry is written by the province and you have no chance of putting anything on there. So, that’s the issue,” Jorgensen said.

“We (the Manitoba Surface Rights Association) are lobbying the minister right now … to rewrite the right of entry (lan-

guage) to put that in there.”

Chuck Fossay, who farms near Starbuck, Man., said farmers should ask all companies, including petroleum firms, crop input suppliers and utilities, to clean equipment.

“If you higher a custom sprayer or custom fertilizer applicator, you say before you come on my field, ‘I expect that machine to be washed,’ ” he said. “The federal government has a standard and then it’s up to producers to put in place their own risk assessment and risk practices.”

Some Manitoba farmers have said the province should release the confirmed locations of clubroot so landowners in the area understand the risk.

Fossay said that’s unnecessary because cleaning trucks and heavy equipment should be a normal biosecurity protocol across the province to protect farmland from weed seeds, insects and plant disease.

“There are probably low levels of (clubroot) infection in fields that haven’t been found yet,” he said. “(Farmers should) put in a practice that minimizes the risk, of any kind of contamination, coming onto (the) field.”

Fossay said some Manitoba farmers neglect biosecurity because, like most people, they respond where there’s a crisis.

“I suspect a lot guys aren’t doing anything because usually you don’t do anything until you have a problem.” ◆

Disease continues to spread throughout Alberta

C

By Mary MacArthur Western Producer staff

lubroot continues to spread across Alberta, despite new resistant canola varieties, education and awareness campaigns.

Alberta’s clubroot surveys for this year identified 414 new fields testing positive for clubroot, bringing the total to 1,478.

“There is quite a bit of clubroot out there,” said Stephen Strelkov, a clubroot expert from the University of Alberta’s agriculture program. “There are a lot of new cases.”

This year’s increase can be directly linked to ideal growing conditions early in the year, allowing clubroot spores to grow and multiply, he said.

CANOLA & Pulse 2013

14

In another survey, Strelkov studied counties that were considered to have high, medium and light infestations of clubroot a few years ago.

The survey tried to gauge the spread of the disease in areas with different levels of infestation.

In Sturgeon County near Edmonton, which was considered a heavily infested area, 19 out of the 25 previously clean fields were now confirmed to have clubroot.

In Wetaskiwin County, which was considered a medium infested area, eight of the 25 previously clean fields now had clubroot.

In Lac Ste. Anne County north of Edmonton, which was considered to be a lightly infested area, six of the 25 previ-

ously clean fields now had clubroot.

“A lot of areas that were on the peripheral of clubroot are now active areas. It continues to spread,” he said.

Strelkov believes clubroot has become one of the top three canola diseases next to blackleg and sclerotinia.

New clubroot resistant varieties allow farmers to grow canola in a field that has had clubroot in the past, but it’s difficult to eradicate once it is in the field. Even with healthy rotations, the spores can continue to build in the soil on weeds that are susceptible to clubroot.

Sean Miller, Saskatchewan Agriculture’s provincial plant disease specialist, said the province still has only four confirmed clubroot cases. ◆

Lygus threshold expected to rise

T

By Dan Yates Western Producer staff

he results of an ongoing project are expected to increase the threshold for lygus bugs in canola.

Hector Carcamo, an Agriculture Canada researcher in Lethbridge, is overseeing the four-year project, which wrapped up its second year with the 2013 growing season.

The threat from the pest has increased as acres dedicated to alfalfa and canola have grown. However, the existing guidelines for when to spray were developed in Manitoba for conventional canola cultivars in the 1990s.

Officials think newer, more vigorous and higher yielding hybrid canola varieties can tolerate more feeding. For one thing, Carcamo said the life cycle of the lygus may not be as well synchronized because newer varieties may mature earlier.

“That would mean that the thresholds that we are using now might be too low for lygus and we might be applying insecticides or trying to control them when perhaps we shouldn’t have to,” he said.

Adult lygus overwinter and emerge in May with new generations of adults appearing and feeding in mid-June to mid-July and late August and September.

Growers are advised to conduct sweep tests for the pest as flowering ends and at the pod ripening stage and consult the economic threshold tables for when to spray.

“The threshold that was recommend in Manitoba at the time was 1.5 lygus per sweep (calculated after 10 sweeps) at the early pod stage and two lygus per sweep at the mid pod stage, but canola prices are now double that or more,” said Carcamo.

“And if you actually go with the table of threshold, you could go as low as 0.5 lygus per sweep.”

To develop new recommendations, researchers are studying different densities of lygus bugs in field plots. In the first year of the study, unfavourable growing conditions for canola created larger than normal lygus numbers. This year, conditions were better and lygus numbers were more typical, said Carcamo.

“That early pod stage is known to be the most vulnerable stage of the plant, when the lygus can actually pierce the pods and feed on the seeds and damage the seed to the point that it can reduce yields.… Once the pods are older, just before harvest or after swathing, the seeds are too hard and firm so they cannot be damaged by the lygus bugs.”

The research project hasn’t been completed yet, but the Canola Council of Canada is already noting to growers that they may accept more lygus than the threshold tables indicate.

“As we get later in the season, the lygus aren’t going to really be doing as much damage as they would be a little bit earlier. Once your pods start getting leathery with canola, they can’t really pierce through them anymore, so you shouldn’t be spraying them in the first place,” said Autumn Barnes, a canola council agronomy specialist in southern Alberta.

“But definitely, as the plant gets closer and closer to that sort of leathery pod stage, we do see that the ability or the damage that lygus do is smaller.”

Barnes said cabbage seedpod weevil was the major insect concern for southern Alberta growers in 2013, and Carcamo’s research is also examining how growers can manage it.

He said there’s evidence that spraying for cabbage seedpod weevil at early flower can also control lygus bugs.

“In general, it seems that fields that are sprayed at the early flower do not require a spray for lygus at the pod stage,” said Carcamo. “However, that doesn’t apply in all cases. There are a few instances where if the conditions are appropriate or adequate for the lygus bugs, you can actually still have an outbreak … even if they have sprayed at the early flower, so it’s never black and white.” ◆

Growing with farmers for 90 years.

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 3, 2013

VOL. 91 | NO. 40 | $4.25

Tough sell?

Larger than expected volumes of grain cause price slump | P. 6

GROWING WITH FARMERS FOR 90 YEARS

| WWW.PRODUCER.COM

CLASS FIELD TRIP

Grades 4 and 5 students from Delisle Elementary School walk out of a 200 acre wheat field being harvested for Delisle Crops for Community, Sept. 10. Students observed a part of the crop, which had no fertilizer applied, to see the effects and how the yield compares. The project is a fundraiser for recreation facility upgrades in Delisle. The town owns the land and agreed to let a group of volunteers farm it for the next four years with all proceeds being turned back to the community. Agrium and Cervus Equipment in Saskatoon are major sponsors. | WILLIAM DEKAY PHOTO

FIELDS OF DREAMS: Our annual harvest photo feature begins on page 24 40

‘Game changing’ breeding nears Crop breeding’s holy grail | Pollination would no longer be required in seed production

BY SEAN PRATT SASKATOON NEWSROOM

Scientists are making strides on the “holy grail” of crop breeding and canola is the crop where the new technology is the most advanced.

“This would be the single biggest revolutionary change created by biotechnology for crops,” said Paul Arni-

son, president of Botanical Alternatives Inc., an agricultural biotechnology consulting firm.

The technology centres on a process known as apomixis, where the female reproductive system of certain plants occasionally produces seed without pollination.

Scientists have known about the process since the dawn of crop breed-

ing but they haven’t been able to get a handle on it until recently, said Wilf Keller, president of Ag-West Bio Inc. “It has been too hard to manage and understand but now with whole genomic sequencing we can maybe get at those complex genes that trigger the process,” he said.

“It could revolutionize the way we develop hybrid vigour.”

That’s because pollination would no longer be required in the seed production process.

Arnison said Tim Sharbel, a Canadian researcher working for a German plant genetics company, has made huge strides in understanding how the apomixtic process works in canola.

SEE ‘GAME CHANGING’, PAGE 2

»

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OCTOBER 3, 2013 Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to: Box 2500, Saskatoon, SK. S7K 2C4 The Western Producer is published in Saskatoon by Western Producer Publications, which is owned by GVIC Communications Corp. Publisher: Shaun Jessome Publications Mail Agreement No. 40069240

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2013 Informed seeding decisions.

This is preliminary data. For the latest data, go to www.canolaperformancetrials.ca

TOOLS TO HELP YOU MAKE BETTER CHOICES The CPT system includes both small plot and large field scale trials.

Results for 2013 are based on 20 small plot trials and 108 field scale trials across the Prairies. Trial results that missed the print deadline for this publication are available online at www.canolaperformancetrials.ca.

Site distribution is based on seeded acres in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia.

The small plot system ensures that: • All varieties are treated with appropriate commercially associated herbicides and seed treatments.

• An independent third party representative inspects all trials.

• Varieties are in blocks based on maturity. That way, harvest occurs at the appropriate time to minimize harvest losses due to maturity differences.

Field scale comparisons add extra perspective for assessing consistency in variety performance. For field scale plots, two or more varieties were compared at each site, and each site had a common check, 73-75 RR. Comparisons are based on harvested strips of 0.5 to 1.5 acres each. Field scale data is not necessarily replicated in all cases, but the data presented has been audited to make sure it complies with CPT protocols.

CV – For coefficient of variation (CV), the lower the CV value, the more reliable the test. For example, if comparing results from two test locations, one with a CV of 4% and the other with a CV of 8%, the test with the CV of 4% can be considered more reliable. There is always variability in research trials. The key is designing and managing experiments so CVs stay within a reasonable range. For the CPT, experience has shown that CVs below 15% indicate good test reliability.

LSD – The least significant difference (LSD at a 5% level of statistical significance) for each dataset indicates whether differences between varieties are statistically meaningful. Varieties should only be considered different in yield performance if the numerical difference between them is greater than the LSD value. Using the sample table below, if the LSD is 5.0, varieties A and B are not statistically different, B and C are not statistically different, but A and C are statistically different. In the yield graphs for each season zone (see page 20), LSD for each variety group is given on the left.

Variety

Yield (bu./ac.)

A

52

B

54

C

58

LSD

5.0

Long Season Mid Season Short Season

A total of 81 field scale trials were approved this year: AB=33, SK=27, MB=20, BC=1

Results are organized by short, medium and long season zones. CPT uses the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/ RRC) season zones, which are based on typical frost free days, growing degree days and soil type. Grey wooded soils, for example, are in the short season zone. See Table A for specific numbers for each zone.

Season Short Medium Long

Table A: Season Zones Growing Degree Days Frost Free Days (Base 5ºC)* 75–95 1,100–1,450 95–115 1,450–1,700 115+ 1,700+

*On a base 5ºC scale, growing degree days only accumulate on days when highs are above 5ºC.

Small plot and field scale data are presented separately in the following tables. For more detailed performance results, growing conditions and production details for specific trial sites, use the online CPT database at www.canolaperformancetrials.ca.

18

The tables include yield, days to maturity, height and lodging scores for each variety. Lodging scores are between 1 and 5, with 1 being no lodging

and 5 being completely lodged.

Gross revenue is based on yield multiplied by $11.20/bu. This is based on $493.70per tonne, the March 2014 futures close on October 1, 2013, and a 50-pound bushel weight. Premiums are included in the calculations for specialty market varieties.

In the tables, varieties are listed numerically and alphabetically, starting with Clearfield (CL) varieties, followed by Liberty Link (LL) and Roundup Ready (RR).

Each zone and small plot location is identified on the map above.

1. To begin, use the map above. Identify your growing season zone and trial locations closest to your farm.

2. To evaluate yield potential, look at all small plot and field scale locations in your growing season zone and the average yield for your zone.

3. Consider other information such as maturity, lodging resistance and cost. The online database at www.canolaperformancetrials.ca includes an economic calculator.

4. Ask your seed dealer for more information on specific varieties.

Canola Performance Trials 2013 Results Long Season Zone: Small plot results by location Variety Clearfield 5525 Cl Vr 9560 Cl Lsd Liberty Link 5440 L252 L261 L130 L154 L159 Lsd Roundup Ready 73-45 Rr 6060 Rr 6050 Rr 6044 Rr 1990 V12-1 V12-2 09H7757 10Dl30109 10Dl30509 73-75 Rr 74-44 Bl 74-47 Cr 74-54 Rr Sy4114 Sy4135 Vr 9562 Gc Vt 530 G 73-15 Rr Lsd

Yield (Bu/Ac)

Long Season Zone Days To Lodging Maturity

Height (In.)

Mid Season Zone Days To Lodging Maturity

Yield (Bu/ Ac)

Short Season Zone Days To Lodging Maturity

Yield (Bu/ Ac)

Height (In.)

Distributor Height (In.)

86.2 87.3 13

93.6 93.1

2.3 2.8

51.5 52.1

68.7 72.0 9.1

100.0 102.3

2.4 2.9

46.1 48.9

75.2 80.3 13

107.8 109.7

3.4 3.9

49.7 50.2

Brett Young Proven Seed/CPS

100.4 111.9 101.3 93.7 102.6 98.2 14

93.5 95.0 96.1 93.0 93.1 95.3

1.6 1.9 1.6 1.6 3.0 2.0

51.5 51.0 59.6 51.7 52.4 55.0

74.8 79.4 75.7 72.1 74.2 76.5 7.0

99.4 100.6 101.9 98.9 99.3 100.0

2.1 2.5 2.2 2.0 2.9 2.3

47.8 47.6 52.4 47.6 48.0 50.0

90.1 95.6 88.6 88.6 86.7 89.8 8.6

108.2 108.9 110.0 106.8 108.4 108.5

2.5 3.0 2.6 1.9 3.8 3.0

50.7 48.7 54.9 49.7 50.4 51.9

Bayer Crop Science Bayer Crop Science Bayer Crop Science Bayer Crop Science Bayer Crop Science Bayer Crop Science

87.2 98.2 91.1 97.3 99.2 93.1 93.0 95.0 93.9 98.6 100.9 94.1 102.3 95.4 100.6 99.6 97.5 96.1

91.8 96.5 92.8 94.8 92.4 93.0 96.4 97.0 94.9 95.9 92.1 92.1 95.6 91.6 92.1 92.4 93.8 93.0

3.3 1.9 3.5 1.4 2.9 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.0 1.4 3.5 3.3 2.9 3.6 3.1 3.3 2.0 2.0

44.1 53.5 46.9 50.7 50.3 53.5 51.3 55.0 52.8 52.0 48.4 48.1 51.4 47.8 48.0 48.9 53.1 53.0

67.6 72.2 69.9 69.9 73.6 73.8 69.2 75.1 70.5 74.6 71.9 71.5 70.1 71.4 71.7 71.9 72.6 73.2

97.7 102.6 98.8 99.4 100.4 100.3 101.2 102.5 100.5 101.5 99.2 98.2 100.5 98.7 99.2 99.1 99.3 99.7

3.5 2.4 3.4 1.9 2.9 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.0 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.5 3.1 3.3 2.5 2.2

42.0 47.7 43.9 44.6 45.6 47.0 45.4 49.9 46.2 46.0 44.4 42.6 45.6 45.2 43.8 44.0 47.8 47.7

79.0 81.1 76.7 79.8 82.4 85.9 75.7 84.4 73.0 80.4 75.1 81.0 80.7 81.1 74.9 80.7 82.3 83.3 74.6 9.0

106.3 110.0 107.3 106.8 109.2 108.9 108.8 109.3 108.0 109.6 106.3 106.7 108.4 106.8 106.3 106.5 107.4 108.1 104.5

3.8 3.0 3.9 2.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.9 2.9 2.8 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.9 3.5 3.6 2.9 4.0

43.6 50.4 46.5 45.3 46.0 47.5 46.8 49.7 48.7 47.2 44.3 46.1 48.5 47.2 44.4 46.4 52.0 49.2 44.2

Dekalb Brett Young Brett Young Brett Young Canterra Cargil Cargil Cargil DL Seeds DL Seeds Dekalb Dekalb Dekalb Dekalb Syngenta Syngenta Proven Seed/CPS Proven Seed/CPS Dekalb

11

6.7 110

Long Season Zone: Average yield for 2 small plot sites (bu./ac.)

100 90 80 70

SY4135

VR 9562 GC

VT 530 G VT 530 G

SY4114 SY4114

VR 9562 GC

74-54 RR 74-54 RR

SY4135

74-44 BL

74-47 CR

73-75 RR 73-75 RR

74-47 CR

10DL30509 10DL30509

74-44 BL

10DL30109 10DL30109

V12-1

V12-2

1990

V12-1

1990

09H7757

6044 RR 6044 RR

V12-2

6050 RR 6050 RR

09H7757

6060 RR 6060 RR

L154

L159

L130

L154

73-45 RR

L261

L130

73-45 RR

L252

L261

110

L159

5440

L252

20

5440

Average yield for 14 small plot sites (bu./ac.)

30 5525 CL

Mid Season Zone:

40

VR 9560 CL

Roundup Ready LSD: 11.0

50

5525 CL

Liberty Link LSD: 14.0

60

VR 9560 CL

Clearfield LSD: 13.0

100 90 80

50 40 30 20

70 60 50 40 30

19 73-75 RR

VT 530 G

VR 9562 GC

SY4135

SY4114

74-54 RR

74-47 CR

74-44 BL

73-75 RR

10DL30509

10DL30109

V12-2

09H7757

V12-1

1990

6044 RR

6050 RR

6060 RR

73-45 RR

20 L159

Roundup Ready LSD: 9.0

80

L154

Liberty Link LSD: 8.6

90

L130

Clearfield LSD: 13.0

100

L261

Average yield for 4 small plot sites (bu./ac.)

110

L252

Short Season Zone:

5440

Roundup Ready LSD: 6.7

60

5525 CL

Liberty Link LSD: 7.0

70

VR 9560 CL

Clearfield LSD: 9.1

Long Season Zone: Small plot results by location Portage, MB Variety C 5525 CL VR 9560 CL LSD Liberty Link 5440 L252 L261 L130 L154 L159 LSD Roundup Ready 73-45 RR 6060 RR 6050 RR 6044 RR 1990 V12-1* V12-2* 09H7757 10DL30109 10DL30509 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-47 CR 74-54 RR SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT 530 G LSD CV

Yield (BU/AC)

Outlook, SK

Gross Revenue/AC Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (BU/AC)

Gross Revenue/AC Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

78.0 80.8 6.7

$875 $907

91.3 89.0

1.8 2.0

51.2 49.2

94.4 93.7 19

$1,059 $1,051

96.0 97.3

2.8 3.5

51.9 54.9

96.3 106.6 96.2 86.6 102.4 91.6 13

$1,081 $1,196 $1,080 $972 $1,149 $1,028

89.8 93.0 95.3 90.0 90.8 93.5

2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.8 2.0

50.2 50.7 59.1 52.2 51.7 53.1

104.5 117.1 106.3 100.9 102.9 104.8 14

$1,173 $1,314 $1,192 $1,132 $1,154 $1,176

97.3 97.0 97.0 96.0 95.5 97.0

1.3 1.8 1.3 1.5 3.3 2.0

52.7 51.2 60.2 51.3 53.2 56.8

83.1 96.3 87.9 95.1 93.3 85.2 88.7 89.8 94.1 99.6 96.0 87.8 101.9 89.5 92.8 90.7 95.1 90.5 9 7.3

$932 $1,080 $986 $1,067 $1,047 $1,053 $1,097 $1,008 $1,055 $1,118 $1,078 $985 $1,143 $1,004 $1,042 $1,018 $1,067 $1,016

88.8 94.8 91.5 92.8 88.8 89.3 93.3 94.3 93.8 94.0 89.3 89.0 95.3 88.5 89.5 87.8 91.8 89.8

3.3 1.8 3.5 1.5 2.8 2.8 2.3 2.0 2.0 1.3 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.3 2.3 2.8 2.0 2.5

48.7 51.7 47.7 49.7 48.2 52.7 49.2 52.7 51.7 51.7 48.7 48.7 52.7 46.8 47.7 48.7 50.7 50.7

91.2 100.1 94.3 99.5 105.1 100.9 97.2 100.2 93.8 97.5 105.7 100.4 102.8 101.2 108.3 108.4 99.9 101.7 12 8.3

$1,024 $1,123 $1,058 $1,117 $1,180 $1,248 $1,202 $1,124 $1,053 $1,094 $1,186 $1,127 $1,153 $1,136 $1,215 $1,217 $1,121 $1,141

94.8 98.3 94.0 96.8 96.0 96.8 99.5 99.8 96.0 97.8 95.0 95.3 96.0 94.8 94.8 97.0 95.8 96.3

3.3 2.0 3.5 1.3 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 4.0 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.0 3.8 2.0 1.5

39.6 55.3 46.1 51.7 52.4 54.3 53.4 57.4 53.8 52.3 48.1 47.4 50.1 48.8 48.3 49.0 55.5 55.2

*Gross revenue for this Cargill Specialty Canola hybrid includes a premium of $1.13/bu. Yield is rounded to the nearest whole number. Gross revenue is based on non-rounded yield. Gross revenue is yield multiplied by $11.20/bu. VR 9560 CL is eligible for pricing premiums of $15MT (Alberta), $25MT (Saskatchewan) and $35MT (Manitoba) in addition to the price provided in the “Gross Revenue” column. Final premium amount will be dependent on delivery period. Contact Viterra for more details.

Mid Season Zone: Small plot results by location Aberdeen, SK Gross Revenue/ac

Days to maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (bu/ac)

Gross Revenue/ac

Days to maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (bu/ac)

Gross Revenue/ac

Days to maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

20

Clearfield 5525 CL VR 9560 CL LSD Liberty Link 5440 L252 L261 L130 L154 L159 LSD Roundup Ready 73-45 RR 6060 RR 6050 RR 6044 RR 1990 V12-1* V12-2* 09H7757 10DL30109 10DL30509 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-47 CR 74-54 RR SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT 530 G LSD CV

Foam Lake, Sk

Yield (bu/ac)

Variety

Elstow, SK

57.1 54.4 9.5

$640 $610

95.8 96.0

-

48.7 54.1

65.7 68.0 15

$737 $764

97.3 97.8

-

47.2 49.2

77.6 82.9 2.4

$871 $930

97.8 99.0

2.5 2.3

44.5 47.0

65.4 62.5 63.2 59.7 59.0 58.4 6.5

$733 $701 $709 $670 $662 $655

95.0 96.0 95.5 95.3 94.8 94.5

-

51.9 51.9 55.1 52.4 52.4 53.4

62.0 69.4 65.0 60.9 69.1 70.1 7

$696 $778 $730 $683 $775 $787

95.8 95.9 96.8 95.0 95.8 95.1

-

48.2 48.0 51.2 47.7 46.0 51.2

89.0 95.4 86.7 93.4 92.4 86.9 7.1

$999 $1,070 $973 $1,048 $1,037 $975

97.3 98.5 101.0 96.8 97.3 98.3

2.3 2.0 2.8 1.8 2.5 2.0

49.6 50.4 53.3 49.6 48.8 52.6

58.0 58.3 58.6 53.9 62.5 63.4 60.2 65.0 55.9 63.2 62.9 60.4 58.0 64.3 61.3 60.8 56.8 58.7 7.4 8.3

$651 $654 $658 $605 $702 $783 $744 $730 $627 $709 $705 $677 $650 $722 $688 $682 $637 $658

95.3 96.3 96.0 95.8 95.3 95.5 96.3 96.3 95.0 95.5 95.5 96.0 95.3 95.0 95.8 95.3 95.3 96.3

-

45.8 51.2 47.7 48.5 50.0 50.0 49.7 52.9 48.7 50.7 48.2 47.5 48.2 48.0 49.2 48.0 47.2 51.7

59.8 62.6 64.4 58.3 64.4 64.6 54.1 63.2 65.4 62.8 61.1 58.6 56.4 60.7 60.4 61.3 58.7 65.7 6.1 7.4

$671 $702 $723 $654 $722 $798 $669 $709 $734 $704 $686 $657 $633 $681 $677 $688 $658 $738

94.8 98.8 95.4 95.6 97.1 96.3 97.3 96.8 97.3 96.3 96.0 95.3 97.8 95.3 96.3 95.9 96.5 96.3

-

44.0 46.8 47.5 44.0 46.3 47.5 47.0 48.7 47.7 44.8 44.5 43.8 47.2 43.8 44.3 46.3 50.0 50.4

82.4 87.6 85.7 81.8 89.3 85.6 84.5 89.4 80.1 87.1 91.8 89.9 82.9 91.3 89.5 86.5 87.9 91.3 6.6 5.5

$925 $983 $962 $918 $1,002 $1,058 $1,045 $1,003 $898 $977 $1,030 $1,008 $931 $1,024 $1,005 $970 $986 $1,025

95.5 102.8 96.0 99.0 96.5 99.3 100.3 100.8 97.5 100.8 96.3 96.5 98.0 96.8 96.8 96.0 97.5 96.8

4.0 2.8 3.8 2.5 2.8 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.8 3.0 3.3 3.8 3.5 3.5 2.3 2.3

39.4 49.2 46.3 48.0 47.0 48.6 45.7 51.6 46.5 47.8 45.1 44.3 48.0 47.6 44.1 44.3 48.0 47.2

*Gross revenue for this Cargill Specialty Canola hybrid includes a premium of $1.13/bu. Yield is rounded to the nearest whole number. Gross revenue is based on non-rounded yield. Gross revenue is yield multiplied by $11.20/bu. VR 9560 CL is eligible for pricing premiums of $15MT (Alberta), $25MT (Saskatchewan) and $35MT (Manitoba) in addition to the price provided in the “Gross Revenue” column. Final premium amount will be dependent on delivery period. Contact Viterra for more details.

Melfort, SK Days to maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (bu/ac)

Gross Revenue/ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (bu/ac)

Gross Revenue/ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (bu/ac)

Gross revenue/ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

$817 $910

96.8 98.8

3.5 4.3

41.3 42.8

74.8 82.4 3.5

$839 $925

101.0 104.3

1.3 1.3

46.3 50.7

83.4 89.9 14

$936 $1,009

95.3 97.0

2.0 3.3

55.1 54.1

76.2 81.4 4.1

$855 $913

99.8 101.8

1.5 2.8

45.8 47.2

88.3 89.7 89.6 88.1 82.6 92.8 7.6

$991 $1,006 $1,006 $989 $927 $1,041

96.5 97.5 98.5 96.5 95.8 96.5

2.5 3.0 2.8 2.5 3.0 2.5

46.3 44.8 53.1 47.2 44.8 46.3

82.3 90.4 82.5 80.5 83.0 83.2 7.0

$923 $1,014 $925 $904 $931 $934

100.5 101.5 102.5 98.5 99.3 100.3

1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.0

47.7 48.7 52.2 49.7 51.7 51.7

90.2 98.0 91.3 83.3 91.4 91.7 7.7

$1,012 $1,099 $1,024 $935 $1,026 $1,029

95.5 97.3 98.3 94.5 94.0 97.5

1.5 2.5 2.3 1.8 3.3 2.5

56.1 54.6 61.5 51.2 55.6 52.7

81.2 85.5 82.5 78.3 83.2 83.4 5.3

$911 $959 $925 $878 $934 $936

97.8 99.3 100.0 96.8 97.5 98.8

2.3 2.3 1.8 2.3 4.0 2.8

46.3 45.8 49.7 45.3 46.8 47.7

68.9 79.9 69.7 82.4 74.8 75.9 74.1 80.7 79.8 85.1 72.8 70.3 70.1 71.3 72.8 70.2 81.4 79.4 5.8 6.1

$773 $897 $782 $925 $839 $938 $916 $905 $895 $955 $817 $789 $786 $800 $817 $788 $913 $891

94.0 98.8 95.8 95.0 97.0 97.3 97.3 98.5 96.8 98.0 95.8 94.3 96.3 95.5 95.0 94.3 96.8 97.0

3.8 3.3 3.5 1.8 3.3 3.0 2.0 2.3 3.0 2.5 3.3 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.0 3.0

38.4 44.3 41.3 42.3 39.4 44.3 41.8 46.3 42.8 43.3 39.9 36.9 42.3 39.9 42.3 38.9 44.3 41.8

75.0 79.7 77.8 73.1 83.7 80.6 76.4 79.4 74.6 78.4 79.1 78.9 79.2 80.6 77.5 80.5 79.4 82.0 5.6 5.7

$841 $894 $873 $820 $939 $996 $944 $891 $837 $880 $887 $886 $888 $904 $870 $903 $891 $920

99.0 104.3 99.0 99.5 101.8 101.3 102.5 103.5 102.3 103.0 100.5 98.5 101.3 98.8 99.5 99.3 99.8 100.8

2.5 1.3 1.8 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.3 1.8 1.5 1.0

44.3 50.2 45.3 44.3 48.7 48.7 47.2 51.2 48.2 48.7 46.3 44.3 47.7 48.2 44.3 47.2 51.2 52.7

75.7 83.1 84.9 75.9 87.4 88.9 78.1 86.2 77.7 82.0 87.3 88.4 90.8 86.2 86.8 89.9 86.9 90.0 5.6 5.1

$849 $932 $953 $852 $980 $1,099 $965 $968 $872 $920 $980 $992 $1,019 $968 $974 $1,008 $975 $1,010

92.3 98.0 94.3 94.5 93.8 94.8 96.8 97.0 95.8 97.0 91.8 93.5 95.8 92.8 92.8 94.8 93.0 94.5

3.5 2.0 4.0 1.8 2.5 1.8 2.8 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.3 3.3 2.8 3.3 2.8 3.8 2.5 1.8

46.8 52.7 46.8 50.2 53.1 47.2 51.7 55.1 51.2 51.2 52.2 47.2 49.7 52.7 50.2 49.7 53.6 53.6

72.4 80.1 75.5 75.4 82.2 79.7 76.0 82.1 79.8 82.8 74.3 76.7 76.9 81.1 77.2 75.2 80.7 78.6 4.5 4.0

$813 $898 $847 $846 $922 $985 $939 $921 $896 $929 $834 $861 $862 $910 $866 $844 $905 $882

97.5 104.3 97.0 98.3 100.3 100.0 101.8 102.0 101.5 101.3 96.8 97.3 99.8 96.5 98.3 97.3 99.8 98.0

4.3 2.0 4.8 1.3 4.0 2.5 3.3 1.8 2.3 1.3 4.8 3.8 3.8 4.5 4.3 3.5 3.5 2.0

40.8 47.7 41.8 42.8 42.8 44.8 43.8 48.7 46.3 44.8 42.3 41.8 44.8 43.8 41.8 41.3 46.8 44.8

Yorkton, SK

Forestburg, AB

Fort Saskatchewan, AB

Gross Revenue/ac

Days to maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (bu/ac)

Gross Revenue/ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (bu/ac)

Gross Revenue/ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (bu/ac)

Gross revenue/ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

38.4 41.1 7.1

$431 $461

106.3 110.0

-

46.0 50.4

81.7 94.1 12

$916 $1,056

97.0 101.8

2.8 3.5

37.8 42.3

59.6 57.1 13

$669 $641

105.0 106.0

-

43.8 47.2

92.8 93.9 12

$1,041 $1,053

108.8 112.5

4.3 4.3

53.6 55.1

39.5 49.0 41.4 39.7 40.4 44.7 5.7

$443 $550 $464 $446 $453 $502

105.3 107.8 108.3 106.0 105.3 106.0

-

50.5 47.6 53.6 50.7 51.4 54.7

86.9 97.7 95.1 88.5 88.9 95.1 5.0

$975 $1,096 $1,067 $993 $997 $1,067

96.8 98.0 100.5 96.0 97.0 98.0

2.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 3.5 2.8

35.4 38.6 44.9 37.0 39.4 39.8

63.4 63.6 54.2 51.8 59.1 58.8 10

$711 $714 $608 $581 $663 $659

104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 103.0 103.0

-

42.8 45.8 44.8 42.3 45.3 46.3

100.5 107.5 112.8 96.8 95.1 111.6 8.3

$1,127 $1,206 $1,266 $1,086 $1,066 $1,252

107.0 111.3 113.5 105.3 109.0 110.5

2.5 3.8 3.0 2.8 4.0 2.8

56.1 52.2 60.0 53.6 51.7 58.1

43.9 41.4 43.9 43.4 42.9 42.3 43.4 46.7 40.2 43.1 47.2 46.4 43.5 43.8 43.6 44.9 42.8 40.8 5.7 9.1

$492 $465 $492 $487 $481 $523 $536 $524 $451 $484 $530 $520 $488 $491 $489 $503 $480 $458

101.5 107.5 104.0 106.5 105.5 105.0 108.0 106.8 105.5 106.5 105.5 104.0 108.0 105.8 108.3 107.5 104.3 108.3

-

44.1 52.4 46.2 45.8 49.9 48.1 47.9 53.1 47.0 46.9 46.5 45.8 49.3 47.8 47.5 45.8 49.1 49.5

72.6 76.7 82.4 82.0 83.8 93.8 79.9 93.6 75.4 82.5 89.6 85.7 88.8 86.0 86.7 81.6 85.2 88.0 5.8 4.7

$815 $860 $925 $920 $940 $1,159 $987 $1,050 $846 $925 $1,005 $961 $996 $965 $972 $915 $956 $987

91.5 100.3 94.5 97.3 96.8 99.3 98.5 101.0 98.3 98.5 95.3 94.5 97.5 95.0 94.3 95.0 95.8 96.0

3.8 3.5 3.8 2.3 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.3 2.8 2.8 3.8 3.5 3.5 4.8 3.5 4.0 2.8 2.5

31.9 39.0 34.3 36.4 39.4 40.7 35.6 40.2 38.4 36.4 35.4 34.4 35.2 35.0 35.8 36.0 36.6 37.0

61.6 57.1 60.3 61.3 70.9 66.6 61.3 69.5 60.5 66.9 61.9 63.3 57.8 53.8 66.9 66.4 60.9 61.8 6.5 8.9

$691 $641 $677 $688 $795 $823 $758 $780 $679 $751 $694 $710 $649 $603 $751 $745 $683 $693

103.0 103.0 103.0 103.0 105.0 104.0 104.0 107.0 104.0 105.0 103.0 104.0 103.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0 104.0

-

35.4 41.3 42.1 39.9 43.8 44.8 39.6 48.0 43.8 41.8 40.1 38.9 40.4 43.1 41.2 41.8 46.3 44.3

90.7 109.9 90.2 102.0 94.9 99.2 94.3 107.3 104.0 109.6 96.1 88.7 90.4 94.9 88.2 94.2 96.7 98.6 12 8.5

$1,017 $1,233 $1,012 $1,145 $1,064 $1,226 $1,166 $1,204 $1,166 $1,230 $1,078 $995 $1,015 $1,064 $989 $1,057 $1,085 $1,107

105.5 115.0 109.0 107.5 113.3 107.3 109.0 112.5 109.8 113.8 111.8 104.5 113.0 107.0 110.3 108.3 106.8 107.3

5.0 2.8 4.5 2.5 4.8 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.3 5.0 4.3 4.5 4.5 5.0 4.8 3.0 2.8

49.2 53.6 46.8 51.2 47.7 52.7 52.2 55.1 50.7 51.2 47.7 49.2 50.7 49.2 43.8 48.2 52.7 53.1

Yield (bu/ac)

Clearfield 5525 CL VR 9560 CL LSD Liberty Link 5440 L252 L261 L130 L154 L159 LSD Roundup Ready 73-45 RR 6060 RR 6050 RR 6044 RR 1990 V12-1* V12-2* 09H7757 10DL30109 10DL30509 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-47 CR 74-54 RR SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT 530 G LSD CV

Scott, SK

72.9 81.1 4.1

Swift Current, SK

Variety

Saskatoon, SK

Gross Revenue/ac

Clearfield 5525 CL VR 9560 CL LSD Liberty Link 5440 L252 L261 L130 L154 L159 LSD Roundup Ready 73-45 RR 6060 RR 6050 RR 6044 RR 1990 V12-1* V12-2* 09H7757 10DL30109 10DL30509 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-47 CR 74-54 RR SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT 530 G LSD CV

Yield (bu/ac)

Variety

North Battelford, SK

*Gross revenue for this Cargill Specialty Canola hybrid includes a premium of $1.13/bu. Yield is rounded to the nearest whole number. Gross revenue is based on non-rounded yield. Gross revenue is yield multiplied by $11.20/bu. VR 9560 CL is eligible for pricing premiums of $15MT (Alberta), $25MT (Saskatchewan) and $35MT (Manitoba) in addition to the price provided in the “Gross Revenue� column. Final premium amount will be dependent on delivery period. Contact Viterra for more details.

21

Morinville, AB

Vulcan, AB

Yield (bu/ac)

Gross Revenue/ ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (bu/ac)

Gross Revenue/ ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (bu/ac)

Gross Revenue/ ac

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

56.1 57.4 9.5

$629 $644

101.0 102.0

2.0 2.0

40.9 44.8

79.8 79.0 11

$895 $887

98.8 101.3

2.0 2.3

49.2 51.2

46.2 44.6 11

$518 $500

100.0 104.5

-

45.3 47.9

59.3 58.4 61.1 59.8 58.4 55.0 5.7

$666 $655 $686 $671 $655 $617

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

42.6 43.3 48.1 43.2 41.7 44.3

99.8 100.9 99.9 88.0 94.6 97.3 9.6

$1,119 $1,133 $1,121 $987 $1,062 $1,092

101.8 101.0 102.8 100.5 99.5 101.3

2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0

52.7 50.7 56.1 52.7 51.7 55.6

39.9 43.5 34.3 40.4 42.2 42.6 5.2

$448 $488 $384 $453 $473 $478

99.0 101.0 105.0 100.0 102.3 99.8

-

43.4 43.9 49.4 44.0 44.3 46.5

58.6 64.8 58.8 62.7 61.5 63.6 66.3 66.0 64.9 68.3 58.6 74.1 62.7 65.5 60.4 61.5 70.4 60.0 7.4 10.9

$658 $726 $659 $704 $690 $786 $819 $741 $728 $766 $658 $831 $703 $735 $678 $689 $789 $673

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.0 100.0 100.0 104.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

37.3 43.1 35.8 41.6 39.2 43.4 40.0 46.9 39.7 45.1 39.7 37.5 41.8 40.4 39.6 38.5 41.4 43.2

80.8 89.8 80.8 84.5 87.2 86.7 79.3 79.5 86.4 89.7 76.3 77.9 79.2 77.3 85.4 86.7 84.8 85.1 9.9 8.8

$907 $1,008 $906 $948 $979 $1,071 $980 $892 $970 $1,006 $856 $874 $889 $868 $958 $972 $952 $954

98.3 104.0 98.8 100.8 102.0 103.0 102.3 102.8 101.8 103.5 100.0 98.8 100.5 99.3 98.8 99.3 100.5 101.0

2.5 2.3 2.3 2.0 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.8 2.8 2.5 3.0 2.5 2.8 2.0 2.3

50.2 51.2 50.2 47.2 46.3 52.7 51.7 54.1 53.1 50.2 51.2 46.3 49.2 50.2 47.7 47.7 56.6 52.7

46.2 40.5 45.8 41.7 45.0 43.0 41.3 42.7 42.6 42.4 48.0 41.9 45.2 42.2 46.6 46.8 43.4 45.0 5.1 8.2

$518 $454 $514 $468 $505 $532 $511 $480 $478 $476 $539 $471 $507 $474 $523 $525 $487 $505

99.3 104.0 100.3 99.3 100.5 101.0 102.5 106.5 101.3 102.5 100.8 98.0 101.5 99.8 99.3 101.0 100.3 100.0

-

39.9 45.3 42.1 42.4 44.3 44.1 41.6 47.0 43.2 40.8 42.5 39.1 43.4 43.5 41.5 41.7 44.8 46.0

Variety Clearfield 5525 CL VR 9560 CL LSD Liberty Link 5440 L252 L261 L130 L154 L159 LSD Roundup Ready 73-45 RR 6060 RR 6050 RR 6044 RR 1990 V12-1* V12-2* 09H7757 10DL30109 10DL30509 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-47 CR 74-54 RR SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT 530 G LSD CV

Vermillion, AB

Short Season Zone: Small plot results by location Shellbrook, SK

Fort St. John, BC

Height (In.)

Yield (BU/AC)

Gross Revenue/AC

Days to Maturity

Lodging

Height (In.)

Yield (BU/AC)

Gross Revenue/AC

Days to Maturity

Height (In.)

Yield (BU/AC)

Gross Revenue/AC

Days to Maturity

99.3 100.8

3.0 3.3

43.8 45.8

74.8 78.8 14

$839 $884

107.3 112.3

3.8 4.5

51.7 53.6

90.8 93.2 12

$1,019 $1,046

115.6 116.4

55.1 53.1

77.6 89.2 11

$871 $1,001

109.0 109.4

48.2 48.2

82.0 91.1 87.7 74.8 79.5 80.4 6.6

$920 $1,023 $983 $839 $892 $903

100.8 101.3 102.8 99.5 100.0 101.5

1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 3.0 2.5

43.3 43.8 52.2 41.3 43.3 45.8

91.2 97.2 94.1 99.4 87.0 98.2 8.9

$1,024 $1,090 $1,055 $1,115 $976 $1,102

109.3 109.8 112.5 105.0 109.8 108.5

3.5 4.0 3.8 2.3 4.5 3.5

56.6 51.2 58.6 55.1 54.6 56.1

96.4 98.0 93.0 94.6 94.3 90.2 5.9

$1,081 $1,100 $1,043 $1,062 $1,058 $1,012

114.6 115.4 115.9 114.6 115.6 115.6

54.6 53.1 58.1 56.1 53.1 58.1

90.7 96.0 79.9 85.4 86.2 90.5 13

$1,018 $1,077 $897 $958 $967 $1,015

108.0 109.4 108.9 107.9 108.4 108.4

48.2 46.8 50.7 46.3 50.7 47.7

64.5 74.4 74.1 69.7 76.2 79.0 71.8 79.5 64.6 74.6 71.9 72.6 74.6 74.0 66.8 72.2 74.5 77.7 66.8 8.8 8.3

$723 $835 $832 $782 $855 $976 $887 $892 $725 $837 $807 $814 $837 $830 $749 $810 $835 $872 $750

98.8 102.3 100.3 100.0 101.8 100.3 101.8 102.0 101.3 101.0 100.3 101.0 100.8 99.0 100.0 99.3 100.5 100.8 99.0

3.5 2.3 3.5 1.8 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.8 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.0 3.8

35.9 47.2 44.3 36.4 39.9 39.9 43.3 44.8 42.3 40.8 39.9 41.8 44.8 39.9 39.4 39.9 46.3 42.8 40.8

80.3 94.5 80.7 86.4 84.3 90.6 78.9 97.6 84.2 91.2 74.7 83.2 80.2 88.2 77.4 81.4 85.5 94.9 72.6 10 7.9

$901 $1,061 $906 $970 $945 $1,120 $975 $1,095 $945 $1,024 $838 $933 $900 $989 $868 $913 $960 $1,065 $814

103.3 113.3 105.3 103.0 111.3 110.3 108.0 109.5 107.3 111.3 103.3 104.3 109.3 104.5 104.3 103.5 106.5 108.0 99.5

4.0 3.8 4.3 3.5 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.3 2.8 3.5 4.3 4.0 4.8 4.3 4.5 3.8 3.8 2.8 4.3

46.8 51.2 49.2 49.2 48.2 51.7 47.7 53.1 50.7 49.7 45.8 48.7 52.7 49.7 46.3 49.7 55.1 55.1 46.3

92.0 81.0 83.7 91.4 87.8 93.3 84.3 86.8 76.3 83.5 79.6 93.1 94.0 85.9 81.2 92.2 92.7 89.3 86.8 9.0 7.8

$1,033 $909 $939 $1,025 $985 $1,154 $1,042 $974 $857 $936 $893 $1,045 $1,055 $964 $911 $1,034 $1,040 $1,002 $974

115.5 116.5 115.5 115.5 115.5 115.9 116.4 116.8 115.6 116.6 115.1 114.1 115.0 115.4 113.8 115.0 114.8 115.6 113.5

49.7 54.6 46.8 50.7 50.2 52.7 51.2 54.6 54.1 52.2 47.7 50.7 52.2 52.7 47.2 51.7 56.6 52.2 44.3

79.1 74.4 68.3 71.7 81.5 80.6 68.1 73.6 67.0 72.5 74.0 75.2 74.1 76.2 74.3 77.2 76.5 71.1 72.3 7.7 8.9

$887 $835 $766 $804 $914 $996 $841 $826 $752 $813 $830 $844 $831 $855 $833 $866 $858 $798 $811

107.5 108.1 108.3 108.5 108.4 109.4 109.0 109.1 108.0 109.5 106.8 107.4 108.6 108.1 107.1 108.4 108.0 107.9 105.9

41.8 48.7 45.8 44.8 45.8 45.8 44.8 46.3 47.7 46.3 43.8 43.3 44.3 46.8 44.8 44.3 50.2 46.8 45.3

Height (In.)

Lodging

$644 $672

Lodging

Days to Maturity

57.4 59.9 14

Lodging

Gross Revenue/AC

22

C 5525 CL VR 9560 CL LSD Liberty Link 5440 L252 L261 L130 L154 L159 LSD Roundup Ready 73-45 RR 6060 RR 6050 RR 6044 RR 1990 V12-1* V12-2* 09H7757 10DL30109 10DL30509 73-75 RR 74-44 BL 74-47 CR 74-54 RR SY4114 SY4135 VR 9562 GC VT 530 G 73-15 RR LSD CV

Dawson Creek, BC

Yield (BU/AC)

Variety

Barrhead, AB

*Gross revenue for this Cargill Specialty Canola hybrid includes a premium of $1.13/bu. Yield is rounded to the nearest whole number. Gross revenue is based on non-rounded yield. Gross revenue is yield multiplied by $11.20/bu. VR 9560 CL is eligible for pricing premiums of $15MT (Alberta), $25MT (Saskatchewan) and $35MT (Manitoba) in addition to the price provided in the “Gross Revenue” column. Final premium amount will be dependent on delivery period. Contact Viterra for more details.

Field Scale Trial Yield Results Field scale trials are managed by growers using their typical production practices. Trials are planted, swathed, harvested and, when necessary, sprayed by growers using the respective herbicide systems according to established protocols. Individual plots range from 0.5 to 1.5 acres. Results below are given as a percentage of the check, 73-75 RR. Yield in bu./ac. for 73-75 RR for each location is given in brackets at the end of each row.

Variety

104* 110 111 101 -

99 90 106 97 99 108 108 101 96 110 104 90 103 80 101 107 96 109 101 106

102 100 103 109 107 105 97 92 100 103 93 110 106 107 103 98 106 99 89 104* 105 102 104 109 113

98 103 98 97 95 98 96

101 101 108 101 91 94 103 104 104 104 104 101 106 100 92 103* 108 105 101 108 111

101 89 103 99 107 98 101 98 101 114 92 110 98 105 94 95 105 102 -

100 98 94 109 100 105 -

99 94 104 102 -

108* 113 111 103 114 102 106 106 104* -

107* 110 113 99 110 99 110 105 103 -

102 -

- - - - 97 - - - - - - - - - - - - 92 - - - - - - - - 100 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 98 - - - - 96 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 98 99 97 104 93* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

100 (55) 100 (55) 100 (56) 100 (55) 100 (54) 100 (76) 100 (67) 101 (67) 100 (51) 100 (40) 100 (59) 100 (38) 100 (48) 100 (44) 100 (58) 100 (46) 100 (74) 100 (51) 100 (55) 100 (60) 100 (64) 100 (42) 100 (53) 100 (54) 100 (70) 100 (52) 100 (52) 100 (49)

Moose Jaw SK Morinville AB Mundare AB Neville SK New Norway 1 AB New Norway 2 Ab North Battleford SK Ohaton AB Peterson SK Raymore SK Regina 1 SK Regina 2 SK Rhein SK Rivercourse AB Rockyford AB Rokeby SK Rosthern SK Sedgewick AB Southey SK Stewart Valley SK Swan River MB Vegreville 1 AB Vegreville 2 AB Vermilion 1 AB Vermilion 2 AB Vulcan 1 AB Vulcan 2 AB Wainwright AB

97 92 106 94 106 110

105 106 101 99 97 109 107 92 102 99 -

94 103 106 105 107 93 -

110 98 94 98 90 105 106 104 103 109 115 110 92 98 -

110 96 107 106 96 98 101 103 94 100 110 104 108 113 111 111 100 104 100 104

86 93 105 97 98 106 97 96 -

101 102 97 98 109 92 104 108 104 103 108 110 101 104 100 99

106 105 100 101 98 113 85 102 100 95 93 117 107 102 106 98 -

105 111 100 99 95 -

106 101 97 -

104 107 97 103 107 104 99 101 105 -

102 109 95 100 106 101 100 100 102 -

97 109

103 98

105 99 106 -

101 99 -

-

85 -

73-75 RR

100 104 109 94 99 89 110 95 102 100 102 -

Location

6060 RR VT 530 G V12-2 V12-1 SY4135 SY4114 L261 L252 L159 L154 L130 74-54 RR 74-47 CR 74-44 BL 73-45 RR 73-15 RR 5440 1990

102 102 100 100 92 -

73-75 RR

Long Season Zone Brandon 1 MB Brandon 2 MB Broadview SK Cardale MB Cranford AB Howden MB Indian Head SK Kennedy SK Lampman SK Magrath AB Medicine Hat AB Melita MB Minto MB Neepawa MB Ninette MB Nobleford AB Portage La Prairie MB Rapid City MB Somerset MB St. Adolphe MB Woodside MB Mid Season Zone Andrew AB Arborg MB Archerwill SK Bawlf AB Blackfoot SK

Yield Results (% of check, 73-75 RR)

Variety 6060 RR VT 530 G V12-2 V12-1 SY4135 SY4114 L261 L252 L159 L154 L130 74-54 RR 74-47 CR 74-44 BL 73-45 RR 73-15 RR 5440 1990

Location

Yield Results (% of check, 73-75 RR)

100 (59) 100 (51) 100 (59) 100 (45) 100 (67) 100 (61) 100 (49) 100 (64) 100 (52) 100 (53) 100 (41) 100 (46) 100 (56) 100 (53) 100 (71) 100 (42) 100 (49) 100 (61) 100 (46) 100 (55) 100 (59) 100 (47) 100 (65) 100 (49) 100 (72) 100 (47) 100 (58) 100 (58)

When comparing average results between varieties, consider the number of test sites for each variety. Field scale trials occasionally produce data that is above or below the expected range. If agronomic observations cannot explain these “outliers,� then they are checked against the statistical limits of deviation established by the Canola Performance Trial technical committee. If the data falls outside the limits, it is removed. For more details on individual trials and for data from sites that reported after this information went to print, visit www.canolaperformancetrials.ca.

Variety

100 100 98 91 98 104 104 98 89 90 106 102 107 105 95 103 102 101

98 103 105 101 97 89 101 101 102 107 96 102 110 106 103 111 109 114 108 114 98

99 99 98 98 103 97 102 100 100 97

100 99 98 95 101 99 105 108 94 109 107 101 102 103 102 101 101

111 95 103 98 107 97 101 100 94 102 117 104 111 104

113 103 110 -

105 96 106 -

104 94 107 97 104 117 111 -

100 111 99 113 104 -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 99 98 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 97 94 - - - - - - 99 91 84 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 88 - - - - - - - - - -

-

98 95 97 89 95 88 -

100 (61) 100 (50) 100 (63) 100 (73) 100 (70) 100 (52) 100 (51) 100 (37) 100 (61) 100 (54) 100 (56) 100 (45) 100 (50) 100 (31) 100 (55) 100 (52) 100 (44) 100 (40) 100 (48) 100 (52) 100 (50) 100 (66) 100 (55) 100 (47) 100 (47) 100 (50) 100 (54) 100 (48)

Watrous SK Webb SK Wilkie 1 SK Wilkie 2 SK Wishart SK Yorkton 1 SK Yorkton 2 SK Short Season Zone Beaverlodge AB Carstairs AB Claresholm AB DeBolt AB Eaglesham AB Eckville AB Falher AB Fort Vermillion AB Grande Prairie 1 AB Grande Prairie 2 AB Lacombe AB La Glace AB Legal AB Olds AB Rabbit Lake SK Sexsmith AB St. Isidore AB Valhalla Centre AB Total

95 106 106 108 107 100 99 116 101

107* 105 117 110 101 104 106 102

103 106* 104 111 104 99 105 98 101 111 119 102 104*

91 108 107 106* 109 101 110 110 100 104 105 101 99 110 117 102 102*

97 98 106 103 107* 107 96 115 112 109 107 106 97 103 104 103 111 106 111 118 106 104*

93 101 97 95 93 103 98*

90 106 107 104 104* 101 97 107 105 105 102 103 110 105 102 112 102 102*

109* 102 112 119 111 106 102 105 114 110 108 103*

102 97 100 108 103

101 99 104 101

107* 102 115 105 104 107 105*

107* 105 108 109 104 109 105*

99 98 91 107 100

105 104 99 112 101

91 106 106 99

102 96 97

104 104

95 95 94*

73-75 RR

102 98 99 97 122 99 108 110 106 101

Location

6060 RR VT 530 G V12-2 V12-1 SY4135 SY4114 L261 L252 L159 L154 L130 74-54 RR 74-47 CR 74-44 BL 73-45 RR 73-15 RR 5440 1990

99 - 97 100 - 96 - 103 - - 104 - 104 92 - 97 - - 103 - - - 119 - 93 - - 104 97 105 - - - 107 - - -

73-75 RR

Camrose AB Cando SK Carbon AB Carseland 1 AB Carseland 2 AB Clavet SK Cupar SK Dalmeny SK Davidson SK Denzil SK Foam Lake SK Goodeve SK Harris SK Humbolt SK Indian Head SK Kamsack SK Kenaston SK Kindersley SK Lake Lenore SK Langenburg SK Langham SK Lavoy AB Maidstone SK Mannville 1 AB Mannville 2 AB Margo SK Marquis SK Meadstead SK

Yield Results (% of check, 73-75 RR)

Variety 6060 RR VT 530 G V12-2 V12-1 SY4135 SY4114 L261 L252 L159 L154 L130 74-54 RR 74-47 CR 74-44 BL 73-45 RR 73-15 RR 5440 1990

Location

Yield Results (% of check, 73-75 RR)

100 (55) 100 (47) 100 (43) 100 (57) 100 (57) 100 (55) 100 (48) 100 (51) 100 (58) 100 (45) 100 (58) 100 (46) 100 (60) 100 (43) 100 (45) 100 (48) 100 (45) 100 (51) 100 (59) 100 (43) 100 (69) 100 (55) 100 (46) 100 (47) 100 (44) 100 (59) 100 (53)

*Denotes a 5% level of statistical significance using paired t-tests. In this case, these compare the variety to the check.

23

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BrettYoung is a trademark of BrettYoung seeds Limited. genuity® and roundup ready® are registered trademarks and used under license from Monsanto Company. always follow grain marketing and all other stewardship practices and pesticide label directions. Details of these requirements can be found in the trait stewardship responsibilities notice to farmers printed in this publication. 13022 09.13

Picking the right variety requires homework With many cultivars to choose from, there are several factors that growers must consider when choosing a canola variety for their farm.

By Mary MacArthur Western Producer staff

V

IKING, Alta. — Paul Wipf simplified the job of comparing and choosing canola varieties this year when he seeded 31 varieties in a 200 acre field.

“One would have to cover a lot of miles to see 31 varieties. In our plots, I was able to see 31 comparisons in one location,” said Wipf, farm steward at the Viking Colony.

“Hopefully from these plots, I have answers to some of my questions about which varieties best fit my area.”

Few farmers go to the same lengths as Wipf to figure out which canola varieties grow best in his central Alberta farm, but the plot gives Wipf confidence that he is making the right canola choice.

Other farmers and industry representatives were also interested in seeing that many varieties side by side in seven-acre plots. More than 600 people toured the plots during a three-day plot tour event, while others stopped by throughout the year to inspect the crops’ progress.

“Over the years, there have been so many varieties to choose from and how did I know which best suited my area?” said Wipf.

He also considers the chemical combinations that go along with canola when choosing varieties. Herbicide residue can be a problem in the colony’s thin black soil.

“Traditionally we’re in a drier area and don’t want to use residual chemical.”

This year’s plots showed that yields were pretty close between all varieties, so Wipf looked instead at early spring vigour, time of flowering, sclerotinia and blackleg resistance, standability and swathability.

“These plots help me make a more sound decision of what I grow on my farm. What is illustrated is they are so close together in yield now that what sets them apart is weed control and the need to be careful to not get resistance by overusing the chemistry,” he said.

“I pay attention to all these details.”

Wipf said he needs to know what chemicals to use if he shortens his rotation. It

Over 30 canola varieties were seeded at the Viking Colony. | FILE PHOTO

helps to have the information gleaned from his plots as well as what he learns from talking to experts, he added.

Choosing a variety based on previous year’s information is always a risk for farmers, he said.

Wipf, who is a DeKalb dealer, said he has learned he needs a third party involved to eliminate any perceived bias.

He is concerned this may have been the perception and wants to eliminate it in upcoming trials.

“I do these plots for my own use and do not want to make trouble for myself. I believe somehow that the seed companies are distrusted, that they’re biased and I don’t want that image. In the future, I want the Canola Council of Canada involved as a third party when we harvest and plant.”

Allison Ammeter of Sylvan Lake, Alta., uses a combination of methods to choose which canola varieties to grow: attending local field days, reading farm publications and talking to agrologists and neighbours.

“Talking to the neighbours right around you is a very valuable way to see what works in your area,” said Ammeter, who farms in an area with heavy soil and plenty of rain, which is ideal for growing large canola crops.

“We want to look at what’s proven in the area.”

She uses a strict four year rotation of cereals, pulse, canola and regularly switches between an Invigor and RoundUp Ready variety to help decrease the chance of

chemical resistance building up in the field.

“I think rotation is more key than variety,” she said.

“I don’t agree with getting a disease resistant variety just so you can grow canola, snow, canola.” ◆

2013 Viking colony trials Hybrid variety Yield (bu/ac) 45H29 45H31 45S54 73-15 RR 73-75 RR 74-44 BL (nine plots) 74-54 RR 74-54 RR 74-54 RR Canterra 1970 Canterra 1990 Canterra Exp. 1 D3152C D3153 (Lumiderm) D3153 (Helix Vibrance) L130 L153C L154 L159 SY4114 SY4114

67.9 60.1 61.1 63.1 63.7 62.3 - 69.8 67.7 68.9 68.7 60.1 64.4 59.01 60.5 58.9 59.0 66.4 66.1 63.2 66.1 61.6 65.0

25 THE WESTERN PRODUCER

Growers can save money by scouting for sclerotinia while swathing Officials recommend that growers scout for disease at the end of the growing season as well.

By Brian Cross Western Producer staff

S

clerotinia can be a costly disease for canola producers.

As a result, growers should always set aside time to scout for the disease, even when they’re swathing.

Canola growers usually scout canola fields for sclerotinia in late June or early July, when the crop starts to bloom.

However, scouting later in the year, when the crop is being swathed, can also yield valuable information that might save thousands of dollars down the road, according to researchers with Agriculture Canada.

To manage future losses, growers should spend an extra 15 minutes in each field during swathing to assess infection levels.

Get off the swather every couple of hours, pull 15 or 20 plants and examine them for signs of infection.

Take notes, keep them on file and refer to them next time canola is planted on the field.

According to the Canola Council of Canada, canola growers normally base their fungicide application decisions on market prices, the costs of fungicide application, the amount of precipitation during early flowering and the crop’s yield potential and risk of infection.

It’s the risk of infection that is often the hardest to assess.

Keeping notes on a field’s past infection history can be a helpful tool in determining infection risk.

Fields that had heavy infection rates in the past are more likely to require fungicide treatments.

Those fields should be monitored closely next time canola comes up in the rotation.

The task of in-crop scouting becomes easier once suspect fields have been

CANOLA & Pulse 2013

26

Growers can assess their risk of a sclerotinia infection by keeping records of past infections in their fields. | FILE PHOTO

identified.

Begin with an assessment of whether disease inoculum is present in the crop.

Locating tiny sclerotia bodies in the soil is next to impossible.

The bodies are black and roughly the size of a mouse turd. It’s easier to locate apothecia, the small tan-coloured mushroom-like structures that produce infectious sclerotinia spores.

The apothecia are shaped like miniature golf tees and their heads are usually smaller than the head of a two-inch nail.

Presence of apothecia is a good indication that spores are present.

Timing is a critical issue for growers who decide to spray.

Numerous fungicides are available.

In general, the window for application

is 20 to 50 percent bloom, with optimal control acquired at 30 percent bloom, says CCC literature.

To assess crop maturity, take samples of several plants throughout the field and count the number of open flowers.

The objective of the fungicide application is to cover as many petals as possible while ensuring that some chemical also penetrates into the canopy to help protect potential infection sites (such as leaf axils and bases),” say the Canola Council of Canada.

“The chemical is only active on those petals that are present at the time of spraying. The chemical will not protect petals that emerge after spraying, but some chemical coverage within the canopy may help to restrict infection.” ◆

Other fungicides help protect yield potential.

This increases it.

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*AgCelence benefits refer to products that contain the active ingredient pyraclostrobin. **All comparisons are to untreated, unless otherwise stated.

Always read and follow label directions.

AgSolutions, and HEADLINE are registered trade-marks of BASF Corporation; AgCelence is a registered trade-mark of BASF SE, all used with permission by BASF Canada Inc. HEADLINE should be used in a preventative disease control program. © 2013 BASF Canada Inc.

New canola varieties bring improved shatter tolerance The first variety of pod shatter tolerant canola will be available to growers in 2014.

By Sean Pratt Western Producer staff

T

he next big trait in canola is coming to a field near you next year.

Bayer CropScience Canada is set to launch InVigor L140P, the first in what is expected to be a long line of pod shatter tolerant canola varieties from the industry in the coming years.

“It’s certainly a welcome trait,” said Rick White, general manager of the Canadian Canola Growers Association.

“It has been something that farmers have been asking for, for quite a while, and it’s great to hear that there will be some new products coming.”

He said the trait should allow growers to harvest more bushels.

A technical sheet promoting the new variety claims Canadian canola growers lost an average of two to four bushels per acre to pod shattering between 2010 and 2012, according to Agriculture Canada field surveys.

Bayer said that works out to a loss of more than $500 million last year. Some grain industry analysts think the loss was closer to $1 billion that year because of a September windstorm that tossed canola swaths around across the Prairies.

Blaine Woycheshin, oilseed crops manager for InVigor Seed, said the company’s new pod shatter reduction trait, which was created through a patented but undisclosed non-genetically modified technology, should reduce but not completely eliminate shatter losses.

“It’s not bulletproof because if it was bulletproof you’d never get (seeds) out of the pod,” he said.

In 2011 trials, Bayer’s new InVigor L140P line yielded six percent lower than InVigor 5440 when swathed at the normal 60 percent seed colour change time under minimal harvest wind conditions.

In straight cut trials that year, it provided a one percent yield advantage over 5440, which is considered one of the most shatter tolerant lines on the market.

CANOLA & Pulse 2013

28

Hundreds of millions of dollars were lost due to pod shattering in canola crops in 2012 after swaths were hit by strong winds. | FILE PHOTO

The trait proved its worth the following year, which had an extremely windy harvest period. The L140P yields were slightly lower than 5440 at normal swathing time and identical during the sevenday delayed swathing trials. However, it provided a 12 percent yield advantage in the straight cutting trials.

In this year’s trials, straight cutting L140P yielded seven percent, or about four bushels per acre, more than L140P and 5440 that was swathed at the normal time.

Bayer is being careful not to position the new product as a surefire way to avoid swathing.

“That would be wrong,” said Woycheshin.

“The bottom line is this is buying growers flexibility in making their harvest management decisions.”

Bayer claims its pod shattering reduction trait could allow growers to delay swathing by a week to 10 days or even more, allowing pods to fill for a longer period and resulting in larger seeds, a fuller

pod and the potential for lower green seed counts.

White said that would be a “tremendous benefit” to farmers.

“When canola is ready to swath, it’s ready to swath now and it only gets worse as every day goes by,” he said.

“All it takes is a rain shower or two to hold the farmer up and next thing you know you’re way behind in your swathing and you’re taking big losses because it’s shelling out.”

DuPont Pioneer is also working on pod shatter tolerance, but the planned 2014 introduction of its trait has been pushed back a year because of unco-operative weather conditions.

The company was hoping for windy harvest conditions to put the trait to the test in 2013, which was its first year of large-scale, on-farm field testing of the native trait that was created through conventional breeding techniques. That didn’t happen.

CONTINUED ON PAGE 30

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74-54 RR

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6044 RR 6040 RR 5535 CL

CANTERRA 1970

CANTERRA 1990

Colours are matched to jpg file - do not know what the pantone colours are

Scan here for the latest information on varieties.

5525 CL

Seed early to maximize end of season window

T

By Karen Briere Western Producer staff

he decision to straight cut or swath canola is still a matter of personal preference and logistics, says a researcher at the Indian Head Agricultural Research Foundation.

Research manager Chris Holzapfel, who has studied the two harvesting methods for several years, said one is not better than the other.

He said so many factors go into the decision that farmers may have to assess each year.

The knock against straight combining has been seed loss from shattering. Holzapfel has been measuring that for about six years.

“It can be substantial, and last year was really the big one,” he said, referring to 2012.

That fall, a combination of things led to shattering problems in many canola crops.

Winds of up to 80 kilometres per hour affected both standing and swathed crops.

“Then with the high disease levels, we just had more shattering than I’ve ever seen,” Holzapfel said.

His data from 2013 trials has not yet been completely analyzed, but he already knows losses were minimal.

Much of his crop was straight combined before rain and poor weather hit.

He said those conditions can be even

more detrimental than high wind.

“The other year where I saw fairly substantial losses here was 2010,” Holzapfel said.

“We were probably delayed by at least seven to 10 days due to rain and poor weather and ended up having some losses to the point where yields were a bit lower than with swathing.”

His work at IHARF looks at 12 hybrid varieties, including a couple chosen for shatter tolerance.

“Shatter tolerance in our varieties is probably the Holy Grail, and if we can get that, then I guess we don’t really need much of anything else,” he said.

Still, he is also interested in technological advances in harvesting equipment.

A canola header studied about five years ago at the Wheatland Conservation Area in Swift Current, Sask., shows potential.

The Biso header extension sets the cutter bar further ahead of the reel and reducing seed loss.

“Headers have come a long way, even if they aren’t specific to canola,” Holzapfel said.

“We’re starting to see on a few models the ability to move the cutter knife forward and backward and really have a wide range of adjustments relative to the reel, which seems to be quite useful for canola.”

However, farmers should start considering how they intend to harvest the crop as early as seeding time.

straight cutting canola Chris Holzapfel, a researcher with the Indian Head Agricultural Research Foundation, is testing which varieties of canola are best suited for straight cutting. His trials include the following varieties: Bayer InVigor 5440, InVigor L130, InVigor L140P DEKALB 73-75 and 74-44 (both Roundup Ready) Brett Young 6050 RR and 5525 CL Pioneer 46H75 CL and 45H29 RR, as well as an experimental variety Dow 2012 CL and 1012 RR “Most important is trying to seed relatively early and also being sure to use an adequate seeding rate,” Holzapfel said.

“It doesn’t have to be excessive, but it’s not necessarily the time to be trying out three pounds an acre.”

Earlier seeding means earlier maturing, which can result in better conditions for straight cutting. Standing canola is typically harvested later than swathed canola.

A high population of plants produces a stand that matures more quickly and uniformly. A thin stand, coupled with possible disease, can result in harvest difficulties. ◆

CONTINUED FROM PAGE 28

“I don’t think we have the data really to support introduction right now,” said Igor Falak, senior research scientist at DuPont Pioneer.

“It would be safe to say we’re looking at 2015 and onwards in terms of rolling out a product.”

Most farmers swath at 60 percent seed colour change, but DuPont’s new product allows growers to swath at 80 percent colour change and beyond. As well, it will be more amenable to straight cutting than varieties now on the market.

Falak stressed that delayed swathing is the primary goal because a lot of things have to fall into place for straight cutting to occur, such as uniform maturity, which is difficult to achieve.

He expects the pod shatter tolerance trait to eventually be incorporated into all of Pioneer’s canola varieties, much like blackleg resistance is today.

“Down the road it will be a platform trait,” he said.

Pod shatter damage from wind or hail

CANOLA & Pulse 2013

30

can be severe. Winds in excess of 80 kilometres per hour can result in a 50 percent reduction in yield, while a hailstorm might wipe out 80 percent of a crop.

“I’m not saying that shatter tolerance would eliminate losses, but it would very significantly reduce them relative to regular genetics,” said Falak.

Growers should think of it as an insurance option for their canola crops, he added.

Falak estimated that 90 to 95 percent of canola is swathed before being combined.

“This is really the beginning of a rather new era that will enable that straight combining portion of the market to grow slowly but steadily.”

White said the savings from shifting to a one-pass harvest system would be substantial.

Even the ability to delay swathing would be significant because it would allow farmers to plant canola earlier in the season rather than staging the crop so that it

doesn’t ripen all at once.

Other seed companies are also working on the trait.

Sam Eathington, vice-president of plant breeding with Monsanto, said it is one of three canola breeding priorities for the company along with additional herbicide options and blackleg resistance.

However, Monsanto is well behind the competition.

“Maybe later in this decade we might be able to get something out there. There’s still some work to do,” said Eathington.

Monsanto hopes it can develop the trait through native genes, but it may turn to genetic modification if they prove inadequate. It would push commercial introduction back to early next decade.

Eathington said the trait could revolutionize the production of Canada’s most valuable crop.

“It would simplify the harvesting process and take some risk out of it,” he said.

“It would be a nice change to the canola production system.” ◆

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Big yields break prairie canola records Ideal growing conditions in 2013 saw prairie farmers harvest a huge canola crop, with yields topping 70 and even 90 bushels per acre.

By William DeKay Western Producer staff

F

antastic, phenomenal, massive, staggering: however it’s described, the canola harvest of 2013 was one for the record books.

Old timers say they have never seen the likes of it, while the younger generations are reenergized and looking forward to the future.

Who could have predicted, coming off a never ending winter and wet spring, that yields would in many parts of the Prairies be 50 percent higher than previous bests.

There’s a general consensus that Mother Nature was in a good mood throughout the growing season. Many producers were able to plant normal maturing seed within their May window. Rain fell at the right time. A cool July helped flowering extend to five and six weeks, well beyond the three-week norm. August was hot and dry, and the rest is history.

While records fell there was one number that stood high above the rest.

Lakeside Farms from Norquay, Sask., achieved 91.82 bushels an acre in one of their swathed fields to win this year’s Canola King Challenge. Hudye Soil Services sponsors the annual event, now in it’s sixth year.

“It’s truly amazing,” said Dan Owen, agronomy manager for Hudye.

“This season has been one that most people won’t see again in their lifetime … I believe the 92 bushel yield is probably the highest achieved in the Prairies,” he said.

Out of the ten producers that participated in this year’s challenge, Lakeside Farm’s record-breaking yield was more than 2.6 times the provincial average of 35.2 bushels per acre.

“I believe that Mother Nature is one but these guys were adapting quite an aggressive intensive management prac-

CANOLA & Pulse 2013

32

Prairie farmers harvested 19 million acres of canola in 2013, down from the previous year, but saw average yields of 36.9 bushels per acre across all three provinces. | FILE PHOTO

tice as well,” he said.

Jason Farr, who farms near Yellow Creek, Sask., was relieved and ecstatic about his crop.

“We had some fields run up into the 75 bushel range. For down here, it’s massive. Generally canola runs 40 to 45 bu. … It was a real pleasure to have one after a few years of not so good down in this area,” he said.

“The canola seemed to flower forever.

It was six weeks long this year. It was crazy. If you flower for three weeks, that’s a pretty good crop. That’s a 40 to 50 bu. crop if you get three to three and a half weeks of flowering.”

However, Farr said conditions could have been better.

“I think we ran out of moisture as we were filling because it was such a vast stand of crop there,” he said.

CONTINUED ON PAGE 34

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CONTINUED FROM PAGE 32

prairie canola and wheat production

“I think we needed another inch of rain when we were filling and we then probably would have had 90 bu. canola.”

Lori and Todd Kidney said they harvested their biggest crop ever with an average in the high 40s, despite the fact that 10 quarters of their farm near Tisdale, Sask., flooded in the spring.

“I’m the crop checker on our farm.”

Lori said.

“I scout fields. I came home and told my husband, ‘we haven’t grown canola like this; it’s corner to corner and it’s big,’ ” she said.

The Kidneys attribute the higher yields to the prolonged flowering stage.

“We had fields that were pushing six weeks in flowering. That was huge this year,” she said.

Boyd Risling was pleased, although also surprised, with an average of 45 bu. per acre.

“Kind of weird that it did yield as good as it did. We kind of ran out of rain in the summer. We had all that subsoil moisture, and with the cool July, canola didn’t abort flowers because of the heat,” said Risling, who farms near

Seeded area (million acres) Wheat Canola Harvested area (million acres) Wheat Canola Yields (bu./acre) Wheat Canola Production (million metric tonnes) Wheat Canola

2003

2011

2012

2013

24.37 11.55

20.10 18.77

22.63 21.78

24.95 19.54

23.90 11.44

19.71 18.54

22.34 21.50

23.99 18.97

31.6 25.7

42.1 34.3

41.2 28.1

46.6 36.9

20.55 6.67

22.94 14.44

25.02 13.68

30.46 15.89

Source: Statistics Canada

Rockhaven, Sask.

Risling has been growing canola for 25 years, and his father, Joe, for more than 40 years. They said this was the best looking and best quality crop they have ever had. And then there was the harvest.

“Harvested right through without any kind of weather interruptions at all. A picture perfect harvest.”

However, the bumper crops caught many producers off guard, forcing them

to scramble at the last minute to find storage space.

“I do know of a lot of growers putting up storage after the fact,” said Braden Huyde of Huyde Soil Services.

“There’s a lot of grain being stored on the ground right now and in temporary bags, which isn’t the best case scenario, but I guess it’s a good problem to have … excessive inventory. I know that they’re going to put up more storage now, but they definitely didn’t prepare for it.” ◆

Declining canola premium an aberration, says analyst

By Ed White Western Producer staff

W

hatever happened to canola’s price premium? Will it ever

come back?

Prairie farmers have assumed for years that they were producing a much more valuable product than humble soybeans.

However, they might now be questioning that assumption after seeing their crop discounted to soybeans.

It might not seem to make sense: canola oil is a higher value food oil than soybean oil, and canola seed contains much more oil than meal, unlike soybeans. As well, meal is a cheaper product than oil.

As a result, canola should be worth more than soybeans. Yet for the past couple of years, canola has often held no premium to soybeans. What’s up?

Market analysts say nothing profound has changed in terms of the long-term relative premium value of canola over soybeans. However, a freakish set of circumstances has overturned canola’s advantages and turned them into disadvantages.

“Canola’s fairly cheap right now,” said broker Ken Ball of PI Financial.“But it was quite expensive last winter and into the summer.”

Indeed, there has been wild volatility between canola and soybean prices in the last few years, rather than the his-

CANOLA & Pulse 2013

34

torical pattern of moderate deviations between the two.

Prairie farmers received a $100 per tonne premium last year when Canada had a small canola crop, but November 2013 canola futures were recently at a $6 per tonne discount compared to U.S. soybeans.

Analyst Greg Kostal thinks both spreads represent extreme problems with supplies of one crop or the other, with canola shooting higher when the Prairies has problems and soybean prices skyrocketing when the U.S. Midwest has problems.

However, the market’s true assessment of the long-term underlying value of canola seed versus soybean seed can be seen in year-out prices.

“If I calculate the spread of November 2014 canola futures to November 2014 soybean futures (currency adjusted), canola (is) showing a $75 per tonne premium,” said Kostal.

Weather problems and supply and demand separation can throw the price relationship off the normal track, but Kostal said those times have likely been aberrations recently.

“When canola is at a discount to soy, (it) is in the long term just as extreme as when over by a $100 per tonne premium,” he said.

Analysts say the wacky price relationship between canola and soybeans is produced by both the different produc-

tion conditions in the U.S. Midwest and Canadian Prairies and by the profoundly different composition of soybean and canola seeds.

Canola now comprises 45 percent oil and 55 percent meal, while soybeans often have less than 20 percent oil content.

Oil is generally a much more valuable product than meal per kilogram, which means canola should be more valuable than soybeans when taking the oil into account. As well, canola oil is generally considered a more healthy oil for humans, which should have premium value.

However, both of canola’s strengths became relative weaknesses because of a worldwide bear market in vegetable oil prices and a 2012-13 spike in U.S. soybean meal prices caused by last year’s U.S. Midwest drought. Canola’s oil was becoming less valuable while soybeans’ meal was becoming more valuable.

Canola’s meal isn’t worth as much to livestock feeders as soybean meal, and canola produces much less meal per tonne of seed than soybeans. As a result, the meal rally didn’t allow canola to keep up.

Most analysts say canola’s relative premium is not under threat by soybeans or other big vegetable oil crops in the long run, but the events of 2012 and 2013 show the power of regional crop production problems to challenge comfortable market assumptions. ◆

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Keep your cool, canola You’ve already laid out the full investment, so make sure it doesn’t slip away now.

By Ron Lyseng Western Producer staff

T

his year’s canola oil content is above average, along with yield and overall quality, so growers want to make sure they keep temperature and moisture within the safe zone.

“The prairie average numbers for this year show we have a couple percent more oil content than last year,” said Canola Council agronomist Greg Sekulic.

“We were at 43.5 percent oil content last year. This year the prairie average is 45.1 percent.”

He said many producers want to know if oil content has implications for storage and handling.

CANOLA & Pulse 2013

36

“In fact, that’s a question the canola council asked itself a couple years ago because we can see oil content up around 50 percent, and growers want to know if they should do anything different with high oil canola,” he said.

“We turned it over to the University of Manitoba. They came back with the answer that, ‘no, oil content is not a factor in storing canola.’ They determined that the two most critical factors for safe, long-term storage are moisture percent and temperature. Of those two, temperature is the most critical factor. If you’ve got the temperature down below 8 C, you’re good for many months.”

Most canola went into storage at less than 15 C this year, so it’s safe for the immediate future if moisture is below eight

percent, said Sekulic. However, the first six weeks in the bin are critical. In most areas, that six week point has passed.

During this time, the seed has been actively respirating, so there can be pockets of moisture and carbon dioxide. Those are the pockets that will heat.

“Even if you have canola that went into the bin close to dry, it probably still has isolated spots around eight or nine percent moisture and even up to 11 percent.

“Those spots are the first to heat,” he said.

“Aeration should dry and cool those problem spots. If you have cables, turn on the fans and leave them on until those problem spots are gone. Your target is uniform moisture of eight percent throughout the bin and uniform temperature below 10 C throughout the bin.” ◆

Factors affecting stored canola

G

reg Sekulic of the Canola Council of Canada has published a list of the 10 riskiest factors that can cause a bin of canola to go bad: ■ Neglected bins — It’s important to start checking bin health within the first two weeks after storage.

■ Hot canola — Stored canola needs immediate aeration, even if it’s stored with low moisture, low dockage and low greens. Core temperature at harvest should be 15 C. ■ Damp and tough canola — Canola is termed dry at 10 percent moisture, but eight percent is safer for long-term storage. Canola should be dried by aeration if it’s even slightly above 10 percent and outside air is warm with low humidity.

A drier should be used if those conditions don’t apply, especially if moisture is above 12 percent. Average bin moisture may tell a false story if a couple tough loads went in or if the load included small low-lying wet patches with high dockage. Those small spots can lead to serious heating.

■ Green seeds — Green canola seeds increase the storage risk, even when the bin is cool and dry.

■ Dockage — Insect bodies, plant material and weed seeds contain more moisture than canola. These high-moisture contaminants may not show up on moisture tests, but spoilage can result if they congregate in pockets and create local hot spots.

■ Big bins — Big bins have greater compaction than small bins, and tall narrow bins have the greatest degree of compaction. Any compaction reduces airflow and effectiveness of aeration. Also, canola is more dense than cereals and requires more fan horsepower.

■ Inadequate bin space — Bumper crops always result in more seed than space. In the quest for bin space, don’t rent a bin that’s been treated with malathion for storage insects. If canola goes into a ring on the ground, make sure the bottom and top are sealed to keep out moisture and help with cleanup.

■ Bad moisture meter or cables — The moisture meter should be calibrated every year at the elevator. Bin cables should be checked before canola seed goes in.

■ No cables — Bins not equipped with cables will need to be checked with a probe or turned over with an auger and truck to check temperature and moisture.

■ What’s in the bin — Record the average moisture and temperature of the canola going into each bin and take a composite sample for each bin. Use this data along with a visual assessment of green count and dockage to determine which bins have the highest risk. ◆

Control what you know

By William DeKay Western Producer staff

O

ne of the most important decisions to be made when buying canola seed is also the most unpredict-

able.

Murray Hartman, an oilseed specialist with Alberta Agriculture, says seeding dates play a big role in determining yields, and the most important and difficult element affecting seeding dates is the weather.

However, weather is impossible to predict.

As a result, maturity of the variety become paramount and has the biggest influence on yield.

“If they knew it was going to be a wet spring and they were going to be delayed, then they should be buying an early maturing variety,” he said.

“That’s where you’re going to get the biggest gain in savings of maturity, is by buying a variety. You can gain easily a week by picking the right variety versus something else.… None of the other things you can do will shave that much time off. That is the key point, but it’s also the most unpredictable.”

He said it’s a challenge selecting seed this time of year when the best varieties are selling out.

Last spring was a good example, when seeding dates were pushed back because of wet conditions. Hartman said many producers were hunting around in the middle of May trying to find early maturing seed.

“Well, everybody else has the same idea.

All of a sudden the good, short season, early maturing (varieties) are gone,” he said.

One option is for farmers to hedge their bets.

“They do buy some of each and say, ‘I do have some fields which are primarily wet and I’m later seeding so I’m going to pick’ … and other ones will pick different maturing varieties even if they get their seeding done all timely,” he said.

“This way, if I seed an early maturing variety it’s going to mature a week or even 10 days earlier (depending on location). That can give them a jump on their swathing or harvest. So they don’t want everything maturing at the same time anyway.”

The trend shows that seeding canola

earlier pays, but reports from the Canola Council of Canada show that it’s important for growers to exercise caution. Problems encountered with early seeded crops include heavy early insect infestations, ponding, soil crusting and slow emergence because of cold soil and frost damage. Close attention must also be paid to weed and disease problems that may occur earlier than later seeded crops.

Hartman said producers often try increasing their seeding rate by $5 or $10, or one or two pounds per acre, during a wet spring when poor seeding conditions linger.

“That amount of difference in the seed might make a slight difference in your maturity, but we’re talking one, maybe two days. So it’s pretty minor,” he said.

He said producers need to double their seeding rate to have any significant yield in late and wet conditions.

As well, guarding against thin stands is vital for maturity, he added.

“If I’m seeding three pounds an acre and it’s a large seed and you calculate it out, even with 50 percent emergence, which is kind of normal, they’re only going to have a couple plants per sq. foot,” Hartman said.

He said applying too much fertilizer in wet springs is a common mistake that results in thin stands.

Farmers are generally cautious about not applying too much nitrogen, but Hartman said other nutrients can also be put in with the seed.

For example, phosphorous is a benefit in the seed row, especially with colder, wetter soil and direct seeding, but only up to a certain point. Too much of the fertilizer can injure the seed.

Ammonium sulfate in the seed row can also be harsh on the seed.

“So the message there, if you’re going in seeding and you’re late, then keep your seed row fertilizer to a minimum.

We’re talking 20 lb. of P205. That’s it. The rest needs to go on a band away from the seed.”

Seed depth is another important factor when seeding in cold and wet conditions.

“You can speed up your emergence and success of emergence and therefore the maturity by seeding as shallow as possible,” he said. ◆

37 THE WESTERN PRODUCER

Indian pulse stats:

Technicians from the Crop Development Centre at the University of Saskatchewan work in a field of peas owned by Saskatchewan Pulse Growers near Saskatoon in September. | FILE PHOTO

India debates pulse duty Push for pulse duty could raise consumer costs

By Sean Pratt Western Producer staff

T

here is a growing chorus of voices calling on the Indian government to reinstate a duty on imported pulses.

Earlier this year, India’s food ministry came out in favour of a 7.5 percent duty.

That was down from the 10 percent suggested by the Commission for Agriculture Costs and Prices.

The latest government sector to join the fray is India’s department of agriculture, which is pushing for a duty of between 10 and 20 percent.

The decision rests with India’s cabinet and the finance department, said Stat Publishing editor Brian Clancey.

“There is no signal from the government that they’re going to bring duties in,” he said.

There is an existing five percent duty on pulses, but every year since the 2007-08 world food crisis the government has exempted pulse importers from paying any duty.

Clancey thinks the coming 2014 general election in India is generating momentum for a reversal in that policy.

“It’s a play for the farm vote.”

A duty would raise the price of imported product and encourage domestic production of the crops.

Some observers feel a duty could be re-

CANOLA & Pulse 2013

38

introduced as soon as the next budget in early 2014.

“The trade in India thinks that given the amount of chatter, how many departments are weighing in on this, that this may become inevitable.”

However, any change in agricultural policy won’t be made without a wideranging debate in a country where agriculture makes newspaper headlines daily.

“Pushback is developing all over the place, so we’ll see,” said Clancey.

The argument in favour of a duty is that it is needed to encourage domestic production and to boost prices farmers receive.

“The counter argument is that we need this like a hole in the head because it’s going to drive up the cost to the poor who are undernourished as it is,” said Clancey.

He said it’s possible that the government may hike import duties to protect farmers and then turn around and help out impoverished consumers through increased food program subsidies, but that would be an expensive proposition.

India is Canada’s top pulse customer.

Clancey said a duty doesn’t necessarily mean India would buy less, but it would likely mean consumers would have to pay more and the majority can’t afford it. ◆

■ India is the largest consumer of pulse crops in the world.

■ India consumes 18.5 to 20 million tonnes annually, about 27 percent of world supply, produces 15 to 18 million tonnes, about 25 percent of global production, and imports the balance, 2.5 to three million tonnes.

■ An annual waiver of the five percent duty on pulses has ensured steady supplies domestically at world market prices.

■ Good Indian crops in 2012 and 2013 are causing domestic supplies to increase and without the ability to export, prices in India are falling.

■ In 2011, Canadian pulse exports to India were valued at $633 million, or 24 percent of the value of Canada’s total commodity exports to India. In 2012, pulse exports from Canada to India were valued at $504 million, or 21.5 percent of Canada’s export trade with that country. (Source: FAO, staff research) ■ In 2010, Canada accounted for 32 percent of world pea production and 38.5 percent of world lentil production.

With exports expanding rapidly along with production over the last two decades, Canada now accounts for approximately 35 percent of global pulse trade each year. Canada is a dominant player in world trade in peas and lentils, accounting for 55 percent and 50 percent, respectively in 2008 and a top five exporter of both dry beans and chickpeas. In 2010, Canada exported a record 4.3 million tonnes of pulses, worth more than $2.1 billion. (Source: Pulse Canada) ■ India is Canada’s single largest market for pulses, and annually the largest crop that Canada sells to India is yellow peas, which compete with other pulse crops there based on price. The range of pulse crops grown and consumed in India is wide and diverse. Yellow peas from Canada compete with peas originating in Australia, France, and the United States, but more importantly, they compete with other pulse crops like desi chickpeas, which may be grown in India or imported from Australia, or pigeon peas, which may be grown in India or imported from countries in Africa. (Source: Gordon Bacon, Pulse Canada) ◆

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