Test Bank For Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology 9th Edition By Michael Maxfield,

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. We live in a world of two realities: empirical and agreement. a. True b. False 2. Casual human inquiry is a more rigorous way of investigation than probability and causality. a. True b. False 3. The keystone of inquiry is observation. a. True b. False 4. We can understand something by knowing the why before the what. a. True b. False 5. Selective observation is a danger of overgeneralization. a. True b. False 6. The tendency to overgeneralize is probably greatest when there is an absence of pressure to reach a judgement. a. True b. False 7. Inquiry is hindered when we depend on the authority of experts who are speaking outside their realm of expertise. a. True b. False 8. The four purposes of research are exploration, description, explanation, and application. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

9. The National Criminal Justice Reference Service was established in 1972 to a. sort computer readouts and news reports on crime trends. b. share applied research on law enforcement and general justice problems. c. archive and distribute research reports to criminal justice professionals. d. solely provide grant opportunities.

10. The role of the Bureau of Justice Statistics is to a. collect and disseminate criminal justice statistics, including information about crime and victims of crime. b. sort computer readouts and news reports on crime trends. c. share applied research on law enforcement and general justice problems.

Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry d. solely provide grant opportunities.

11. We live in a world of two realities known as a. expressed and assumed. b. experiential and agreement. c. expressed and agreement. d. experiential and assumed.

12. Things we know from direct experience are a direct result of which type of reality? a. Agreement b. Expressed c. Assumed d. Experiential 13. Things we consider real because we’ve been told they are real is an example of a. agreement reality. b. expressed reality. c. assumed reality. d. experiential reality.

14. A research project concerning law enforcement that produces an alternative view of a practice represents a. known reality. b. expressed reality. c. empirical reality. d. experiential reality.

15. Traditional beliefs about patrol effectiveness, response time, and detective work are examples of a. known reality. b. agreement reality. c. experiential reality. d. assumed reality.

16. Scientists must have two types of support before they will agree on something they haven’t personally experienced.

These types are a. epistemological and methodological. b. logical and hard facts. c. logical and empirical. d. hard facts and complete data.

17. What is the science of knowing? a. Methodology b. Entomology c. Modality d. Epistemology Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry 18. What method is known as the science of finding out? a. Epistemology b. Methodology c. Observations d. Data gathering 19. Which two questions does human inquiry attempt to answer? a. Where and when b. Who and why c. How and when d. What and why 20. Prediction can be made better by observation and remembering regular a. assumptions. b. patterns. c. educated guesses. d. past experiences.

21. Acceptance of knowledge that others give us is known as a. authority. b. tradition. c. agreement reality. d. understanding.

22. When we rely on the “truths” of our culture, we are accepting knowledge derived from the majority, and this is called acceptance of a. traditions. b. myths. c. reality. d. agreement.

23. As we learn about the world around us, we use personal inquiry and direct experience. However, what other sources of knowledge do we rely on? a. Tradition and authority b. Exploration and description c. Surveys and observations d. Aggregate data and survey data 24. When we trust the judgments of people who have received special training, such as a doctor or a lawyer, we are accepting their a. wisdom. b. expertise. c. authority. d. word.

Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry 25. When we rely on authority to get information about the world around us, which of the following is most likely? a. The resulting information is always correct. b. The information can both help inquiry and hinder it. c. The resulting information is always wrong. d. You can never know if the information you gather is correct.

26. Selective observation can be the result of a. replication. b. illogical reasoning. c. ideology and politics. d. overgeneralization.

27. Criminologist Samuel Walker compared ideological bias in criminal justice research to theology by stating a. “Faith is never a consideration.” b. “Faith triumphs over facts.” c. “Faith can coexist with facts.” d. “Faith is always defeated by facts.”

28. Which of the following would be the best example of the potential for inaccurate observations in the criminal justice system? a. Eyewitness testimony b. Police officers on a stake-out c. The state witnesses at an execution d. Correction officers watching a potentially suicidal prisoner 29. When there is pressure to reach a general understanding, there is a tendency toward a. overgeneralization. b. inaccurate observations. c. illogical reasoning. d. miscalculation.

30. When you repeat a study to see if you achieve similar results, you are doing a. too much work. b. following the pattern. c. replication. d. theoretical repetition.

31. Overgeneralization can lead to misunderstanding and a. justification. b. simplification. c. complication. d. replication.

32. If you have concluded that a particular pattern exists and have developed a general understanding of why, you may be tempted to ignore facts in the future that don’t fit. This is Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry a. inaccurate observation. b. overgeneralization. c. illogical reasoning. d. selective observation.

33. During observation, if you choose to follow “the exception that proves the rule,” you have made what error? a. Inaccurate observation b. Overgeneralization c. Illogical reasoning d. Selective observation 34. According to the text, illogical reasoning is best illustrated by which of the following? a. The weather has been good all month, so this weekend the weather will be good enough to go to the beach. b. I have lost at gambling for hours now, so if I just pay a little longer, I will win back what I have lost. c. On my way to work, I always ease through the stop sign at the corner of the school’s parking lot, and as I have never been hit there, I will continue to do that. d. The last two exams were easy, so there is no need for me to study for this exam.

35. The point where scientific observation differs from our casual human inquiry is that it is a. a directed activity. b. a subconscious activity. c. a formal activity. d. an informal activity.

36. Research into crime is related to ideology and politics in the following manner: a. Crime should not be used as a political issue. b. Ideological or political views on criminal justice issues can undermine objectivity. c. There is no political nature to the study of crime. d. There are no ideological issues in the study of crime.

37. Statisticians refer to “Gambler’s fallacy” as this type of reasoning: a. Analytical b. Logical c. Irrational d. Rational 38. What are three major aspects of the overall scientific enterprise? a. Theory, data collection, selective observation b. Theory, data collection, data analysis c. Data collection, data analysis, funding d. Theory, data analysis, funding 39. Social science cannot settle debates on a. facts.

Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry b. observations. c. logic. d. values.

40. Who said, “Unthinking respect of authority is the enemy of truth”? a. Albert Einstein b. Samuel Walker c. Emile Durkheim d. Nancy La Vigne 41. Which of the following explicitly addresses causality and probability and offers techniques for managing them? a. Science b. Faith c. Human inquiry d. Nature 42. Concrete steps that are used to measure specific procedure are referred to as a. operationalization. b. observations. c. application. d. conceptualization.

43. This type of research may be appropriate when a policy change is being considered. a. Descriptive b. Exploratory c. Explanatory d. Applied 44. Social science involves the study of a. positives and negatives. b. variables and concepts. c. variables and paradigms. d. variables and attributes.

45. Why is a survey the most appropriate method for studying general concern and fear for personal safety? a. It is an organized approach to a large research sample. b. It allows for understanding of what cannot be observed directly. c. It is easy for the survey takers to understand what is being asked of them. d. It is the most efficient research method to analyze results.

46. Why are websites unreliable literature sources? a. They are not reviewed by librarians. b. They can be updated on a regular basis. c. They are rarely reviewed or refereed.

Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry d. They do not do a good job of synthesizing information.

47. Which of the following is a budget consideration for a research proposal? a. Deadlines b. Scheduling c. Travel d. Gathering references 48. What factor has caused related problems when separating Internet research findings? a. Unreliable government sources b. Poor Wi-Fi c. Too much information on too little topics d. The demented ramblings of ideologues 49. What are two types of applied research? a. Evaluation and problem analysis b. Descriptive research and evaluation c. Explanatory research and descriptive research d. Explanatory research and problem analysis 50. What is the proper workflow for creating a research project? a. conceptualize, observe, analyze, apply b. observe, analyze, apply, conceptualize c. choose research method, conceptualize, analyze, apply d. choose research method, conceptualize, apply, analyze 51. What are the four purposes of research? a. Exploration, description, explanation, application b. Exploration, description, funding, application c. Exploration, development, inquisition, funding d. Exploration, development, inquisition, application 52. When we attempt to gather baseline data, usually because of new technology or some new law, the purpose of our research is a. exploration. b. description. c. explanation. d. application.

53. When a policy change is being considered, the most appropriate study would be a. descriptive. b. explanatory. c. explorative. d. applicative.

Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry 54. You observe police activity in your city for one week, and then you describe what you observed. What type of study have you performed? a. Explorative b. Descriptive c. Explanative d. Applicative 55. When we do a study to determine why people have different opinions on the same topic, what is the purpose for the study? a. Exploration b. Description c. Explanation d. Application 56. When we attempt to answer questions about why something happens, the purpose of our research is a. exploration. b. description. c. explanation. d. application.

57. What are the two major types of applied research? a. Evaluation and problem analysis b. Evaluation and policy analysis c. Application and policy analysis d. Problem and policy analysis 58. Your college has implemented a new policy on campus regarding underage drinking. You want to evaluate its effects.

The purpose of your research is a. exploration. b. description. c. explanation. d. application.

59. A great place to start when conducting a literature review is a. a scholarly journal. b. a previous research study. c. a library. d. a data software program.

60. Which of the following is an important element that is often overlooked when creating a research project? a. The budget b. The population c. Research methods d. Stakeholders Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry 61. When is an Internet search good for getting ideas about potential research topics? a. When specialized tools are used b. All the time c. Internet searches are not good; book-bound journals are better. d. When you are late on an assignment 62. The research process starts with a. observations. b. data processing. c. an idea. d. research methods.

63. Doing a literature review should be a. done only when one has to do it. b. done in pieces to set up a research problem. c. systematic and deliberate. d. unorganized.

64. Stepping on a thorn for the first time and realizing that it is painful before anyone tells you it is painful is an example of a. agreement reality. b. inaccurate observation. c. experiential reality. d. a nomothetic explanation.

65. Which of the following describes the role of politics in social science/CJ research? a. Can play a role b. Never plays a role c. Rarely plays a role d. Plays an essential role 66. Which of the following best defines conceptualization of a research process? a. The manner in which variables are defined b. How a population is decided upon c. The specific analytic structure used for a study d. The initial concept used for a study 67. Samantha has concluded that living in a co-ed residence hall makes residents more alike. As she continues her research, she tends to focus on events and situations that fit this pattern. Which error in inquiry is reflected? a. Inaccurate observation b. Selective observation c. Overgeneralization d. Illogical reasoning 68. The first part of most scholarly journal articles is Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry a. the introduction. b. the discussion section. c. a research abstract. d. the methods section.

69. Brainstorming and specifying all the concepts to be discussed in the research project is known as a. analysis. b. application. c. conceptualization. d. operationalization.

70. Astor repeated a study to determine if she would obtain similar results to those that were found in her original study, and thereby engaged in a. research and development. b. logical reasoning. c. replication. d. theoretical repetition.

71. Patterns of cause and effect are __________. a. probabilistic in nature b. inevitable in nature c. accurate in nature d. unobtainable in nature 72. Which of the following research is the production of knowledge based on experience or observation? a. Theoretical b. Hypothetical c. Empirical d. Conjectural 73. Which of the following terms refers to repeating a study, checking to see whether similar results are obtained each time? a. Interrogatory b. Replication c. Survey d. Anomalous 74. This type of reasoning occurs if you choose to follow the exception that proves the rule. a. Logical b. Demonstrated c. Persuasive d. Theoretical 75. When we look for patterns among specific things we observe around us, we often assume that a few similar events are evidence of a ___________.

Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry a. random pattern b. incidental pattern c. general pattern d. arbitrary pattern 76. Epistemology and methodology are two scientific approaches to the discovery of a. probability. b. fiction. c. emotion. d. reality.

77. Eyewitness testimony that turns out to be erroneous is an example of this type of observational error in personal human inquiry. a. Inaccurate b. Fair c. Factual d. Theoretical 78. The culture we are born into is made up of accepted knowledge about the world around us and is known as a. legend. b. myth. c. tradition. d. rustic.

79. When a researcher is aware that a certain pattern exists in the data, they may commit this type of error of observation when they ignore events that do not fit the pattern. a. Organizational b. Indiscriminate c. Primary d. Selective

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

80. Much of our knowledge is based on agreement rather than on direct experience. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

81. A big part of growing up in any society is learning to accept what everyone around us a. has witnessed. b. knows to be true. c. is rumored to be true. d. has experienced firsthand.

Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry

82. Identify three errors in human inquiry. Explain each by using an example from the field of criminal justice.

83. Discuss the purposes of doing research. Give an example of each by using a hypothetical from the field of criminal justice.

84. Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative data. Give an example of each from the field of criminal justice. Can both quantitative and qualitative data be used for each of the four purposes of doing research? Why or why not?

85. Tradition and authority are forms of personal human inquiry. Give examples of each by using scenarios from the criminal justice field.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

86. Why is using Google Scholar a good idea when conducting Internet research? a. It narrows down the search to publications that have been referenced in other publications. b. It yields the most results. c. It generates a bibliography of sources for the researcher. d. It narrows the search to scholarly books and articles.

87. If a researcher wishes to determine how an innovative approach in policing in one district compares to other districts, they are undertaking what type of research? a. Applied research b. Descriptive research c. Exploratory research d. Explanatory research

Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry Answer Key 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. False 7. True 8. True 9. c 10. a 11. b 12. d 13. a 14. d 15. b 16. c 17. d 18. a 19. d 20. b 21. c 22. a 23. a 24. c 25. b Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry 26. d 27. b 28. a 29. a 30. c 31. a 32. d 33. c 34. b 35. a 36. b 37. c 38. b 39. d 40. a 41. a 42. a 43. b 44. d 45. b 46. c 47. c 48. d 49. a 50. a 51. a Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry 52. a 53. c 54. b 55. c 56. c 57. a 58. d 59. c 60. a 61. a 62. c 63. c 64. c 65. a 66. d 67. c 68. c 69. c 70. c 71. a 72. c 73. b 74. a 75. c 76. d Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch01 - Crime, Criminal Justice, and Scientific Inquiry 77. a 78. c 79. d 80. True 81. b 82. N/A 83. N/A 84. N/A 85. N/A 86. d 87. c

Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Criminal justice and human behavior can be studied scientifically. a. True b. False 2. The “Chicago School” founded by Burgess and Park was influential in our understanding of why children failed in schools. a. True b. False 3. In deductive reasoning, one starts from a general law and applies that law to a specific instance. a. True b. False 4. In using scientific inquiry, in deduction we reason toward observations; in induction we reason from observations. a. True b. False 5. If a number of social scientists agree that a phenomenon exists, they are using intersubjective agreement for objectivity. a. True b. False 6. Grounded theory is used to describe the deductive method of theory construction. a. True b. False 7. A hypothesis is a specified expectation about an empirical reality. a. True b. False 8. A paradigm and a theory refer to two different things. A paradigm is a fundamental model or scheme that organizes our view of something. a. True b. False 9. Research on criminal justice policy is an example of applied research. a. True b. False 10. The ecological approach to understanding crime suggests that human behavior is partially the result of the physical and social environment where the behavior takes place. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research 11. Much of current social science research has moved from description to a. exploration. b. explanation. c. understanding. d. theory.

12. What is the primary focus of current research in criminal justice and criminology? a. Basic building blocks of a concept b. A concept’s theoretical counterpart c. A systematic explanation of the observed facts and laws that relate to a particular aspect human behavior d. A principle or law 13. A scientific understanding of the world must make sense and must __________with what we observe. a. conflict b. contradict c. agree d. disagree 14. Which of the following constitutes facts related to variables? a. Empirical counterpart to an attribute b. Logical groupings of attributes c. Broader than attributes d. Cannot be observed 15. In the concentric zone theory of the “Chicago School,” the zone of transition is characterized by a. the citizens that formed the core of morality for the city. b. the wealthiest citizens of Chicago. c. commerce and industry. d. people who relocated from the suburbs.

16. Observation involves all of the following except a. conducting experiments. b. interviewing people. c. watching people and detailing what you see. d. statistical manipulation.

17. This theory has to do with what is, not what should be. a. Personal bias b. Theological c. Philosophical d. Social scientific 18. Socrates is mortal and observing a number of other people. All the observed people are mortals. All people are mortal.

This is an example of what type of logic? a. Deductive Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research b. Observation c. Inductive d. Hypothesis 19. Which of the following is an example of subjectivity? a. Which rap singer you like the best b. Your score on your first research methods exam c. Whether Judge Wilson has more mistrials than Judge Hughey d. How much tuition your university charges full-time students 20. Which type of research frequently involves the inductive method? a. Field research b. Experiments c. Surveys d. Use of existing data such as the Uniform Crime Reports 21. Which of the following is another word for objectivity? a. Subjectivity b. Intersubjective agreement c. Attitudes d. Religiosity 22. Which of the following is an example of a concept? a. Height b. Peer group c. Weight d. Age 23. Which of the following is an example of a variable? a. Social disorganization b. Crime c. Social class d. Annual family income 24. Which of the following is an example of a hypothesis? a. Sugar is sweet. b. Why does the sun rise in the east and set in the west? c. Why is the sky dark at night? d. Those who study daily will have the highest grades.

25. Which of the following illustrates situational crime prevention? a. Use of management, design, or the manipulation of the environment to reduce the opportunities for crime b. Using prison to reduce crime by keeping offenders away from the public c. Increasing police presence in high-crime areas Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research d. Offender home checks 26. Which of the following are efforts that you can employ as situational crime prevention techniques? a. Keeping your car doors locked when you park. b. Reporting the theft immediately to your insurance company. c. Calling the police immediately after you realize that your car has been vandalized. d. Leaving your unoccupied car doors unlocked with the keys in the ignition when you warm the car on a cold morning.

27. Which of the following is accurate with respect to paradigms? a. Paradigms consist of groups of hypotheses. b. Paradigms are ways of organizing our views. c. Paradigms are hypotheses linked in a logical framework. d. All these statements are accurate 28. Research on a criminal justice related policy is an example of a. explanatory research. b. descriptive research. c. applied research. d. exploratory research.

29. In an inductive approach to policy development, the final step is a. monitoring and evaluating results. b. collecting data. c. analysis of situation. d. systematic study.

30. All people are mortal; therefore Socrates is mortal. This is an example of which type of logic? a. Deductive b. Observation c. Inductive d. Hypothesis 31. Dr. Quinn is interested in who is least likely to show up for their trial; those who bond out of jail with the help of a bondsman; or those placed in a court-sponsored pre-trial release program. The results of the study indicate that those inmates released using a bail bondsmen had a lower failure to appear at trial rate than those using court-sponsored pre-trial release. The findings of the study are used to close the expensive, court-run pre-trial release program. This study is an example of what type of research? a. Theory building b. Applied research c. Basic or pure research d. A paradigm shift 32. Independent of opinion is a definition of a. an analysis.

Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research b. subjectivity. c. objectivity. d. a hypothesis.

33. This term represents a set of concepts and the proposed relationships among these; a structure that is intended to represent or model something about the world. a. A paradigm b. A law c. A theory d. A fact 34. Which of the following best applies to the statement that science is always objective? a. This only happens in the study of economics. b. Objectivity is a matter of intersubjective agreement. c. Objectivity can never happen when engaged in scientific research. d. Objectivity is always present when a researcher knows all of the variables impacting their study.

35. You count the number of students registered for your research methods class. This is an example of a. objectivity. b. subjectivity. c. intersubjectivity. d. theory.

36. When the relationship between two variables is drawn from a theory, it is said to be a. a fact. b. a hypothesis. c. a mini theory. d. a paradigm.

37. Dr. Smith is doing an observational study in a local jail and discovers that inmates who are respectful to the correctional officers get more telephone calls than inmates who are disrespectful. What technique has been employed in the study? a. Evaluation research b. Inductive logic c. Deductive logic d. Theory construction 38. The more a person drinks and drives the more likely they are to be pulled over for DUI. This is an example of a. a theory. b. a law. c. a hypothesis that results in a negative tentative answer. d. a hypothesis that results in a positive tentative answer.

39. A characteristic or quality that describes some object like a person is called a. a law.

Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research b. an attribute. c. a variable. d. a statement.

40. Which of the following cannot be studied scientifically in the field of criminal justice? a. The relationship between the number of police officers on the street and the crime rate. b. The relationship between the number of police officers on the street and citizen satisfaction. c. The role that an act of a deity plays on being arrested for a criminal offense. d. The role that age plays in slowing one’s criminal activities.

41. The “Chicago School” was noted for the study of crime in various sections of the city of Chicago. Which of the following was used to study where crime happened? a. Concentric zones b. Asking people why they left Chicago for other northern cities c. Interviews with police officers d. Content analysis of newspapers 42. Operationalization means a. the part of a theory that tells us how variables are related. b. the procedures we go through to identify and measure variables. c. the procedures we go through before we can develop a hypothesis. d. the part of a theory that tells us what statistics we can use.

43. Which of the following is most accurate? a. Theory must always come before observation. b. Observation must always come before theory. c. Theory may precede observation, just as observation may precede theory. d. Theory and observation are not related.

44. The primary distinction between a paradigm and theory is based on a. intersubjective agreement. b. a hypothesis. c. organization and structure. d. operationalization.

45. Which of the following is true concerning theory, research, and policy relationships? a. Theory structures research. b. Personal biases are essential to research. c. Theory should never be used to develop public policy. d. Bigotry in research can never be avoided.

46. “Criminal justice and human behavior often can be studied scientifically.” Which of the following characterizes the statement? a. The statement is wishful thinking. b. The statement is correct.

Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research c. The statement is inaccurate. d. The statement fails to address problems in studying human behavior.

47. The three main elements in the traditional model of science include theory, operationalization, and a. statistics. b. hypotheses. c. observation. d. conclusions.

48. What is the final step in the traditional model of science? a. Operationalization b. Theory development c. Data collection d. Observation 49. The results of Burgess and Park’s study using the concentric circles in the city of Chicago resulted in a. the finding that wherever the poorest people live will have the least amount of crime. b. the finding that where the most wealthy people live will have the highest rates of property crime. c. the finding that the crime rate will be the highest in the areas characterized by transition. d. the finding that when people move from one zone to another, they take their criminal tendencies with them.

50. The concept of “observation” in the language of science means a. looking at the world and making value judgments. b. looking at the world and making measurements of what is seen. c. looking at the world and making changes in what is seen. d. looking at the world through rose-colored glasses.

51. Grounded theory is used to a. measure how much common sense went into a specific theory. b. describe the inductive method of theory construction. c. describe the deductive method of theory construction. d. assess the elements that make up dirt.

52. Paradigm shifts are a. shifted to resemble concepts. b. concepts shifted to paradigms. c. previously agreed upon paradigms that are discarded in favor of new ones. d. previously agreed upon paradigms that are changed to hypotheses.

53. Defensible space is a. the current U.S. policy for protecting Americans. b. an attempt to understand the link between urban design and crime. c. a movie that demonstrates how to protect yourself. d. the U.S. missile-defense system.

Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research 54. Operationalization involves which of the following? a. Testing hypotheses b. Testing theories c. Identifying how you will measure a variable d. Developing a theory 55. The idea of defensible space can be traced to the work of a. Shaw and McKay. b. Emile Durkheim. c. David Takeuchi. d. Maxfield and Babbie.

56. The second step in the traditional model of science is which of the following? a. Concepts b. Observation c. Operationalization d. Methodology 57. Which of the following is accurate with respect to induction? a. Induction begins with a theory. b. Induction starts with observed specific data. c. Induction ends with relationships. d. Induction begins with generalizations.

58. What does "grounded theories" refer to? a. Testing a theory to see if the data fits b. Theories that have been constructed by faculty just beginning their careers c. The inductive method of theory construction d. The deductive method of theory construction 59. Three aspects of scientific enterprise are a. hypothesis, variables, and attributes. b. theory, data collection, and data analysis. c. budget, research, and conclusions. d. question, survey, and review.

60. Scientific inquiry in practice typically involves an alternation between a. theory and policy. b. concepts and paradigms. c. hypothesis and hypotheses. d. deduction and induction.

61. According to ecological theory, which of the following is a fundamental principle? a. Crime is more common in hospital zones.

Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research b. Crime is more common is suburban transition zones. c. Crime is more common where there is less crowding. d. Crime is more common where there is much poverty.

62. Which of the following illustrates the relationship between a theory and a paradigm? a. Theories are collections of hypotheses, while a paradigm uses just one hypothesis. b. A paradigm is more specific than a theory. c. A theory is more specific than a paradigm. d. A theory is a paradigm.

63. Research in criminology has moved from descriptive studies to those that place a greater emphasis on systematic a. plausibility. b. explanation. c. deduction. d. assumption.

64. The logic of social scientific inquiry is based on the use of _______ to guide the inquiry. a. explanation b. plausibility c. theory d. assumption 65. The zone of transition in Chicago characterized by weak families, social institutions, and substandard housing produced a phenomenon called this form of disorganization: a. communal. b. democratic. c. social. d. collective.

66. When transitioning from specific instances to general principles, moving from facts to theories, one is employing this form of reasoning: a. deductive. b. abductive. c. elementary. d. inductive.

67. Another word for intersubjective agreement is a. objectivity. b. subjectivity. c. dogma. d. injudicious.

68. The process of specifying steps, procedures, or operations for actually identifying and measuring variables to be observed is called a. organization.

Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research b. operationalization. c. editorialization. d. functionalization.

69. When crime prevention policies try to reduce the opportunities for crime to occur, this type of crime prevention is being employed: a. maladaptive. b. exclusionary. c. excessive. d. situational.

70. In research, what type of testing is akin to a researcher monitoring and evaluating the results of a program to ascertain if it is achieving its goals? a. Analytic b. Clinical c. Hypothesis d. Assurance

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

71. Using the deductive model, research is used to test theories. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

72. Using the inductive model, these are developed from the analysis of research data: a. assumptions. b. theories. c. conclusions. d. generalizations.

73. The two pillars of science are observation and __________. a. grants b. theory c. assumption d. logic 74. When social scientists begin constructing a theory by observing aspects of social life, seeking patterns that may point to more or less universal principles, they are employing this type of theory: a. grounded theory. b. deductive theory. c. crime concentration theory. d. modeled theory.

Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research 75. Theories of social disorganization include these types of statements: a. “if-what.” b. “what-if.” c. “if-then.” d. “then-if.”

76. Identify a theory that is based upon deductive reasoning and one that is based upon inductive reasoning. Explain why each falls into the category that you suggest.

77. The three main elements in the traditional model of science are theory, operationalization, and observation. Identify a piece of research discussed in class and identify each of the elements listed above for that research.

78. The text details the work of the “Chicago School” and the impact that perspective had on the field of criminology.

What aspects of the ecological approach could be applicable today and why?

79. Your authors present terms that are used in theory construction. Some of those terms are concepts, variables, statements, and hypotheses. Explain how those words are related to one another. Use a specific theory to illustrate the relationship. In other words, identify a theory, from that theory identify a concept and variables. From those variables develop a statement and a hypothesis.

80. Paradigms were discussed in your text in part in terms of Thomas Kuhn’s paradigm shifts. What does this mean and give an example of a paradigm shift in the field of criminology or criminal justice.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

81. Kevin made an observation in a natural setting, then formulated a tentative theory about the observation that explained the observation and then made additional observations. This is an example of a/an a. grounded theory. b. paradigm. c. inductive illustration. d. hypothesis.

82. The way we choose and define problems for research, as well as determine how to study them, is directly connected to our theoretical a. hypothesis. b. inductive illustration. c. grounded theory. d. paradigm.

83. This person defined theory as “a set of concepts and the proposed relationships among these, a structure that is intended to represent or model something about the world.” a. Joseph Maxwell b. Oscar Newman c. David Takeuchi d. Emile Durkheim Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research 84. Beginning with general, theoretical expectations about the impact of organizational characteristics on court operations, Einstein and Jacob then collected data to determine the accuracy of those expectations. This process is known as a. conceptualization. b. the inductive model. c. the deductive model. d. the traditional image of science.

85. Which is one of the three key aspects of the overall scientific enterprise? a. Content collection b. Data collection c. Budgetary concerns d. Theological debate 86. Which is an attribute? a. Gender b. Prior record c. Unemployed d. Occupation 87. Which is an attribute? a. Old-fashioned b. Age c. Sentence d. Property crimes 88. Which is an example of a variable? a. Advocates b. Cars and trucks c. Types of crimes d. Police officers 89. Which is an example of a variable? a. Criminal justice occupation b. Unemployed c. Intoxicated d. Bigoted 90. Instead of explaining a singular situation or event, which of the following form of explanation aims to elucidate a category of situations or events? a. Idiographic explanations b. Inductive and deductive reasoning c. nomothetic explanations d. Quantitative and qualitative data analysis 91. What does idio mean in the context of idiographic explanation?

Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research a. Distinct b. Ordinary c. Objective d. Scientific 92. What does a nomothetic explanation seek to explain? a. A single factor b. Class wars c. A class of situations d. An outlier 93. Which type of data makes our observations more explicit, facilitates the aggregation and summarization of data, and opens the possibility of statistical analyses, ranging from simple descriptions to more complex testing of relationships between variables? a. Quantitative data b. Qualitative data c. Observable data d. Theoretical data 94. Juvenile delinquency is an example of a. a variable. b. an attitude. c. a theory. d. a fact.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

95. Environmental criminologists link criminal behavior to physical and social space. a. True b. False 96. Operationalization involves looking at the world and making measurements of what is seen. a. True b. False 97. Observation means specifying steps, procedures, or operations for identifying and measuring variables we want to observe. a. True b. False

Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False 7. True 8. True 9. True 10. True 11. b 12. c 13. c 14. a 15. c 16. d 17. d 18. c 19. a 20. a 21. b 22. b 23. d 24. d 25. a Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research 26. c 27. b 28. c 29. a 30. a 31. b 32. c 33. c 34. b 35. a 36. b 37. b 38. d 39. b 40. c 41. a 42. b 43. c 44. c 45. a 46. b 47. c 48. d 49. c 50. b 51. b Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research 52. c 53. b 54. c 55. a 56. c 57. b 58. c 59. b 60. d 61. d 62. c 63. b 64. c 65. c 66. d 67. a 68. b 69. d 70. c 71. True 72. b 73. d 74. a 75. c 76. N/A Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch02 - Foundations of Criminal Justice Research 77. N/A 78. N/A 79. N/A 80. N/A 81. a 82. d 83. a 84. c 85. b 86. c 87. a 88. c 89. a 90. c 91. a 92. c 93. a 94. c 95. True 96. False 97. False

Powered by Cognero

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Scientifically “perfect” research designs can be limited only by money and time constraints. a. True b. False 2. Ethical considerations in criminal justice research are always apparent. a. True b. False 3. Webster’s New World Dictionary (4th ed.) defines ethical as “conforming to the accepted standards of conduct of a given profession or group.” a. True b. False 4. Confidentiality and anonymity mean the same thing, so they can be used interchangeably. a. True b. False 5. Social research may cause psychological harm or arrest in people who are asked to reveal information about themselves. a. True b. False 6. As a principle, possible harm to subjects may be justified when the potential benefits of the study outweigh the possible harm. a. True b. False 7. The research goal of voluntary participation sometimes may be impossible to follow. a. True b. False 8. Deception of human subjects is never appropriate. a. True b. False 9. In most cases, federal law does not protect researchers from legal action. a. True b. False 10. In order to conduct research involving nonhuman subjects, a university must establish an institutional review board (IRB). a. True b. False Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. In the authors’ example of proposed legal education research, a questionnaire would be administered at the time the bar exam was taken. This technique was deemed unethical because a. the results would be affected by the administration of the bar exam. b. there was no law requiring the questionnaire and participation was not voluntary. c. findings are not valid when large groups of subjects take a questionnaire at the same time. d. those taking the bar would want to make their law school look good, thus invalidating the results.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

12. Bruce Johnson’s study of heroin users in New York where participants were gathered by word of mouth among addicts. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

13. Which of the following is a technique that works well when interviewing subjects about topics that may be emotionally or psychologically challenging? a. Having the researcher ask questions from behind a curtain so that the subject does not see the interviewer b. Asking the subject to respond to questions on the internet without a login c. Putting the researcher in a disguise so that the subject does not know their identify d. Putting the subject in a disguise so that they cannot be identified 14. According to the textbook, a major tenet of medical research ethics is that experimental participation must be voluntary; this same norm applies to a. humanities research. b. criminal justice research. c. clinical-setting research. d. ecumenical research.

15. The researcher can lessen the potential for harm when doing research by a. having sensitivity to the issue and experience. b. never telling the subject about the potential of harm. c. paying no attention to the potential for harm. d. using tricks to make the subject unaware of the harm potential.

16. Which of the following may present an ethical issue where voluntary participation is concerned? a. A small payment in cash in exchange for participation b. Using incarcerated individuals as subjects after they have been told about the nature of the experiment and what their rewards will be c. Getting an informed consent form signed when doing surveys d. Random assignment of subjects to an experimental and a control group

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research 17. In a web-based survey, anonymity can be achieved by not requiring participants to provide their name. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

18. The promise of anonymity in a mailed survey would be especially important if the subject of that survey were about a. personal drug use. b. information regarding the use of public transportation. c. educational attainment. d. the number of dependent children in the household.

19. Which of the following is essential in maintaining confidentiality in field or survey interviews? a. Require names and addresses on data-collection forms b. Keep a master identification file linking numbers to names so that at a future date data can be corrected where necessary c. Discard paper copies with identifying information in trash receptacles d. Allow the public to have access to the master file with names and addresses of the participants

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

20. Researchers are not ethically obligated to admit mistakes they made doing their research. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

21. When a survey is confidential rather than anonymous, a. the researcher must make this fact clear to respondents. b. the researcher must abort the research project. c. the researcher may release information to third parties. d. the researcher is obligated to disclose participant identities.

22. In criminal justice research, what is an area of potential harm to research participants that involves the costs associated with participating in a research study? a. Psychological harm b. Legal harm c. Social harm d. Economic harm 23. Which of the following is a purpose of institutional review boards? a. To determine whether adequate safeguards are in place to protect the welfare of human subjects b. To make sure that grant money is spent appropriately c. To provide internal judgments regarding questions Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research d. To provide legal advice on the resolution of ethical dilemmas 24. The Humphreys study involved a. participant observation involving sexual activities. b. participant observation in a laboratory setting. c. observation of prison inmates in a maximum-security setting. d. participation in parole activities.

25. Which of the following is necessary in order to establish informed consent of research subjects? a. Telling subjects the purpose of the research b. Telling subjects about the procedures that will be used during the research c. Telling subjects about the possible risks and side effects of the research d. Telling subjects the results of the research 26. Federal regulations and IRB guidelines address ethical issues in social research. Which of the following represents the foremost or key ethical issue in social research? a. Principle of do no harm b. Principle of humane treatment c. Principle of voluntary participation d. Principle of special populations 27. According to federal regulations, which of the following represent special populations for purposes of criminal justice research? a. Police officers b. Juveniles c. Corrections officers d. Parolees 28. In order to protect incarcerated individuals as they are a special population, researchers should do all of the following except a. make sure there are no repercussions if incarcerated individuals choose not to participate in the research. b. offer the incarcerated individuals money to participate. c. have at least one member of the institutional review board be either a incarcerated individuals or someone designated to represent the interests of the prisoners. d. do not expose incarcerated individuals to risks that would be considered excessive for non-prison subjects.

29. What was the primary reason for the establishment of institutional review boards? a. Questionnaires administered that asked subjects to report on deviant sexual behaviors b. Research on juveniles that focused on their treatment as adults by the criminal justice system c. Medical experimentation d. Personal interviews with incarcerated individuals asking them to describe crimes that were not known to the police 30. Which of the following are exempt from IRB review under federal guidelines? a. Research involving the analysis of data currently being collected Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research b. Research involving the use of educational tests that are noncognitive in nature c. Research conducted in established educational settings that involve normal education practices d. Research that uses non-living subjects who have participated in at least one prior research study

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

31. The value of institutional review boards includes that they provide expert advice on how to resolve ethical dilemmas present in some research. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

32. In Humphreys’s research on anonymous homosexual acts in public bathrooms, he was a. arrested because of his participation. b. playing one of the roles, a lookout known as a “watch queen.” c. often engaging in homosexual acts himself. d. considered the standard for good techniques in studying deviant behavior.

33. Critics of Humphreys’s Tearoom Trade cited all but which of the following as potential ethical issues? a. The invasion of privacy b. The value of the study c. The fact that he traced the participants to their homes d. The deceit involved 34. Third-party harm refers to potential harm in research that may occur to a. other researchers who are using the same data. b. grant money providers. c. others not directly involved in the study, such as family members of a participant. d. research data collectors.

35. Haney, Banks, and Zimbardo designed a simulated prison to measure a. the dispositional hypothesis. b. the degree of violence that prison guards innately have. c. the situational hypothesis. d. how violent inmates can be subdued.

36. Attempts to guard against harm to the participants in the functional prison simulation were accomplished by all of the following, except a. making certain that all participants were psychologically healthy. b. insisting that those who were assigned the guard role would not use physical force against those assigned to the role of incarcerated individual. c. any participant who showed distress was released from the simulation early. d. allowing participants to select their preferred role (incarcerated individual or guard).

Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research 37. Alessi and Kahn provided this guideline for conducting trauma-informed research: a. provide a small payment to the participants. b. instruct the data collectors to wear a disguise. c. commit the participant to regular self-reflection and self-care. d. regardless of signs of re-traumatization, do not change course.

38. Ethical issues surrounding the prison simulation include all the following, except a. subjects were not fully informed of the procedures they would undergo. b. the researchers were not fully aware of what they could expect from the simulation. c. the project utilized only 21 participants. d. “guards” were allowed to make up and modify rules as the project progressed.

39. In order for there to be no ethical considerations in doing criminal justice research, the researcher must do all the following except a. ensure that participation in the study is voluntary. b. make sure that no physical, emotional, or psychological harm comes to the subjects. c. adhere to either confidentiality or anonymity—whichever is promised to the subjects. d. make each subject fully aware of purpose, reasons, and outcomes of the research.

40. According to the text, unsuccessful research on new drug formulations is less often published, which may lead to a. accusations of fraudulent practices. b. legal liability. c. research bias. d. studies on ineffective drugs being repeated unnecessarily.

41. Crime surveys where respondents are asked about their experiences as victims of crime have the potential to cause a. physical trauma to the researcher. b. psychological harm. c. false data, as participants always fabricate information to avoid revealing embarrassing details. d. crime rates to increase.

42. The National Crime Victimization Survey prevents researchers of the public from having information on a victim’s a. age. b. relationship to an offender. c. city of residence. d. gender.

43. Which of the following comes closest to the purpose of an institutional review board? a. To determine if adequate safeguards for general welfare of subjects are in place b. To determine if the proposed research is worthy of study c. To turn violators of ethical principles over to the police d. To make it difficult for any social science research to be completed 44. Which of the following represents voluntary participation? a. Giving small amounts of money to a subject Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research b. Asking people on the street at the noon hour if they would like to participate in research c. Using a class of students at the local college d. Full disclosure of research purpose with informed consent 45. Immunity as part of federal protection from legal action requires a. researchers to prominently display all licenses. b. researchers to testify in open court. c. confidential information to be protected. d. confidential information to be revealed.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

46. Staff misbehavior issue have the potential to present ethical dilemmas/challenges to researchers. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

47. When information is gathered by researchers and there are no identifying characteristics allowing the researchers to match up results to individual subjects, this illustrates a. confidentiality. b. the absence of deception. c. anonymity. d. assurance of voluntary participation.

48. Virtually all research that uses human subjects is a. subject to international review board review. b. considered to be unethical. c. considered unreliable. d. subject to review by an institutional review board.

49. Are there potential problems with police departments releasing crime information maps to the public, especially in small cities? a. No, because they are a public record if the police produce them b. No, because the maps only identify locations where crimes happen, not the individuals involved c. Yes, because if the maps are detailed, someone may recognize their neighbor’s victimization d. Yes, because the victims did not volunteer to be part of the maps 50. If a researcher uses only those subjects who volunteer for a study, then which of the following may result? a. Non-volunteers feel left out. b. The results could not be generalized to a larger group of people. c. No one would be interested in the outcome because non-volunteers are not included. d. None of these choices are correct.

51. Explicitly telling people that their participation is voluntary is Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research a. a necessary component of informed consent. b. a necessary component of confidentiality. c. a necessary component of anonymity. d. a necessary component to obtain grant funding.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

52. A researcher may face legal liability when they observe crime occurring during the course of their study but decide not to report it to the police. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

53. A promise of anonymity is unlikely to be extended in which of the following techniques? a. Use of Department of Corrections summary data b. An internet survey that requires a login c. Questionnaires that do not request identifying information d. Anonymity is really impossible in all forms of research 54. Which statement is the most accurate? a. Harm to subjects is never a real concern. b. Harm to subjects is never appropriate. c. Harm to subjects may occur if the benefits outweigh the harm. d. Harm to subjects is appropriate if it is only psychological in nature.

55. Incarcerated individuals are considered as special population because they are a. readily accessible for experimentation and interviews. b. exposed to risks. c. a true representative population sample. d. segregated from the main population sample.

56. Which of the following is generally recognized as an ethical procedure regarding who might receive an experimental treatment? a. Assimilation b. Correlation c. Randomization d. Deception

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

57. The excitement and commitment to scientific advancement may lead researchers to overlook possible harms to participant well-being. a. True b. False Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

58. You are conducting research dealing with recreational marijuana use. You plan to ask questions of subjects brought into the laboratory. In order to pay them, you need their names and addresses. You tell the subjects that you do not plan to reveal their answers to your questions. What type of technique are you using? a. Confidentiality b. Anonymity c. Secrecy d. Privacy 59. As a researcher, you are least likely to encounter legal liability in which of the following situations? a. In an observational study, you see juveniles spray-painting walls at their school, and you say nothing. b. You watch one of your subjects deal drugs on the corner, and you alert him when a police car turns the corner. c. One of your subjects tells you he committed a rape, and you do not tell anyone even though you know what he told you is true. d. You refuse to reveal confidential information under a claim of immunity.

60. When reporting your findings, which of the following is not necessary for you to disclose? a. Any failures of your study b. Who your subjects are and in what city they live c. Any negative findings d. Technical shortcomings 61. Which of the following is considered a special population that requires more careful treatment? a. Non-human subjects b. Juveniles c. Deceased individuals d. Ethnic minorities 62. Which of the following is most correct with respect to the concept of ethical issues? a. Ethical issues are always obvious. b. Ethical issues are not always apparent. c. Ethical issues can often be ignored. d. Ethical issues are only problems if the subject realizes they have been treated unethically.

63. The Stanford Prison Experiment was conducted in a. a maximum security prison. b. a laboratory. c. a death row wing of a federal penitentiary. d. a mental hospital.

64. Potential harm to research participants is generally categorized into one of five areas: psychological harm, legal harm, social harm, physical harm, and a. emotional harm.

Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research b. liberty harm. c. economic harm. d. somatic harm.

65. Surveys that ask respondents about their experiences are called a. socialization surveys. b. victimization surveys. c. experiential surveys. d. conversant surveys.

66. Which of the following may constitute voluntary participation? a. Make participation mandatory for all students. b. Allow students to fill out a questionnaire on their own time, and hand deliver them to the department secretary. c. Ask that students fill out a questionnaire and include their name or student identification number. d. For in-class questionnaires, have the professor leave the room while they are being filled out and turned in, and allow students to remain anonymous.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

67. Sources of distinction between “right” and “wrong” include religion. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

68. Ethical issues found in the Stanford Prison Experiment included all the following, except a. signed consent forms were obtained. b. participants in the role of guard were given minimal instructions. c. subjects were not fully informed of the procedures. d. as the study progressed, guards were permitted to modify or create rules.

69. Federal regulations require special provisions for all of the following categories of subjects, except a. the elderly. b. juveniles. c. incarcerated individuals and juveniles. d. incarcerated individuals.

70. Researchers need to be particularly vigilant about minimizing harm when studying individuals who are participating in a. sporting events. b. on-line gambling. c. illegal activities. d. political advocacy.

71. When using students in your class as research subjects and having them complete a questionnaire, there is a potential for ethical problems in that their participation may not be Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research a. voluntary. b. taken seriously. c. graded. d. mandatory.

72. When a researcher cannot match a given response to a specific research subject, this is known as a. visibility. b. confirmatory. c. anonymity. d. obscurity.

73. When a researcher is able to link information with a given person’s identity but promises not to do so publicly, it is an example of a. indiscretion. b. imprudence. c. candor. d. confidentiality.

74. Criminal justice researchers may face risks, such as physical injury, psychological trauma, and a. financial peril. b. illness. c. accusations of improper behavior. d. accidents.

75. The two main ways of promoting compliance with ethical principles are codes of ethics and a. the Federal Bureau of Investigations. b. institutional review boards. c. professional licensing associations. d. colleges and universities.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

76. Because of some controversial medical and social science research, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has had to step in and establish regulations designed to protect human subjects. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

77. This is a significant drawback of maintaining anonymity in research: a. It is time consuming to remove all identifiers from the study. b. It is difficult to keep track of which sampled respondents have already been interviewed. c. It is difficult to distribute payments. d. It makes finding grant funding more difficult.

Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research 78. Researchers conducting applied research who may become aware of irregular or illegal practices by staff in justicefocused agencies may be faced with this ethical question: a. whether to report the information to authorities. b. to encourage the behavior to continue for better research results. c. pretend they did not uncover the bad behavior. d. to ignore the bad behavior to preserve grant funding.

79. The Belmont Report prescribed a comprehensive set of ethical principles for protecting human research participants.

These principles are a. respect for persons, beneficence, and partiality. b. respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. c. prejudice, respect for persons, and humaneness. d. justice, understanding, and kindness.

80. The research community has adopted two general mechanisms for promoting ethical research practices. These mechanisms are institutional review boards and a. association operational manuals. b. federal regulations. c. codes of professional ethics. d. disciplinary boards.

81. Most research that involves people is subject to review by an institutional review board. This includes research that is commonly accepted in educational settings where the research participants are a. paid. b. anonymous. c. conscripted. d. exempt.

82. One potential problem with obtaining informed consent is ensuring the participants have the capacity to a. qualify for financial assistance. b. understand the descriptions of risks and benefits. c. qualify for grant funding. d. work in a timely manner.

83. In order to ensure informed consent, researchers may need to a. use deception to gain consent. b. print brochures with information on where to seek financial assistance. c. provide the website to the National Institute of Justice. d. describe procedures in the participants’ native language.

84. In the Stanford Prison Experiment, participants who were selected as “incarcerated individuals” were told that they would be confined and under surveillance throughout the experiment, and a. they could purchase food items from a prison canteen. b. they would be required to stand for an institutional count. c. their civil rights would be suspended.

Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research d. they would be given access to the law library.

85. Give an example using research discussed in class of the difference between anonymity and confidentiality. Be specific with your example.

86. When the term “informed consent” is used in criminal justice research, it refers to some very specific ethical concerns.

Discuss what is meant by “informed consent” and why it is important when engaging in research.

87. Researchers strive to do no harm to their subjects. Identify what type of harm may occur to subjects and use specific examples to illustrate the potential harm. Include in your answer whether harm is ever appropriate when completing research in criminal justice.

88. There are certain classes of subjects that require special treatment by the researcher. Identify at least two of those classes and discuss why they constitute a special class. What specific steps should be taken when dealing with these special classes?

89. Discuss the role of institutional review boards in the research process. In what ways do they influence research and what is their specific purpose? Give an example of a situation that would not be approved by an institutional review board and how the researcher could rectify that situation.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

90. Weighing the potential benefits from doing research against the possibility of harm to the people being studied is a fundamental ethical dilemma in a. all research. b. no research. c. some research. d. most research.

91. Widom and associates were interested in conducting a research study to see whether child abuse victims were more likely than a comparison group of non-victims to be victims of crimes later in life. Interviewers, however, could not explain the purpose of the study without potentially biasing the responses. Still, it was necessary to provide a plausible explanation for asking detailed questions about personal experiences. Widom’s solution was to partially deceive the participants by telling them they had been selected to take part in a human development study. This partial deception was complete with printed brochures describing her research on human development. Using the information from the text, explain whether this partial deception was ethical or unethical. Use examples from the text to support your response.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

92. When may possible harm to subjects be justified? a. If the potential benefits of the study outweigh the harm b. If large amounts of harm are approved by the IRB c. If subjects waive their human rights in writing d. If the study is a grave national importance Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research 93. A major tenet of medical research ethics is that experimental participation a. must not be based on race. b. must not be expensive. c. must be voluntary. d. must be compensated.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

94. Whenever a survey is confidential rather than anonymous, it is the researcher’s responsibility to make that fact clear to respondents. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

95. A web-based survey in which no log-in or other identifying information is required is an example of __________. a. deceptive practices b. qualitative interviewing c. anonymity d. confidentiality 96. Which of these ethical principles is found in the Belmont Report? a. Equal pay b. Respect for persons c. Bias d. Virulence 97. The norm of voluntary participation is usually satisfied through a. checking a box. b. e-signature. c. informed consent. d. hiring experts.

98. Which special populations require special protections if they are research subjects? a. Juveniles and incarcerated individuals b. Juveniles and drug addicts c. Alcoholics and schizophrenics d. Probationers and pregnant women

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

99. The Stanford Prison Experiment took place in a condemned maximum-security prison. a. True b. False Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. True 8. False 9. False 10. False 11. b 12. True 13. b 14. b 15. a 16. a 17. True 18. a 19. b 20. True 21. a 22. d 23. a 24. a 25. c Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research 26. c 27. b 28. b 29. c 30. c 31. True 32. b 33. b 34. c 35. c 36. d 37. c 38. c 39. d 40. d 41. b 42. c 43. a 44. d 45. c 46. True 47. c 48. d 49. c 50. b 51. a Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research 52. True 53. b 54. c 55. a 56. c 57. True 58. a 59. d 60. b 61. b 62. b 63. b 64. c 65. b 66. d 67. True 68. a 69. c 70. c 71. a 72. c 73. d 74. c 75. b 76. True Powered by Cognero

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch03 - Ethics and Criminal Justice Research 77. b 78. a 79. b 80. c 81. b 82. b 83. d 84. c 85. N/A 86. N/A 87. N/A 88. N/A 89. N/A 90. a 91. N/A 92. a 93. c 94. True 95. c 96. b 97. c 98. a 99. True

Powered by Cognero

Page 18

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Science is the enterprise dedicated to knowledge. a. True b. False 2. Causation in social science is the focus of exploratory research. a. True b. False 3. Joseph Maxwell identified “how credible and believable it is” as one criterion for assessing an idiographic explanation. a. True b. False 4. Threats to internal validity result from nonrandom, systematic error. a. True b. False 5. Construct validity refers to generalizing from what we observe and measure to the real-world things in which we are interested. a. True b. False 6. Explanatory studies are cross-sectional but have inherent problems. a. True b. False 7. Retrospective studies have the danger of faulty memories or even of subjects lying. a. True b. False 8. Prospective studies are completed quickly as you only have to ask people to project what they would do or how they will act in the future. a. True b. False 9. The idea that two variables must vary together (i.e., must be empirically correlated) is a nomothetic explanation of causality. a. True b. False 10. Social artifacts refers only to paper documents, such as newspapers, court opinions, and police crime reports. a. True b. False 11. Causation in social sciences is inherently probabilistic.

Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

12. Which of the following represents a criterion for causality? a. There is no correlation between the cause and the effect. b. The effect precedes the cause in time. c. The change in the effect is caused by some third variable. d. It is necessary for two variables to be correlated with each other.

13. It is necessary to be charged before one can be convicted. This statement is representative of a. real cause. b. necessary cause. c. sufficient cause. d. probabilistic cause.

14. When we are concerned with whether we are correct in inferring that a cause produced an effect, we are concerned with the a. reliability. b. generalizability. c. validity. d. probability.

15. Our ability to determine whether a change in the cause is statistically associated with a change in the effect is referring to what type of validity? a. Face validity b. Statistical conclusion validity c. Internal validity d. Construct validity 16. One common threat to statistical conclusion validity is a. the manner in which a sample is pulled. b. whether the sample is randomly selected. c. that conclusions may be based on a small number of cases. d. that the research was grant-funded.

17. When two variables are empirically correlated with each other, they must a. occur together. b. occur at different times. c. be on separate time and space continuums. d. occur in succession.

18. A researcher compared the recidivism rates of drug abusers who were given probation with those who were sentenced to prison and discovered that the recidivism rates were highest for those sentenced to prison. What potential error is Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design reflected by this conclusion? a. Internal validity b. Statistical conclusion validity c. Construct validity d. External validity 19. Systematic error would be found in what type of validity problem? a. Internal validity b. Statistical conclusion validity c. External validity d. Construct validity 20. Nonsystematic bias would be found in what type of validity problem? a. Internal validity b. Statistical conclusion validity c. External validity d. Construct validity 21. In research, “causally related” can also be expressed as when a. one variable relies upon the other. b. one variable precedes the other. c. one variable causes the other. d. neither variable is associated with the other.

22. In examining the relationship between drug use and crime discussed in your text, which of the following represents an internal validity threat? a. The amount of variation in drug use and crime participation b. The different patterns among different population groups means that there is no cause-and-effect relationship. c. Both drug use and crime can be attributed to other causes. d. The different types of drugs used by the participants 23. Which of the following is listed in the text as a unit of analysis? a. Charitable contributions b. Political affiliations c. Social sentiments d. Social artifacts 24. Households used by the National Crime Victimization Survey are an example of which unit of analysis? a. Individuals b. Groups c. Social artifacts d. Organizations

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design 25. Civilians in the military is an example of organizations as units of analysis? a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

26. Which of the following would be an example of social artifacts as units of analysis? a. Newspaper advertisement b. Probation officers c. Television news programs d. Spam 27. Which of the following would serve as an example of a cross-sectional study? a. Uniform Crime Reports b. The 2010 U.S. census c. A single wave of the National Crime Victimization Survey d. Both Uniform Crime Reports and a single wave of the National Crime Victimization Survey 28. Which of the following is a type of longitudinal study? a. Cross-sectional study b. Retrospective study c. Trend study d. Synthesis study 29. A major Midwestern university does annual surveys of its alumni. These surveys are designed to gauge the attitudes that alumni hold about the university, its academic programs, and the major team sports. These surveys have been an annual event for the last two decades and represent which type of study? a. Cohort study b. Panel study c. Trend study d. Cross-sectional study 30. Marvin Wolfgang’s study of males born in Philadelphia in 1945 was an attempt to measure delinquency by following those males from their tenth birthdays until they were 18. This is an example of what type of study? a. Cohort study b. Panel study c. Trend study d. Cross-sectional study 31. What type of study attempts to account for errors in drawing a sample by measuring the same people on two or more occasions? a. Cohort study b. Panel study c. Trend study d. Cross-sectional study Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design 32. Despite a record number of cars being stolen in Newark, NJ, in 2000, Newark’s auto theft rate was lower than that of Miami, Denver, and Chicago. What is unit of analysis used in this example? a. Group b. Organization c. Individual d. Social artifacts 33. Which of the following would be an example of a retrospective approach to longitudinal studies? a. Asking how many victims of childhood abuse later abuse their own children b. Asking how many child abuse victims’ parents were also abuse victims c. Asking how many offenders incarcerated in the state of New York have high school degrees d. Asking college students if they obey traffic laws while driving 34. Which of the following would serve as a “snapshot” of a phenomenon at one point in time? a. Panel study b. Cross-sectional study c. Cohort study d. Trend study

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

35. When two variables are correlated but not causally related, we refer to them as having a spurious relationship. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

36. In a general sense, external validity is concerned with whether research findings from one study can be a. exhaustively conclusive. b. reproduced in another study, often under different conditions. c. reproduced in another study, often under the same conditions. d. validated by the National Academy to Advance Scientific Learning.

37. The well-known Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment, discussed in Chapter 1, provides another example of a. construct validity problems. b. internal validity problems. c. statistical validity problems. d. replication validity problems.

38. The effects of violence in children’s television programming is a major research endeavor that requires counting the number of violent acts in Saturday morning cartoons for an entire year. The units of analysis being used for this project are a. social artifacts. b. individuals.

Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design c. groups. d. organizations.

39. After a one-year study of the recidivism rates of boot camps in the state of Georgia, the lowest rates were found in the boot camps located in Macon. What units of analysis were used in this study? a. Social artifacts b. Individuals c. Groups d. Organizations 40. After careful study of the relationship between the economy and arson, the conclusion was drawn that when the economy is poor and unemployment is high, arson rates go up. The researcher concluded that unemployed people are more likely to commit arson than are those that are employed. What error was just committed? a. The ecological fallacy b. Reductionism c. Using the wrong time dimension d. An internal validity threat 41. Which of the following are social artifacts? a. Citizen attitudes about the death penalty b. Police crime reports c. Cities with over 250,000 inhabitants d. Months of the year 42. A survey distributed on a college campus discovered that males support the death penalty in greater numbers than females. The units of analysis in this case would be a. social artifacts. b. groups. c. organizations. d. individuals.

43. A study of the commentary made about the Patriot Act in 50 major newspapers’ editorials found that newspapers in the Northeast gave more attention to the subject than papers in any other part of the country. What is the unit of analysis being used? a. Newspaper editorials b. Patriot Act c. Area of the country d. Newspaper names 44. Which of the following is a characteristic of a cross-sectional study? a. The study is conducted over a long period of time. b. Cross-sectional studies for explanatory or evaluation purposes are flawless. c. The study assesses changes that take place in a specific sample over time. d. It allows a large population to be examined at a specific point in time.

Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design 45. Dr. Stone is interested in comparing attitudes about teenage pregnancy in the United States and in the Netherlands. He selects samples in both countries of ten-year-old males and females and plans to survey a portion of them every other year for the next ten years. Stone is using what technique? a. Cross-sectional study b. Trend study c. Cohort study d. Panel study 46. Which of the following is an example of a panel study? a. National Incident-Based Reporting System b. U.S. census c. National Crime Victimization Survey d. Uniform Crime Reports 47. Which of the following would allow a researcher to measure change in a general population over time? a. Trend study b. Cohort study c. Panel study d. Cross-sectional study 48. Professor Hardy has spent the last decade conducting a study of the effects of early childhood “wellness” programs on subsequent delinquency. Every year, researchers visit participating families and collect a variety of data. Over the course of ten years, many families have moved away and the research staff has been unable to locate them. What problem has Professor Hardy encountered? a. Cross-sectional distortion b. Cohort distortion c. Panel attrition d. Experimental mortality 49. Rather than control possible outside influences, scientific realism examine these influences using a. external validity claims. b. cause-and-effect relationships. c. cohort and trend studies. d. patterns and trends analysis.

50. In criminal justice research, there is a great deal of variation in what or who is studied—which are technically known as a. causal inferences. b. population sampling distributions. c. trend studies. d. units of analysis.

51. Observations of shoplifters in Pueblo, Colorado, characterized as “72 percent men and 28 percent women, with an average age of 15.4 years” constitutes which type of analysis? a. Descriptive analysis Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design b. Variegated analysis c. Trend analysis d. Cohort analysis 52. In the following research conclusion, what units of analysis are being used? “An enormous variation of deviant activities was represented in a sample of 1,485 news items. We categorized these deviant activities into five general types of analysis: violence, economic, political, ideological/cultural, and diversionary.” a. Individuals b. Social artifacts c. Organizations d. Groups 53. In an examination of violent crime among the most populous nations in the world, the United States ranks very high along with England, France, and Australia. The chance of being raped is higher in France than in the United States. What units of analysis are being used? a. Individuals b. Organizations c. Social artifacts d. Groups 54. Which of the following refers to the danger of making assertions about individuals as the unit of analysis based on the examination of groups or other aggregations? a. Individualistic fallacy b. Ecological fallacy c. Reductionism d. Pluralism 55. Which term best describes an overly strict limitation on the kinds of concepts and variables to be considered as causes in explaining the broad range of human behavior represented by crime and criminal justice policy? a. Individualistic fallacy b. Ecological fallacy c. Reductionism d. Pluralism 56. Which of the following is true concerning a cohort study? a. All members of the cohort have something in common. b. Members of a cohort may be all born in a different year. c. Cohort members are studied as individuals as well as by their group affiliation. d. Members of a cohort may be all police officers hired over a long period of time.

57. According to the textbook, because time order is a requirement for causal inferences, the time dimension of research requires a. careful planning. b. controlled environmental design. c. a minimum of two researchers working in tandem.

Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design d. none of these choices are correct.

58. Which type of research study project is designed to permit observations over an extended period of time? a. Cross-sectional studies b. Latitudinal studies c. Longitudinal studies d. Proportional studies 59. Which of the following is a type of validity? a. Internal b. External c. Concept d. Statistical conclusion 60. Which of the following is correct? a. X is a sufficient cause of Y if Y always happens when X is present. b. Y is a necessary cause of X if Y always happens when X does. c. X is a necessary cause of Y only if Y happens before X. d. Y is a sufficient cause of X only if X happens before Y.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

61. A panel study is like a motion picture that looks at the same people over time. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

62. Which of the following is true with respect to validity threats? a. Internal validity leads to problems with generalization. b. Construct validity makes it easy to establish cause and effect. c. Internal validity arises from bias. d. Statistical conclusion validity impacts which groups the findings apply to.

63. It is often said that social science is inherently probabilistic. What is meant by that? a. Social sciences are probably hard to study. b. The best that can be said of findings is that they are more or less likely to occur, but never with certainty. c. Researchers can reduce the probability of findings being wrong to zero. d. If the independent and dependent variables are truly causal, one can be certain of the results.

64. The key elements in planning a research study are causation, unit, and a. causation. b. funding. c. justification. d. consequence.

Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

65. A sufficient cause is a condition that more or less guarantees the effect in question. a. True b. False 66. A reactionary cause is a condition that must be present for the effect to follow. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

67. Research that aims to measure the recidivism rates for youths participating in a new boot camp program after its first year in operation may use this type of study: a. cross-sectional. b. retrospective. c. longitudinal. d. cohort.

68. This study technique is most frequently employed in research such as that done by the National Crime Victimization Survey: a. longitudinal. b. cross-section. c. panel. d. cohort.

69. A panel study can be compared to _____, as it give researchers information about individual rates of offending over time. a. portrait b. video c. snapshot d. caricature 70. When we are concerned with how well an observed relationship between variables represents the underlying causal process of interest, we are concerned with this form of validity: a. statistical conclusion. b. internal. c. external. d. construct.

71. If a researcher is concerned with whether their findings can be generalized to another population or environment, the researcher is expressing concerns about this form of validity: a. statistical conclusion. b. internal. c. external.

Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design d. construct.

72. Following their research, Chaiken and Chaiken argued that any uniform policy to reduce the use of all drugs among all population groups would have this effect on serious crime: a. little. b. major. c. tremendous. d. zero.

73. In order to avoid mistaken inferences, researchers must be careful to specify the people or phenomena being studied, known as a. scientific realism. b. the units of analysis. c. the ecological fallacy. d. the statistical conclusion validity.

74. Criminal justice research has difficulty with regard to causality because researchers encounter very few perfect measures of a. continuity. b. validity. c. correlation. d. validation.

75. If a researcher restricts the kinds of concepts and variables to be considered as causes in criminal justice research, they are committing the error of a. reductionism. b. ecological fallacy. c. sentimentalism. d. social bias.

76. A single U.S. census is a study aimed at describing the U.S. population for this period: a. over a century. b. over two decades. c. in the future. d. at one given time.

77. What is the inherent danger of retrospective research? a. People tell falsehoods. b. People have faulty memories. c. People exaggerate. d. People confuse reality with something they saw on television.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

78. Exploratory and descriptive studies frequently are longitudinal in nature as they allow data to be gathered at one point Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design in time. a. True b. False

79. Identify four threats to validity discussed in your text. Give an example of each.

80. Provide an example of the way in which the ecological fallacy is the result of errors with units of analysis. Explain in detail.

81. Give a hypothetical situation that would lend itself to a cross-sectional study. What would be the research purpose in your hypothetical situation? Why would your example not lend itself to a longitudinal approach?

82. Explain the difference between a necessary and a sufficient cause. Give an example of each from the criminal justice literature.

83. Describe the three criteria for causality. Give an example of each using the same hypothesis.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

84. Another word for an exploratory research study is a(n) a. cross-sectional research study. b. longitudinal research study. c. correlational study. d. double-blind study.

85. Key elements in planning a research study include a. units of analysis. b. time dimension. c. causation. d. all of these choices are correct.

86. Of the following, which time-dimension design is the most likely to be used for descriptive purposes? a. Cross-sectional b. Trend c. Panel d. Cohort 87. Basing conclusions on the statistical relationship between two variables in a study with a less-than-ideal number of cases may compromise a. external validity. b. internal validity. c. construct validity. d. statistical conclusion validity.

88. Valerie was interested in studying neighborhood anticrime organizations. She observed the activities of a Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design neighborhood anticrime organization from the time of its inception until the time of its demise. Valerie’s study was a. retrospective. b. cross-sectional. c. cohort. d. longitudinal.

89. In his research, Gil examined whether people living in high-crime neighborhoods are more likely to have guns at home for protection than those living in low-crime areas. His unit of analysis was a. organizations. b. social artifacts. c. individuals. d. groups.

90. Ruth wanted to study the educational histories of inmates in prison. She interviewed incarcerated individuals on their involvement in school and academic performance. Ruth was conducting which type of research? a. Longitudinal b. Panel c. Retrospective d. Cohort 91. A condition that must be present for the effect to follow is a. a necessary cause. b. a sufficient cause. c. a primary cause. d. a secondary cause.

92. A condition that more or less guarantees the effect in question is a. a motivational cause. b. an encouraging cause. c. a sufficient cause. d. a necessary cause.

93. Our ability to determine whether a change in the suspected cause is statistically associated with change in the suspected effect is a. statistical conclusion validity. b. internal validity. c. external validity. d. cross-cultural validity.

94. The four types of validity threats can be grouped into two categories: bias and a. uniquity. b. generalization. c. variation. d. calculation.

Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design 95. What term describes the concern with whether research findings from one study can be reproduced in another study? a. External validity b. Construct validity c. Internal validity d. Statistical conclusion validity 96. According to the study conducted by Chaiken and Chaiken (1982), 12 percent of adult prison inmate subjects committed crimes after using drugs for at least two years. This is an example of a. empirical relationship. b. retrospective order. c. relationship between drug use and crime. d. causal relationship.

97. Which term refers to generalizing from what we observe and measure to the real-world things in which we are interested? a. Construct validity b. Internal validity c. External validity d. Statistical validity 98. What examples are considered social artifacts suitable for criminal justice research? a. Individuals b. Old paintings c. Social interactions d. Indigenous peoples 99. What term describes the process of reconciling general patterns of attitudes and actions with known individual exceptions? a. The individualistic fallacy b. The egotistical fallacy c. Reductionism d. Conservatism 100. What term describes methods that are designed to permit observations over an extended period? a. Residential studies b. Latitudinal studies c. Longitudinal studies d. Horizontal studies

Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design Answer Key 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. True 12. d 13. b 14. c 15. b 16. c 17. a 18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c 22. c 23. d 24. b 25. False Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design 26. c 27. d 28. c 29. c 30. a 31. b 32. a 33. b 34. b 35. True 36. b 37. a 38. a 39. d 40. a 41. b 42. d 43. a 44. d 45. d 46. c 47. a 48. c 49. b 50. d 51. a Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design 52. b 53. d 54. b 55. c 56. a 57. a 58. c 59. c 60. a 61. True 62. d 63. b 64. a 65. True 66. False 67. d 68. c 69. b 70. d 71. c 72. a 73. b 74. c 75. a 76. d Powered by Cognero

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch04 - General Issues in Research Design 77. b 78. False 79. N/A 80. N/A 81. N/A 82. N/A 83. N/A 84. a 85. d 86. a 87. d 88. d 89. c 90. c 91. a 92. c 93. a 94. b 95. a 96. c 97. a 98. c 99. a 100. c

Powered by Cognero

Page 18

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Conceptualization is the process by which we specify precisely what we mean when we use particular terms. a. True b. False 2. Recidivism represents a collection of unrelated phenomena either observed or heard about. a. True b. False 3. Every variable should have two important qualities: their attributes should be exhaustive as well as mutually exclusive. a. True b. False 4. Ordinal measures are variables whose attributes may be logically rank ordered. a. True b. False 5. “Recidivism” is a term to represent a collection of unrelated phenomena that we have either observed or heard about somewhere. a. True b. False 6. “Reliability” is measuring what you think you are measuring. a. True b. False 7. Reliability is threatened every time there is a single observer as the source of data. a. True b. False 8. Mental images of serious crime never vary among individuals regardless of their backgrounds and experiences. a. True b. False 9. One good indicator of crime seriousness is harm to the crime victim. a. True b. False 10. A lower-level measure can be converted to a higher-level one. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. Sometimes it is necessary to make the same measurement more than once, which is known as the Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement a. test–retest method. b. interrater reliability. c. split–half method. d. face validity.

12. It is always a good idea to make more than one measurement of any subtle or complex social concept, such as prejudice or fear of crime, which is known as the a. test–retest method. b. interrater reliability. c. split–half method. d. face validity.

13. An empirical measure that adequately reflects the meaning of the concept under consideration is known as a. reliability. b. validity. c. accuracy. d. face validity.

14. Particular empirical measures that may or may not agree with common understandings of our individual mental images about a specific concept are known as a. reliability. b. validity. c. accuracy. d. face validity.

15. Content validity refers to a. a comparison of measures to some external criterion. b. an empirical measure that may or may not agree with our common understanding of a particular concept. c. the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within the concepts. d. the basis of logical relationships among variables.

16. Criterion-related validity refers to a. a comparison of measures to some external criterion. b. an empirical measure that may or may not agree with our common understanding of a particular concept. c. the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within the concepts. d. the basis of logical relationships among variables.

17. According to Abraham Kaplan’s (1964) discussion, which of the following is included in the three classes of things that a researcher measures? a. Direct observables b. Passive observables c. Non-constructs d. Discrete observables 18. Age of an offender is an example of which level of measurement?

Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement a. Interval b. Nominal c. Ratio d. Ordinal 19. A researcher concerned with whether a particular measurement technique will, after repeated measures, yield the same results is concerned with a. accuracy. b. reliability. c. precise measurement. d. validity.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

20. Ratio measures are the highest level, followed by interval, ordinal, and nominal. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

21. Although a person’s observations and experiences are real, their concepts are a. mental creations. b. subliminal. c. discrete. d. reliable.

22. The specification of conceptual definitions serves as a specific working definition and also a. focuses our observational strategy. b. focuses our research on the task at hand. c. focuses the readers on the core issue. d. focuses on fixing the problem.

23. Professor Smith is studying attitudes toward gun control and plans to assess support for firearms registration by determining whether or not her research subjects say they would travel to countries where the possession of unlicensed guns is legal. Her critics argue that this measure lacks a. face validity. b. construct validity. c. convergent validity. d. criterion-related validity.

24. The process of developing operational definitions is known as a. conceptualization. b. proprietary means. c. reification. d. operationalization.

Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement 25. Which of the following is representative of the dimension “victim harm”? a. Economic gain b. Gender of victim c. Physical injury d. Location of injury 26. The number of counts on an indictment is what level of measurement? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio 27. The production report generated at the city police department contains the number of arrests made by each officer on a monthly basis. What level of measurement would “number of arrests” be? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio 28. Measures of jail capacity were operationalized as to whether or not there were more inmates housed at the end of the year than the original building design called for. This would be an example of what level of measurement? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio 29. Variables whose attributes may be logically rank ordered are a. nominal measures. b. ordinal measures. c. interval measures. d. ratio measures.

30. The penalties that are assigned to different crimes by law are best characterized as a dimension of a. public opinion. b. crime seriousness. c. retribution. d. cultural tastes.

31. The words or symbols in language used to illustrate subjective thoughts or mental images about things we may encounter in daily life are known as a. operations. b. concepts. c. observations. d. measurements.

Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement 32. Operationalization involves a. describing how actual measurements will be made. b. adding up the sum of the parts to determine the whole. c. removing negative correlations from variables. d. making the necessary measurements.

33. A specifiable aspect of a given concept is referred to as a a. dimension. b. concept. c. construct. d. direct observable.

34. Which of the following sequences illustrates the progression of measurement steps? a. Conceptual definition, conceptualization, operational definition, and measurement in the real world b. Operational definition, conceptualization, conceptual definition, and measurement in the real world c. Operational definition, conceptual definition, conceptualization, and measurement in the real world d. Conceptualization, conceptual definition, operational definition, and measurement in the real world 35. The assignment of grades by a professor to major research papers is an example of a. measurement. b. operationalization. c. conceptualization. d. validity.

36. Researchers must be able to classify every observation in terms of one and only one attribute. Which of the following terms best describes this concept? a. Reliability b. Validity c. Mutual exclusiveness d. Exhaustiveness 37. Logical sets of attributes are known as a. values. b. variables. c. concepts. d. operational definitions.

38. The primary difference between the interval and the ratio level of variables is that a. interval is rarely used. b. with ratio there is an absolute meaning of zero. c. with interval there is an absolute meaning of zero. d. none of these choices are correct.

39. What two qualities should every variable possess?

Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement a. Meaning and value b. Exhaustive and thorough c. Exhaustive and mutually exclusive d. Operational definition and meaning 40. The test–retest method is used to examine a. reliability. b. validity. c. generalizability. d. precision.

41. Validity that is related to the logical relationships between variables is known as a. criterion-related validity. b. face validity. c. convergent validity. d. construct validity 42. When the actual distance that separates the attributes composing some variables does have meaning, the variables are described as a. interval. b. nominal. c. ordinal. d. none of these choices are correct.

43. Sometimes interviewers ask questions that are so complicated that a person who has a clear opinion on the matter might interpret the question differently when asked a second time. These questions suffer from this measurement quality issue: a. reliability. b. validity. c. content. d. construct.

44. Professor Jenkins is interested in attitudes toward the trying of juveniles as adults and plans to assess support for this hypothesis by asking whether or not subjects say they would travel to countries that allow juveniles to stand trial as an adult. Critics would say this measure lacks a. face validity. b. criterion-related validity. c. content validity. d. construct validity.

45. According to the text, precision should never be confused with this: a. reliability. b. accuracy. c. quality. d. simplicity.

Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement 46. A person’s height as a measure of a person’s IQ would be seen as having what problem? a. Precision b. Reliability c. Accuracy d. Validity 47. Many criminal justice measures are imprecise, so reporting approximate values is a. often necessary. b. often preferable. c. undesirable. d. unacceptable.

48. Numerous studies have shown that measures of crime based on police records often suffer from a. reliability problems. b. validity problems. c. accounting problems. d. typology problems.

49. Validating an individual measure to compare it with alternative measures of the same concept is known as a. content validity. b. multiple measures. c. construct validity. d. criterion-related validity.

50. Which of the following would be a reason to use composite measures? a. When the researcher needs to develop single indicators of complex concepts b. When the researcher may desire to use a rather broad ordinal measure of a variable, arranging cases in several ordinal categories’ variables c. When indexes and scales are insufficient devices for data analysis d. When a single data item might not have enough categories to provide the desired range of variation, however, an index or scale formed from several items would 51. What type of variable allows you to arrange attributes from greater than to less than but does not allow you to tell how much greater or how much less than one attribute is from another? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio 52. In addressing the confusion over concepts and realities in criminal justice research, regarding definitions, Carl G. Hempel cautioned a. conceptual definition directly produces observations. b. real definitions are objective and therefore can be managed. c. a real or “essential” nature definition is inherently subjective.

Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement d. observations will determine real definitions.

53. Those things that we can observe simply are called a. individual values. b. indirect observables. c. direct observables. d. obvious observables.

54. A definition that spells out exactly how we plan to measure a variable is known as a(n) a. operational definition. b. measurement. c. concept. d. conceptualization.

55. What is the main distinction between measurement and operationalization? a. Measurement involves actually making observations and assigning scores to those observations. b. Operationalization involves actually making observations and assigning scores to those observations. c. The operationalization process starts much earlier, usually with conceptualization. d. There is no difference between the terms.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

56. The study of food-buying habits where researchers were interested in learning whether people who drank wine ate healthier foods than people who drank beer is a good example of face validity. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

57. When a supervisor for a survey contacts a subset of the respondents to verify certain information, it is an example of a. lack of generalizability. b. interrater reliability. c. split–half method. d. construct validity.

58. In general, whenever researchers are concerned that measures obtained through coding may not be classified reliably, they should a. have each measure independently coded by different people. b. not obtain measures through coding. c. perform a split–half method test. d. perform an interrater reliability test.

59. A questionnaire contained the item “social class,” with responses for lower class, lower middle class, middle class, upper middle class, and upper class. The researcher asks respondents to check the one that describes them. The researcher is using this question to measure Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement a. direct observables. b. indirect observables. c. constructs. d. nominal variables.

60. Which of the following best represents the abstract concept “reliability”? a. A measure adequately reflects the meaning of the concept. b. A measure does not adequately reflect the underlying concept. c. The measure is stable. d. The measure is unstable.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

61. Use of different interviewers during the course of a research project represents problems for reliability. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

62. If we consider the theft of $20 from a poor person to be more serious than the theft of $2,000 from a wealthy CEO of an oil company, victim wealth, in this case, could be considered a(n) a. influencing attribute. b. mitigating circumstance. c. dimension. d. indicator.

63. Which of the following statements is correct? a. A measure is valid if it truly measures the underlying concept. b. A measure is reliable if it is observable over time. c. A measure is reliable if it is variable. d. Both validity and reliability are unimportant measures.

64. The design and execution of criminal justice research requires eliminating the confusion over concepts and reality. To accomplish this, scientists have found it useful to distinguish three kinds of definitions: real, conceptual, and a. apparent. b. operational. c. congruent. d. altruistic.

65. If a researcher is concerned with combining variables to result in a different composite measure, the researcher is using what technique? a. Typology b. Validity c. Operationalization d. Reliability Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement 66. A researcher has measured fear of crime by asking subjects to rate from 1 to 10 their fear of crime. Which is the highest level of measurement that is illustrated by this example? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio 67. With respect to levels of measurement, which of the following is correct? a. A variable measured at the ratio level cannot be measured at the ordinal level. b. A variable measured at the interval level cannot be measured at the nominal level. c. A variable measured at the ordinal level can also be measured at the interval level. d. A variable measured at the ordinal level can also be measured at the nominal level.

68. Which of the following is an attribute of the variable “employment status”? a. Unemployed b. Minimum wage c. Number of employees d. All of these choices are correct.

69. In research, the process of regarding something as real (such as crime seriousness) when it is not, is called a. reification. b. validity. c. typology. d. reliability.

70. Researchers try to describe the measurement process explicitly because measurement is difficult and a. resolute. b. precise. c. estimated. d. imprecise.

71. Words are symbols in language that we use to represent mental images. These are known as a. constructs. b. concepts. c. reliability. d. validities.

72. What term describes the process by which we specify precisely what we mean when we use a particular term? a. Operationalism b. Actualization c. Conceptualization d. Organization Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

73. Specifying the different dimension of a concept often paves the way for a more sophisticated understanding of what we are studying. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

74. The process of regarding as real things that are not is called a. reification. b. disorganization. c. inception. d. hypnotization.

75. The word “crime” represents our conception about certain kinds of a. deviance. b. callousness. c. behavior. d. malice.

76. In order to “score” city murder rates, you would a. count the number of murder victims in each neighborhood and divide by the number of neighborhoods in the city. b. count the number of murder victims and divide by the number of city residents. c. count the number of city residents and multiply by the number of murder victims. d. count the number of city residents, subtract the number of murder victims, and divide by 100.

77. Variables whose attributes have only the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutual exclusiveness are what type of measures? a. Ordinal b. Ratio c. Nominal d. Interval

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

78. Reliability is a matter of whether a particular measurement technique, applied repeatedly to the same object, will yield the same result each time. a. True b. False 79. Reliability does not ensure accuracy any more than precision ensures it. a. True b. False Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

80. This validity method lays the groundwork for a check on reliability in regard to making multiple measures of the same complex concept. a. Face validity b. Split–half validity c. Content validity d. Construct validity 81. This validity method refers to particular empirical measures that may or may not accurately reflect the common agreements on concepts. a. Face validity b. Split–half validity c. Content validity d. Construct validity

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

82. Content validity refers to the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within the concept. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

83. This is produced by the intersection of two or more variables to create a set of categories or types. a. Methodologies b. Validities c. Typologies d. Delinquencies 84. Typology is sometimes called a. taxonomy. b. syllabi. c. cytology. d. morphology.

85. Identify the four levels of measurement and give examples of each.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

86. Most of the social scientific variables that meet the minimum requirements for interval measures also meet the requirements for a. nominal measures. b. interval measures.

Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement c. ratio measures. d. ordinal measures.

87. Discuss the threat to validity. Cover the following threats: face, content, criterion-related, and construct.

88. Discuss the measures used to insure reliability: test–retest method, interrater, and split–half method.

89. Use an example from criminal justice and create an index.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

90. Betsie developed a definition of school bullying in such a way that this concept represented what researchers in the field have come to agree upon as the concept’s meaning. Betsie developed a(n) a. conceptualization process. b. operational definition. c. real definition. d. nominal definition.

91. What are the words or symbols in language that we use to represent mental images? a. Concepts b. Conceptions c. Intuitions d. Intentions 92. The mental process of making fuzzy and imprecise notions, such as concepts, more specific and precise is a. reification. b. instrumentalization. c. conceptualization. d. operationalization.

93. Logicians and scientists have found it useful to distinguish three kinds of definitions: a. real, conceptual, and operational. b. solitary, bilateral, and harmonized. c. primary, secondary, and tertiary. d. broad, narrow, and targeted.

94. Which is the vaguest sense of a term? a. Measurements in the real world b. Operational definition c. Conceptualization d. Conceptual definition 95. Which is the most specific in terms of scientific study? a. Measurements in the real world Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement b. Operational definition c. Conceptualization d. Conceptual definition 96. This type of measure merely offers names or labels for characteristics. a. Interval measures b. Ordinal measures c. Nominal measures d. Ratio measures 97. Attributes composing a variable should be a. exhaustive and mutually exclusive. b. isolated and independent. c. inclusive and multilevel. d. complete and indexed.

98. When the actual distance that separates the attributes composing variables has meaning, the variables are a. interval measures. b. ratio measures. c. ordinal measures. d. nominal measures.

Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. False 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. a 12. c 13. b 14. d 15. c 16. a 17. a 18. c 19. b 20. True 21. a 22. a 23. a 24. d 25. c Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement 26. c 27. d 28. a 29. b 30. b 31. b 32. a 33. a 34. d 35. a 36. c 37. b 38. b 39. c 40. a 41. d 42. a 43. a 44. a 45. b 46. d 47. a 48. a 49. b 50. d 51. b Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement 52. c 53. c 54. a 55. a 56. False 57. b 58. a 59. b 60. c 61. True 62. c 63. a 64. b 65. a 66. b 67. d 68. a 69. a 70. d 71. b 72. c 73. True 74. a 75. c 76. b Powered by Cognero

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch05 - Concepts, Operationalization, and Measurement 77. c 78. True 79. True 80. b 81. a 82. True 83. c 84. a 85. N/A 86. c 87. N/A 88. N/A 89. N/A 90. d 91. a 92. c 93. a 94. c 95. a 96. c 97. a 98. a

Powered by Cognero

Page 18

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Researchers must decide on offenses, units, and purposes before specifying measures of crime. a. True b. False 2. Crimes must at a minimum have an offender, because without an offender there is no crime. a. True b. False 3. A single incident cannot include multiple offenses but may have one offense and multiple offenders. a. True b. False 4. Many minor personal crimes are considered by victims to be private matters that they settle themselves without involving the police. a. True b. False 5. The UCR accounts for all types of crime, even those crimes that are not observed. a. True b. False 6. NIBRS reports each crime incident rather than the total number of certain crimes. a. True b. False 7. One important step in selecting a measure of crime is deciding what crimes will be included. a. True b. False 8. Methods of reporting crime are never updated and have been continually used since their inception. a. True b. False 9. Delinquency, victimless crimes, and crimes rarely observed may be measured by self-report studies. a. True b. False 10. The NIBRS has a relatively low level of sophistication and cost. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. Which of the following is a fundamental variable in criminal justice and criminology?

Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime a. Timeliness b. Applicability c. Crime d. Arrest rates 12. The broad questions that influence all measures of crime include all of the following, except a. what offenses should be measured. b. what units of analysis should be used. c. why offenders commit crimes. d. what the research or policy purpose is in measuring crime.

13. Which of the following is a general purpose of measuring crime? a. Sentencing b. Agency accountability c. Deterrence d. Elections 14. With regard to measures of crime, the specific entities that researchers collect information about are known as a. policies. b. procedures. c. criminal codes. d. units of analysis.

15. Which of the following is a data series that has been collected since 1930? a. USPS b. DAWN c. UCR d. NICVS 16. UCR crime data are reported broken down into how many parts? a. One whole report b. Two parts c. Four different sections d. Three parts 17. Part II offenses of the UCR are counted when a. the crime is reported to police. b. crimes result in an arrest and a criminal charge. c. the crime is observed by police. d. crimes lead to prosecution in the form of a trial.

18. In an incident containing multiple crimes, the most serious one is counted in the UCR. This practice is known as the a. hierarchy rule. b. multiple offense rule.

Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime c. seriousness clause. d. selection method.

19. If a burglar breaks into a house, rapes one of the occupants, and flees in the owners’ car, which one of the crimes will be counted in congruence with the hierarchy rule? a. Vehicle theft b. Breaking and entering c. Rape d. Robbery 20. Different measures of crime tend to focus on different types of crime primarily because a. not all crimes can be measured the same way with any degree of reliability or validity. b. not all crimes can be measured. c. not all definitions of crime are suitable to measurement. d. not all crimes have legal consequences.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

21. It is fair to say that the UCR is an exhaustive measure. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

22. Which of the following is referred to as a summary-based measure of crime? a. UCR b. NCVS c. NIBRS d. ADAM

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

23. Victims of assault is considered as a crime measurement “units of analysis.” a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

24. The main difference between the UCR and NIBRS is a. the name of the crime report. b. reporting each crime incident rather than reporting the total number of certain crimes for each law enforcement agency. c. the method of gathering data d. nothing; they are the same report.

Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime 25. Which term best describes “an individual act of burglary, auto theft, or bank robbery?” a. Victim b. Offense c. Crime d. Incident

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

26. Unlike the UCR, NIBRS does not implement the hierarchy rule. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

27. Which term best describes “one or more offenses committed by the same offender, or group of offenders acting in concert, at the same time and place"? a. Victim b. Offense c. Crime d. Incident 28. When crimes are selectively reported to police and selectively recorded by police, this falls under which method of reporting crime? a. UCR. b. Incident-based reports. c. NCVS. d. NIBRS.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

29. In Self-report survey, people will be asked whether or not they have been the victim of a crime. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

30. The most widely known victim survey is the a. NIBRS b. UCR c. NCVS d. DAWN 31. The NVCS is based on a nationally representative sample of a. Arrests b. Offenders Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime c. Households d. Types of crime

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

32. Crimes committed upon those 12 and over in a household are accounted for by the NCVS. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

33. Backward telescoping refers to a. when respondents may not accurately recall when an incident occurred. b. when only certain victims are interviewed. c. when only certain crimes are reported. d. other memory biases in reporting.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

34. People that have been victims repeatedly in a six-month period may not recall each one is a weakness of the NCVS. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

35. What replaced the FBI summary-based measurement system on January 1, 2021? a. the improved summary-based reporting system b. the incident-based reporting system c. NIBRS d. ADAM II 36. In the field of public health, “monitoring” (in order to measure crime) is referred to as a(n) a. index system. b. surveillance system. c. classification system. d. data system.

37. What is a major issue with the NCVS, concerning the age limit for interviews? a. 18 b. 12 c. 10 d. 5 38. The most effective method of accounting for certain crimes such as delinquency and victimless crimes is a. anonymous surveys.

Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime b. self-report surveys. c. observation surveys. d. uniform crime reports.

39. Which of the following surveys has been conducted since 1971, surveys households, and is designed to monitor nationwide patterns? a. UCR b. NIBRS c. NSDUH d. NCVS

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

40. Drug sales are detected exclusively by police observation. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

41. The core sample of Monitoring the Future are a. households. b. high school seniors. c. college students. d. jail inmates.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

42. Police measurement of crime is imperfect because police do not always record crimes that become known to them. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

43. A victim’s insistence that the police not arrest a suspect results in no documentation of the incident (i.e., the police officer does not file a report on the incident). This circumstance supports the idea a. that crime is subjective. b. that discretion in police work is inappropriate. c. that police measures of crime are problematic. d. that victims always want arrests to be made.

44. With regard to the UCR, one of the reasons that Part II offenses are counted only if an arrest is made is a. that individual states have different definitions of crimes. b. that crimes are only relevant to researchers if an arrest is made. c. that the arrest serves to validate the criminal activity. d. that reporting of Part II offenses is inconsistent.

Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

45. With regard to the UCR, Part I offenses are counted only when the offenses are reported to police but are not recorded by police. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

46. In 2023, Janet Lauritsen highlighted five areas of NIBRS in need of better coverage: acts related to (1) controlled substances, (2) fraud, deception, and corruption, (3) public order and authority, (4) weapons and national security, and (5) a. sexual assault. b. the economy. c. climate change. d. the environment, including animal cruelty.

47. One of the primary reasons for conducting crime surveys is to illuminate unreported crimes; this concept is called a. the dark figure of unreported crime. b. crime measure falsification. c. false-positive reporting. d. shadow reporting.

48. What is one of the chief advantages of measuring crime through victim surveys? a. Cheaper cost to collect data b. Assists with obtaining counts of incidents not reported to police c. More honest and detailed incident reporting d. Police reports tend to use legal jargon that is hard for evaluators to understand.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

49. The Drug Abuse Warning Network gathers data from local medical strores. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

50. Drug episodes are defined as a. excessive use of drugs during a certain time frame. b. withdrawal from a certain drug that lasts for an extended period. c. visits to a hospital emergency room that are produced by or directly related to the use of illegal drugs or nonmedical use of drugs. d. lengthy periods of drug use exceeding one year.

51. The unusual unit of analysis for DAWN is that a. it is directly related to the use of drugs by multiple persons at the same event.

Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime b. one individual can account for multiple drug episodes. c. it is directly reported to the survey by the offender. d. it is indirectly related by the victim.

52. Monitoring the Future is a survey that targets a specific population, namely a. high school teachers. b. high school seniors. c. parents of high school seniors. d. high school counselors.

53. The main purpose of ADAM programs was to provide an ongoing assessment of the prevalence of drug use among a. high school seniors. b. persons enrolled in drug addiction rehabilitation. c. persons arrested for criminal offenses. d. persons under the age of 18.

54. One of the most interesting aspects of the ADAM programs was that it combined urinalysis and a. self-report measures of drug use. b. brain scan images. c. conviction rates. d. confessions.

55. Surveys are especially useful for learning about which of the following? a. Crimes reported to police b. Crimes not reported to police c. Crimes resulting in conviction d. Crimes with multiple offenders 56. Measures of crime are said to be selective. In what way were the ADAM programs selective as a measure of drug use? a. hey targeted all age groups for assessment. b. They included only arrested persons. c. They excluded offenses related to property crimes. d. They focused only on violent crimes.

57. With regard to limitations of a crime measure, self-report studies can tell us something about shoplifters, but it would be difficult to use this method to measure a. total shoplifting incidents. b. total theft incidents. c. effectiveness of probation for shoplifters. d. the frequency of shoplifting incidents in specific locations.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

58. Katz, Webb, and Decker (2005) used interview data to examine the links between gang membership and drug use, finding that gang members used drugs more extensively than did other arrestees.

Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

59. If a researcher wanted to determine the amount of cocaine use in an inner-city area of Chicago, which type of study would they most likely use? a. Police data b. In-person interviews c. Self-report survey d. Victimization survey 60. Every local and state enforcement agency a. shares records among themselves. b. maintains its own records. c. transfers all information and data to the internet. d. destroys all information not pertinent to crime studies.

61. When compared with UCR, which measure has the chance to provide greater detail to a broader range of offenses? a. NCVS b. Monitoring the Future c. NIBRS d. DAWN

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

62. NIBRS technique is best for measuring crimes that do not have easily identifiable victims. a. True b. False 63. When crimes happen at home and/or against persons, the best measure to use if the crimes are not reported to police is NCVS. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

64. According to your text, what do police cite as a main problem in the enforcement of drug laws? a. The laws are too complicated. b. Drug use/sales are normally not witnessed by the police. c. Drug users/sellers will not tell on one another. d. Police lack training in drug law enforcement.

65. Most of us have committed traffic offenses and have not been caught. This statement reinforces the fact that a. crime is not measurable.

Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime b. crimes known to the police are not a good measure for some offenses. c. most traffic offenses are not crimes. d. many offenses go unreported or undetected.

66. The most widely used measures of crime are based on police records and are commonly referred to as a. crimes known to police. b. victimless crimes. c. unreportable crimes. d. crimes exclusively measured by self-reports.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

67. Data lacks documentation is considered as a drawback to the accuracy of NCVS data. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

68. Data that are based upon households have which of the following as potential problems? a. They are inherently inaccurate. b. Law enforcement cannot use them. c. They are difficult to generalize to other populations. d. They are not that different from official measures like NIBRS. 69. Which of the following is used to gather data for the National Survey on Drug Use and Health? a. Households b. Schools c. Doctors d. Prisons 70. One purpose for measuring crime is to a. anticipate correctional facility populations. b. predict future crime trends. c. monitor potential threats to public safety and security. d. estimate the economic costs associated with crime.

71. What is important for many criminal justice research purposes? a. Measures b. Studies c. Reporting d. Surveys 72. The four elements of a crime for reporting purposes are offender, victim, incident, and a. crime. b. offense.

Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime c. sentencing. d. drug use.

73. What is required at a minimum for a crime to be considered a crime? a. victim b. police officer c. witness d. offender 74. The victim of crimes such as prostitution, drug use, and bookmaking is a. the taxpayer. b. society. c. the courts. d. the individual.

75. Two methods that police come to know about crimes are reports by others and a. calls to 9-1-1. b. hospital admissions. c. observations. d. informants.

76. UCR crime data are compiled by the a. Bureau of Statistics. b. National Institute of Justice. c. Secretary of State. d. Federal Bureau of Investigations.

77. This reporting system is an effort to convert the UCR to a more comprehensive crime report. a. NCIS b. NIBIS c. NIBRS d. NCVS 78. Both of these reporting systems are voluntary; no agency is required to submit crime reports to the FBI in any form. a. NCVS and UCR b. UCR and NIBRS c. NIBRS and NCVS d. NICS and NSDUH 79. What type of approaches have researchers and policymakers been searching for due to the challenge of developing reliable and valid measures for offenses such as drug use? a. substantive b. qualitative c. alternative Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime d. mandatory 80. Part 1 of the START definitions of a terrorist incident must include a. global news coverage. b. an intentional act. c. international condemnation. d. social media attention.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

81. There are no nationwide efforts to systematically collect self-report measures to all types of crimes. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

82. Part 2 of the START definition of a terrorist incident must also include one of the following. a. The act must be aimed at attaining a political, economic, religious, or social goal. b. The act must gain widespread attention on social media. c. The act must be within legitimate warfare activities. d. The act must be committed by government-sponsored organizations.

83. Unlike many types of crimes, terrorist attacks depend crucially on this: a. anonymity. b. social media influencers. c. widespread publicity. d. witnesses.

84. This was created to systematically collect and code open-source reports of terrorist incidents: a. the Open-Source Database on Terrorism. b. the Global Terrorism Database. c. the National Council of Terrorist Activities. d. the International Integrated Open-Source Database.

85. North Korea would be an exception to the Global Terrorism Database because a. there are no acts of terrorism in North Korea. b. North Korea has no restrictions on freedom of speech. c. North Korea is a hermit country with complete control on national media. d. North Korea does not sponsor terrorism.

86. Compare and contrast UCR and NCVS with respect to the type of crime data they collect and how they collect it.

Identify the strengths and weaknesses of each.

87. Identify the major efforts to gather information about drug abuse in the United States. How do these measures Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime compare with one another? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?

88. Discuss the validity and reliability of self-report measures.

89. Discuss the improvements that have been made to UCR through the NIBRS and the redesigned NCVS. Predict whether these changes will make a major difference in our understanding of crime in America.

90. Discuss what your text refers to as “measuring crime for specific purposes.” Compare these with the traditional methods.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

91. Aggregated crime counts such as those submitted to the UCR from law enforcement agencies are a(n) a. summary-based measure. b. community policing measure. c. incident-based measure. d. security measure.

92. Police reports based on individual crime incidents are a. inadmissible evidence. b. persuasive accounts. c. incident-based measures. d. fully operationalized.

93. As of 2023, the Bureau of Justice Statistics is working on redesigning the NCVS crime-screening questions to include gathering more information by asking community members non-crime questions about a. police performance and community safety. b. youth-oriented sporting opportunities. c. police use of force. d. the distribution of tax funds to police departments.

94. Because the NCVS excludes many types of crime by design, you should recognize potential a. interpretation problems. b. reliability problems. c. validity problems. d. categorization problems.

95. One of the primary reasons for conducting crime surveys was to illuminate what came to be referred to as a. the dark figure of unreported crime. b. the “no snitch” culture. c. mass witness intimidation. d. the specter of criminality.

96. The NCVS potentially underestimates incidents in which a. the victim and offender are strangers. b. the victim and offender are out of the country.

Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime c. the victim and offender know each other. d. the victim and offender are far apart in age.

97. Forward telescoping refers to a. people may respond to questions by mentioning crimes that occurred more than six months prior. b. people may inaccurately recall recent crimes as occurring in the more distant past. c. people may recall things that happened years before, but believe they occurred within the past six months. d. people may respond to questions only related to recent crimes.

98. This was a source of measurement error for the NSDUH between 2020 and 2022: a. the economy. b. an increase in the high school dropout rate. c. COVID-19. d. the lack of survey takers.

99. Which incident-based measures have great potential for criminal justice research, especially since the coverage of: a. NIBRS b. NCVS c. SHR d. BJS 100. As of 2023, the Bureau of Justice Statistics staff are developing new core questions for the NCVS to gather more information on victimization and a. reporting. b. violence. c. help-seeking. d. hospitalization.

Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime Answer Key 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. d 15. c 16. b 17. b 18. a 19. c 20. a 21. False 22. a 23. True 24. b 25. b Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime 26. True 27. d 28. d 29. False 30. c 31. c 32. True 33. a 34. True 35. b 36. b 37. b 38. b 39. c 40. True 41. b 42. True 43. c 44. a 45. False 46. d 47. a 48. b 49. False 50. c 51. b Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime 52. b 53. c 54. a 55. b 56. b 57. a 58. True 59. c 60. b 61. c 62. False 63. True 64. b 65. d 66. a 67. True 68. c 69. a 70. c 71. a 72. b 73. d 74. b 75. c 76. d Powered by Cognero

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch06 - Measuring Crime 77. c 78. b 79. c 80. b 81. True 82. a 83. c 84. b 85. c 86. N/A 87. N/A 88. N/A 89. N/A 90. N/A 91. a 92. c 93. a 94. c 95. a 96. c 97. a 98. c 99. a 100. c

Powered by Cognero

Page 18

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Experimentation is an approach to research best suited for exploration. a. True b. False 2. The defining feature of an experiment lies in the control of the independent variable by the experimenter. a. True b. False 3. The independent variable in a classical experiment must be a ratio-level variable. a. True b. False 4. In the classical experiment, subjects are measured on the independent variable before the experiment begins and again after the dependent variable has been manipulated by the researcher. a. True b. False 5. The main reason that experiments in criminal justice are so easy to complete is that the researcher need only secure one experimental and one control group for any project. a. True b. False 6. Often, the process of testing and retesting influences people’s behavior and thereby confounds the experimental results. a. True b. False 7. Construct validity is concerned with the ability to generalize from the results of the experimental group to the control group. a. True b. False 8. There may be legal reasons why randomization cannot be used in criminal justice research to assign subjects to either a control group or an experimental group. a. True b. False 9. In case-oriented research, a large number of cases are examined in order to understand a small number of variables. a. True b. False 10. While the interrupted time-series design can be used in cause-and-effect studies, it is really useless in applied studies. a. True b. False Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. How many attributes does a dichotomous variable have? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 4 12. This threat to validity can emerge whenever researchers are interested in cases that have extreme scores on some variable: a. selection to the means. b. experimental mortality. c. regression to the means. d. creaming.

13. Which of the following is a central feature of the classical experiment? a. Theories b. Time order c. Concepts d. Individuals 14. Which of the following is true concerning independent and dependent variables in classical experiments? a. A variable can be an independent in one experiment and a dependent in another. b. Once a variable is designated as an independent variable in one experiment, it can never be used as a dependent variable in another. c. A classical experiment examines the effect of a dependent variable on an independent variable. d. An independent variable in a classical experiment is viewed as the effect because it is dependent upon another variable.

15. Researchers conduct experiments copiously in an attempt to develop a more generalized understanding about a. criminal behavior. b. the sciences. c. the world we live in. d. human behavior.

16. Social science researchers use a control group that has not received the experimental stimulus in order to do what? a. To measure the effect of the independent variable upon the control group b. As another measure of the effect the independent variable has upon the dependent variable in the experimental group c. As another measure of the effect the independent variable has upon the dependent variable in the control group d. To measure the effect of the dependent variable upon the independent variable in the control group 17. Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the “Hawthorne effect?” a. To guard against the “Hawthorne effect” in medical research, scientists will give a placebo to the experimental group.

Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs b. To guard against the “Hawthorne effect” in medical research, scientists will give the experimental group the independent variable. c. To guard against the “Hawthorne effect” in medical research, scientists will give a placebo to the control group. d. There is no way to guard against the “Hawthorne effect” in medical research.

18. The first decision for selecting subjects for an experiment is a. deciding how particular members of the target population will be selected. b. deciding on the target population. c. threats to internal validity. d. threats to external validity.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

19. Flip a coin, assigning subjects getting a head to the control group and those getting a tail to the experimental group is an example of a random assignment to experimental groups. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

20. Which of the following phrases is most true concerning random assignment to groups? a. “All other things being equal.” b. “Use your best guess.” c. “It is close enough for government work.” d. “You are never 100% sure, so don’t worry about it.”

21. Which of the following is considered a threat to internal validity in an experimental design? a. Degeneration b. Instrumentation c. Randomization d. Statistical progression 22. Which of the following is an accurate example of threats to internal validity of experiments? a. Subjects dropping out of an experiment is a form of mortality b. Creaming is a form of validity c. Control group members work less as a form of compensatory rivalry d. Ability to measure subjects consistently over time 23. Shortening the time between pretest and posttest or perhaps even offering cash payments to participants in an experiment are techniques that may be used to a. limit diffusion. b. decrease experimental mortality. c. decrease the effects of instrumentation. d. control threats to testing.

Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs 24. Two dimensions to generalizability are a. construct validity and external validity. b. compensatory rivalry and external validity. c. construct validity and compensatory rivalry. d. randomization and external validity.

25. Experimentation is best suited for hypothesis testing in a. explanatory studies. b. evaluation studies. c. physical studies. d. both explanatory and evaluation studies.

26. Which of the following is accurate? a. Threats to internal validity are increased by carefully controlling conditions. b. Threats to external validity are decreased by carefully controlling conditions. c. Threats to generalizability of research findings in experiments are unrelated to internal validity. d. Threats to external validity are increased by carefully controlling conditions.

27. When using a nonequivalent-groups design, the researcher will handle subject assignment to groups by a. random assignment to experimental and control groups. b. allowing subjects to pick which group they want to be in. c. matching subjects in the experimental group to those in the comparison group. d. convenience.

28. In Widom’s study of the effects of child abuse and its impact upon later criminal offenses, she selected a sample of children with court records of being abuse victims and gathered a comparison group that was matched on gender, race, age, and socioeconomic status. The technique used in this case was a. individual matching. b. aggregate matching. c. randomization. d. cluster matching.

29. A group of students who completed a research methods class at the local college were given a questionnaire to assess their feelings about the homeless and after were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group.

The experimental group was required to volunteer at the local homeless shelter while the control group was not. After one month of volunteering, members of both groups were asked to complete the questionnaire on feelings concerning the homeless again. What type of research design is this? a. A quasi-experimental design b. A classical experimental design c. A time-series design d. An interrupted time-series design 30. Graduates majoring in criminal justice and graduates majoring in psychology from the state university were part of a study to assess the employment success of those receiving their degrees in May 2002. Six months after graduation, a questionnaire was sent out asking about their job-seeking success. What type of design is this?

Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs a. A double-blind experiment b. A nonequivalent groups design c. A time-series design d. A cohort design 31. Essentially, an experiment examines the effect of a. the world we live in. b. modern science. c. an independent variable on a dependent variable. d. science on sociology.

32. History as a validity threat refers to a. the fact that some subjects have had history classes and others have not. b. the realization that some subjects have learned from history while others have not. c. events external to an experiment that will impact the results. d. the fact that only current, relevant subjects need to be studied.

33. Maturation as a threat to internal validity in experiments refers to a. some subjects being older than others. b. the concept that as people grow and change, results can be impacted. c. only subjects over the age of 21 and are mature enough to be part of an experiment. d. differential subject attrition.

34. In an experiment, subjects are given a pretest in an effort to assess their attitudes about a new federal sentencing law that Congress is debating. Subjects assigned to the experimental group are given a series of lectures by experts on the impact the new law will have on prison populations. Immediately after the last lecture, a posttest is given to measure any attitude changes. Anticipating what the test is designed to measure (because of the lectures), those in the experimental group are subject to the threat of a. diffusion. b. statistical regression. c. instrumentation. d. testing.

35. Which of the following would be an example of selection bias? a. Volunteers b. Random assignment to experimental and control groups c. Matching of experimental and comparison groups d. Making sure that the quotas are the same for the experimental and comparison groups with respect to important variables 36. Which of the following would be an example of experimental mortality? a. A subject deciding that he/she wants to participate b. Inmates in an experiment at the state maximum-security prison being moved to a minimum-security state prison c. Police officers within one year of retirement participating in a job-satisfaction study Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs d. Police officers changing their behavior during a study because of a new law that was passed 37. Sometimes it is not possible to separate subjects from experimental and control groups and the result is that they may discuss the research. What is the threat that this situation poses? a. Causal time order b. Experimental mortality c. Diffusion or imitation of treatments d. Statistical regression 38. The threat to the internal validity of an experiment that is called compensatory treatment refers to which of the following situations? a. The control group subjects being paid while the experimental group subjects are not b. The experimental group subjects being paid while the control group subjects are not c. The subjects in the control group feel deprived of something they consider valuable d. There is no threat to internal validity called compensatory treatment 39. You have just completed the LSAT and scored 112. Your roommate, who is no smarter than you, took the LSAT with you and scored 165. You were so upset with your score that you decided to take the test again and you convinced your roommate to take it with you for moral support. You both received scores on the second exam of 150. What probably accounted for the differences in scores? a. Statistical regression b. Testing c. Instrumentation d. Maturation 40. The goal of the classical experiment is for the researcher to a. have control over the dependent variable. b. have control over the independent variable. c. measure the effect the dependent variable has upon the independent variable. d. make sure the subjects in the control group get the independent variable and those in the experimental group do not.

41. When neither the subjects nor the researcher can identify which group is the control group and which is the experimental group, the design is said to be a. cross-sectional. b. double-blind. c. a blind experiment. d. of no value.

42. In criminal justice experiments, what serves as a guard against the effects of the experiments themselves as well as events that may occur outside the laboratory during the course of experiments? a. Variable groups b. Control groups c. Administrative groups d. Posttest groups Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs 43. External validity in an experimental design refers to a. the researcher’s ability to be sure that they are measuring what they think they are measuring. b. the lack of concern with issues internal to the study. c. the ability to apply findings to other populations. d. the ability to know your measures are consistent.

44. Dr. Smith was interested in whether there would be a reduction in the number of crimes in the central city once closed-circuit cameras went up and were monitored by police. To accomplish this study, Dr. Smith looked at the police records for the four-square-block area where the cameras were installed each week for six months. Dr. Smith was using what method? a. Cohort design b. Time-series design c. Classical experiment d. Quasi-experimental design 45. To assess the impact of child abuse upon later criminality, Dr. Rose chose to select some adults whose names appeared as child abuse victims in local police records and another group of adults who were not victims of abuse. What technique is being employed? a. Cohort design b. Classical experiment c. Double-blind experiment d. Nonequivalent-group design 46. In social scientific experiments, as in medical experiments, the danger of experimenter bias is further reduced to the extent that the operational definitions of the dependent variables are a. clear and precise. b. controlled. c. tested and retested. d. scientifically proven.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

47. The Boston research is also a good example of the scientific realist approach of Ray Pawson and Nick Tilley (1997). a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

48. What can help rule out the threats to internal validity in an experimental design? a. Proper selection and assignment of subjects to groups b. Large sample size c. Small sample size d. Nothing can rule out threats to internal validity 49. What technique can be used to help reduce the threat to experimental mortality? a. Increasing the sample size Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs b. Decreasing the sample size c. Shorten the time between the pretest and the posttest d. Select only subjects who are female 50. What process is accomplished by assigning the odd-numbered subjects to the experimental group and the evennumbered subjects to the control group? a. Basic scientific theory b. Independent relation c. False positive evaluation d. Random assignment 51. If randomization is not possible, what should the researcher do? a. Pre- and posttest b. Use the classical design c. Consider using a quasi-experimental design d. Randomization is always possible 52. The central features of what experiment type include (1) independent and dependent variables, (2) pretesting and posttesting, and (3) experimental and control groups created through random assignment? a. Casual experiments b. Statistical experiments c. Classical experiments d. Cardinal experiments 53. How does a cohort design differ from other quasi-experimental designs? a. The use of random assignment to control and experimental groups b. The use of matching to assign subjects to control and experimental groups c. There is some date or event in common to all members of the control and the experimental groups. d. All quasi-experimental designs are basically the same.

54. An interrupted time-series design can be very useful in what type of research? a. Applied research b. Exploratory research c. Descriptive research d. Double-blind research 55. Which is accurate concerning the interrupted time-series design? a. Some event stops or interrupts the research. b. Control group subjects are often envious of the attention the experimental group subjects get and interrupt the study. c. It makes a long series of observations before and after introducing the experimental treatment. d. Unexpected external factors have no impact on the study.

56. A questionnaire is sent to 1,000 police departments in Florida to gather information on the number of sick days officers use after being involved in a shooting incident. This is an example of what type of research?

Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs a. Variable-oriented research b. Case-oriented research c. Experimental design d. Cohort design 57. The statement, “there are no simple formulas for designing an experimental or quasi-experimental study” suggests a. that there is an infinite variety of ways to design a study. b. that there is a finite variety of ways to design a study. c. that the one constant is the use of randomization in experiments. d. experiments and quasi-experiments should be used only as a last resort.

58. To guard against most threats to internal validity in the classical experiment the researcher should a. focus upon external validity. b. focus upon generalizability. c. use random assignment. d. put subjects only in experimental groups.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

59. Nonequivalent-groups and time-series designs are two general types of quasi-experiments. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

60. The classical experiment makes it possible to satisfy the criterion for cause in two ways. First, the posttest measures for the experimental group (stimulus present) are compared with those for the a. control group (stimulus not present). b. random group (stimulus not present). c. variable group (stimulus not present). d. dummy group (stimulus not present).

61. Which of the following is illustrative of the case-study method? a. It is an in-depth analysis of numerous cases. b. The cases can be individuals, groups, organizations, or aggregates. c. The study can only be quantitative. d. It is observing a group who has similar cases in the court systems.

62. In general, testing refers to changes in how subjects respond to measurement, whereas instrumentation is concerned with a. the world we live in. b. changes in the measurement process itself. c. the scientific hypothesis. d. the motive for the experiment itself.

Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs 63. When it is not possible to create groups through randomization, what options do you have for the research design? a. A classical experiment b. Nonequivalent groups c. Surveys d. Pre- and posttests 64. In the case where the experimental groups and the control groups are not equivalent, which of the following should not be used to address this issue? a. Proceed with the experiment because you can address the issues during your statistical analysis. b. Match the groups on important variables. c. Use comparison groups instead of control groups. d. Match groups on any variables that are significant for the fluctuation in the dependent variable.

65. With regard to experimentation and subject selection, what does random assignment serve to eliminate? a. Systematic bias b. False positive results c. Experimental morality d. Ambiguity 66. Which of the following is an example of a double-blind study? a. In a medical experiment where a new drug is tested, one group gets the new drug, the other gets a placebo, and the researcher does not know who got which drug. b. In a domestic violence study where intervention is designed to reduce repeat offenses by focusing upon victim strategies, the victim does know whether he or she is in the control or experimental group. c. In any study where the researchers and the subjects do know whether they are in the experimental or control groups. d. In any study where the researchers know who is in the experimental and control groups but promise not to tell the subjects.

67. One threat to internal validity in criminal justice research that is least significant is a. history, because few things happen on a grand scale that would impact criminal justice research. b. maturation, because criminal justice subjects are not in research studies long enough to mature. c. statistical regression, because subjects in the criminal justice system are likely to score lower than the mean anyway. d. the concern about the publication of the findings.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

68. By comparing the results of several posttests, a researcher can be sure that threats to internal validity are being ruled out in the design. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

69. Which of the following would not be likely to impact a study’s external validity?

Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs a. Do research in the natural setting. b. Experiments where there is too much control of conditions c. Using an unrepresentative sample d. Applied studies reduce external validity 70. In Martin Gill’s research on the effectiveness of CCTV projects in the UK, which of the following techniques did he use? a. The research measured fear of crime by citizens before and after the cameras went up. b. The research measured police data before the cameras went up. c. A comparison was made only in the area where cameras were in use. d. The research measured if the offenders changed the type of crimes they were committing.

71. In a classical experiment, the independent variable is the cause and the dependent variable is the a. result. b. data. c. effect. d. validity.

72. In a classical experiment, the researcher uses this to offset the effects of the experiment itself: a. control groups. b. cohorts. c. variable groups. d. posttest groups.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

73. The mere fact that subjects know they are being studied can cause them to change their behavior. This phenomenon is known as the Widom’s Effect. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

74. This type of experiment guards against experimenters’ tendency to prejudge results by eliminating the possibility of either the researcher or the subjects knowing which group is the control and which group is the experimental one. a. Random-assigned b. Single-variable c. Double-blind d. Cross-reference 75. What was the flaw of the prison-based education and recidivism research conducted by Royer, Castro, Gould, and Lerman (2021), which suggested educational programs in prison reduced recidivism? a. It lacked randomization. b. It lacked a proper funding. c. The data could not be validated.

Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs d. It lacked a control group.

76. The prefix quasi means a. dissimilar in nature. b. false. c. to a certain degree. d. artifactual.

77. What term, referring to changes in the measurement process itself, complements "testing" in the context of internal validity issues? a. Instrumentation b. Randomization c. Experimentation d. Posttesting 78. When referring to whether results from experiments conducted in one setting would be obtained in other settings, our main concern is one of a. internal validity. b. randomization. c. construct validity. d. external validity.

79. What does the researcher use when random assignment to experimental and control groups is not possible? a. Nonequivalent-group design b. Variations in time design c. Case study design d. Equivalent-group design

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

80. Instead of making one pretest and one posttest measure, the snapshot time-series design makes a longer series of observations before and after introducing an experimental treatment. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

81. When there is a study of a large number of variables that are associated with a small number of cases or subjects, the researcher is engaged in this type of research: a. qualitative-quantitative. b. variable-oriented. c. double-blind. d. maturation.

82. An example of variable-oriented research is the Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs a. case study. b. double-blind study. c. causation study. d. maturation study.

83. Accidental spillover of an experimental stimulus to the control group is an example of treatment a. infusion. b. confusion. c. diffusion. d. illusion.

84. Creaming, or skimming the best, risks off the top to be incorporated in an experiment, is a threat to a. randomization. b. validity. c. maturation. d. causality.

85. Which of the following refers to the ability to take findings from an experiment and apply them to the real world? a. Generalizability b. Particularizability c. Specificity d. Ambiguations

86. Explain why experimentation is not well suited for the purposes of description and exploration.

87. Explain the classical experiment in terms of the following: -Independent and dependent variables -Pretesting and posttesting -Experimental and control groups 88. Explain the role of randomization in classical experiments.

89. Identify and discuss at least five threats to internal validity in experimental designs. Include in your answer ways of controlling for each of the threats you identify.

90. Give two specific examples of research where a quasi-experimental design would be more appropriate than a classical experiment. Why would each of your examples not fit the classical experiment model?

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

91. Subjects in an experiment who do not receive the experimental treatment are part of the a. control group. b. placebo group. c. treatment group. d. experimental group.

Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs 92. Subjects in an experiment who receive the experimental treatment are part of the a. double-blind group. b. placebo group. c. experimental group. d. control group.

93. Feelings of deprivation among the control group may also result in subjects giving up; this is called a. demoralization. b. compensatory rivalry. c. experimental mortality. d. selection bias.

94. In real-life experiments, subjects deprived of the experimental stimulus may try to compensate by working harder; this is called a. demoralization. b. selection bias. c. compensatory rivalry. d. experimental mortality.

95. The correspondence between the empirical test of a hypothesis and the underlying causal process that the experiment is intended to represent is called a. construct validity. b. internal validity. c. external validity. d. constitutional validity.

96. An alternative to random assignment is a. a focus group. b. a qualitative interview. c. a quasi-experiment. d. a random draw.

97. Which term is commonly used to highlight the nonequivalence of groups in quasi-experimental designs? a. Comparison group b. Control group c. Experimental group d. Treatment group 98. Which of the following are common examples of longitudinal studies in criminal justice research? a. Complex operations b. Cross-sectionals c. Time-series designs d. Comparison designs Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs 99. These studies of age cohorts are often the best way to examine criminal careers of developmental causes of delinquency. a. Case-study b. Longitudinal c. Option study d. Open case 100. In criminal justice experiments, control groups are important as a guard not only against the effects of the experiment themselves, but also against a. the misinterpretation of nonparametric designs. b. the bias that occurs in any controlled experiment. c. the events that may occur outside the laboratory during the course of the experiment. d. the problems inherent with demoralization scientific realism.

Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs Answer Key 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False 6. True 7. False 8. True 9. True 10. False 11. c 12. c 13. b 14. a 15. c 16. b 17. c 18. b 19. True 20. a 21. b 22. a 23. b 24. a 25. d Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs 26. b 27. c 28. a 29. b 30. d 31. c 32. c 33. b 34. d 35. a 36. b 37. c 38. c 39. a 40. b 41. b 42. b 43. c 44. b 45. d 46. a 47. True 48. a 49. c 50. d 51. c Powered by Cognero

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs 52. c 53. c 54. a 55. c 56. b 57. a 58. c 59. True 60. a 61. b 62. b 63. b 64. a 65. a 66. a 67. d 68. True 69. a 70. a 71. c 72. a 73. False 74. c 75. d 76. c Powered by Cognero

Page 18

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch07 - Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs 77. a 78. d 79. a 80. False 81. b 82. a 83. c 84. b 85. a 86. N/A 87. N/A 88. N/A 89. N/A 90. N/A 91. a 92. c 93. a 94. c 95. a 96. c 97. a 98. c 99. b 100. c

Powered by Cognero

Page 19

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Sampling is often used when it is not possible to collect information from all persons you want to study and when it is not necessary to collect information from all persons. a. True b. False 2. The goal of sampling is to reduce potential biases. a. True b. False 3. Nonprobability sampling cannot be used in criminal justice research. a. True b. False 4. When using probability sampling, researchers generalize from observed cases to unobserved ones. a. True b. False 5. A good way to avoid sampling bias in the assessment of public opinion about a specific criminal justice topic is to employ the use of a radio call-in show since those who call radio talk shows represent everyone in the population. a. True b. False 6. A list of all elements in a population is referred to as the sampling frame. a. True b. False 7. Random selection permits the researcher to link findings from a sample to the body of probability theory in order to estimate the accuracy of those findings. a. True b. False 8. Stratified sampling results in a greater degree of representativeness but at the same time increases the probable sampling error. a. True b. False 9. Cluster sampling is a very efficient tool, but the efficiency means a less accurate sample since with each cluster there is a chance for sampling error. a. True b. False 10. When no reasonable sampling frame exists and a probability sample cannot be drawn, at least estimates about the sample accuracy are available through nonprobability samples. a. True Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. Sampling is the process of a. selecting observations. b. determining values. c. hypothesis testing. d. generating data.

12. Sampling is used for two reasons, when it is not necessary to collect data from all persons and when it a. is possible to collect data from all persons. b. is statistically significant. c. is often not possible to collect information from all persons. d. makes research more valid.

13. When a researcher chooses a sample that is not typical of a large population, this is known as a. a cluster. b. probability. c. nonprobability. d. bias.

14. A basic principle of probability sampling is that a sample will be representative of the population from which it is drawn if a. all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected for the sample. b. the researcher uses a method of selection based upon convenience. c. every “nth” person is selected for the sample. d. all are principles of probability sampling.

15. The purpose of sampling is to select a set of elements from a population in such a way that the descriptions of the sample statistics accurately portray the parameters of the population. This is best achieved through the use of a. a convenience sample. b. random selection. c. the sampling element. d. stratified sampling.

16. Which of the following is a reason for using random selection methods in selecting samples? a. Random selection is a check on conscious or unconscious bias. b. Random selection gives access to improbability theory. c. Random selection allows for estimates of accuracy. d. Random selection allows for privacy.

17. Which of the following is true concerning sampling error? a. If many independent random samples are drawn from a population, then the sample statistics from those samples are distributed in a random way around the population parameter.

Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling b. Probability theory allows us to use a formula to estimate how closely the sample statistics are clustered. c. The standard error identifies how precise the sample statistics are around the population parameter. d. Sampling error allows us to know if we selected the wrong subjects for our sample.

18. Which of the following statements is true concerning the relationship between standard error and sample size? a. There is a positive relationship. b. There is an inverse relationship. c. As sample size decreases, the standard error decreases. d. As sample size increases, the standard error increases.

19. Confidence levels allow the researcher to have some idea of how closely their samples reflect the parameter. Which of the following statements about confidence levels is not true? a. If a simple random sample is used, probability theory suggests that researchers can be 68 percent sure the estimates of that sample fall within one standard error of the parameter. b. If a simple random sample is used, probability theory suggests that researchers can be 95 percent sure that estimates of that sample fall within two standard errors of the parameter. c. If a simple random sample is used, probability theory suggests that researchers can be almost positive (99+ percent) that estimates of that sample fall within three standard errors of the true value. d. If a simple random sample is used, probability theory allows the researcher to know with certainty that they have accurate data.

20. Which of the following is appropriate for use as a sampling frame? a. Door-to-door interviews when you wish to sample attitudes toward a new law b. Lists of licensed drivers when you wish to ask juveniles their opinions about drinking prohibitions c. Taxpayer rolls when the researcher is interested in public concerns about school appropriations in their community d. Visiting hospitals to survey doctors about their attitudes concerning HMOs 21. Which of the following is accurate concerning the use of systematic sampling? a. Systematic sampling is a poor excuse for simple random sampling. b. Systematic sampling is often used as a substitute for stratified sampling. c. Systematic sampling is frequently used rather than a simple random sample. d. Systematic sampling is always considered a nonprobability sampling technique.

22. When a researcher uses a stratified sampling technique, they a. select elements from heterogeneous subsets of the population. b. recognize the extent that subsets are homogeneous on stratified variables will generally result in homogeneity on other variables as well. c. realize that a stratified sample is likely to be less representative on a number of variables than a simple random sample. d. recognize the extent that subsets are heterogeneous on stratified variables will generally result in heterogeneity on other variables as well.

23. When researching a population where it is impossible or impractical to compile a list of the elements, what is the proper sampling technique to use? a. Stratified sample Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling b. Systematic sample c. Multistage cluster sample d. Simple random sample 24. Which of the following illustrates a population where cluster sampling would be the best choice? a. Law enforcement officers in the United States b. Citizens of an apartment building in Pensacola, Florida c. Probation officers in Clark County, Nevada d. Inmates in the Wayne County jail 25. Multistage cluster sampling involves the repetition of two basic steps: a. polling and counting. b. surveying and randomizing. c. listing and sampling. d. inquiry and verification.

26. When considering probability sampling in general, it is usually the preferred method for selecting study elements because a. probability sampling avoids conscious biases on the part of the researcher. b. it does not permit the researcher to estimate the sampling error. c. it does not control unconscious biases in the selection process. d. nonprobability sampling is too difficult.

27. Which of the following is the best example of the use of judgmental sampling? a. Exit polls on election days b. Surveys of all police chiefs in America c. Interviews of female inmates in the Los Angeles County Jail d. Households participating in the National Crime Victimization Survey 28. In order to study active criminals who have not been arrested for their criminal acts, the researcher would be wise to employ which type of sampling technique? a. Purposive sampling b. Snowball sampling c. Convenience sampling d. Stratified random sampling 29. When a researcher uses probability sampling, they can a. never be sure that the sample reflects the population from which it was drawn. b. estimate the amount of sampling error that can be expected. c. never guarantee the population elements of a known nonzero probability of being selected for the sample. d. never be sure that the entire sampling frame was included.

30. The true list of elements in the population is called the a. parameter. b. sampling frame.

Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling c. population. d. sample.

31. Dwayne wanted to find out what the citizens of Canton think about a proposed law that would require sex offenders to be treated in the community in lieu of prison confinement and he decided to randomly call people listed in the phone book. What is his sampling frame? a. The citizens of Canton b. The proposed law c. Telephone listings d. Sex offenders 32. On the first day of the semester, your introductory Criminology instructor handed out a very long questionnaire asking things that you did not think were appropriate about your drinking habits. Back in the dorm you complained to your roommates and discovered that they were given the same questionnaire by their instructors. What sampling method was used? a. Snowball sample b. Multistage cluster sample c. Simple random sample d. Reliance on available subjects 33. Your Criminal Justice class requires a study of the success of your state’s drug courts. The professor suggests that you first select 10 counties from your state. From those 10 counties you will select the two largest cities from each. Finally, the drug courts in each of the cities will be monitored to measure success. What type of sampling design did your professor suggest? a. Stratified sampling b. Multistage cluster sampling c. Multistage cluster sampling with stratification d. Judgmental sampling 34. Quota samples, judgmental samples, snowball samples, and reliance on available subjects are all examples of a. nonprobability sampling b. probability sampling c. sampling distributions d. sampling frames 35. Multistage cluster sampling with stratification, systematic sampling, simple random sampling, and disproportionate stratified sampling are examples of a. nonprobability sampling. b. probability sampling. c. sampling distributions. d. sampling frames.

36. Reporters from your local television news affiliate frequently ask people on a pedestrian shopping street during the lunch hour their opinions about criminal justice issues and play the responses on the 6:00 news. The reporters are using a. reliance on available subjects. b. probability sampling.

Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling c. stratified sampling. d. quota sampling.

37. The method of relying on available subjects is sometimes misleadingly called a. cluster sampling. b. convenience sampling. c. snowball sampling. d. quota sampling.

38. Reliance on available subjects can be an appropriate sampling method if a. the researcher wants to study the characteristics of people who are passing the sample point at some specified time. b. collecting data from people what have all characteristics of a matrix. c. the researcher wants to do research on active criminals or deviants. d. the researcher only has a questionnaire to be completed.

39. Which method begins with a matrix or table describing the characteristics of a target population? a. Probability b. Snowball c. Quota d. Simple random sampling 40. Which sampling method is commonly used to pretest a questionnaire? a. Stratification b. Quota c. Snowball d. Purposive 41. The unit about which information is gathered and forms the basis for analysis is known as a a. sampling element. b. unit of observation. c. sampling frame. d. sample.

42. Sample statistics are used to a. ask questions. b. make estimates of population parameters. c. form a basis for analysis. d. theoretically specify grouping of study elements.

43. The value for a given variable in a population is a a. population parameter. b. sample element. c. sample statistic.

Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling d. equal probability of selection method.

44. The bell-shaped curve is representative of a. a standard deviation. b. a standard error. c. the sampling distribution of a very large number of samples. d. a sampling error.

45. The size of the sample and the standard error are related in which of the following ways? a. The standard error is not related to the size of the sample. b. When the sample size increases, so does the standard error. c. When the sample size increases, the standard error decreases. d. When the sample size decreases, the standard error decreases.

46. A recent political poll showed that the findings reported were accurate to within 4 percentage points. This is likely to mean what? a. The findings are only correct 4 percent of the time. b. The findings are only correct 8 percent of the time. c. The findings are accurate 95 times out of 100 and the confidence interval is plus or minus 4 points. d. The findings are accurate 68 times out of 100 and the confidence interval is plus or minus 4 points.

47. When a researcher uses a multistage cluster sampling technique, they must repeat several sets, including a. listing and stratifying. b. listing and counting. c. listing and sampling. d. listing and analyzing.

48. This is the range of sample statistics obtained when many samples are selected? a. Random numbers b. Sampling distribution c. Selection interval d. Quota 49. An RA at a local university devised a plan to spot-check the dorm for illegal drinking by knocking on every fifth door on each floor. What technique was the RA using? a. Stratified sampling b. Simple random sampling c. Quota sampling d. Systematic sampling 50. With the use of stratified sampling, a researcher wants to reduce the a. sampling error. b. standard error. c. number of dependent variables. d. time it takes to draw a sample.

Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling 51. If you do not have the sampling frame of your population but still want to use a probability sampling technique for statistical reasons, you should select what type of sample? a. Quota b. Snowball c. Cluster d. Stratified 52. National Crime Victimization Survey and the British Crime Survey both use which of the following techniques to gather data? a. Simple random samples b. Stratified sampling c. Multistage cluster sampling d. Quota sampling 53. Under what conditions would it be appropriate to use a snowball sampling technique? a. When the characteristic of interest to the study is a deviant one and only a small number of people who know one another are required b. When your questionnaire can be administered in a narrow geographic area c. When all you need to do is interview persons from a population where the sampling frame is known d. When the researcher absolutely must have a sample that is representative of the population from which it is drawn 54. Following the model of London, England, Center City, USA, decided to install closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras in a downtown park in hopes of reducing the public’s fear of crime. Which technique would be the best choice to determine if fear has in fact decreased? a. Send out a questionnaire to all citizens living in Center City, USA. b. Select, via simple random sampling, 20 citizens to interview. c. Interview, via reliance on available subjects, citizens that are in the park. d. Because you want to measure a “feeling,” there is no accurate way to do this.

55. You want to know why some states that have the death penalty as a punishment use it more than other states. In order to develop your design, you identify those states that have capital punishment and those that do not. Among those that do have capital punishment, you separate states by the following criteria: annual executions over the last 20 years; states with fewer than a certain number of annual executions over the last 20 years; and those states that have not executed in the last 20 years. What sampling method are you using? a. Convenience b. Quota c. Stratified d. Purposive 56. If a researcher has a list of 10,000 elements, wants to sample 1,000, and selects every 10th element, they are using a. simple random sampling. b. cluster sampling. c. systematic sampling. d. quota sampling.

Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling 57. If the variable that you are interested in studying is so rare that it is unlikely to be discovered using random sampling, what is the best alternative? a. Accidental sampling b. Quota sampling c. Stratified sampling d. Purposive sampling 58. Sampling is used because a. it may not be possible to collect information from the entire population. b. it is necessary to collect information from the entire population. c. samples are useful tools only in experimental designs. d. it is easier, and you can guess whether your data reflect the larger population.

59. Which of the following is accurate? a. The reason that researchers use probability samples is because they guarantee representativeness of the sample. b. In general, the more heterogeneous a population, the smaller the sample needed for representativeness. c. A simple random sample is appropriate when the researcher wants to over-represent a characteristic in the population. d. A sample is representative of the population from which it is drawn if the aggregate characteristics of the sample approximates those of the general population.

60. The way to remember the percentages of samples that will fall within one, two, and three standard errors of the parameter are the following: a. 68-95-99. b. 50-50-50. c. 50-75-100. d. 50-70-90.

61. What factors are accounted for when using probability sampling? a. Each member of the populations has an unknown chance of being selected. b. Knowing that each member of the population has a chance of being selected allows the researcher to generalize back to the population. c. There is more need to be careful in the sample selection when the population is homogenous. d. When the population is homogeneous, there is a greater need to use probability sampling than when the population is heterogeneous.

62. Which of the following is a concern about bias when selecting a sample? a. Selecting a sample based upon convenience b. Using probability statistics for drawing a sample c. Drawing a sample on a preassigned basis d. The researcher’s personal experiences 63. Which of the following are true with respect to representativeness?

Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling a. A sample represents a population if it is exactly the same on all relevant variables. b. A sample is representative if it approximates the population. c. A sample needs to be representative of the population on all variables. d. A representative sample is only obtained when a simple random sample is used.

64. Which of the following is a probability sample characteristic? a. Probability samples are always perfectly representative. b. Probability samples are usually more representative than other sampling techniques. c. Probability sampling never lets us estimate the accuracy of the sample. d. Probability sampling is always representative of the population.

65. If a researcher has a population of college students from which a sample has been drawn and concludes that on average there are higher grades achieved by those students who live on campus than those who commute, higher grades is an example of what? a. A sample element b. A population parameter c. A sample statistic d. An unreliable result 66. Which of the following is accurate with respect to probability sampling? a. The likelihood that the results reflect the population from which the sample was drawn is limited. b. Probability sampling offers a way to measure the degree of success in accomplishing a representative sample. c. Non-randomization is the key to probability sampling. d. It helps draw a sample but makes generalization to other populations more difficult.

67. A variable which has two attributes such as gender, is what type of variable? a. Sampling variable b. Binomial variable c. Sampling frame d. Representative variable 68. Which of the following statements is accurate with respect to standard error? a. Standard error is not a function of the size of the sample. b. Standard error indicates how closely the findings fit the sample. c. Standard error tells how sample statistics are dispersed around the population parameter. d. Standard error tells us that over two-thirds of all sample estimates will fall within one standard error above the population parameter.

69. What is the relationship between sampling error and sample size? a. There is no relationship between sampling error and the size of the sample. b. Sampling error relates to the confidence interval, not the sample size. c. Sampling error will let us know the size of the sample once we decide upon how much error the study can tolerate. d. All are relationships.

Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling 70. You are doing research on inmates leaving your state’s prison system during the calendar year 2023 with respect to their living arrangements upon release. It is assumed that inmates living with their families will have lower recidivism rates; therefore, what sampling technique would do best to obtain a representative sample? a. Simple random sample b. Quota sample c. Stratified sample d. Snowball sample 71. Which type of sampling helps researchers generalize to a larger population? a. Judgmental b. Quota c. Probability d. Nonprobability 72. What term describes a sample that closely reflects the population in terms of aggregate characteristics? a. Representative b. Untypical c. Uncharacteristic d. Imperfect 73. The unit about which information is collected and provides the basis of analysis is called the sampling a. unit. b. statistic. c. sample. d. element.

74. Summary data describing a population are called a parameter while summary data describing a sample are called a a. unit. b. statistic. c. sample. d. element.

75. When each element of a population has an equal chance of selection to the sample, this process is known as a. sample element. b. population statistic. c. random selection. d. sample distribution.

76. This is the range of sample statistics we would obtain if we selected many samples: a. sampling distribution. b. population statistic. c. sampling element. d. population parameter.

77. When the researcher can list each element of a population, that list is known as the sampling Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling a. distribution. b. frame. c. error. d. population.

78. In probability theory, which of the following indicates how closely the sample estimates will be distributed around the population parameter. a. Confidence interval b. Means determination c. Standard error d. Sampling population 79. Samples that are representative of the population from which it is selected if all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected are often labeled this: a. generalizability generated selection standard. b. basic principle of probability method. c. equal probability of selection method. d. population-based selection standard.

80. Estimates of population parameters, standard error, and confidence intervals assume unbiased sampling. The foundation of unbiased sampling is the a. simple random sample. b. standard sample. c. systematic sample. d. stratified sample.

81. How can a researcher ensure that variables that occur rarely in a population will be represented in a sample? a. By a proportionate stratification sampling technique b. By a disproportionate stratification sampling technique c. By a probabilistic stratification sampling technique d. By a multistage cluster stratification sampling technique 82. The primary goal of stratification is a. complexity. b. sophistication. c. equity. d. homogeneity.

83. When it is not possible to obtain a list of elements in a population, this type of sampling procedures are called for: a. probability. b. quota. c. systematic. d. nonprobability.

84. When the researcher must rely upon available subjects such as stopping people on the street to ask opinions about a Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling recent crime, the technique is called a. reliance on available subjects. b. man-in-the-street surveys. c. quota sampling. d. purposive sampling.

85. Which of the following sampling technique begins by identifying a single or small number of subjects and asking them to identify others who may be willing to participate? a. Referral b. Random c. Snowball d. Shotgun

86. Discuss how the NCVS and the British Crime Survey use different strategies for sampling to produce sufficient numbers of respondents.

87. Identify and discuss the different probability and nonprobability sampling methods discussed in the text.

88. You are asked to do a study of the traffic on your campus. As part of this study, you have been asked to identify the frequency of speeding by those using the campus roads. What type of sample would you use? How would you pull that sample?

89. Use the city that your university is located in for this question. You have been given a grant to study the city’s citizens’ attitudes toward your university with respect to noise, traffic, and minor property crimes. How would you draw a multistage cluster sample that would be representative of your city?

90. Your research methods class has been given an assignment to measure the student body of your university with respect to their attitudes about the death penalty. To ensure equal representation of undergraduates, graduate students, and all majors, what sampling technique would you use? How would you go about pulling that sample? What would you need to know before that sample is pulled?

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

91. A special type of sampling that enables us to make statistical generalizations to a larger population is known as a. probability sampling. b. lottery sampling. c. ethnographical sampling. d. national sampling.

92. Selecting some units of a larger population for study is called a. sorting. b. deduction. c. sampling. d. induction.

93. EPSEM stands for Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling a. Equal Probability of Selection Method. b. Equal Protection from Statistical Manipulation. c. Equal Presence of Statistical Measures. d. Empirical Proportions of Selection Measurement.

94. The summary description of a given variable in the sample is called a. a sample observation. b. a population parameter. c. a sample statistic. d. a population interval.

95. A list or quasi-list of elements in a population that is used to select a sample is called a a. sampling frame. b. sample statistic. c. sample observation. d. sample parameter.

96. Which of the following is a measure of sampling error? a. Selection bias b. Basic error c. Standard error d. Population error 97. The estimated probability that a population parameter is within a specified confidence interval is a a. confidence level. b. confidence interval. c. confidence category. d. confidence cap.

98. Which of the following forms the basis of probability theory and the statistical tools we use to estimate population parameters, standard error, and confidence intervals? a. Stratified sampling b. Systematic sampling c. Simple random sampling d. Multistage cluster sampling 99. How should sampling frames be considered in a study? a. Operational b. Conceptual c. Statistical d. Impartial 100. The initial sampling of groups of elements (clusters), followed by the selection of elements within each of the selected clusters, is called a. cluster sample selection.

Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling b. bifocal cluster sampling. c. multistage cluster sampling. d. cluster-biased sampling.

Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling Answer Key 1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. a 12. c 13. d 14. a 15. b 16. a 17. b 18. b 19. d 20. c 21. c 22. b 23. c 24. a 25. c Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling 26. d 27. a 28. b 29. b 30. b 31. c 32. d 33. b 34. a 35. b 36. a 37. b 38. a 39. c 40. d 41. a 42. a 43. a 44. c 45. c 46. c 47. c 48. b 49. d 50. a 51. c Powered by Cognero

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling 52. c 53. a 54. c 55. d 56. c 57. d 58. a 59. d 60. a 61. b 62. a 63. b 64. b 65. c 66. b 67. b 68. c 69. c 70. c 71. c 72. a 73. d 74. b 75. c 76. a Powered by Cognero

Page 18

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch08 - Sampling 77. b 78. c 79. c 80. a 81. b 82. d 83. d 84. a 85. c 86. N/A 87. N/A 88. N/A 89. N/A 90. N/A 91. a 92. c 93. a 94. c 95. a 96. c 97. a 98. c 99. a 100. c

Powered by Cognero

Page 19

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Surveys may be used for descriptive, explanatory, and applied research. a. True b. False 2. The Census of Jails collects information every five years about federal prisons. a. True b. False 3. The National Crime Victimization Survey can be used to evaluate local crime prevention programs. a. True b. False 4. There are two basic options for researchers when asking questions: open-ended or closed-ended. a. True b. False 5. The subsequent questions in a series are called contingency questions. a. True b. False 6. Face-to-face interviews are best for complex questions and other specialized needs. a. True b. False 7. As a general rule, the interviewer should dress in formal attire to do the interviewing. a. True b. False 8. When dealing with sensitive issues, it may be more effective to use a self-administered questionnaire. a. True b. False 9. Focus groups usually consist of 15 to 20 people. a. True b. False 10. Survey research is generally weaker on validity and stronger on reliability. a. True b. False 11. Face-to-face interview is the basic way of administering questionnaires. a. True b. False Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

12. Surveys are best suited for studies that have what as their units of analysis? a. Individuals b. Groups c. Organizations d. Social artifacts 13. General population surveys and surveys of offenders tend to present what types of difficulties? a. Sampling error b. Validity error c. Generalizability error d. Sample error 14. For research that seeks to explore or explain why people commit criminal, delinquent, or deviant acts, which is the best method available? a. Observation b. Asking questions c. Participant observation d. Studying criminal records 15. Surveys that are designed for more than one purpose are known as a. open-ended. b. closed-ended. c. general purpose. d. targeted victim.

16. The term questionnaire suggests a collection of a. values. b. responses. c. answer options. d. beliefs.

17. In the interest of being unambiguous and precise, survey questions should a. have questions with no more than 40 words in them. b. be generalizable. c. be clear. d. be reliable.

18. Questions that encourage respondents to answer in a particular way are known as a. unfair. b. biased. c. double-barreled. d. vague.

Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research 19. Inexperienced researchers tend to fear that their questionnaires will look a. too easy. b. too complex. c. too long. d. too cluttered.

20. It is usually best to begin a self-administered questionnaire with a. sensitive issue questions. b. age- and gender-type questions. c. sexual behavior questions. d. the most interesting set of questions.

21. In most cases, the following months should be avoided when mailing questionnaires: a. June, July, August b. November, December, January c. March, April, May d. September, October, November 22. A properly designed and executed interview survey ought to achieve a completion rate of a. 35–40 percent. b. 60–75 percent. c. 80–85 percent. d. 90–95 percent.

23. As a general rule, interviewers should dress a. casually. b. formally. c. similar to the interviewee. d. however they would like.

24. Surveys may be used for which of the following? a. Descriptive research b. Motivational research c. Inspirational research d. Exploitive research 25. Which of the following represents targeted victim surveys? a. Self-reports b. Uniform Crime Reports c. National Crime Victimization Survey d. Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring 26. The British Crime Survey asked respondents to complete a self-administered questionnaire about drug use, printed as a small booklet that was prominently marked a. “Confidential.”

Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research b. “For Government Use Only.” c. “Personal.” d. “This End Up.” 27. On a questionnaire, a respondent is asked, “What do you feel is the most important crime problem facing the police in your city today?” What type of question is being asked? a. Closed-ended question b. Open-ended question c. Contingency question d. Matrix question 28. Closed-ended questions are useful because a. they provide uniform responses. b. they are more valid. c. they are more generalizable. d. you always get a thoughtful answer.

29. Which of the following represents potential problems with the use of open-ended questions? a. The possibility of misunderstanding and researcher bias b. They can be quickly completed by the respondent c. They do not limit the responses received d. They result in a lack of uniformity of answers 30. Which of the following is necessary in the construction of closed-ended questions? a. The response categories must not be mutually exclusive. b. The response categories must be limited in scope. c. The researcher must be careful in structuring the responses. d. The response categories should be extensive.

31. Which of the following is accurate with respect to the construction of questionnaire items? a. Use only questions, not statements b. Long items are the best c. Avoid positive items d. Avoid the temptation to ask questions in a manner that determines a specific answer

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

32. The researcher uses long and complicated items may represent errors when constructing items for a questionnaire? a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

33. Which of the following represents a negative item? a. Drugs such as marijuana should not be legalized.

Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research b. It is fair to say that marijuana is a drug. c. Unlike alcohol, marijuana does not make the user mean. d. Marijuana is more addictive than alcohol.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

34. Bias in questions can be established by identifying the name of either a prestigious or unpopular person in the question. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

35. If a researcher tries to assess criminal victimization of the poor and disadvantaged, rather than using the term “welfare” in the questionnaire, which of the following is less biased? a. Assistance to the poor b. On the dole c. The underclass d. Public nuisance 36. Which is a potential problem when using self-report surveys with high-rate offenders? a. Sampling b. Recall error c. Representation d. Bias 37. What procedures can help to guard against a socially desirable response when using self-report items? a. One of the purposes of self-report items is to get socially desirable responses. b. Reassure respondents that “many people” do not really think of various acts as crimes. c. Use legal definitions. d. Ask only a few questions.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

38. Respondents may throw the questionnaire away. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

39. Contingency questions are appropriate when a. certain questions are clearly relevant to only some of the respondents and irrelevant to others. b. you want the respondents to write out an answer. c. you want the respondents to rank their answers on a scale. d. you want to impress the respondents with your questions.

Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research 40. Which of the following is an advantage of the use of matrix questions? a. They are faster to complete for respondents. b. They take much thought on the part of the respondents to answer. c. They use space inefficiently. d. The format decreases the comparability of responses given to different questions for the respondent as well as the researcher.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

41. Increasing the speed and efficiency of the responses has been identified as an advantage of computer-assisted interviewing. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

42. Which of the following represents an advantage of the use of computer-aided interviews? a. The cost of the hardware and software is quite high. b. Large-scale systematic error can happen. c. Batteries of laptops don’t last long, and computers and software are subject to malfunctions. d. They prompt the researcher with the questions.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

43. The format of a questionnaire is just as important as the nature and working of the questions. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

44. Which of the following statements is true concerning surveys? a. Surveys are high on reliability. b. Surveys are low on reliability. c. Surveys are low on generalizability. d. Surveys are high on validity.

45. “Do you support the reduction of property taxes and the construction of a state prison near Atlanta?” is an example of what sort of question? a. Double-barreled b. Biased c. Negative d. Too long 46. Which type of question should be avoided on a questionnaire? a. Short items Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research b. Contingency questions c. Ambiguous questions d. Matrix questions

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

47. A reason you should not contract with a professional firm for a survey might be that drawing a sample is a complex process. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

48. Focus groups are most useful a. when precise generalization to a larger population is essential, and the focus group participants and the larger population are relatively heterogeneous. b. when precise generalization to a larger population is essential, and the focus group participants and the larger population are relatively homogeneous. c. when precise generalization to a larger population is not necessary, and the focus group participants and the larger population are relatively homogeneous. d. when precise generalization to a larger population is not necessary, and the focus group participants and the larger population are relatively heterogeneous.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

49. Probably the most important ability for interviewers to have is the ability to rephrase questions so that they make sense to the respondent. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

50. What would be considered the minimum adequate response rate for analysis and reporting of questionnaires? a. 30 percent b. 40 percent c. 50 percent d. 75 percent 51. In general, the longer a potential respondent delays replying, a. the more valid their response will be because they are taking their time completing the survey. b. the more likely they will respond. c. the less likely they will respond. d. the less valid their response will be.

52. In general, survey research is a. strong on reliability and strong on validity.

Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research b. strong on reliability and weak on validity. c. weak on reliability and strong on validity. d. weak on reliability and weak on validity.

53. In contrast to interviews, self-administered questionnaires have the advantage of a. being more effective in dealing with complicated issues. b. producing fewer incomplete questionnaires. c. dealing with the context of social life. d. handling sensitive issues more effectively if surveys are anonymous.

54. Which of the following is an advantage of telephone surveys? a. Respondents are eager to participate. b. They save time and money compared to face-to-face interviews. c. There is less control over data collection. d. Researchers’ appearance is important.

55. “What is your opinion on the death penalty?” is an example of which type of question? a. Closed-ended question b. Open-ended question c. Matrix question d. Contingency question 56. “What is your gender, male or female” is an example of which type of question? a. Closed-ended question b. Open-ended question c. Matrix question d. Contingency question 57. The following is an example of which type of question?

- yes - no If you answered yes, go to Q2.

Q2: Where did the protest take place? a. Closed-ended question b. Open-ended question c. Matrix question d. Contingency question 58. Which of the following is an accepted method for increasing response rates in mailed surveys? a. Go to the respondents home and pick up the questionnaire b. Include a self-addressed stamped envelope c. Contact the nonrespondents by telephone d. Send out only one original mailing with no follow-ups

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research 59. When follow-ups are planned with mail surveys, the response rate increases. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

60. The National Crime Victimization Survey is an example of which type of survey research? a. Targeted victim survey b. Self-report study c. Attitudinal survey d. Survey of beliefs 61. Which of the following is accurate with respect to specialized interviewing? a. It is only concerned with the views and opinions of those individuals who are interviewed. b. It is only concerned with the interview technique. c. It is only concerned with generalizing to the general public. d. It asks questions of a large number of subjects.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

62. Specialized interviewing consists of the questions are not presented in a standardized order. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

63. In general, surveys can be used to evaluate policy that seeks to change attitudes, beliefs, or a. skepticism. b. perceptions. c. values. d. accessibilities.

64. How has NCVS broadened the scope of the responses it gets from the surveys? a. It has asked more questions about demographic information. b. It has reduced unimportant questions and added more questions about victimization. c. It has included questions dealing with police–public contacts in order to assess experiences during traffic stops. d. It has questions concerning the relationship with the offender.

65. Which of the following questions is best for a survey? a. What grade did you get in your last Criminal Justice course, and why did you get it? b. If you did not do as well in your last Criminal Justice course, was it because of the teacher, the book, the time the class was offered, or what? c. What grade do you expect to get in Research Methods?

Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research d. Why did you miss class so many times during the last semester, and were your grades impacted by the misses or was it a good trade-off because you were doing things for your school organization?

66. Which of the following represents special problems when giving a self-report questionnaire to an incarcerated population? a. Inmates will admit to criminal acts they have not been charged with. b. Inmates may be reluctant to admit to committing crimes because of legal consequences. c. Inmates may have limited reading ability and that would influence their ability to answer questions. d. You may not have considered all the potential responses.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

67. Timing is an important consideration to think about when mailing questionnaires? a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

68. Which of the following is an advantage of computer-assisted in-person interviews? a. Responses can be hand-sorted and manually entered into data files for analysis. b. Complex questions can be automated. c. Questions can only be programmed in one language. d. There is no opportunity for follow-up questions.

69. With respect to telephone interviews, which of the following represents a problem for the researcher? a. Caller ID, which is common now in many households, may reduce the number of subjects who answer their phones. b. Telephone surveys may reduce the risk to the researcher who would otherwise have to go door-to-door. c. Telephone surveys are limited to those people with cellular phones. d. People can hang up, thus reducing the number of calls the researcher can make.

70. Which of the following makes surveys a good choice for doing research? a. Surveys can be given only once to the same population because they will learn from the prior survey. b. There are many methods of surveys that can be used with any given population. c. Survey research is appropriate only for exploratory research. d. Surveys have strong validity.

71. This person mailed 25,000 questionnaires to French workers asking such things as, “Does your employer resort to trickery to defraud you of a part of your earnings?” a. Vladimir Lenin b. Friedrich Engels c. Emile Durkheim d. Karl Marx

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research 72. The likert scale is used to summarize the attitude of the respondent whether they agree or disagree with the questions being asked. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

73. When a researcher asks respondents for a single answer to a combination question, the question is said to be a. double-barreled. b. single-shot. c. open-ended. d. closed-ended.

74. When we ask people for information, they will respond using a filter of what will make them look good, which is known as social a. inclusivity. b. divisiveness. c. perception. d. desirability.

75. Subsequent questions in a series are called a. supplemental questions. b. contingency questions. c. follow-up questions. d. matrix questions.

76. If you want to ask several questions that have the same set of answer categories, the best type of question to use is the a. supplemental question. b. contingency question. c. follow-up question. d. matrix question.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

77. Respondents may develop a matrix set or pattern of answering when answering matrix questions. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

78. One way to improve the response rate of mailed questionnaires is to a. hand-deliver the questionnaires. b. have the questionnaires sent Collect On Delivery. c. require a signature for delivery. d. mark the outside of the envelope with “Address Correction Requested.”

Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research 79. Which of the following is frequently required for eliciting responses to open-ended questions? a. meter. b. probe. c. measure. d. scope.

80. Dillman, Smythe, and Christian (2014) undertook an extensive review of the various techniques survey researchers use to increase return rates on mail surveys. In this research, they stress the necessity of paying attention to the “total design method” of the study instead of a. rewards. b. gimmicks. c. dupery. d. frankness.

81. Surveys tend to be strong on reliability and a. vagueness. b. frankness. c. generalizability. d. simplification.

82. This type of interview tends to be based on a much less-structured set of open-ended questions than other survey or interview techniques: a. specialized. b. standardized. c. individualistic. d. generalized.

83. A closed-ended question has a response set consisting of the following categories: “strongly agree,” “agree,” “disagree,” and “strongly disagree.” These responses are an example of which scale? a. Dillon b. Chaiken c. Likert d. Ditton and Farrall 84. When any given response fits in only one given set of categories, the categories are a. mutually exclusive. b. mutually inclusive. c. codependent. d. non-mutually exclusive.

85. When constructing questions, it is a good idea to ensure that a set of given responses, including all reasonable responses in the given categories, is a. desultory. b. inclusive.

Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research c. exhaustive. d. random.

86. Identify the strengths and weaknesses in general of survey research.

87. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of each of the following: a. open-ended questions b. closed-ended questions 88. Write sample questions dealing with the relationship between gender and criminal activity. Pose the questions in the following forms: a. open-ended b. closed-ended c. matrix d. contingency 89. What is CASI? What advantages and disadvantages does it offer for researchers?

90. Compare and contrast in-person interviews and telephone surveys in terms of the role of the researcher and the types of questions appropriate for each.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

91. A data collection method that applies a standard instrument in a systematic way to take measures from a large number of units is a(n) a. survey. b. political poll. c. interview. d. focus group.

92. The Crime Survey for England and Wales was previously called a. the European Crime Survey. b. the UK Crime Survey. c. the British Crime Survey. d. the English Crime Survey.

93. Questions in which the respondent is asked to provide his or her own answers are called a. open-ended questions. b. closed-ended questions. c. qualitative questions. d. quantitative questions.

94. Questions in which the respondent is asked to select an answer from among a list provided by the researcher are a. formal questions. b. open-ended questions.

Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research c. closed-ended questions. d. substantive questions.

95. Which of these is true about closed-ended questions? a. Closed-ended questions must be interpreted before analysis. b. Closed-ended questions provide fewer uniform responses. c. Closed-ended questions are less easily processed. d. Closed-ended questions often can be transferred directly into data.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

96. The term poll suggests a collection of questions. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

97. A negation in a questionnaire item paves the way for a. easy misinterpretation. b. clear measurement. c. self-selection bias. d. false answers.

98. Whenever we ask people for information, they answer through a filter of what will make them look good. This concept is called a. social anxiety b. social self-consciousness c. social desirability d. social filtering 99. Obtaining valid and reliable results from self-report items is a. challenging. b. easy. c. impossible. d. outmoded.

Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. True 9. False 10. True 11. True 12. a 13. b 14. b 15. c 16. c 17. c 18. b 19. c 20. d 21. b 22. c 23. c 24. a 25. c Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research 26. a 27. b 28. a 29. a 30. c 31. d 32. True 33. a 34. True 35. a 36. b 37. b 38. False 39. a 40. a 41. True 42. d 43. True 44. a 45. a 46. c 47. True 48. c 49. False 50. c 51. c Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research 52. b 53. d 54. b 55. b 56. a 57. d 58. b 59. True 60. b 61. a 62. True 63. b 64. c 65. c 66. b 67. True 68. b 69. a 70. b 71. d 72. True 73. a 74. d 75. b 76. d Powered by Cognero

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch09 - Survey Research 77. True 78. d 79. b 80. b 81. c 82. a 83. c 84. a 85. c 86. N/A 87. N/A 88. N/A 89. N/A 90. N/A 91. a 92. c 93. a 94. c 95. d 96. False 97. a 98. c 99. a

Powered by Cognero

Page 18

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Qualitative interviews are based on a deliberate plan but are inherently flexible. a. True b. False 2. Studying how people think is an appropriate topic of study for a qualitative interview. a. True b. False 3. Richness, meaning, and shared cultural values are important parts of the qualitative interview. a. True b. False 4. A structured interview schedule refers to a predetermined question and answer set. a. True b. False 5. Reflexivity refers to objectivity in the interview process. a. True b. False 6. Qualitative data may be recorded through a variety of media. a. True b. False 7. Qualitative data analysis usually begins with data management and reduction. a. True b. False 8. Focus groups are typically of value in the qualitative interview process. a. True b. False 9. Both structured and semi-structured interviews have standardized questions. a. True b. False 10. Semi-structured is a type of interview used in qualitative research. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. Which of the following is the most open style of interviewing? a. Unstructured Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing b. Structured c. Quantitative d. Hybrid 12. Which of the following is a type of focus group? a. Synthetic group b. Artificial group c. Contrived group d. Selected group 13. Which of the following is utilized in the process of gaining access to formal organizations? a. Sponsor b. Cold call c. Letter d. Conference call 14. Qualitative interviewing by its very nature is a. subjective. b. objective. c. hard. d. easy.

15. In relationship to the qualitative interviews, field notes should be written a. during the interview. b. weeks later. c. prior to the interview. d. promptly after completing the interview.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

16. A great way to make sense of qualitative data is through mental blocks. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

17. As opposed to survey research, a qualitative interview is more a. data driven. b. interactive. c. difficult to do. d. linear.

18. High-caliber qualitative studies a. retain vagueness. b. recognize meaning.

Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing c. lose track of context. d. ignore standards of standard data collection.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

19. A variety of approaches toward compensating research participants exists. One of the most rewarding is providing them with a stake in the project. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

20. The majority of survey research is conducted using this type of interview schedule: a. structured. b. semi-structured. c. unstructured. d. random.

21. Which of the following is a framework for designing qualitative interviews? a. Descriptive b. Synchronic c. Iconic d. Episodic 22. The primary purpose of the probe in a line of questioning is to a. prompt participants into providing more detail. b. scare participants from participating in research. c. make participants uncomfortable during research. d. challenge participants to change their answers.

23. Rapport is the process of a. connecting with participants. b. challenging participants. c. understanding oneself in the context of the participant. d. manipulating data to appease participants.

24. Memoing is the process of a. taking notes during research. b. writing notes about the research process from beginning to end. c. challenging one's conceptions of data. d. recording field notes.

25. The primary advantage of the unstructured interview is that it provides a. more specific data. b. more numerical data.

Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing c. more interaction with participants. d. more breadth of information.

26. The first step in gaining access to formal organizations is typically a. writing a letter. b. finding a sponsor. c. making a phone call. d. offering a financial reward.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

27. Most focus groups are interested in spontaneity and emergence of themes. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

28. To understand the critical realist perspective, one must understand a. their stance on the nature of reality. b. the nature of morality. c. the Marxist view of humanity. d. the dystopian view of nature.

29. All the information a researcher logs in the context of the qualitative interview is known as the a. qualitative data bank. b. memo. c. data log. d. audit trail.

30. Qualitative data interpretation is different than that of quantitative data interpretation in that it accepts a. multiple realities. b. survey data. c. idealist perspective. d. linear regression in all circumstances.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

31. Tree-and-branch approach is a line of questioning relating to qualitative interviews. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

32. Qualitative interviews are more effective than survey research for a. validity.

Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing b. reliability. c. generalizability. d. reflexivity.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

33. Focus groups are especially useful for learning about group dynamics. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

34. Structured interviews consist of a. spontaneously created questions. b. predetermined questions and answer sets. c. time-specific responses. d. questions in hierarchical order.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

35. The most basic level of compensation for participating in research is payments, goods, and services. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

36. Diachronic delivery of data starts at the beginning and progresses a. chronologically. b. backwards. c. evenly. d. randomly.

37. Atlas and NVivo are examples of what? a. Random words b. Quantitative data-analysis programs c. Qualitative data-analysis programs d. Responses participants have given in qualitative studies 38. The relationship between synchronic questions and time is a. straightforward. b. nonexistent. c. linear. d. backwards.

39. A clarification probe is used to Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing a. better understand unclear material. b. push participants further. c. change a line of questioning. d. conduct structured interviews only.

40. Studying a topic such as robbery can best be accomplished through a. quantitative techniques. b. archived data. c. content analysis. d. qualitative interviewing.

41. A focus group is typically classified as a type of a. survey-based research. b. qualitative interview. c. forced interaction. d. advanced analytical technique.

42. A primary advantage of the semi-structured interview when compared to the structured interview is that it allows a. more data to be gathered. b. unscheduled probes to be used. c. cognitive changes to take place. d. multiple topics to be studied.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

43. Follow-up questions are typically used during the third interview. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

44. Which of the following types of researchers have historically used qualitative interviews? a. Criminologists b. Librarians c. Veterinarians d. Chemists

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

45. Thick descriptions describe action as well as understand meanings of behaviors. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing 46. The first step in creating questions is typically a. writing questions. b. determining whom you will interview. c. figuring out interview type. d. determining question format.

47. Unstructured interviews are typically best for what kind of study? a. Quantitative studies b. Qualitative studies c. Exploratory studies d. Correlational studies 48. Gaining access to underground or illicit populations is best achieved through a. committing a small crime. b. bribes. c. misfortune. d. sponsors.

49. Before you create questions, as a part of planning your approach you will want to figure out who you will interview, along with the depth of your interview questions. This is sometimes termed the a. substantive frame. b. formal frame. c. deep frame. d. procedural frame.

50. Qualitative interviews can occur a. face to face. b. using online questionnaire. c. using historical survey review. d. by mail.

51. Mode of data analysis depends on a. research objectives. b. analytical techniques. c. population being studied. d. types of notes taken.

52. Grounded theory stems from a. quantitative techniques. b. analysis of patterns and themes. c. linear regression. d. diverse populations.

53. Open coding is also defined as a. brainstorming.

Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing b. data reduction. c. grounded theory. d. qualitative note taking.

54. Metaphors and analogies in speech mark a. grounded theory. b. important concepts. c. structured interviews. d. epistemology.

55. A schedule that consists of predetermined questions and answer sets is a a. quantitative interview schedule. b. unstructured interview schedule. c. structured interview schedule. d. formal interview schedule.

56. In qualitative interviews, these guide the conversation because they are directly related to your research questions: a. main questions. b. preliminary questions. c. focused questions. d. primary questions.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

57. A qualitative interview involves interaction between participants and researchers. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

58. Which delivery of material starts at the beginning and progresses chronologically? a. Descriptive b. Synchronic c. Diachronic d. Episodic 59. Rather than objectivity or intersubjective agreement, this is commonly a feature of qualitative analysis: a. neutrality. b. transferability. c. stability. d. complexity.

60. Knowledge is typically constructed from a. a single perspective. b. multiple perspectives.

Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing c. the critical realist perspective. d. structural positivism.

61. Semi-structured interviews are helpful when a. there is no other choice of interview technique. b. gang members are being interviewed. c. two or more people are doing the interviewing. d. a variety of interview questions are needed.

62. A simple framework for making sense of all of the stories that emerge from qualitative interviews are called a. data management. b. management reduction. c. story units. d. thinking units.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

63. Before creating an interview schedule, a researcher ought to create an outline. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

64. With regards to the response of participants, questions serve this function: a. they frame how a participant responds. b. they have little to no effect on how a participant responds. c. they contradict how a participant responds. d. they motivate the participant to respond in a specific manner.

65. A method in qualitative interviewing used to check data involves looking for what type of cases? a. Obscure b. Positive c. Negative d. Irregular 66. A key feature of qualitative interviewing is a. data. b. validity. c. contextualization. d. regression.

67. In qualitative interviewing, these types of questions guide the interview process: a. open-ended. b. closed-ended. c. probing.

Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing d. main.

68. A method in which draft descriptions are used to check accuracy of work is referred to as a. grounded theory. b. member checks. c. an audit trail. d. data mining.

69. Birks, Chapman, and Francis (2008) described three types of memos: coding, analytical, and a. participation. b. organizational. c. operational. d. cooperative.

70. This form of record includes transcribed interviews, notes, during interviews, field notes, and memoing: a. logging. b. jotting. c. inputting. d. scanning.

71. Which of the following refers to subjectivity in the research process? a. Rapport b. Reflexivity c. Interaction d. Contextualization 72. Interpreting consistency in stories is also called a. complexity of results. b. instability of results. c. simplicity of results. d. stability of results.

73. Roger is conducting a survey on shoplifting within a community. He has prepared a series of questions to individually ask grocery shoppers as they exit the local grocery store. What type of interview is Roger conducting? a. Focus group b. Structured c. Semi-structured d. Unstructured 74. You are interested in determining if participation in after-school events at the local high school is beneficial to school spirit and academic achievement, so you conduct a survey of the students in the chess club. What type of focus group is this? a. Artificial b. Natural c. Synthetic Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing d. Neutral 75. This type of focus group is best when researchers want to avoid having discussion affected by preexisting relationships: a. Artificial b. Natural c. Synthetic d. Neutral 76. The more connected one is to a group, the more of a(n) ____________ they are. a. outsider b. organizer c. insider d. participant 77. Which of the following occurs when working hypothesis can be transferred from one context to another? a. Cross-referencing b. Stability c. Neutrality d. Transferability 78. John is interested in conducting research regarding the motivation behind shoplifting. He wishes to survey shoplifting offenders. What would be one way that John can increase the likelihood of participation? a. Offer to be a character witness in future criminal proceedings b. Offer to pay a small fee c. Offer to speak to the offender's probation officer on their behalf d. Inform the offender that failure to participate might be a violation of their probation 79. These are general references and guides about what you are looking for when sifting through data: a. guideline concepts. b. desensitizing concepts. c. thought concepts. d. sensitizing concepts.

80. This word literally means to separate something into parts: a. analyze. b. reduction. c. data. d. thought.

81. Data analysis usually begins with data management and ____________. a. deduction b. reduction c. induction Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing d. abduction 82. Unidentified specialized words in qualitative interviewing are referred to as a. aboriginal categories. b. slang categories. c. jargon categories. d. indigenous categories.

83. The process of letting the data speak for themselves with minimal commentary is called a. qualitative description. b. qualitative interpretation. c. quantitative description. d. quantitative interpretation.

84. What kinds of populations best lend themselves to qualitative interviewing? Pick a population and discuss what type of qualitative interview you would conduct with them. Be sure to reference the type of interview questions you would use.

85. Compare and contrast the two different types of focus groups discussed in the text. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each?

86. Compare and contrast the structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interview formats. Be sure to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each and discuss which situations better lend themselves to different types of interview formats.

87. Discuss the differences between being an insider and an outsider when it comes to qualitative research. Which situations lend themselves better to which type of status?

88. Outline and compare and contrast the steps to gaining access to formal organizations. In your opinion, which step is most important?

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

89. A verbal interaction between an interviewer and a participant that follows a general plan of inquiry, but not necessarily a specific set of questions, is a. qualitative interviewing. b. qualitative examination. c. a self-report survey. d. a qualitative test.

90. Brotherton and Barrios (2004) captured the movement of the Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation by which method? a. Delivering surveys door-to-door b. Analyzing census data c. Interviewing gang members d. Police data on gang crime Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing 91. The ways young people think about violence are called a. violent action schemes. b. life courses. c. information–observance paths. d. violent trauma absorption.

92. A directed discussion with a small group of people is called a. a brainstorm. b. a think–tank. c. a focus group. d. a survey.

93. Qualitative interviews are important tools for producing which type of descriptions? a. Thick b. Thin c. Narrow d. Broad 94. The nature of reality is also called a. realism. b. deontology. c. ontology. d. cynicism.

Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing Answer Key 1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. True 8. True 9. True 10. True 11. a 12. a 13. d 14. a 15. d 16. False 17. b 18. b 19. True 20. a 21. b 22. a 23. a 24. b 25. d Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing 26. b 27. True 28. a 29. d 30. a 31. True 32. a 33. True 34. b 35. True 36. a 37. c 38. b 39. a 40. d 41. b 42. b 43. False 44. a 45. True 46. b 47. c 48. d 49. a 50. a 51. a Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing 52. b 53. a 54. b 55. c 56. a 57. True 58. c 59. a 60. b 61. c 62. d 63. True 64. a 65. c 66. c 67. d 68. b 69. c 70. a 71. b 72. d 73. b 74. b 75. a 76. c Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch10 - Qualitative Interviewing 77. d 78. b 79. d 80. a 81. b 82. d 83. a 84. N/A 85. N/A 86. N/A 87. N/A 88. N/A 89. a 90. c 91. a 92. c 93. a 94. c

Powered by Cognero

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Field research is often associated with qualitative techniques. a. True b. False 2. When it is necessary to study phenomenon in their natural setting, experiments are the best approach to take. a. True b. False 3. Field research that deals with crime is best served by focusing on crimes that are visible, such as drug selling or prostitution. a. True b. False 4. “Going native” refers to the possibility that subjects may become too close to the researcher. a. True b. False 5. Finding the right sponsor in a formal organization is often the most important step in gaining access. a. True b. False 6. Fortunately, when doing field research, sampling is very straightforward, and you do not have the concerns that would be present in survey techniques. a. True b. False 7. Many different options are available for gathering data in field research. a. True b. False 8. Validity is especially weak in field studies. a. True b. False 9. It may be helpful to record field notes onto highly structured forms created prior to the beginning of the study. a. True b. False 10. Qualitative field research is very reliable. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation 11. Field research uses what technique to gather data? a. Written records b. Agency data c. Direct observation d. Obtaining government documents 12. Which of the following is accurate concerning data acquired during field research? a. It is qualitative data that is easily reduced to numbers. b. It is quantitative data that is not easily reduced to numbers. c. It is qualitative data that is not easily reduced to numbers. d. All the data gathered must be reducible to numbers.

13. Which of the following is true concerning qualitative field research? a. It is often a theory- or hypothesis-generating activity. b. It always has clear operational definitions of key terms. c. It must begin with clearly stated and defined hypotheses. d. It does not define the nature of a crime problem being studied.

14. Which of the following is considered a strength of field research? a. Validity is enhanced. b. Reliability is enhanced. c. It allows for more confusion, fuller vagaries. d. Generalizability is enhanced.

15. Many aspects of physical settings are probably best studied through a. asking questions. b. reviewing written documents. c. direct observation. d. surveys.

16. Which of the following would be an appropriate crime to study using the field research technique? a. Automotive accidents involving unlicensed drivers b. Shoplifting c. Embezzlement d. Homicide 17. In which role does the researcher observe some location or process without becoming a part of it in any way? a. Complete participation b. Complete observer c. Participant-as-observer d. Observer-as-participant 18. If the subjects know that they are being studied, which of the following is likely to result? a. The subjects may change their behavior and their language.

Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation b. The subjects may befriend the researcher. c. The process being observed may remain the same. d. The subject may wear a disguise.

19. If the researcher feels they will need to ask questions of the subjects, what is the best technique in field research to use? a. Complete observer b. Complete participant c. A combination of observer and participant d. Surveys 20. There are two different methods for obtaining data in field research, asking questions and a. making direct observation. b. searching documents. c. finding answers. d. analyzing existing data.

21. Which of the following groups would be receptive to the use of unstructured interviews in research? a. Violent criminals b. Police officers c. Turnstile jumpers d. Shoplifters 22. Structured (as opposed to unstructured) interviews in field research would be appropriate for use with which group? a. Death row inmates b. Juveniles c. Police officers d. Criminals 23. Which of the following may be a concern if we are interested in studying “career drug dealers” and we use a friend from the probation department to act as our informant into that subculture? a. those getting probation may have “scammed the system” b. Those getting probation have obviously been caught, and they obviously were not smart enough to not get caught. c. there may be some drug dealers who enter into plea negotiations and plead to possession instead of dealing d. Probation officials are unreliable.

24. Which of the following sampling techniques are appropriate for field research? a. Snowball sampling b. Convenience sampling c. Controlled-probability sampling d. Probability techniques

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation 25. When doing field research, researchers should be aware that sampling dimensions can be impacted by (the) attire, which can affect people’s behavior. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

26. What time of the year would be best to do an observational study of thefts from cars parked at shopping malls? a. Early in the year, January to February b. Early summer, June to July c. Late summer, August d. Late in the year, December 27. Which of the following is a legitimate question to ask when deciding upon a sample for field research? a. Are the actual observations you make representative of all possible observations? b. Can your findings be generalized back to the sample you used? c. Are the situations you observe likely to reoccur? d. Will the subjects be at home?

28. Which of the following is false concerning the use of field notes for recording observations? a. Field notes include what you are sure you have observed. b. Field notes should not include unanticipated events. c. Field notes should include what you think you observed. d. Note-taking can be done on standardized recording forms that you create prior to the start of the research.

29. Which of these is a guideline for good field note-taking? a. Trust your memory; avoid writing down as much as possible. b. Avoid developing your notes from sketchy to more detailed with rewrites. c. Use only keywords and phrases in your notes; you will remember the details at a later date. d. Record as many details as you can right after each observation session.

30. In structured field observations, the data collection form resembles a survey questionnaire. For example, environmental surveys are used for which of the following research purposes? a. Counting the number of parking tickets given in a specific part of town. b. Planning police strategies in drug enforcement and assessing the impact of those strategies. c. Asking juveniles why they use graffiti. d. Asking inmates why they committed their crimes.

31. Which of the following statements is true concerning field research? a. It does not provide a comprehensive perspective to the researcher. b. It often involves theory creation. c. It often uses observation or asking questions, but not both. d. It can only provide qualitative or quantitative data, but not both.

32. Kim, while doing field research with a police department, begins to become more sympathetic to officers’ behavior.

Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation She would be considered to be a. becoming sympathetic. b. going naïve. c. becoming conservative. d. going native.

33. On the continuum of methods for recording observations, one extreme is taking notes with pen and paper, the other extreme is a. video recording. b. participant observation. c. total participation. d. interviews.

34. Recording graffiti might be best accomplished through a. field notes. b. still photographs. c. video recording. d. drawings.

35. Which of the following would be considered an advantage of field research? a. Qualitative field studies yield precise statements about a larger population. b. The research is considered less flexible. c. The researcher has a choice of roles they can assume to fit the individual needs of the research at hand. d. The research is generally unreliable.

36. Which of the following groups would be good candidates for snowball sampling when doing field research? a. Patrol officers from your city b. Circuit court judges c. Active burglars d. Those arrested for auto theft in 2002 in New Jersey 37. One way to gain access to a subculture would be to a. ask questions of the larger culture. b. post flyers in the neighborhood. c. conduct a telephone survey. d. hang around places where members of the subculture you are interested in hang out.

38. Which of the following is an inappropriate subject matter for a field study? a. Juvenile gang behavior following the arrest of one of its leaders b. Police–citizen interactions at a rock concert c. Homeless men’s use of shelters d. The length of jury trials 39. Dr. Garcia wants to study migrant farm workers and how they move from one agricultural job to another. In order to do this, Dr. Garcia will live and move with the workers for one summer while they pick strawberries in Florida. What Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation would increase the impact and generalizability of his study? a. Speak only Spanish to the workers. b. Live and work for one year as different parts of the country have different growing and harvesting seasons. c. Use every method to collect the data, including videotaping the workers. d. Nothing will make this study generalizable.

40. What is an advantage to using unstructured interviewing techniques when conducting field research? a. When the researcher knows much about the subject under study b. When the researcher may be likely to enter into casual conversation with the subject as a means of gathering data c. When there is a high likelihood of the subjects and the researcher spending a lot of time together d. Being able to ask preestablished questions and record the answers 41. In which of the following situations would unstructured interviewing techniques be appropriate? a. Gathering information on active criminals b. Gathering information on state supreme court judges c. Gathering information on prison wardens within your state d. Gathering information on death row inmates from Texas 42. Which of the following is correct concerning structured field interviews? a. The researcher cannot change the order in which questions are asked. b. The researcher cannot use follow-up questions to clarify an earlier prepared question. c. The researcher must stick to the questions prepared prior to the interview. d. The researcher should ask questions in a manner that always keeps the subject on target and not wandering to areas of no interest to the researcher.

43. Which of the following is true concerning a sponsor? a. The sponsor should not advise you on whom to contact within the organization, but should do it for you. b. The sponsor need not be well-respected by the director of the organization. c. The sponsor should be familiar with the formal and informal statuses of various personnel within the organization. d. The sponsor should introduce you to the organization and leave.

44. As a follow-up to identification of the sponsor, which of the following is something that your letter should contain? a. The name of your finance provider b. A detailed description of your research c. Arranging a time and date for a phone call d. That you demand to meet and talk with the contact person 45. After you have identified a sponsor and sent a letter to a formal organization stating your interest in research, a phone call is typically the next step in the process. You have agreed upon a time and day for the phone call, and at the appointed time, you call. The director will not take your call. In this case you should do which of the following? a. Forget that specific organization as a target of your research because if the director will not take your call now, you cannot expect much from them once the research begins. b. Keep calling back until your call is taken by the director.

Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation c. Ask to speak to the director’s assistant and make an appointment for a meeting. d. Find another sponsor and see if you have better luck getting access to the director.

46. In an attempt to gain access to a formal organization, you have found a sponsor, sent a letter, and spoken with the director by phone. You are now ready for the meeting. Which of the following should be avoided? a. Going to the meeting prepared so that you can speak with the director from an informed position b. Flattering the director with compliments on their attire, hairstyle, and anything else you can think of c. Asking for any procedures manuals or reports that may assist in your research d. Being sure to use the right words of encouragement and your best interviewing skills 47. Qualitative research is best explained through which of the following? a. Never theory generating b. A process of grounded theory c. Used to make the subjects comfortable d. Used to increase generalizability 48. Because field research is generally considered to be comprehensive in nature, it tends to ensure the observations are more a. generalizable. b. reliable. c. valid. d. correct.

49. Field research is especially inappropriate for topics that a. are not easily quantifiable. b. need to be examined in their natural setting. c. require the generation of a theory. d. are limited to aggregate data.

50. Field research would be most appropriate for which of the following topics? a. The average age of sex offenders b. The number of neighborhood watch programs initiated in 2003 c. The frequency of newspaper articles criticizing the treatment of “enemy combatants” after 9/11 d. How street prostitutes are selected by Johns in the early evening hours in your city 51. Which of the following is a serious consideration for researchers who adopt the role of complete participant when doing field research? a. Generalizability b. Ethics c. Validity d. Reliability 52. Which of the following type of research is often a theory- or hypothesis-generating activity as well? a. Ethnographic research b. Purposive sampling Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation c. Quantitative research d. Qualitative research 53. If you wanted to study juveniles who steal cars, who would serve as your best informant? a. Juvenile police officers b. Mothers of young boys c. School teachers d. Young people arrested for drugs 54. Which of the following is appropriate for gaining access to criminal justice subcultures such as active criminals, deviants, or juvenile gangs? a. Letters b. Phone calls c. Formal meetings d. Use of a sponsor 55. Which of the following would be considered an inappropriate method of gathering information in field studies? a. Automated devices such as ELMO b. Using written records c. Paper and pencil to write notes d. Videotape 56. Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the gathering of data in field studies? a. There is never a legal issue with videotaping people. b. The only way to get all relevant information is to videotape. c. Tape recorders and cameras cannot capture all relevant information. d. Automated devices, such as traffic-counting devices, are effective for any research question dealing with cars and their drivers.

57. Which of the following is an ethical question that needs to be addressed by the researcher? a. Are the scientific results generalizable? b. Is it proper to use deception to get subjects to talk with us? c. Are the results valid? d. Are you sure that the results are reliable?

58. Sponsors, who help a researcher gain access to a subculture, are also known as a. active criminals. b. participant observers. c. natives. d. informants.

59. What role does the sponsor play in field research? a. Telling the police about criminal acts being done so that the researcher knows where to look for offenders b. Someone who helps make contact with subcultures c. The person who assists in the observation of subcultures Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation d. The person responsible for making sure that the researcher is not hurt during the course of their data collection 60. Which of the following sampling techniques would be appropriate for field research? a. Controlled laboratory b. Purposive sampling c. Stratified sampling d. Non-probability 61. A researcher may do this if they believe a participant will be more natural and honest if they do not know they are participating in a research project: a. alter field notes. b. purposely misguide the participant’s responses. c. offer a cash payment for responses. d. engage in deception.

62. What role do environmental surveys play in field research? a. They seek to assess overall environment of an area without concern for who lives there. b. They are very instructive in the area of problem-oriented policing. c. They are limited to strategies for surveying the people who live in the area. d. They are instructive in the area of understanding the values of the citizens of an area.

63. Which of the following is accurate with respect to field research? a. Field research can only gather quantitative data. b. Field research can only gather qualitative data. c. Field research can gather both qualitative and quantitative data. d. Field research can gather neither qualitative nor quantitative data.

64. What is the proper relationship between validity and reliability with respect to field research? a. Field research is weak on validity but strong on generalizability. b. Field research is strong on validity and strong on reliability. c. Field research is strong on validity and strong on generalizability. d. Field research is strong on validity and weak on reliability.

65. Which of the following is a strength of field research? a. Field research is rigid thus allowing for accurate observations. b. Field research is expensive to conduct. c. Field research on behavior makes more sense than surveys. d. Field research is inflexible.

66. In which of the following situations would field research be the least proper method to gather data? a. When you want to get an overview of the physical surroundings of the event you want to examine b. When you want to get information about the behavior of a group that is not likely to be found in the general population c. When research in the natural setting is of the utmost importance d. When the research focuses on reasons for crime Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation 67. With respect to sampling in field studies, which of the following is least accurate? a. Field studies can use only nonprobability samples. b. Field studies can use only probability samples. c. Field studies primarily use nonprobability samples. d. Field studies can be accomplished by using probability and nonprobability samples.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

68. A researcher engaged in field research would likely use quantitative data, which is defined as observations that are not easily reduced to numbers. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

69. A theory that is created based upon experience and field observations is referred to as a(n) ____________. a. grounded theory b. observable theory c. hypothesis-deductive theory d. formal theory

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

70. When researchers select the role of observer-as-participant, they are participating with the group but let the group know that they are conducting research. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

71. When the researcher starts to identify too closely with the interests and viewpoints of the participants, they are said to have gone a. indigenous. b. native. c. professional. d. rogue.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

72. Reactivity refers to the importance that subjects not be affected by the researcher’s role as observer. a. True b. False 73. If opportunities for crime vary by physical setting, then observation of the motivations of the perpetrators is required. a. True Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

74. Hillary is interested in researching the ability to recognize shoplifters by the clothing they wear, but she wants to conduct the research as a complete observer. To accomplish this research, Hillary should employ which of the following techniques? a. Act as a shopper and follow people she thinks may be shoplifters. b. Approach both nicely dressed and shabbily dressed shoppers and ask if they have ever shoplifted. c. Request archived video surveillance footage from a variety of markets of documented shoplifting events. d. Dress differently over a period of several weeks while shoplifting and see if she gets caught.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

75. Field research is especially effective for studying the subtle nuances of behavior and for examination of processes over time. a. True b. False 76. Flexibility is an advantage of field research. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

77. An intake survey done at the local jail that records the results of structured observations of inmates is an example of this type of survey: a. conditional. b. self-reported. c. trend. d. environmental.

78. Qualitative field studies seldom yield precise descriptive statements about this: a. a small town. b. a small population. c. a large population. d. a neighborhood.

79. Population, time of day, season of the year, and weather are known as sampling a. alterations. b. validities. c. dimensions. d. ethnographies.

80. In field research, this often refers to whether the intended meaning of the things observed or people interviewed has been captured accurately: Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation a. compatibility. b. validity. c. reliability. d. generalizability.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

81. In Homel and associates’ study of bars and violence, they were interested in learning how various situational factors were related to public drinking that might produce violence. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

82. Field research is especially appropriate for topics that can best be understood within their a. controlled settings. b. natural settings. c. historical setting. d. laboratory setting.

83. Identify the difference between the various roles of the observer in field research. Offer an example of a research scenario that would be appropriate for each role.

84. Describe the steps that would be necessary to gain access to a formal organization for the purposes of doing field research.

85. Identify the various methods that can be used to record observations. Offer an explanation of which method, in your opinion, is most effective and why. Also, which method, in your opinion, is least effective and why?

86. Why is it often necessary to supplement field research with other forms of data? Give examples of other types of data that are often used in criminal justice research and how each may be used as a link to field research.

87. Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of field research and survey research. Give specific attention to the topics of validity, reliability, and generalizability.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

88. Field research in criminal justice produces the following type(s) of data: a. quantitative. b. qualitative. c. quantitative and qualitative. d. clerical errors.

89. The type of field observation that most closely matches a survey is a. a structured observation.

Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation b. unstructured observation. c. sampling. d. coded observation.

90. Observations that can be quantified may produce measures for a. conversation. b. oral questionnaires. c. purposive sampling. d. hypothesis testing.

91. The term field research is broader and more inclusive than the term a. ethnography. b. qualitative research. c. social science. d. survey-taking.

92. A researcher who participates with the group under study, but makes it clear that they are also undertaking research, is a(n) a. observer-as-researcher. b. participant-as-negotiator. c. participant-as-observer. d. observer-as-participant.

93. When research subjects change their behavior as a reaction to being studied, they are demonstrating which phenomenon? a. Reactivity b. Question sensitivity c. Social desirability d. Elasticity 94. How does sampling in field research compare to other types of research? a. Sampling in field research tends to be more complicated. b. Sampling in field research tends to be less complicated. c. Sampling in field research tends to be the same. d. Sampling in field research is not comparable.

95. The ability to systematically sample cases for observation depends on what aspects of a phenomenon? a. The degree of structure and predictability b. The degree of previous research and funding c. The range of occurrence across a country d. The ability to receive completed surveys 96. Most field researchers use a a. laptop computer. b. field diary.

Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation c. field journal. d. video recorder.

97. Structured field observations are also called a. environmental surveys. b. formal questionnaires. c. field criteria. d. field samples.

98. Which technique is becoming more widely used to assess women’s security in public places? a. Community poll b. Stop-and-frisk c. Safety audit d. Environmental survey 99. How does conducting field studies of behavior compare with trying to measure behavior through surveys? a. Field studies are often more appropriate. b. Field studies are often less appropriate. c. Field studies produce the same results. d. Field studies are not comparable to surveys.

100. Which of the following refers to whether specific research findings apply to people, places, and things not actually observed? a. Dexterity b. Reliability c. Generalizability d. Validity

Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. False 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. c 12. c 13. a 14. a 15. c 16. b 17. b 18. a 19. c 20. a 21. b 22. c 23. c 24. a 25. True Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation 26. d 27. a 28. b 29. d 30. b 31. b 32. d 33. a 34. b 35. c 36. c 37. d 38. d 39. b 40. b 41. a 42. d 43. c 44. b 45. c 46. b 47. b 48. c 49. d 50. d 51. b Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation 52. d 53. a 54. d 55. b 56. c 57. b 58. d 59. b 60. b 61. d 62. b 63. c 64. d 65. c 66. d 67. b 68. True 69. a 70. True 71. b 72. True 73. False 74. c 75. True 76. True Powered by Cognero

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch11 - Field Observation 77. a 78. c 79. c 80. b 81. True 82. b 83. N/A 84. N/A 85. N/A 86. N/A 87. N/A 88. c 89. a 90. d 91. a 92. c 93. a 94. c 95. a 96. c 97. a 98. c 99. a 100. c

Powered by Cognero

Page 18

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Agency records, secondary data, and content analysis require direct interaction with research subjects. a. True b. False 2. By its very nature, secondary analysis is always unobtrusive. a. True b. False 3. It is relatively easy and common to have agencies modify their data collection forms in order to get information needed for a specific research project being conducted from someone outside the agency. a. True b. False 4. When using agency records, it is possible to move from individual to aggregate units of analysis, but not the other way around. a. True b. False 5. Understanding the details of how agency records are produced is one of the accepted means of controlling reliability and validity problems. a. True b. False 6. Being able to link an individual to the agency data collected about them is a clear violation of reliability and validity. a. True b. False 7. Since criminal justice record-keeping is a social process reflecting the decisions made by criminal justice personnel, a researcher must be careful of the impact this may have on the validity and reliability of the data. a. True b. False 8. Content analysis involves the systematic study of agency records. a. True b. False 9. Data collected by other researchers are often used to address new research questions. a. True b. False 10. Of all research purposes, evaluation is most effective when secondary data are used. a. True b. False Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. Which of the following is an example of agency records that would be appropriate as a source of data for research? a. Federal Bureau of Prison inmate records b. Medical records c. Juvenile court records d. Defense attorney records 12. Social artifacts, such as written documents or articles from newspapers, would be best understood using which of the following? a. Content analysis b. Secondary analysis c. Agency records d. Newspaper article 13. Agency records and statistics published by agencies or governmental entities are most commonly used for which type of studies? a. Explanatory b. Descriptive c. Evaluations d. Understanding the criminal justice system 14. Topics that lend themselves to the use of content analysis tend to focus upon the links between communication and a. criminal justice policy. b. the actual crime rates. c. the media’s understanding of criminal court convictions. d. understanding why people commit crime.

15. Which of the following is an example of information collected by or for public agencies? a. Statistics collected and published by a news organization b. Research produced by faculty at private colleges and universities c. Nonpublic agency records, such as internal police data identifying where most crime happens in their jurisdiction d. New data collected by a private individual 16. Which of the following would be an example of the data coming from the Census Bureau that have criminal justice applications? a. Annual Survey of Public Pensions b. Center for Economic Studies c. Survey of Inmates in Local Jails d. Uniform Crime Report 17. The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics is the most comprehensive Bureau of Justice Statistics publication. It includes which of the following data? a. Research on efforts by retailers to prevent shoplifting Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data b. Public opinion data regarding juvenile alcohol consumption c. Personnel data from all local police departments d. Specific data on states using capital punishment and their execution statistics 18. In which type of study are highly aggregated summary data from published statistical series typically used? a. Prescriptive b. Explanatory c. Probative d. Exploratory 19. Electronic formats of published statistics have which of the following advantages over written records? a. The data can be read directly into statistical and/or graphics computer programs for analysis. b. Much of the electronic data are inappropriate for spreadsheet software. c. Most do not contain the original data, while printed reports contain aggregate information. d. Most will be considered confidential and thus not available to the researcher.

20. Robert is conducting research comparing the homicide rates of the period 1900–1920 with the homicide rates of the period 2000–2020 using agency records of five major American police departments. What consideration should Robert take to improve the reliability and validity of his study? a. Most American police agencies did not keep accurate records of homicides in the first two decades of the 20th century. b. Most American police agencies only reported witnessed homicides in the first two decades of the 20th century. c. Most American police agencies treated the fatalities of the automotive age as homicides in the first two decades of the 20th century. d. Most American police agencies only recorded solved homicide cases in the first two decades of the 20th century, 21. In Widom’s research on the relationship between early child abuse and later delinquency or adult criminal behavior, which of the following was considered to be either a validity or reliability problem? a. Using public school records and birth records from local newspapers to select the sample. b. By using law enforcement data to assess delinquent and criminal behavior, Widom only identified those who were caught for their behavior and those who were criminally active but were not caught. c. By using court data to identify those who were abused for the sample, Widom only knew about those cases where abuse came to the attention of the public officials, not all the cases that went unreported. d. By using the written confessions of child abusers.

22. In Sherman and colleagues’ research dealing with crime hot spots, they chose to use “calls for service” to local law enforcement as a means of measuring where different types of crimes happened with greatest frequency. They noted some problems with the use of calls for service. Which of the following represents those problems? a. There is potential for duplicate calls to local law enforcement for any one event. b. Saturation traffic enforcement can be confused for enforcement hot spots. c. Parking lots or hospitals can appropriately be listed as hot spots. d. Fire department calls for service may be erroneously counted as a hot spot.

23. Which of the following is a concern about the use of agency records? a. Since most agencies are computerized, there is reason to be concerned about the quality of the data.

Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data b. Expect the expected; it is the unexpected findings that are worrisome. c. Changes in record-keeping practices never affect the measurement. d. Data will be accurate because agency data must be accurate.

24. In the text, an example was given concerning the difficulty in trying to measure how much crime happened to victims who were not residents of South Florida. Since police only routinely kept records on where victims stayed locally (such as hotel addresses), researchers could have an additional question added to the incident recording form asking for the victim’s permanent address. Which of the following would be a benefit? a. It is more expensive to add a question to a form than collecting the data oneself. b. It is much more expensive to add a question to a form because it requires all the forms to be reprinted. c. It allows for less control over the measurement process. d. It enhances the reliability of data collection.

25. Which of the following is accurate concerning agencies collecting original research data? a. Cooperation in adding research questions is not as likely to be successful if you are asking for a major additional effort on the part of the agency staff. b. The cooperation of the staff and their organizations is directly proportional to the intrusiveness of the data collection. c. If the research project is likely to save the agency money or improve staff performance, the chances of enlisting assistance are greatly reduced. d. If the research project is likely to cost the agency money or compromise staff performance, the chances of enlisting assistance are greatly enhanced.

26. Which of the following statements is the most accurate? a. Once units of analysis are defined, sampling agency records is relatively simple. b. Once units of analysis are defined, sampling agency records is quite complicated. c. There is no relationship between the units of analysis used in agency records and the sampling techniques used. d. You must use all agency records and cannot select a subset since that will lead to incomplete conclusions.

27. Which of the following represents reliability or validity concerns when a researcher uses agency records? a. The number of general clerical staff, since too few is not good. b. Changes in the operational definitions the agencies use to specify key terms. c. Maintaining consistent procedures the agency uses to collect the data over time. d. Agency records are generalizable to similar agencies.

28. Which of the following is accurate concerning the validity and reliability of agency records? a. The shorter the time intervals under study, the greater the concern about procedure changes. b. Longitudinal researchers must be concerned about changes in operational definitions over time. c. Longitudinal researchers need not be concerned about changes in procedures over time. d. The longer the time interval under study, the lesser the concern about procedure changes.

29. Which of the following would impact the validity and reliability of a study using agency records? a. Law enforcement agency budgets b. Decisions that are made by police officers to arrest versus give a warning Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data c. Recognition on the part of the researcher that criminal justice data are a composite of criminal behavior, ability to detect that behavior, and decisions about system responses to that behavior d. Staffing decisions made by administrators 30. It is often said that agency data are not designed for research purposes. Which one of the following statements supports that statement? a. Some criminal justice agencies collect data because they are legally required to do so. b. Often the data collected by criminal justice agencies is not covered under privacy regulations. c. Variable definitions are consistent from agency to agency. d. Agency computer systems are limited in their functions.

31. Researchers should view summary descriptions in printed reports as no more than what? a. A validation b. Inconsequential information with little relevance on how the data were collected c. A starting point in their search for information on how the data were collected d. The finishing point in their search for information on how the data were collected 32. Which of the following is an example of content analysis in criminal justice research? a. Counting the number of stories devoted to the coverage of crime in your local newspaper b. Counting the number of robberies that happen in your city c. Measuring the average length of time from arrest to disposition in your city d. Determining the average number of inmates housed in your city’s jail on a daily basis 33. Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning the use of content analysis? a. Content analysis involves a statistical study of messages. b. Content analysis involves a systematic study of messages and the meaning that those messages convey. c. Content analysis involves only the analysis of speeches given concerning criminal justice issues. d. Content analysis methods can only be used with agency reports to determine their applicability.

34. Which of the following is the systematic study of messages and the meaning those messages convey? a. Latent content b. Content analysis c. Manifest content d. Concept analysis 35. The underlying meaning of a communication is its a. latent content. b. manifest content. c. coding content. d. coding scheme.

36. A researcher is interested in using content analysis to determine how the United States Supreme Court has changed its interpretation of the Fourth Amendment’s “unreasonable” search and seizure prohibition over time. Which of the following are the units of analysis? a. Individual justices Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data b. Court decisions in Fourth Amendment cases c. The dissenting opinions d. The concurring opinions 37. Coding in content analysis involves the logic of conceptualization and a. application. b. operationalization. c. validity. d. generalization.

38. Secondary analysis encompasses which of the following sources of criminal justice data? a. Content analysis of agency records b. UCR c. Self-reports d. NCVS 39. Which of the following is not an advantage of using secondary data? a. Reduction in validity threats. b. Cheaper than collecting original data. c. Faster than collecting original data. d. Researcher may benefit from the work of others established in their fields.

40. If you wanted to measure the number of date and acquaintance rapes that happen in this country and use UCR data as your source, what is likely to be your most significant problem? a. Generalizability b. Validity c. Reliability d. Applicability 41. The use of secondary analysis of data has become very popular because a. it is cheaper but never as good as collecting your own data. b. it is faster because the data are readily available. c. scholarly journals are now publishing primarily data gathered from secondary analysis. d. it is always considered valid.

42. The visible, objective context of a communication is known as a. latent content. b. manifest content. c. concept. d. validity.

43. The operational definition of any variable is composed of a. the hypothesis. b. the content analysis.

Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data c. manifest content. d. attributes.

44. In an effort to ensure that textbooks for introductory level Criminology and Criminal Justice courses are gender and race neutral, an analysis of the language was undertaken. Which of the following would be appropriate? a. Measuring only the manifest content b. Measuring the latent content c. Measuring the number of words used d. Measuring the number of different subjects the author uses 45. In which of the following analyses is content analysis least likely to be used? a. Coverage of proposed crime legislation in your state House of Representatives b. The number of references to crime in rap music c. The number of murder convictions in Michigan during 2009 d. The frequency of “get tough on crime” as a theme for political speeches 46. As a mode of observation, content analysis requires considered handling of the what. The analysis of data collected in this mode addresses the why and a. the where. b. the how. c. with what effect. d. with what cause.

47. When a researcher uses the term “silo databases,” they are referring to a. when data are stacked in linear fashion. b. the communication link between local law enforcement and the FBI for the purpose of submitting crime data. c. stacks of data that are isolated from each other. d. data that are stacked in round computer tape files stacked on each other.

48. The publication produced by the Bureau of Justice Statistics that includes information about hundreds of justice agency data sets, characteristics of criminal justice agencies, and perceptions of crime, to name just a few, is a. the Uniform Crime Reports. b. the National Crime Victimization Survey. c. the Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics. d. the National Crime Victimization Survey.

49. Dr. Jones is having his Introduction to Criminal Justice students analyze television cartoons. He instructs them to identify the number of violent acts per show, the type of violent act, and the characteristics of the victim. Dr. Jones is having his students use a. content analysis. b. secondary data. c. new data collected by agency staff. d. nonpublic agency records.

50. Clinic workers in a major Northwest city have been asked to track the incidence and patterns of STDs in their patients Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data as part of a research project dealing with public health. They ask a number of specific questions upon intake but do not ask about their clients’ sexual partners. The only way to examine patterns in the spread of the STDs is to add a question to the intake form about the identity of their sexual partners. The data that were gathered illustrate a. nonpublic agency records. b. published statistics. c. new data collected by agency staff. d. content analysis.

51. No coding scheme should be used in content analysis unless it has been carefully a. implemented. b. sourced. c. pretested. d. selected.

52. The key to distinguishing appropriate and inappropriate uses of agency records, content analysis, and secondary data is understanding how these written records are a. published. b. funded. c. produced. d. advertised.

53. FBI statistics and annual reports from the Federal Bureau of Prisons are examples of a. nonpublic agency records. b. new data collected by agency staff. c. published statistics. d. content analysis.

54. A researcher is interested in studying the budgeting of money within a police department in a midsized American city.

She gains access to the department’s detailed records of expenditures and human resources. This is an example of which type of agency records as described in the text? a. Published statistics b. Nonpublic agency records c. New data collected by agency staff d. Content analysis 55. Which of the following is a source of reliability and validity problems with agency records? a. Changes in the definitions of crime over time b. Agency data that are designed for research c. Agency data that are designed to track patterns, not people d. Accurate data entry 56. Which of the following is important to remember when using agency records? a. To ask permission before you study any agency data. b. To examine the data through some form of content analysis. c. The financial considerations of obtaining complete agency records are typically substantial.

Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data d. The discretionary actions by criminal justice officials and others can affect the production of agency records.

57. Dr. Quinn is interested in studying the amount of overtime worked by police officers. He gains access to agency personnel files. This is an illustration of which type of data? a. New data collected by agency staff b. Nonpublic agency records c. Secondary data d. Published statistics 58. Being able to benefit from the work of topflight professionals and esteemed academics is an advantage of using a. secondary data. b. published statistics. c. nonpublic agency data. d. new data collected by agency staff.

59. You are analyzing data that have been collected in annual waves for the past 20 years. Which of the following might be problematic in this type of analysis? a. Many similar questions were asked during each of these waves, and the wording is consistent. b. For the entire 20 years, the data were collected by personal interviews. c. The definitions of some key items have changed over time within the culture. d. Using variables that are operationalized consistently over time.

60. When dealing with the conceptual problems that emerge from complex relationships between different units of counting, Maxfield and Babbie suggest a. defining individual people as units of analysis. b. following the paper trail. c. using systematic sampling. d. expecting the expected.

61. Which of the following is not an example of the use of secondary analysis? a. Using UCR data to measure the trends over time in reported rapes b. Identifying the characteristics of your state’s prisoners for the last ten years c. Developing a measurement for your city’s juvenile intake facility d. Using NCVS to see if there have been changes in the incidents of personal theft over the last ten years 62. Which of the following would be considered an appropriate use for agency records? a. Exploratory studies b. Descriptive studies c. Sealed national defense research d. Experimental research 63. Which of the following is most accurate with respect to published statistics? a. Published statistics such as FBI data present almost no threat to validity. b. Published statistics such as FBI data present almost no threat to reliability. c. Published statistics such as FBI data present potential threats to validity and reliability.

Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data d. Published statistics such as FBI data should only be used by law enforcement since the data were collected by them.

64. Which of the following is not an example of nonpublic agency records? a. Annual expenditures by your local courts b. The state prison records for the facility closest to your location c. Employment records for your state’s probation agency d. The records of criminal convictions at your local courthouse 65. In Widom’s research on child abuse discussed in your text, what was used as matching criteria for the public school records? a. Being born at the same hospital b. Having parents the same age c. Having the same number of siblings d. Being an outstanding student 66. Which factor has the greatest impact upon a geographical area becoming a “hot spot?” a. Where occasional auto thefts happen b. Where people are repeatedly victimized c. Where community policing is used d. Where neighborhood watch programs exist 67. Which of the following is a problem with respect to units of analysis when using agency records? a. The definitions of the variables collected b. The different computer programs used c. Agency staffing d. Agency budgeting 68. What factor is most important when evaluating the reliability and validity of agency records? a. Who collected the data from within the agency b. Where that data were stored (file cabinet, computer, etc.) c. Who has access to the records d. How the data were collected 69. Sometimes there are problems with the people or patterns that are gathered as agency data within the criminal justice system. Which of the following is a correct statement with respect to the data gathered by the agencies identified? a. Police officers do not deal with individual calls but with cases. b. Prosecutors document their work by case, not by individual. c. Judges document their work by individuals, not by dockets. d. The FBI collects arrest data for NCIC based only upon the individual victim.

70. Which of the following is accurate with respect to the data that agencies collect? a. Nonpublic agency records contain information pertinent to criminal justice research. b. Nonpublic records, even though significant for our understanding of criminal justice processing, are unavailable to any researcher who does not work for the specific agency.

Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data c. Only some criminal justice agencies keep nonpublic records. d. Most researchers in the field of criminal justice do not use agency records as their source of data.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

71. The use of information that is collected by other people, often as a part of their day-to-day work in a justice agency, but by someone else for research purposes is referred to as secondary analysis of existing data. a. True b. False 72. It may be possible to use a(n) hybrid source of data in which criminal justice agency staff collect information for specific research purposes that they typically would not have collected. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

73. Archives and agency records funded on which of the following of analysis may not be suitable for particular research questions? a. units b. samples c. blocks d. sources 74. When using agency records as a data source, what should the researcher consistently consider in addition to changes in operational definitions, due to their potential impact upon validity and reliability? a. Policies b. Protocols c. Procedures d. Prejudices 75. Criminal justice agencies collect information about individuals, and that information is often kept isolated from each other as the offender travels through the system. This method of keeping data on individuals in an unrelated fashion is known as _______. a. barn databasing b. silo databasing c. haystack databasing d. stable databasing

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

76. The potential for confusion increases as the number of clerical entries increases. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data 77. In content analysis, one may code the visible, surface content known as the _______. a. manifest content b. log content c. diary content d. index content 78. In content analysis, one may code the underlying meaning of a communication, which is often referred to as the _______. a. patent content b. hidden content c. latent content d. plastic content 79. Generally speaking, secondary data are least useful when the purpose of research is _______. a. application b. experimentation c. evaluation d. observation 80. Which of the following operation represents the measurement process in content analysis? a. Coding b. Deciphering c. Decoding d. Programming

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

81. The main disadvantage of using secondary data concerns how variables were initially operationalized and whether the secondary data provide valid measures of the variables you want to analyze. a. True b. False 82. Manifest and latent content can be distinguished by the degree of rigidity required in measurement. a. True b. False 83. It is possible to move from individual to aggregate units of analysis but not the reverse. a. True b. False 84. Some researchers have suggested that when published statistics and agency records are relied upon as sources of data, a researcher should report rounded figures to avoid the illusion of exaggerated accuracy that precise numbers imply. a. True b. False Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data 85. Agency records, secondary data, and content analysis do not require direct interaction with research subjects. a. True b. False

86. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of secondary data and give an example of each.

87. Identify three different types of agencies where records would be important in the criminal justice system. Discuss the types of published statistics each agency would produce. What are the specific reliability and validity problems with each?

88. Using question 87 above, what types of nonpublic agency records would each agency keep that would be of interest to a criminal justice researcher? Give an example of a research question that could be answered by access to the nonpublic agency records.

89. Suggest a content analysis project that could be completed by the class. Discuss the units of analysis and the sampling for this project. Further, discuss the coding that you would use if you were required to complete this project.

90. Using agency records (published statistics, nonpublic agency records, and new data collected by agency staff), content analysis, and secondary analysis, give an example of an applied research project that would use each of the identified methods.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

91. Virtually all criminal justice record-keeping is a a. social process. b. democratic process. c. difficult process. d. single-individual process.

92. Are agency data designed for research? a. Unclear b. Never c. Generally, no d. Generally, yes 93. The way in which data reflect organizational processes and decisions in addition to the concept being measured is a. social production of data. b. dynamic production of data. c. data evolution. d. data multiplication.

94. What happens to the potential for clerical errors as the number of clerical entries increases? a. It decreases. b. It stays the same. c. It increases. d. There is no relationship.

Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data 95. Which entity was established by the 1994 Crime Bill? a. COPS b. CFS c. BJS d. ADAM 96. The systematic study of messages and the meaning those messages convey is called a. substantive analysis. b. program analysis. c. content analysis. d. procedural analysis.

97. The underlying meaning of a communication is its a. latent content. b. manifest content. c. hidden content. d. lower content.

98. The visible, surface content of a communication is its a. latent content. b. obvious content. c. manifest content. d. superficial content.

99. Secondary analysis of data collected by other researchers has become a. increasingly important. b. obsolete. c. controversial. d. considered unprofessional.

100. The Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) is housed at which institution? a. Harvard University b. University of Pennsylvania c. University of Michigan d. Stanford University

Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data Answer Key 1. False 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. False 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. a 12. a 13. b 14. a 15. c 16. d 17. d 18. b 19. a 20. c 21. d 22. d 23. b 24. d 25. d Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data 26. a 27. b 28. b 29. c 30. a 31. c 32. a 33. b 34. b 35. a 36. b 37. b 38. a 39. a 40. b 41. b 42. b 43. d 44. b 45. c 46. c 47. c 48. c 49. a 50. c 51. c Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data 52. c 53. c 54. b 55. c 56. d 57. b 58. a 59. c 60. a 61. c 62. b 63. c 64. d 65. a 66. b 67. a 68. d 69. b 70. a 71. True 72. True 73. a 74. c 75. b 76. False Powered by Cognero

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch12 - Agency Records, Content Analysis, and Secondary Data 77. a 78. c 79. c 80. a 81. True 82. False 83. True 84. True 85. True 86. N/A 87. N/A 88. N/A 89. N/A 90. N/A 91. a 92. c 93. a 94. c 95. a 96. c 97. a 98. c 99. a 100. c

Powered by Cognero

Page 18

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Like survey designs and field studies, evaluation research refers to the research purpose and not a specific research method. a. True b. False 2. Problem analysis focuses upon whether the intended result was produced. a. True b. False 3. The policy process, like the research process in general, is fluid and does not always “start at the beginning and conclude at the end.” a. True b. False 4. “Outputs” refers to the basic question of what a policy action is trying to achieve while “impacts” refers to the means of achieving the desired policy goals. a. True b. False 5. Goal-oriented public policies can be viewed as “if-then” statements: If some policy action is taken, then we expect some result to be produced. a. True b. False 6. The good thing about applied studies, such as program evaluation, is that they do not require the same degree of planning as survey designs do. a. True b. False 7. Evaluation apprehension occurs when people fear that their own job performance is being rated. a. True b. False 8. Stakeholders are persons and organizations with an indirect interest in a program. a. True b. False 9. Not only is it necessary to measure dependent variables in impact assessment, but the researcher also needs to measure the context within which the program is conducted. a. True b. False 10. Quasi-experiments differ from true experiments in that they lack random assignment to the control and experimental groups. a. True Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. Which of the following is accurate concerning the use of evaluation research? a. It is gaining in popularity among researchers, but it will likely not make a difference. b. Federal requirements for program evaluations often accompany the implementation of new programs. c. Funding is usually not available for program evaluations. d. It is only of value to the agency you study.

12. This type of analysis can help public officials plan and select an alternative action: a. evaluation analysis. b. evidence-based analysis. c. policy analysis. d. problem analysis.

13. Evaluation research is designed to a. be cost effective. b. determine if a program is effective in its implementation. c. determine what the public policy should be. d. be published.

14. Which of the following represents a step in the policy analysis process? a. There is a demand for some new course of action or strong opposition to an existing policy. b. Formulate a hypothesis that will allow for exploration. c. Identify the ultimate goals and the different actions for achieving those goals. d. Both a and c.

15. A micromodel can be used to reveal this problem that sometimes emerges in applied studies: a. funding conflicts. b. policy fatigue. c. inconsistent goals. d. media scrutiny.

16. Which of the following statements is accurate concerning program evaluations? a. Program evaluation is designed to link the intended actions and goals of policy to empirical evidence that supports them having the desired effects. b. Program evaluation is concerned only with whether policies are popular. c. Program evaluation is concerned with whether policies are ethical. d. Program evaluation is designed to scrutinize proactive policing policies.

17. Which of the following is a type of program evaluation? a. Exploratory studies b. Content assessment c. Impact assessment Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis d. Content analysis 18. At what stage does problem analysis take place? a. Policy implementing b. Later study c. Program evaluation d. Policy making 19. Which of the following represents potential problems in doing evaluation research? a. Conflicting goals b. Clearly stated goals c. Ability to express policy goals in the “if-then” form that can be empirically tested d. Political pressure 20. Which of the following is something of concern in the evaluability assessment? a. Determining the degree of support for your project b. Determining what the general program goals are as well as the specific objectives c. Determining how the goals are translated into the program components d. Both b and c 21. When a researcher prepares her understanding of a program’s goals, elements, and operations, she is preparing a program a. evaluation. b. description. c. analysis. d. hypothesis.

22. All of the following would be examples of goal statements that must be clarified before empirical testing can follow: a. encouraging participants to accept the outcomes of the testing regardless of the results. b. encouraging participants to be equipped with the life skills necessary to succeed. c. encouraging participants to obtain their GED upon completion of the program. d. providing participants with the potential of the testing to garner positive media attention.

23. In order to measure a program’s success in meeting goals, the researcher should be able to do which of the following in advance of the inception of the research? a. Involve immeasurable performance dimensions b. Have controversial definitions for all important terms c. Specify relevant standards or criteria d. Minimize goals and objectives 24. Program goals represent a. empirical indicators. b. desired outcomes. c. inputs. d. standards.

Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis 25. Which of the following would a researcher completing an impact assessment be concerned with? a. Understanding how participants are selected b. Measuring the dependent variable c. Measuring the success of the program d. Measuring the independent variable 26. With regard to evaluation designs, which of the following statements is accurate? a. Variation in the levels of treatment delivered by a program can be a major threat to the validity of even randomized evaluation studies. b. Uncontrolled variation in treatment is equivalent to unreliable measurement of the independent variable. c. Controlled variation in treatment represents a threat to generalizability. d. Both a and b 27. Randomization may not be appropriate for assignment of people to treatment or programs for which of the following reasons? a. Legal reasons b. Agency support c. Ethical reasons d. Both a and c 28. This form of policing depends on identifying problems, planning and taking appropriate action, and then assessing whether those actions achieved intended results: a. problem-solving. b. applied research. c. crime-mapping. d. problem-oriented.

29. If the number of subjects in a program is small, statistical tests can detect only very large program effects of differences in outcome measures between the two groups. This illustrates the problem of a. generalizability. b. statistical conclusion validity. c. maturation. d. reliability.

30. Treatment fidelity is roughly equivalent to a. reliability. b. validity. c. generalizability. d. the accuracy of the data.

31. Randomized experiments for evaluation purposes require which of the following? a. Case flow must be adequate to produce enough subjects in both the experimental and the control groups. b. Program staff must reject random assignment and minimize the exceptions to randomization. c. Experimental interventions must never be consistently applied.

Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis d. Case flow must limit the number of subjects in the control group.

32. In the home detention studies used in your text as examples of randomized studies, the authors concluded that a. randomization allows generalization. b. randomization allows for reliability. c. randomization does not control for variation in treatment integrity and program delivery. d. randomization does control for variation in treatment integrity and program delivery.

33. What can be said about the relationship between process evaluations and impact assessments? a. Process evaluations can be used in interpreting results from an impact assessment. b. Process evaluations monitor program implementation and question about a program’s effects. c. Process evaluations are a method of assessing the accuracy of the data collected. d. There is no relationship between impact assessments and process evaluations.

34. Which of the following is correct with respect to process evaluations? a. Information about program implementation can be linked to outcome measures, even when accompanied by a process evaluation. b. Process evaluation hinders interpreting results from impact assessments. c. Process evaluations are useful when a researcher is interested in the performance of specific tasks within a program. d. Process evaluations assume that tasks within a program are not linked to program outcomes.

35. Policy analysis is used to a. help gather data. b. select an alternative course of action. c. produce an explanation. d. justify budget considerations.

36. Policy analysis searches for a. actions that will be accepted by funding agencies. b. operational definitions of policy terms. c. the consequences that would follow the implementation of various courses of action. d. whether the policy should be implemented.

37. The relationship between policy analysis and program evaluation is best characterized by which of the following? a. Both rely upon clearly identified goals and objectives. b. Program evaluation is used to test the achievement of goals and objectives worked out through policy analysis. c. Program evaluation must precede policy analysis. d. There is no relationship between policy analysis and program evaluation.

38. Which of the following is in contrast to incident-oriented policing? a. Problem-oriented policing b. Reactive-oriented policing c. Call for service policing d. Report-driven policing Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis 39. Any public policy discussion involves politics. Which of the following is accurate with respect to ethics and the political aspects of applied research? a. There is one set of political norms that are agreed upon by all criminal justice researchers. b. Just as there are codes for ethical conduct for researchers, there are formal codes of accepted political conduct. c. Ethics of criminal justice research deal more with the methods used, while political issues are more concerned with the substance and use of the research. d. There is only one formal code of accepted political conduct.

40. When dealing with stakeholders, a researcher should be aware of all of the following: a. be able to identify all the stakeholders. b. get particularly friendly with the stakeholders so they will not interfere with your research. c. find out the stakeholders’ perspectives on the program and evaluation. d. both a and c.

41. Which of the following embodies the means to achieve the desired policy goals? a. Outputs b. Inputs c. Impacts d. Achievements 42. In which of the following would a researcher be least likely to use randomized designs? a. Program evaluation studies b. Ex post evaluations c. Victim-centered studies d. Time-series designs 43. Scientific realism is rooted in the principle that a. similar interventions can naturally be expected to have different outcomes in different contexts. b. the success of evaluations depends on the assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups. c. there be equivalence between experimental and control groups before an intervention. d. treatment integrity must be rigorously guarded.

44. Dr. Smith is interested in implementing a program that is designed to reduce the recidivism rates of property offenders. He selects two state prisons and with the blessing of the Department of Corrections begins the programs in the main state prison for males and in a female institution that is nearby. Which design would be best for Dr. Smith to use? a. Nonequivalent groups b. Randomized study c. Interrupted times-series d. None of these would work.

45. When evaluating full-coverage programs, it is typically best to use a. interrupted time-series. b. quasi-experimental design. c. ex post evaluation.

Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis d. randomized design.

46. Compstat is an example of a(n) a. evidence-based policy. b. problem-oriented policing. c. problem analysis. d. evaluability assessment.

47. True experiments differ from quasi-experiments with respect to the fact that a. true experiments use random assignment to control and experimental groups while quasi-experimental designs do not. b. true experiments use experimental groups while quasi-experimental designs use experimental and control groups. c. quasi-experimental designs afford more control than do classical designs. d. only one independent variable can be used in a true experiment, while there are no limits to the number of independent variables in a quasi-experimental design 48. There are two jails in your city: One houses state detainees awaiting trial, while the other houses federal prisoners awaiting trial. You have been asked to assess why there are differences in the institutional behavior between these two institutions. Which design would be appropriate? a. Nonequivalent groups b. True experiment c. Evaluability assessment d. Interrupted time-series 49. “Nesting,” a quasi-experimental design within a randomized experiment, refers to a. a way to study specific parts of a town. b. a way of backing up a true experiment. c. a substitute for a true experiment. d. a way to examine the impact of the experiment on the subjects.

50. A community policing program began in an entertainment area in a large metropolitan area. City leaders are interested to see if the change in policing strategy has reduced the number of crimes and have asked faculty from a local university to complete a study. What type of evaluation would be best suited? a. Interrupted time-series b. Ex post evaluation c. Nonequivalent groups d. Class experiment 51. Specifying program goals and objectives in operational terms produces a. empirical indicators of program outcomes. b. conceptual definitions. c. program outcomes. d. program integrity.

Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis 52. Many law enforcement agencies are using a program to detect emerging patterns in crime. This program is a. problem-oriented policing. b. conceptualization. c. reactive analysis. d. computerized crime maps.

53. According to your text, “theory driven” evaluations that consider how each element of a program should affect its targets should a. develop a micro model of the program production process. b. develop a vision statement that will be later used by the program staff. c. develop rigid measures of validity. d. define all inputs and outcomes as early as possible.

54. Your state prison system is determined to reduce the recidivism rates of adult offenders leaving the system. To accomplish this goal, a prerelease program is implemented. The director of the Department of Corrections suggested an ideal design involving a. randomization. b. interrupted time-series. c. nonequivalent groups. d. quasi-experimental design.

55. Process evaluations a. assess the extent to which policies achieve their intended goals. b. are essentially the same as impact assessments. c. focus on policy demands and agenda. d. assess the extent to which policies are being implemented as intended.

56. Which of the following is a concern when a researcher uses an interrupted time-series design? a. Reliability of experimental treatment b. History c. Instrumentation d. Both b and c 57. In its most elementary form, evaluation research is a process of a. evaluating whether a piece of research is valid. b. determining the reliability of research findings. c. determining whether the intended result of a given policy intervention was produced. d. evaluating whether a given piece of legislation is effective.

58. Which of the following can color research in many ways? a. Evaluation b. Bias c. Results d. Analyses Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis 59. A scouting report is a product of a. a process evaluation. b. an outcome evaluation. c. an evaluability assessment. d. defining policy objectives.

60. The relationship between process evaluations and impact assessments can be stated as a. impact assessments must precede process evaluations. b. impact assessments answer questions about program effects while process evaluations monitor a program’s implementation. c. only process evaluations can be used to determine if a program is effective. d. impact assessments follow process evaluations.

61. Which is considered a sort of “pre-evaluation?” a. Process evaluation b. Outcome evaluation c. Evaluability assessment d. Impact assessment 62. What is the fundamental first step in conducting evaluation studies? a. Measuring program goals b. Obtaining evaluable statements c. Specifying outcomes d. Clearly specifying program goals 63. Your text discusses a concept called problem guides. Which of the following would be an example of this concept? a. The analysis of specific problems, such as crimes against the elderly b. The analysis of broad issues, such as race and crime c. The analysis of specific crime databases, such as UCR d. The analysis of criminal justice agencies 64. Which of the following best describes an example of the use of evidence-based policy? a. Agencies use evaluation to decide what evidence backs up current funding. b. Justice agencies are linked to evidence used for planning and evaluation. c. Agencies are linked to other agencies. d. Agencies use evaluations to determine staffing levels.

65. Which of the following is accurate with respect to the relationship between impacts and outputs? a. Outputs are policy actions, while impacts are goals. b. Impacts are related to what the policy goals attempt to achieve, while outputs are related to the means of achieving the goals. c. Impacts are the goals, and outputs are what is achieved. d. Outputs are policy goals, while impacts are how the policies are applied.

66. Evaluation in the criminal justice system seeks to link what?

Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis a. The intended actions and goals of the policy to evidence that the policies are carried out b. The policies to the people who work within the agency c. The people within the agency to their specific responsibilities d. The written policies and the written goals 67. In process evaluation, the focus is on a. the inputs to the program. b. the people who work in the process. c. the program outputs. d. the program process.

68. It is often said that in evaluation research, the research questions may already be formulated. Which of the following is an example of that? a. In problem analysis, usually there is a wide range of alternative choices. b. In process evaluation, the focus is on whether specified goals are attained. c. In impact assessments, the evaluation is focused on whether specified goals are attained. d. With the questions already formulated, it decreases the amount of involvement for the researcher.

69. Which of the following would be an example of a program’s goal statement? a. To encourage participants to blame society for their actions b. To study why some offenders were allowed in the program and others were not c. To study why affluent members of society are never prosecuted for minor crimes d. To provide life skills to inmates to participate in a pre-release program 70. What is the relationship between desired outcomes and empirical indicators? a. Desired outcomes represent the program goals, while empirical indicators determine whether the desired outcomes are achieved. b. Desired outcomes are the empirical indicators. c. Desired outcomes represent the results of a program, while empirical indicators are used to identify the goals. d. Desired outcomes are what an agency hopes to get, while empirical indicators identify what must be done to get them.

71. This type of research is appropriate whenever some policy intervention occurs or is planned: a. problem analysis. b. evaluation. c. crime mapping. d. quasi-experimental design.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

72. A policy assessment is an action taken for the purpose of producing some intended result. a. True b. False 73. Policy impact refers to what is actually produced.

Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis a. True b. False 74. The impact refers to the basic question of what a policy action is trying to achieve. a. True b. False 75. Policy analysis takes place in the policymaking stage, while program evaluation studies are conducted in later stages. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

76. When doing evaluation research, the first key step is to learn a. shareholder expectations. b. agency problems. c. policy goals. d. problem analysis.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

77. A form of “pre-evaluation” called a(n) evaluability assessment is designed to allow the researcher to determine whether conditions necessary for conducting an evaluation are present. a. True b. False 78. A researcher should complete a program description that reflects their own understanding of program goals, elements, and operations of the organization under study. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

79. Which of the following refers to researchers and program personnel together, considering how each program element affects the targets? a. Macro-model b. Micromodel c. Mini-model d. Massive model 80. Which of the following have a vested interest in the organization and the outcome of evaluation research? a. Shareholders b. Participants c. Sponsors d. Stakeholders Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

81. Program goals represent desired outcomes, while outcome measures are theoretical indicators of whether or not those desired outcomes are achieved. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

82. In addition to the measurement of the outcomes of a program, it is also necessary to measure the program’s _______, the experimental stimulus or independent variable. a. input b. output c. intervention d. mediation

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

83. Uncontrolled variation in treatment is equivalent to unreliable measurement of the independent variable. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

84. In evaluation studies, the group to whom the program is appropriate is referred to as the program’s _______. a. demographic population b. target population c. base population d. client population 85. This represents the process through which subjects are accumulated in experimental and control groups: a. case flow. b. progress reports. c. case logs. d. case debriefs.

86. Identify the differences between randomized evaluation designs and quasi-experimental designs. Give an example of the appropriate use of each.

87. What are the strengths and weaknesses of quasi-experimental designs? Explain how the use of quasi-experimental designs may be more useful than classical experiments for conducting criminal justice research.

88. You are a member of student government. Your group has been asked by the president of the university to conduct a study to determine if the newly implemented antidrinking program all new freshmen are required to take is effective in reducing underage drinking on campus. Identify the goals and outcomes of the program. What type of design would you Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis suggest for such a study and why?

89. Your criminal justice department has been requiring graduating seniors to take an exit exam as a measure of departmental outcomes. How could that tool be used to determine if the Criminal Justice major is effective?

90. What does “treatment fidelity” mean? Why is this an important issue in evaluation studies?

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

91. An analytic method to help officials plan and select alternative actions is a. problem analysis. b. content analysis. c. public administration. d. public relations.

92. The linking of the actions of justice agencies to evidence used for planning and evaluation is a(n): a. fair and just policy. b. initiative-based policy. c. evidence-based policy. d. pro-government policy.

93. What type of research is appropriate whenever some policy intervention occurs or is planned? a. Evaluation research b. Qualitative research c. Quantitative research d. Ethnographic research 94. Policy outputs refer to a. changed political votes. b. net fiscal benefit. c. what is actually produced. d. predicted production.

95. An evaluation to determine whether a program achieved its intended result is a. an impact assessment. b. a character assessment. c. a progress response. d. a committee paper.

96. An evaluation to determine whether a program was implemented as intended is a. an impact assessment. b. an intro questionnaire. c. a process evaluation. d. a field journal entry.

Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis 97. The program intervention is the a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. placebo effect. d. sampling mechanism.

98. This is a “low-tech” example of problem analysis: a. road maps. b. hot spot maps. c. pin maps. d. zone maps.

99. Whether an experimental intervention is delivered as intended describes a. treatment fidelity. b. treatment integrity. c. treatment seclusion. d. treatment devotion.

100. Case flow must be adequate to a. exclude unwanted participants. b. trigger computer algorithms. c. produce enough subjects in each group. d. capture necessary media attention.

Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis Answer Key 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. False 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. True 11. b 12. d 13. b 14. d 15. c 16. a 17. c 18. d 19. a 20. a 21. b 22. b 23. d 24. b 25. b Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis 26. d 27. d 28. d 29. b 30. a 31. a 32. c 33. a 34. c 35. b 36. c 37. b 38. a 39. c 40. d 41. a 42. b 43. a 44. a 45. b 46. a 47. a 48. a 49. b 50. b 51. b Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis 52. d 53. a 54. a 55. d 56. a 57. c 58. b 59. c 60. b 61. c 62. d 63. a 64. b 65. b 66. a 67. c 68. c 69. d 70. a 71. b 72. False 73. False 74. True 75. True 76. c Powered by Cognero

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch13 - Evaluation Research and Problem Analysis 77. True 78. True 79. b 80. d 81. False 82. c 83. True 84. b 85. a 86. N/A 87. N/A 88. N/A 89. N/A 90. N/A 91. a 92. c 93. a 94. c 95. a 96. c 97. a 98. c 99. a 100. c

Powered by Cognero

Page 18

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. Empirical research is first a logical rather than a mathematical operation. a. True b. False 2. When reporting marginals for univariate analysis, the presentation must be in raw numbers and cannot be reported in percentages. a. True b. False 3. In univariate analysis, missing data can be reported in several different ways. a. True b. False 4. Summary statistics, or measures of central tendency, include the mode, mean, and median. a. True b. False 5. The range is a measure of central tendency. a. True b. False 6. Because extremes in a distribution (a very large or very small number) can impact the mean, it is usually important to examine measures of dispersion about the mean. a. True b. False 7. Univariate analysis and subgroup comparisons focus on describing variables, while bivariate analysis focuses upon people. a. True b. False 8. Bivariate analyses typically have an explanatory purpose. a. True b. False 9. While the linear regression model is important for descriptive purposes, its predictive value is limited. a. True b. False 10. Tests of statistical significance should only be used when the relationships observed in data collected come from the whole population. a. True b. False Powered by Cognero

Page 1

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

11. Which of the following is accurate concerning empirical research? a. Empirical research is a logical rather than a mathematical operation. b. Mathematics is an inconvenient and inefficient language. c. Statistics is the pure branch of mathematics. d. Empirical research is free of validity problems.

12. Which of the following would represent a distribution of those arrested on a holiday weekend? a. The estimated number of persons arrested for violation of specific statute numbers b. A list of persons arrested with the corresponding statute number they allegedly violated c. The number of persons arrested only for violent crimes d. The number of persons arrested only for property crime 13. Measures of central tendency include which of the following? a. Standard deviation b. Median c. Frequency distributions d. Range 14. Dr. Jones wanted to display the findings of the sentences given in his local courthouse on one summer day. If the sentences, displayed in months, were 10, 18, 24, 36, 18, 70, 30, then which of the following measures of central tendency is accurate? a. The mean is 24. b. The median is 24. c. The mode is 24. d. Mean, median, and mode are the same.

15. Of the three measures of central tendency, which one is affected by extreme values? a. Mode b. Median c. Mean d. Neither mode, median, nor mean is affected by extreme values.

16. To calculate the mean for grouped data, which of the following steps should be completed? a. Multiply the number of subjects within each category by the value of that category. b. Total the results of the multiplication and subtract the median. c. Divide by the number of categories. d. Multiply the number of subjects by the median.

17. Which of the following measures of central tendency are the easiest to calculate? a. Mean b. Mode c. Standard deviation d. Median Powered by Cognero

Page 2

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data 18. Which of the following represents measures of dispersion? a. Variance b. Mean c. Standard deviation d. Invariable 19. With respect to standard deviation, which of the following statements is correct? a. It is based on the squared deviations from the mean. b. It is the square of the median. c. It is always a positive number. d. It is an estimation at best.

20. With respect to standard deviation, which of the following statements is correct? a. The total deviation is one. b. The average deviation is one. c. The value can range from negative one to positive one. d. The sum of the deviations from the mean will always be zero.

21. Which of the following is an accurate statement? a. If the mean is much higher than the mode, it indicates that there are extreme cases. b. If the standard deviation is high, it indicates that there is little variability. c. If the mean is equal to the median and mode, the elements in the population are all the same number. d. The degree of variability can be determined by using the mean.

22. In a distribution of sentence lengths in months like the following—6, 12, 10, 18, 240, 360—which statistic would a researcher want to report? a. Standard deviation b. Mean c. Range d. Both a and c 23. Measures of dispersion are appropriate for which types of variables? a. Nominal b. Ratio c. Ordinal d. Discrete 24. Which of the following represents a continuous interval/ratio variable? a. Gender b. Race c. Age d. Religious affiliation 25. Which of the following represents discrete nominal or ordinal variables?

Powered by Cognero

Page 3

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data a. Age b. Race c. Speed limit d. Ranks in a police department 26. Which of the following would be an inappropriate manner to report findings on the variable gender? a. Median b. Mode c. Raw numbers d. Percentages 27. The use of rates in the reporting of criminal justice data allow the researcher to a. standardize by the data. b. compare groups of differing sizes. c. make the data valid. d. make the data reliable.

28. Calculating rates is really pretty simple. What is not so simple in determining rates is deciding the a. numerator and denominator. b. arithmetic. c. mean. d. average.

29. When reading a table for bivariate analysis that displays percentages of some attributes, what is the rule of thumb for reading the table? a. If it adds up to 100 percent, the statistics are accurate. b. If the table is percentaged down, read across; and if the table is percentaged across, read down. c. If the table is percentaged down, read down; and if the table is percentaged across, read across. d. If the table adds up to at least 50%, the statistics are accurate.

30. The statistical significance of a relationship observed in a set of sample data is always expressed in terms of a. variables. b. certainties. c. realities. d. probabilities.

31. Which of the following is a guideline for the presentation of tabular data? a. There is no need to display information about missing data; include only that information which pertains to the independent and dependent variables. b. When using percentages in a table, the base on which the percentages are computed should be indicated. c. A heading or title for the table should be given with only basic information on what is contained in the table. d. The attributes of each variable need not be clearly indicated.

32. Which of the following is true concerning the use of multivariate tables? a. They are constructed in the same manner as univariate tables.

Powered by Cognero

Page 4

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data b. They include only one independent variable. c. The dependent variable is explained in terms of more than one independent variable. d. They include only one dependent variable.

33. The appropriate measure of association when using nominal variables is a. regression. b. lambda. c. correlation. d. standard deviation.

34. With respect to lambda, which of the following is true? a. Lambda represents the reduction in errors as a proportion of the errors that would have been made on the basis of the overall distribution. b. Lambda is appropriate for ratio-level variables. c. Lambda measures the statistical association between two ordinal variables. d. Lambda cannot be determined only using values that are guessed on any of the variables or by having knowledge of values on the other variables.

35. Ordinal variables use which of the following as the appropriate measure of association? a. Gamma b. Lambda c. Regression d. Correlation 36. On which of the following variables is it appropriate to use a Pearson's product–moment correlation as a means of measuring association? a. Religious affiliation b. Number of arrests c. Political affiliation d. Number of felony convictions 37. With the use of regression analysis, the researcher is able to a. offer a graphic picture of the association between two variables. b. summarize only one variable. c. eliminate inferential values. d. eliminate the need for scattergrams.

38. The formula “Y is a function of X” means a. values of X can be explained through variations in Y. b. X and Y are independent of each other. c. values of Y can be explained in terms of variations in the values of X. d. Y and X are equal.

39. Any straight line on a graph can be represented by which of the following? a. Y = a + bX Powered by Cognero

Page 5

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data b. X = a + bX c. Y = a + bY d. Straight lines are not possible in a graph.

40. When using inferential statistics, which one of the following assumptions is correct? a. The sample need not be drawn from the population about which inferences are being made. b. The inferential statistics assume complex random sampling. c. As long as the sample is drawn from a population that resembles the one about which inferences are to be made, the resulting statistic has value. d. Inferential statistics are addressed to sampling error only; they do not consider nonsampling errors.

41. In the logic of statistical significance, the elements include a. assumptions regarding the dependance of two variables in the population study. b. assumptions regarding the representativeness of samples selected through conventional probability sampling procedures. c. the unobserved joint distribution of sample elements in terms of the two variables. d. predictions regarding the individualistic nature of samples selected through population studies.

42. Which of the following is a test of statistical significance? a. Regression b. Chi square c. Gamma d. Lambda 43. If the standard deviation is zero, we can conclude that a. there is dispersion in the data. b. the mean is a good measure of the average. c. the data are heterogeneous. d. the mean will be zero.

44. High dispersion of a variable could result in a. a small standard deviation. b. the values of the mean and the median being quite different. c. a small range. d. a small variance.

45. The standard deviation is the a. square root of the variance. b. square root of the range. c. the sum of the squared variance. d. the sum of the squared median.

46. The number of counts on an indictment is an example of what type of variable? a. Nominal b. Discrete Powered by Cognero

Page 6

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data c. Continuous d. Ordinal 47. The mean can be a misleading measure of central tendency when a. the distribution is very close together. b. the distribution is very spread out. c. the mean, median, and mode equal zero. d. the mean is never misleading.

48. The type of weapon used in a crime is what type of variable? a. Interval b. Ratio c. Discrete d. Continuous 49. A friend of yours assigned a code of 1 to “male” and a code of 2 to “female” on the variable gender. Your friend asked the computer to compute the average score on gender. The computer printout contained the following information: mean = 1.38, standard deviation = .432, median = 1.4, and mode = 1.0. You advise your friend that the best measure of central tendency for report is the a. mean. b. standard deviation. c. median. d. mode.

50. A friend of yours assigned a code of 1 to “male” and a code of 2 to “female” on the variable gender. Your friend asked the computer to compute the average score on gender. The computer printout contained the following information: mean = 1.38, standard deviation = .432, median = 1.4, and mode = 1.0. What is your friend's problem with the computer information? a. Asking for measures of central tendency on continuous variables b. Asking for measures of central tendency and dispersion on nominal variables c. Asking for the mode and the standard deviation in the same report d. Asking for measures of dispersion on continuous variables 51. When calculating the mean, the researcher should use data measured at which level? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Discrete 52. Bivariate and multivariate analyses are aimed primarily at a. description. b. exploration. c. explanation. d. application.

Powered by Cognero

Page 7

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data 53. Professor White asked his students to put the number of hours each studied for the final exam on a piece of paper and turn that paper in with the exam. The pieces of paper indicate that students studied 10, 3, 4, 25, 1, 4, 4, 12, 6, 8, and 10 hours. What is the modal number of hours studied? a. 10 b. 25 c. 4 d. 1 54. Professor White asked his students to put the number of hours each studied for the final exam on a piece of paper and turn that paper in with the exam. The pieces of paper indicate that students studied 10, 3, 4, 25, 1, 4, 4, 12, 6, 8, and 10 hours. What is the median number of hours studied? a. 4 b. 6 c. 5 d. 10 55. Professor White asked his students to put the number of hours each studied for the final exam on a piece of paper and turn that paper in with the exam. The pieces of paper indicate that students studied 10, 3, 4, 25, 1, 4, 4, 12, 6, 8, and 10 hours. What is the range of the number of hours studied? a. 24 b. 4 c. 10 d. 25 56. Professor White asked his students to put the number of hours each studied for the final exam on a piece of paper and turn that paper in with the exam. The pieces of paper indicate that students studied 10, 3, 4, 25, 1, 4, 4, 12, 6, 8, and 10 hours. What is the mean number of hours students studied? a. 10 b. 7.9 c. 7 d. 6 57. Crime rates are a. descriptive. b. explanatory. c. inferential. d. exploratory.

58. The total variation is calculated in much the same way as the a. mean. b. mode. c. chi square. d. standard deviation.

59. Lambda values vary from Powered by Cognero

Page 8

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data a. -1 to 1. b. -1 to 0. c. 1 to 2. d. 0 to 1.

60. When we generalize from samples to a larger population, which type of statistics are used? a. Descriptive b. Inferential c. Influential d. Bivariate 61. Which of the following statistical techniques relies upon testing in the null hypothesis? a. Mean b. Chi square c. Range d. Median 62. The authors of your text caution when using reports of significance tests that the researcher should be aware of which of the following? a. These do not represent tests of substantive significance. b. Significance tests always show the relationship between the variables of interest. c. There is no relationship between the size of the sample and the results of the significance tests. d. Significance tests are estimations of probability variables.

63. When you have a population that does not allow for probability sampling, one way of stating your findings is to do what? a. Say that your findings are statistically significant. b. Say that your findings are significant but not random. c. Say that your findings represent a statistically discernible difference. d. Say that your findings are as significant as if you had been able to use randomization.

64. When using multivariate analysis, what are you able to state with confidence? a. You have looked at one variable and can analyze it. b. You have looked at two unrelated variables. c. You looked at the simultaneous relationships among several variables, but this did not lead to interpreting their causal relationship. d. You looked at the simultaneous relationships among several variables, and as a result you can more fully understand the relationships between them.

65. Which of the following statements is usually true with respect to reading and interpreting a bivariate percentage table? a. Percentages are listed across the top, and along the sides are the subgroup comparisons. b. The researcher has the right to arrange a bivariate percentage table in any manner they choose. c. Percentages can only be used going down the side of the table. d. Subgroup comparisons can only be used going across the top of the bivariate percentage table.

Powered by Cognero

Page 9

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data 66. In a table, if we have two rows and two columns, how many degrees of freedom are there? a. 4 b. 2 c. 1 d. 0 67. Which of the following is not one of the levels of significance typically used in social science research reports? a. .05 b. .10 c. .01 d. .001 68. Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of making inferences about a larger population when using univariate tests? a. The sample must be drawn from the population about which the inference is being made. b. There is an assumption of a nonprobability sampling technique. c. When using inferential statistics, we assume simple random sampling even when that is not possible. d. Inferences only apply to sampling error, not other types of error that may be present.

69. When we find any discrepancy between the assumed independence of variables in a population and the observed distribution of sample elements, how can we explain that discrepancy? a. We attribute the discrepancy to the nonprobability sample alone. b. The discrepancy can be the result of poor data collection. c. We attribute the discrepancy to an unrepresentative sample causing us to reject the assumption of independence. d. We attribute the discrepancy to poor sample selection and to poor operational definitions of the main variables.

70. When we use regression analysis, we are finding the regression equation that represents the geometrical line that comes closest to the distribution of points. This can be illustrated in which of the following? a. The regression equation Y = a + bX allows us to infer values of X when we know the value of Y. b. The regression equation Y = a + bX allows us to infer values of Y when we know the value of X. c. The regression equation requires that we know the values of X, Y, a, and b when we begin doing the analysis. d. The regression equation has little, if anything, to do with the understanding of the distribution of points.

71. Statistics that summarize data in manageable forms are known as __________. a. inferential statistics b. collective statistics c. descriptive statistics d. quantitative statistics 72. Which of the following statistics helps researchers form conclusions from their observations, usually about a population from the study, using a sample drawn from it? a. Inferential b. Collective Powered by Cognero

Page 10

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data c. Descriptive d. Quantitative

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

73. Murder rates and arrest rates are common examples in which the denominator is a relatively straightforward count. a. True b. False 74. Frequency distributions of grouped data, known as marginal, will allow for a manageable format but with some loss of detail. a. True b. False 75. When reporting findings, the choice of the base or the total number of cases, depends entirely on the purposes of the analysis. a. True b. False 76. The most frequent attribute, the mode, can be reported from either grouped or ungrouped data. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

77. Which of the following is the measure that divides the distribution so that half the scores are higher and half are lower? a. Mean b. Mode c. Median d. Model

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

78. As a measure of dispersion, variance is described as the average amount of variation about the mean. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

79. The standard deviation is the square root of the __________. a. average b. variance c. range d. measure of dispersion Powered by Cognero

Page 11

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data 80. Which of the following indicates the percentage of cases that fall at or below some value? a. Centile b. Percentile c. Quartile d. Quantile 81. If there is a great amount of variation in a distribution, it is known as being a. aligned. b. validated. c. skewed. d. confirmed.

82. Tables where the values of the dependent variable are based on values of the independent variable are known as _______. a. variability tables b. improbability tables c. probability tables d. contingency tables

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

83. In order to guess values on one variable when two variables are related, the model of proportionate reduction of error is employed, which suggests the stronger the relationship, the greater the reduction of error. a. True b. False 84. When discussing regression analysis, the total variation is the difference between the total variation and the unexplained variation. a. True b. False 85. When we generalize from samples to larger populations, we use inferential statistics to test the significance of an observed relationship. a. True b. False

86. Discuss the different tests of statistical significance, comparing and contrasting each. Be sure to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each of the types of tests of statistical significance as well.

87. Compare and contrast the primary measures of central tendency (mode, median, mean). What do each of these measures tell us about data?

88. Compare and contrast bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis. Be sure to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each.

Powered by Cognero

Page 12

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data 89. Discuss in detail the various levels of measurement. Are there certain circumstances when some levels of measurement are more appropriate than others? Be sure to defend your answer.

90. Compare and contrast the primary differences between inferential and descriptive statistics. Be sure to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each.

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

91. Computations that describe either the characteristics of a variable or the relationship among variables are a. descriptive statistics. b. inferential statistics. c. qualitative statistics. d. quantitative statistics.

92. Computations for making inferences from findings based on sample observations to some larger populations are a. quantitative statistics. b. qualitative statistics. c. inferential statistics. d. descriptive statistics.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

93. Measures of central tendency reduce data to an easily manageable form, but they do not convey the details of the original data. a. True b. False

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

94. Summary averages are also called a. standard deviations. b. regression marginals. c. measures of central tendency. d. measures of dispersion.

95. The sum of values for all observations divided by the number of observations is the a. mean. b. mode. c. median. d. product.

96. What is the simplest measure of dispersion? a. Mode b. Standard deviation c. Range d. Median Powered by Cognero

Page 13

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data 97. By itself, any particular value for the standard deviation a. is meaningless. b. can spawn new research. c. can be statistically significant. d. can prove your hypothesis.

98. Subgroup comparisons constitute a. univariate analysis. b. content analysis. c. bivariate analysis. d. program analysis.

99. Adding the percentages down each column to total 100 percent is a convention called a. percentage down. b. long division. c. percentage dispersion. d. percentage out.

100. Values of the dependent variable are contingent on values of the independent variable in a. tendency tables. b. multivariate analysis. c. contingency tables. d. dispersion tables.

Powered by Cognero

Page 14

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data Answer Key 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. False 8. True 9. False 10. False 11. a 12. b 13. b 14. b 15. c 16. a 17. b 18. c 19. a 20. d 21. a 22. d 23. b 24. c 25. b Powered by Cognero

Page 15

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data 26. a 27. b 28. a 29. b 30. d 31. b 32. c 33. b 34. a 35. a 36. b 37. a 38. c 39. a 40. d 41. b 42. b 43. b 44. b 45. a 46. c 47. b 48. c 49. d 50. b 51. b Powered by Cognero

Page 16

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data 52. c 53. c 54. b 55. a 56. b 57. a 58. d 59. d 60. b 61. b 62. a 63. c 64. d 65. a 66. c 67. b 68. b 69. c 70. b 71. c 72. a 73. False 74. True 75. True 76. True Powered by Cognero

Page 17

Name:

Class:

Date:

Ch14 - Interpreting Data 77. c 78. False 79. b 80. b 81. c 82. d 83. True 84. False 85. True 86. N/A 87. N/A 88. N/A 89. N/A 90. N/A 91. a 92. c 93. True 94. c 95. a 96. c 97. a 98. c 99. a 100. c

Powered by Cognero

Page 18