The History of Water Services in Barbados 1857 - 2016

HISTORY OF WATER SERVICES IN BARBADOS, 1857 - 2016

PREPARED BY : wayne collymore-taylor

Date

: 2016/08/30

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© Copyright Wayne Collymore-Taylor 2016

E-mail: w_collymore_taylor@hotmail.com

All rights reserved. No part of this transcript may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Mr. Wayne Collymore-Taylor DEDICATION This research paper is dedicated to my late brother Dr. Charles Grafton Taylor, former Senior Lecture in Medicine at the University of the West Indies

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TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE

CHAPTER 1 ORIGIN OF WATER ............................................................................... 9 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Geology of Barbados’ underground water infrastructure ................................ 10 1.3 The effect of drought and other weather patterns ............................................. 12 1.4 Hydrological Cycle ................................................................................................ 13 1.5 Confederation Government ................................................................................. 14 1.6 From Benn Spring to Codrington College Spring ............................................. 15 1.7 A Long Overdue trek to Benn Spring ................................................................. 17 1.8 Establishment of Water Works System .............................................................. 21 1.9 The caves and gully as part of water work system ............................................ 22 CHAPTER 2 BOWMANSTON PUMPING STATION ......................................... 25 2.1 Background ........................................................................................................... 25 2.2 Energy Saving Pumps for Bowmanston ............................................................. 26 CHAPTER 3 PUMPING STATIONS ....................................................................... 28 3.1 The Current Well and Booster Pumps at the Belle P.S ..................................... 28 3.2 Allendale Pumping Station .................................................................................. 30 3.3 Ashton Hall Pumping Station .............................................................................. 31 3.4 Castle Grant Reservoir ......................................................................................... 31 3.5 Sweet Vale Pumping station ................................................................................. 31 3.6 Carlton Reservoir and Pumping Station ............................................................ 32 3.7 Early Plans at Belle P.S ........................................................................................ 33 3.8 Main laid from the Belle P.S ................................................................................ 33 3.9 Golden ridge pumping station ............................................................................. 34 CHAPTER 4 PRE-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD PUMPING CAPACITY .............. 35 4.1 Reviewing the period 1955 – 1963 ....................................................................... 35 4.2 Increase in pumping and water services 1963 - 1965......................................... 36 5.1 The period between 1966 – 1968 ........................................................................ 39 5.2 The building Boom from the 1980s to the 1990s .............................................. 39 3

5.2.1 Pumping capacity and new water services 1999 -2000 ............................... 40 5.3 Water Pumped and wastewater disposal 2000 – 2005 ....................................... 40 5.3.1 Ground water, spring sources and water treatment figures ...................... 41 5.3.2 Capacity and resources tested....................................................................... 41 5.3.3 Interruptions in water supply ....................................................................... 42 5.3.4 Meeting the islands water supply demands ................................................. 43 5.4 Production figures 2006 – 2011 ........................................................................... 44 5.4.1 Reporting period ............................................................................................ 45 5.4.2 Pumping stations’ supplies and challenges .................................................. 45 5.4.3 Water supplies from wells and Springs ....................................................... 46 5.4.4 Comparison in previous years ...................................................................... 46 5.6 Water Production and private Development 2011 – 2016 ................................ 47 5.6.1 Dry spell and water connection 2012 – 2013 .............................................. 48 5.6.2 Improvement 2013 – 2014 ............................................................................. 48 5.6.3 water meter upgrade and production figures 2014- 2015 .......................... 48 5.6.4 Performance 2015 -2016 ................................................................................ 49 6.1 Period of conflict ................................................................................................... 51 6.2 Structure of Waterworks Department ................................................................ 53 6.4 Name change from Water works to Barbados Water Authority ..................... 54 CHAPTER 7 - SOURCES AND LOCATION ............................................................. 56 7.1 Network .................................................................................................................. 56 7.2 Drilling Crew ......................................................................................................... 57 7.3 Sub-System ............................................................................................................ 57 CHAPTER 8 - WATER QUALITY .............................................................................. 58 8.1 Zoning .................................................................................................................... 58 8.2 A new Draft Groundwater Protection Plan........................................................ 59 CHAPTER 9 - SEWERAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM IN BARBADOS................. 61 9.1 The History of Sewerage before 1973.................................................................. 61 9.1.2 Bridgetown Treatment Plant ........................................................................ 61 9.1.3 Structure ......................................................................................................... 61 9.1.4 Chlorination.................................................................................................... 62 9.1.5 Ocean Outfall ..................................................................................................... 62 9.1.6 South Coast Treatment Plant ........................................................................... 63 9.1.7 West Coast Sewerage Project ........................................................................... 64 4

9.1.8 Objective of the Sewerage System .................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 10 - DESALINATION ................................................................................ 65 10.1 Pre-Treatment ..................................................................................................... 65 10.2 Reverse Osmosis .................................................................................................. 65 10.3 Post-Treatment .................................................................................................... 66 10.4 Distribution.......................................................................................................... 66 10.5 Desalination Plants for the future ..................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 11 REPLACEMENT OF MAIN & SPECIAL PROJECTS ................... 68 11.1 In the pipeline ...................................................................................................... 68 11.2 Micro Tunneling.................................................................................................. 69 11.3 Social and Economic impact .............................................................................. 69 11.4 Non Revenue Water ............................................................................................ 71 11.5 New Building to improve efficiency in Non-Revenue water management .... 72 11.6 What IS ICT INFRASTRUCTURE? ................................................................ 72 12.1 Waterworks Old Stock House............................................................................ 76 12.2 District Metered Areas (DMAs) ........................................................................ 77 CHAPTER 13 BWA SEEKS TO REDUCE ELECTRICITY COST ....................... 80 13.1 Reduction of energy cost .................................................................................... 80 13.2 Looking at the overall electricity cost of BWA ................................................ 81 13.3 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................... 82 13.4 POETRY CORNER................................................................................................ 82 Water wisdom in Barbados .................................................................................... 82 16.0 APPENDIX .............................................................................................................. 88 TABLE 6 – Monthly and daily Pumping 2014 ......................................................... 88 TABLE 7- yield for the station between 2008 – 2015 fiscal year (mg/month) ...... 89 TABLE 8- Yield for stations con’t ............................................................................. 89

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List of Tables

Table 1- Wells and Springs Production ............................................................................ 24 Table 2-Pumping Capacity for Fiscal Year, 1965 - 66 ..................................................... 38 Table 3- District Areas ...................................................................................................... 74 Table 4-Updated District Areas, Foremaen & Superintendents 2015 .............................. 75 Table 5 - Cost of Electricity .............................................................................................. 81

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List of Figures

Figure 1-Blocks and Coral Rock purification ................................................................... 10 Figure 2- Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall for Barbados from 1901-2015 11 Figure 3 Brackish and Fresh Water Spring ....................................................................... 12 Figure 4 Photo of Hydrological Cycle .............................................................................. 13 Figure 5– Fountain at Heroes Square................................................................................ 17 Figure 6 Benn Spring ........................................................................................................ 18 Figure 7 Benn Spring 2 ................................................................................................. 18 Figure 8 Chlorination Plant at Benn Spring ...................................................................... 19 Figure 9 Map of Barbados –District ................................................................................. 21 Figure 10 Archives of Barbados- Coles Cave .................................................................. 23 Figure 12 Pump Room at Bowmanston Figure 13- Pumps at Belle P.S 28 Figure 14 Solar Pilot Project Discussion .......................................................................... 34 Figure 16 – Monthly rainfall figures and water production .............................................. 46 Figure 17 Cogg House - Barbados our island, 1956 ........................................................ 51 Figure 18 Everton Pumping Station .................................................................................. 53 Figure 19 Sources and Location ....................................................................................... 56 Figure 20 Water Authority Water Protection Zone .......................................................... 59 Figure 21 Micro-Tunnelin Figure 22 Roebuck St Main Connection ........................... 70 Figure 23 St Philip Water Augmented Project ................................................................. 71 Figure 24 Official Opening BWA HQ Figure 25 Spanking New BWA HQ .............. 72 Figure 27 Updated District Areas, Foremen and Superintendents 2015 Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 28 Lead Boiler ....................................................................................................... 77 Figure 29 Worker with a Logger for monitoring Flow .................................................... 79

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ACKNOWLEGEMENT This research paper is made possible through the help and support from families, friends co-workers and intellectuals. It will be remiss of me not to indicate my acknowledgement and gratitude toward the following significant advisors and contributors. First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr John Mwansa for his support and encouragement; especially in the form of an authorized letter to the Barbados Museum and Historical Society to get valuable information for this research. He was also instrumental in persuading me to gather further information from the Archive of Barbados that would indeed enhanced this research. Secondly, I would like to thank Deputy Director, Mr Kevin Farmer of The Barbados Museum and Historical Society, who gave me permission to use the Museum to gather information on this research paper. I am indebted to Ms. Harriet Pierce, the Museum librarian who directed me to the sources of water study. I must also thank Engineer Mr. Wayne Richards, in charge of operations at the Bowmanston pumping station who supplied valuable information on how the Variable Frequency Drive pumps work to reduce electricity cost. Special mention should be made of Mr. Andrew Layne, who provided a primary source document on the comparative distribution of water in Barbados Mr. Trevor Marshall who accompanied me to Benn Spring to gather pertinent information to make this research paper worthwhile, Mrs Yvette Griffith-Harris, who supplied the BWA Annual Report for scrutiny and Dr. Henderson Carter, Senior Lecturer at the University of the West Indies, who consented to proof read this historical research.

Special mention must be extended to Mrs. Kim Inniss, Manager of Recoveries at the Barbados Water Authority who instil in me the relevance in researching such topic: “ The History of water services in Barbados”. Furthermore, I am indebted to the staff at the Archives of Barbados, who were very helpful in supplying me with primary and secondary sources on the history of the waterworks department during the 1880s. Finally, I sincerely thank my wife Angela, daughters, Waynelle, Anika and son, Dwayne who provided the advice and moral support and certainly the creator for his grace and favour to accomplish this research Project.

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CHAPTER 1 ORIGIN OF WATER

1.1 Background During the 18th to the early 19th century the water supply of Barbados was entirely derived from ponds, springs, private water wells and rainwater tanks. The system used at that time to purify the water was blocks of coral rock. The impure water was filtered through the pores of the coral stone and the impurities were siphoned off by the coarse particles in the coral. But then came the scourge of cholera, a dreadful plague in 1854, which resulted 20,727 persons dieing in 3 month. It was a water-borne disease that brought Barbados to its knees and showed us that household water must be pure. “Let us introduce Stand Pipes!”, stated the Bridgetown Waterworks Co. In the 18th century the old plantation houses were erected with parapet roofs, and the water from the roof was emptied into a large tank in the yard. This tank was covered so as to prevent debris falling into it (Stoute, 1974).Most of the water from these roofs came after a very dry spell and water from the first rainfall was not always pure, so the wooden gutters leading to the tank was moved temporarily so that the water ran to waste, for it was the only means of clearing the roof of the filth which had collected during the drought.

The rain water from the tank was used for domestic purposes; however, the one for drinking purposes was passed through a ‘drip’. The water was first poured into a limestone container, then it dripped through into a second one and then eventually it flowed into a pottery vessel. On other occasions it was boiled – so as to kill any of the bacteria which may have bred. The diagram below showed the drip system used in earlier times. The masses/workers mainly collected their water from ponds; however, there were some plantations that were fortunate to have water-mills, which were a smaller version of the 9

cane-mills. These water mills depended on wind energy to pump water from the wells to serve the masses.

Figure 1-Blocks and Coral Rock purification

Source: Barbados Museum & Horticultural Society

1.2 Geology of Barbados’ underground water infrastructure

Barbados lies in a belt of trade winds that generally blow from the east to northeast. The climate is tropical and sub-humid to humid. Machel postulates in his book, ‘the Geology of Barbados” that the mean annual temperature ranges from 24 to 28°C, and seasonal variation are small. Most precipitation falls in the rainy season between August/ September and December over the central and higher parts of the island, mainly the Scotland district, where it sustains a lush, jungle- like vegetation. The violent downpours in the rainy season caused the water to rush down slopes into creeks and grooves which after time has been carved out into a multitude of deep and often inaccessible gullies.

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Figure 2- Average Monthly Temperature and Rainfall for Barbados from 1901-2015

Source: Country Historical Climate - Barbados

The island of Barbados is like a layer cake topped with icing which has broken away in a great crescent in the east. Very thick layers of clay and sand deposits were laid down in some ancient delta which has uplifted; then the skeletons of innumerable sea organisms ‘raised’ down upon this forming a layer of oceanic and after a continued uplift coral organisms grew upon this coralline limestone (Barbados Museum and Historical society).

Almost all the sugar cane fields are located on the fertile soils that top these terraces, and all the fresh groundwater that is used for human consumption and agriculture is contained in, and flows through, the carbonate rocks, which also form the single most important construction material for buildings. The oceanic rock which form the basal foundation of Barbados is very low in permeability and restrict ground water from entering, hence, the groundwater generally flows through the carbonates,(Machel ;1999) from the highlands sea ward(figure 1). All across the terraces it is tapped in numerous wells and springs.

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Figure 3 Brackish and Fresh Water Spring

Source: Geology of Barbados – Hans G. Machel

1.3 The effect of drought and other weather patterns

The Caribbean Islands are separated by water but are connected by a plate tectonic land mass . According to Kamau Brathwaite (contradictory Omens, 1974) we are separated by language, dialect and culture but unity is submarine. On this premise, as Caribbean people we should learn to unite when calamity or natural disasters like a Tsunami, Earthquake, Hurricane or a drought visit our shores. Just like the outpouring of tangible love to the people of Dominica when the island was ravaged by an unsuspecting flood on August 27th, 2016that destroyed many houses, we should continue the trend of care and empathy in the future for our neighbours in the aftermath of when a disaster strikes again.

This writer is aware of the current drought that Barbados faces. This prolonged drought since last year (2016) has impacted heavily on the water supply of the BWA. In the history of annual rainfall distribution statistics, this is one of the worst drought that Barbados has experienced. At this moment the Barbados is currently in the dry month of January 2016, which would suggest that from previous rainfall statistics that this dry spell may continue and there are four month to go before the rainy season kicks in June again. So the island has to wait with bated breath until the rain returns. During this time the Barbados Water 12

Authority has to grabble with the low pressure of water in many of the mains throughout the island due to climate change and constant bursting of mains that are about 120 years old . To understand the gravity of this drought and impact of worn mains one will first have to be educated of how the Barbados water authority gets its water. First, one needs to explain the hydrological cycle which effects Climate Change.

1.4 Hydrological Cycle When Precipitation falls over the land surface, it follows various routes in its subsequent paths. Some of it evaporates , returning to the atmosphere; some seeps into the ground as soil moisture where the plants utilize it by the process of transpiration and some is trapped by the soil particles, while some representing 20% of rainfall seeps to the undergroundwater supply; and the rest flows into rivers and streams as surface water.

Almost all of the water eventually flows into the oceans or other bodies of water, where the cycle continues. At different stages of the cycle, some of the water is intercepted by humans or other life forms for drinking, washing, irrigation, and large variety of other uses

Figure 4 Photo of Hydrological Cycle

Source: MIT Open Course Ware.

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1.5 Confederation Government By the middle of the 19th century, the sovereign or the Crown appointed Royal Governors on the advice of the Secretary of State of the colonies. His Excellency Mr. C.CKnollys was the then Colonial Secretary assigned to Barbados. The governor of Barbados remained the Governor-General of the windward Island until 1885 when Barbados left the Windward Islands colony. One must make mention that during the period of Government intervention in the water works company in the 1880s, the new system of Government in the West Indies was called Crown Colony government. However, Barbados successfully resisted British efforts in the late eighteen century and nineteenth centuries to abolish its House of Assembly and install Crown Colony Government.

During this period of making a watershed in the history of water wisdom in Barbados, the powers that be in the House of Assembly recognized that water was a precious commodity and since the ‘king business required haste, ’hurriedly formed a Water Commission of 1885. This commission stated that The Waterworks Department shall consist of the following officers who shall be appointed from time to time by the Governor and who shall be paid the salaries hereinafter specified monthly on the warrant of the Governor-inExecutive Committee

That commission comprised of George Clarke Pile, President Of the Legislative Council: Edward Thomas Grannum, Esquire, Archibald Bayne, Esquire, M.D, Member of the General Assembly, Charles Messervy, Esquire, Superintendent of Public Works; Seale Yearwood, Esquire, Charles James Manning, Esquire, M.D; John Burchmore Harrison, Esquire, B.A, Professor of Chemistry; James John Law, Esquire, Civil Engineer; and Samuel Sainthill, Esquire, (Water Supply Commission 1885) The Commission Report reads, “The House of Assembly, in a message dated 2nd day of June, 1885, has made application for the appointment of a commission be formed to report upon the Water Supply of the Island, with the view of suggesting some efficient, and

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economical mode of providing an abundant, and continuous supply of pure water for all classes of the community resident in the rural districts.”

By virtue of the power and authority vested by the then Excellency Mr. C.C Knollys, Colonial Secretary, the appointment of those persons mentioned above that constitute the Water Commission were duly conferred.

1.6 From Benn Spring to Codrington College Spring The population of Bridgetown grew to 146,0001 and the need for a better water supply ensued. The Bridgetown Waterworks Company, formed in 1857 went on to establish the Benn Spring at Newcastle St John, as its first source of supply. The water flowed from this spring in St John to Bridgetown by gravity. The fountain in Bridgetown became a testament to this water that was first bought to Town by the Bridgetown Water Work Company. E.G Sinckler records in his ‘Handbook of Barbados’

“The first sod of the Bridgetown

waterworks was turned on December 5th, 1859”. In January 1861, it was reported that the pipe line from Newcastle ‘the source of supply, had been completed, and that the pipes throughout the City where been extensively laid. The reservoir at Grand View was almost completed and that Mr. Marshall, superintendent of Public Works had done an excellent job.” (Edward A. Stoute, Advocate News, 3rd Feb.1974). An earlier article in a Barbadian Newspaper on March 25, 1861 recorded that the water had been turned on in the Grand View reservoir at 1.pm that day. Subsequently, the water had been turned on in Pollard’s Reservoir at 6p.m the previous day and it had taken the whole night to fill pipes, and had reached town at 11 a.m. Although the inhabitants of Bridgetown were not yet receiving their piped water, the statue of Lord Nelson had a bath, for a jet had been opened on it.

However it was available for fires, and this was considered to be a great thing for the City.

The pressure of water was so great that it was reported that when one of the fire hydrants was turned on the water rose to the height of eighty feet. There were 105 stand-pipes in

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http://www.populstat.info/Americas/barbadoc.htm

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the island of Barbados in 1861 that enable the poor to obtain their water free of charge, and the Legislature was paying £5,000 (BDS $24000) for this.

In 1907, the Newcastle spring was pumping 423,529 gallons a day. Later the spring at Codrington College in the same parish was tapped and the water from that spring served the area around College Land, Sergeant Street, Sealy Hall and College Savannah. That spring pumped on average in the same year 135,575 gallons per day. It was a common sight to see women doing their washing in some of the streams, and pounding the clothes on rocks so as to get all of the dirt and soap out of the items being washed, these were then spread on a nearby patch of grass to bleach.

When this writer was a little boy (about 12 years old) he was an eye-witness to these methods on many occasions as his grandmother, Evelyn Collymore would send him to College Bottom to fetch water. There was a standpipe nearby that never run dry and the folks used to come and catch their water in buckets. They were times when there was a large gathering and the standpipe was where people will discuss news and view of the village as far as Sergeant Street, College land, Society Hill and Sealy Hall. In those days, news used to spread like wild fire in competition with the Advocate newspaper. Below is a picture of Trafalgar square renamed Heroes Square in 1999 and the site of the original outlet of water from Benn Spring.

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Figure 5– Fountain at Heroes Square

Source: Photograph Taken June 3rd 2015

1.7 A Long Overdue trek to Benn Spring

There are two springs sources at Benn Spring. The photographs below depict the two spring sources. The metal cover of the first spring source is heavily fortified with locks. The other spring source has a concrete cover and is also heavily fortified with four locks.

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Figure 6 Benn Spring

Figure

7 Benn Spring 2

Source: Photo Taken September 25th 2015

Historian Trevor Marshall and this writer, were on their first hiking expedition to discover a ‘water source treasure’ in the name of Benn Spring. With their navel string being buried in the heart of St John it would have been very remiss of them not to explore “this national treasure” for themselves and pass these historical tidbits to their next generation. With this discovery Trevor and Wayne were now armed with pertinent knowledge to defend themselves if they were called to account by griots of the land. When we were youngsters 18

we would have heard stories of “pappy Rouse” and “Taddy” Belgrave, district foremen in the 1950s who recounted the sloping depth of excavation such as to accommodate the gravitational distribution of the Benn Spring water mains as far out to land as Grand view in Government Hill and from there to the famous city fountain where the water supply ended. These men would have repaired some of these mains coming from Benn Spring, if there was a rupture in the water main network. The trek to Benn spring was very tedious and at times both men wanted to abort the adventure because the terrain was accompanied with long, steep winding hills and flora that hindered their advance. We discovered that the water from the spring sources travel by gravity to a chlorination plant situated about 2200 ft. from the source. Here chlorination is administered in milligrams per litre (mg/l) by a measuring module. The photograph below show the chlorination plant.

Figure 8 Chlorination Plant at Benn Spring

Source: Benn Spring Chlorination Plant-Photograph taken 23rdJune 2015

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This writer would have been privy to stories a few decades ago, concerning the path of this twelve inch main. Names like “monkey Jump”, “maschel and mautlin came to mind as designated areas where the main meandered through, sometimes nine feet deep or exposed in some areas like College Bottom; located at the back of the faculty of Codrington College, named after the philanthropic Christopher Codrington. Mr. Maclean, a district Foreman who was born in Martin’s Bay in St John, was in charge of the Newcastle district during the 1970s and the work crew under his purview would have responsibility of cleaning the surroundings of Benn Spring and repairing any main that might have ruptured in the Newcastle District.

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Figure 9 Map of Barbados –District

Source: BWA

1.8 Establishment of Water Works System

In 1885 there was in the island an eminent English hydraulic engineer, Mr. Edward Easton, who had arrived shortly before, and it being understood that one of the objects of his task was connected with a proposal to establish a Water Work System in Barbados. The first step to be taken was, “ to have an interview with the gentleman, and to ascertain from him, as far as he was at liberty to disclose, whether the scheme which he had undertaken to 21

further was of such a character as, in our opinion, would meet the approbation, and supply the wants of the Barbados public, and what prospect there was of it being carried into effect”(B’dos report of the Water Supply Commission). Mr. Easton accordingly attended several of those meetings by invitation, and as a result the commission learned pertinent facts connected with his mission to Barbados.

He had come out with a power of attorney from a company which had been formed in England, to establish a system of water works in the rural districts of the island similar to those in Bridgetown. Accompanying him, was a gentleman, by the name of Robert Walker ( Barbados report of the Water Supply Commission, 1885)

In 1886 another Joint stock company was formed called the Barbados Water Supply Company with the intention of supplying water to the rural area of the island as high as 750 ft. above sea level. Water was to be extracted from gullies such as Cole, Edgehill, Plumtree and Harrison in St Thomas to Barker’s in St Peter.

1.9 The caves and gully as part of water work system Robert Schomburgk, the historian describes Cole’s Cave in St Thomas as the most celebrated cavern in Barbados; it was located about 750 or 800 feet above the sea level.

The entrance was at the bottom of the ravine, almost masked by a lush vegetation. It is formed by some tower-like cliffs, which admit only a feeble light from above through a small fissure. The floor, in consequence, comprised of large masses of carbonate of lime.

A short distance from the “Fork” a clear stream issues from the side of the cave and continue southward, forming into miniature cascades. It was from this underground stream in the 1900s that the Barbados Water Supply Company laid mains to transport potable water to the consumers. In 1904, Coles Cave in St Thomas was pumping 97,208 gallons per day.

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The photo below shows where the early water sources were located in St Thomas. With the help of Dr. John Mwansa, The General Manager of the Barbados Water Authority, Mr. Charles Leslie, Project Manager of Capital Works in the BWA, and this writer, Mr. Wayne Collymore-Taylor, Engineering Assistant of the Drawing Office in the BWA, this team was able to identify one of those water sources as Coles Cave in the parish of St. Thomas.

Figure 10 Archives of Barbados- Coles Cave

Source: Archives of Barbados The 25,000 Map of Barbados were used as reference to validate the team’s discovery. The Coles Cave was one of the water sources the Barbados Water Supply Company (Limited) tapped into to provide customers with water in the rural area of St Thomas during the 1880s. This plan and other plans (not shown) were adopted by the Legislative Council on the 17th May 1887 at a time when George Pile was the President of the Legislative.

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The graph below would show the pumping capacity of the source of water from the caves, gully and Bowmanston Pumping station, after Government had intervene to amalgamate the two joint-stock company in 1895.

Table 1- Wells and Springs Production

Imperial Gallons per 24 hours 30 March

30 June

30 Sept

31 Dec

31 March

Source

1906

1906

1906

1906

1906

Bowmanston

2,034,201

2,034,201 2,842,905

7,247,232

5,396,544

Newcastle Springs

423529

432,000

960,000

1,028,571

815,094

College Springs

135,575

250,000

454,179

555,033

614,732

Cole’s Cave

97,208

81,560

97,208

168,912

131,544

Harrison’s Cave

5,047

5,047

26,218

74,168

14,273

Baker’s Cave

19,975

19,975

30,758

86999

48,983

Plumtree Tunnel

38,448

Weir

Weir

79,682

38,448

Submerge Submerge Source: September 5, 1907 Official. Documents laid at Meeting of July 1907, of gazette

The source of water at Plumtree Gully was from an underground tunnel. Water was channeled from this stream by pipes that distribute water to the surrounding area of St Peter and even as far as St Lucy. However, in November 1908, the water from Plumtree Tunnel was turned off from the system of pipes because of the typhoid fever epidemic in the parish of St Lucy.

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CHAPTER 2 BOWMANSTON PUMPING STATION

In the environs of St John is one of the primary sources for water in Barbados: the Bowmanston Pumping station It began its first pumping operations in 1901. Over 100 years old, Bowmanston is a picturesque collection of old buildings, fine mahogany trees and maintenance workshops. It supplies residents in some parts of St John, St Philip, St George and on occasion St Thomas with direct service in addition to helping keep the Golden Ridge reservoirs filled with water (Standpipe Magazine, Issue #2; 2001)

Bowmanston Pumping Station is currently under the supervision of Wayne Richards, Engineer –in-Charge of Operations and Maintenance. In the past, Bowmanston P.S was always served with good governance. In 1975, this writer had the privilege working under Mr. Ambrose Johnson, who was then the current Engineer of Bowmanston. Later in years.

Denis Yearwood succeeded Mr. Ambrose who was Chief Operation Engineer at St John establishment. It is worth mentioning that when Denis Yearwood became General Manager, after the retirement of Mr. Hugh “Nicky” Sealy in 1994, Mr. Charles Marville became the head custodian at the Bowmanston Pumping Station. Mr. Marville has acted in the capacity of Manager of Engineering (Ag) and also as General Manager (Ag) at various times. However, Dr. John Mwansa is designated General Manager (ag) of the Barbados Water Authority up until the completion of this research document in 2016.

2.1 Background Bowmanston has come a long way from the days of boilers and using coal as a means of energy to run the pumps. Donkey carts and discarded mules were used to transport the coals from Bridgetown to Bowmanston in St John during the period 1907. This practice 25

was stopped during the 1950’s. Since then technology has taken over and now the pumps are run by electricity since 1944.

In 1907, a Tank at Bowmanston was purchased for£ 297 19 10. It was an extraordinary expenditure for a stone tank to contain water for boiler purposes. This has been rendered necessary by the great increase in pumping through the draught. In this tank water is softened before going to the boilers.

In the early 1900s, it was estimated that in transporting coal to the pumping station, on average five hundred pounds were the delivery amount per day. Men and materials were also transported to various work sites throughout the island by donkey carts or discarded estate mule at a greater cost than the work could be done by steam transport.

Every morning a procession left town for Bowmanston Pumping Station and for other places; the most remarkable thing about it being that the destination was reached, seeing the condition of the animals drawing the loads.

2.2 Energy Saving Pumps for Bowmanston

In the 21st century, we are living in an era where technology has bamboozled the global network. For instance at Bowmanston we have seen a new innovative way to reduce the amount of electricity used for pumping. For example, Variable Frequency Drive Booster Pumps have been installed at the Bowmanston Pumping Station. There are four, but only three are working at the present moment. Wayne Richards (interview), Senior Engineer of operation and maintenance at the Bowmanston pumping station gave a brief descriptive activity of the logistics of the Booster Pumps and the Well Pumps. He indicated that the three submersible pumps in the well which is two hundred and sixty nine feet deep (269’), pumps water at one million imperial gallons per day at two hundred and seventy (270’) feet head. The deepest well in the BWA water network is Applewhaites P.S which is 289’ (ft.) feet head. Richards continued, “the four Booster pumps, are designed to pump at 0.75

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IMGD at 300’ (ft. head).” He explained that variable frequency drive technology is being used to enhance the pumps to operate at a lower frequency of say 40herz so as to reduce the electricity cost by 5%. The well pumps will also have their switch gear replaced to VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) by the end of 2015. Mention should be made here that total production from the wells at Bowmanston has not exceed 2.4 IMGD up until the end of 2015.

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CHAPTER 3 PUMPING STATIONS Before 1944 pumps at the Belle were steam – driven. In 1944, the Belle received its first electrical pump. Today it is the largest supplier of water, pumping 8 million gallons a day.

Below shows the pumps house at the Belle pumping station. This station is aired marked for the installation of Variable Frequency Drive Pumps. These pumps would reduce the electricity cost considerably.

Figure 12- Pumps at Belle P.S

Figure 11 Pump Room at Bowmanston

3.1 The Current Well and Booster Pumps at the Belle P.S The Belle Pumping Station comprised of seven Well Pumps. Four Well Pumps will normally pump two million imperial gallons per day (2MIGD) @ 270' (Feet Head) -Main Station. While Two Well Pump will pump one million imperial gallons per day (1MIGD) @270’ and one Well Pump will pump two million imperial gallons per day (2 MIGD) @270'

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There are six booster pumps located at the Belle; like Bowmanston these pumps will be assigned Variable Frequency Drive in the very near future by 2016.Two Booster Pumps are designed to pump from the Belle to Fort George one million imperial gallons per day (1 MIGD) @300'(FT Head). One Booster Pump is designed to pump from the Belle to Cave Hill one million imperial gallons per day (1MIGD) @ 155'. While Three Booster Pumps are designed to pump from Belle to Hanson one million imperial gallons per day (1MIGD) @155'.

Residual pressure from the submersible pump, located 20 ft. from the main Pump Station, contains about 120' of water and this is enough to travel from the Belle to Grand view and to Brittons Hill reservoirs. Mr. Wayne Richards, Engineer in charge of operations at all the pumping stations confirmed that this residual water is channeled to two nine inch main situated on the eastern side of the pump station. Mr. Holder, operator at The Belle. P.S indicated that the bore hole well augment the water supply at the Belle.

The diagram below shows the well pumps and Booster pumps currently installed at the Belle Pumping Station.

Figure 11 Pumps at Belle P.S

Figure 12 Belle Pump Room

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3.2 Allendale Pumping Station The Ashton Hall pumping station pumps water to the Re-Pumping station at Half-Acre through its nine (9") inch diameter main. There are two Pumps at Alleyndale that pump water as far as Swampy Town, Colleton and Checker Hall in St Lucy. The capacity of these pumps force water through its main at a rate of 3,000 liter per minute. Alleyndale was manned by operators who monitored the pumps system on a shift basis during the 1970’s.

Currently, the pumps at Alleyndale operate automatically. The foreman Robert Seale from Bowmanston is charged with the responsibility of checking this station on a regular basis to make sure pumps are working at its optimum level. The depth of the Alleyndale well is 163 feet deep. Currently, the Pumping station in Alleynedale, St Lucy pumps water to the Half acre Re-pumping station. From Half Acre the water is then pumped to Lamberts reservoir which feeds the surrounding St Peter area of Boscobelle, Alexandria and Collins.

In the St Lucy area the mains-laying process is ongoing in the wake of decaying old mains that rupture frequently. The effect of drought and frequent burst mains in both the St Lucy and St Peter areas have caused the residents to cry out at the lack of water. The recent low water pressures during the dry month of 2016 and outages has been due to low water levels at Half Acre, Lamberts and Boscobel systems. Pumping was temporarily suspended because of low reservoir levels and once the reservoir are build up again pumping will be resumed. This issue has been exacerbated by the Hope Road desalination plant which has been aborted because of salt intrusion.

The experts maintained that the only solution to the island’s current water crisis was the construction of two new desalination plants.

These experts had already directed the BWA’s board to meet and approve the project in the interest of the nation. Instructions were given of a specific nature that the board shall meet and the board shall approve the construction of two new desalination plants in Barbados, each of six million gallons per day as a medium to long term solution,” one Water expert disclosed.The plants, which will use strictly seawater, are expected to be built in St Peter and St Lucy and will take between 18 to 24 months to construct..

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3.3 Ashton Hall Pumping Station

There is a well at the Old St Joseph Hospital that pumps water to the north of the island which by-pass the Pumping Station at Alleynedale. Ashton Hall which is nearby has its own Pumping station and reservoir. There is a shroud pump that takes water from a nine inch main that pump water to the Aston Hall reservoir. This shroud pump is equipped with a 6” main that serve the surrounding area of Aston Hall, Brevitor and Rose Hill in St Peter.

3.4 Castle Grant Reservoir

The elevation of the Castle Grant reservoir is 1150 ft. at top water level (TWL). The Bowmanston pumping station pumps water to Castle Grant Reservoir. The reservoir suppies water by a series of gravity mains that feed majority of the area in St Joseph and parts of St John. In 2003 a new main was laid from Ashton Hall to Alleyndale. The laying of this main was completed in August 2004.

3.5 Sweet Vale Pumping station

Barbados Water Authority (BWA) has said that efforts to source water from a Sweet Vale basin and Groves well in St George would be realized within two to three weeks. The Authority said these two supply sources were aimed at resolving the outages being experienced by residents serviced by the Golden Ridge and Castle Grant reservoirs, particularly those living in the higher elevations of St Joseph, St Andrew, St John and St Thomas. It said an estimated 500 000 to one million gallons of water per day would be produced from the Sweet Vale well once the newly built pumping station on site becomes operational. The two pumping station at Sweet vale pump at 1.25 MGD million gallons per day). The CDB loan will be used to construct a new water main between Golden Ridge [St John] and Castle Grant [St Joseph]. At the present, drilling is going into one of the 31

concavities in the Sweet Vale basin where the BWA has found over 160 feet of fresh water, which will allow for an extraction of an additional million gallons a day and a new water main will be built straight from the Sweet Vale basin directly to Castle Grant. (Nation news, April 11, 2016)

The BWA Project manager (ag) said theAuthority was also presently rehabilitating a well at Groves, St George which would provide an additional 500,000 gallons of water to the Golden Ridge – Castle Grant system, and had just completed a new pumping station at the Lazaretto, which would allow desalinated water to be pushed down the West Coast and into the St Peter and St Lucy systems.While admitting the situation was an ‘unfortunate’ one, the officer said the BWA could not run the risk of allowing salt water to intrude into the island’s coastal wells.“During extreme drought, the BWA cannot continue to pump that reduced fresh water column from the coastal wells at the normal rate because once that fresh water is exhausted, salt water will intrude into the coastal wells and this will destroy Barbados’ potable water system permanently.“So during this drought situation when residents find their taps intermittently dry, this is to preserve the fresh water in the well and to prevent sea water from destroying the fresh water wells.“The water main connecting the Golden Ridge to the Castle Grant Reservoir was in bad shape for years. These reservoirs service St. Joseph. …For years, when you made any attempt to pump water from Golden Ridge to Castle Grant, it leaked into the ground.

3.6 Carlton Reservoir and Pumping Station

This Pumping Station and Reservoir has beenupgraded. The elevation of the reservoir is TWL- 250 FT. The majority of the residence that live in close proximity of the reservoir, receive their water from gravity mains that comes out from the reservoir. During the period 1990 – 1991 the Authority installed a total of 18.66 miles (30.03) km)of water mains of which 340’ ft. of 4” main from rock Dundo to Westmoreland; 648’ ft. of 6” main from Westmoreland to Upper Carlton were installed. Here, the main coming out of the Carlton pumping station merged to boost the flow (Annual Report Barbados, 1991).

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During the fiscal year 2015 -2016 a structure was build at Carlton Pumping Station to sustain the erection of 680 solar panels. These panels were designed to function from a 170 kilowatt system. 10 inverters were also installed in order to convert AC current to DC current. The project was designed to reduce the electricity cost to the BWA by 2%

3.7 Early Plans at Belle P.S The proposals for waterworks improvements dated 8th May 1946 and submitted to the Colonial Secretary by the Waterworks Department include for installing two new steam pumping sets, each of one million gallons per day capacity, at the Belle to pump through a new rising main to a new reservoir to be built at Mount Hill in St George. Fast forward to 2015, there is still discussion around the initial plan to build a reservoir at Mount Hill.

3.8 Main laid from the Belle P.S An 18 inches diameter main was laid from the Belle Pumping station to Haggatt St Michael.

A connection was made to the 18 inches main at Haggatt to facilitate greater volume of water being distributed to the Fort George Pumping station. This was the first phase of the Barbados Water Authority – Ionics Pipeline Project. The purpose of the project is to increase the supply of potable water to the south-eastern corridor of the island to facilitate housing as well as commercial development.

In August 1992, the Board of Directors took the decision to allow private developers to excavate a pipe track in their own development. This decision was later ratified by Cabinet.

This was a significant concession to developers who, after many years of trying had finally got BWA to partially accede to their request. Their claim was that this would lead to lower infrastructural costs and less expensive house lot. The developers had also requested permission to install their own pipe but this was not permitted by the Board. In later years due to constant persuasion, the Board conceded.

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3.9 Golden ridge pumping station

Golden Ridge’s two reservoirs hold up to 890 ft. of water at TWL (Top Water Level). The Nation News, 2016 stated that the BWA, the largest daily consumer of electricity from the Barbados Light & Power, went solar in 2015. In a pilot project unveiled at the Golden Ridge pumping station, engineer and trained photovoltaic installer Nathan Hart, noted the Barbados Water Authority (BWA) had decided to invest in a ten megawatt ground mounted and roof mounted station in an attempt to reduce part of its huge electricity bill at the St John facility. “This particular reservoir, up to January this year, was using about $77 000 worth of electricity per month from Barbados Light & Power,” Hart explained -.

The solar trained engineer postulated that the electricity consumption at Golden Ridge will be using close to 5% of the daily demand or about five megawatts a day. This equates to paying out $2 million per month down from the previous expenditure of $2.6 million as a result of the reduction in fuel cost. The new pilot system uses German technology and Hart envisioned that it would project a life cycle of about 40 years. This would invariably bring down the cost of electricity by about 5 to 10%.

Figure 13 Solar Pilot Project Discussion

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CHAPTER 4 PRE-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD PUMPING CAPACITY

4.1 Reviewing the period 1955 – 1963

In 1955 Hurricane Janet hit the island. It went on to become the most powerful hurricane of the 1955 season. In fact, hurricane Janet caused the lost of the only Hurricane Hunter plane in history. The plane was never found. This writer was born five days before Hurricane Janet struck. However, this writer was informed from village griots that our house shifted from off the foundation as result of this ferocious hurricane. In an effort to preserve my life, a Mr. Neville Pinder, former District Foreman of the BWA’s St Philip Distribution System) rushed to my rescue. I was wrapped in sheets of cloth and taken to the iconic Codrington College for refuge. But during that trek from Society Hill to Codrington College I understand that flying debris like galvanized sheets were flying left and right of Mr. Pinder who had enough faith to cuddle and shield me from these flying missiles. My mother Daphne Brathwaite (nee Collymore) was also rescued and taken to the same establishment.

The category 5 storm of winds of 175 mph, killed 38 people in Barbados. After the hurricane most of the homes were without power or water. The capital of Bridgetown was heavily affected in terms of water. The Belle Pumping Station, which was heavily powered by electrically- driven pumps was incapable of providing water to the St Michael area. The Belle at that time was supplying about over 6 million gallons of water per day, so the lack of electricity after the hurricane meant lack of water. In other parishes potable water was in short supply. In those days standpipes were the main source of water for villages and communities. So most of the standpipes were dry. Those persons who stored there water before the Hurricane Janet were considered wise; while others were taken by surprised when Hurricane Janet visited their doors.

The Haymans pumping station was built in the 1960’s. Haymans pumps water to Warleigh P.S and also its Reservoir. There are two pumps at Haymans that pump through two 6" main that comes from the more than 160 ft well.

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Furthermore in this period (1955 – 1965) a 12 inch main was conceptualized from Oistins to Jemmotts lane via Highway 7 in 1965. Drawings for the Plan was completed 3rd December 1969. Chief Engineer of the Water works Department, Mr. Keith Johnson approved the drawings. This was a major distribution Network that linked the Oistins area with the water network in the Jemmott Lane’s in Bridgetown. It must be recorded that a Mr. Winston “Woodie” Richardson who is now 101 years and still alive in August 2016 was the Chief Superintendent and in charge of giving orders to shut off valves in the Oistins to Jemmotts project at that time. Mr. Richardson retired from the then Waterworks Department in 1970 (Check map in the Appendix at page 54).

4.2 Increase in pumping and water services 1963 - 1965

During the period 1963 to 1964 the approximate average quantity of water pumped was: Sweet vale #1 Pumping Station - 73,000,000 gal per year, Sweet vale #2 Pumping Station - 220,825,000 gal per year, Bowmanston -720,000,000 gal per year and Belle 2,108,000,000 gal per year. Approximately 164,250,000 gallons were obtained from Newcastle springs and 73,000,000 gallons from College Spring during the year. Moreover, a total of 2,143 services were connected to the mains of the water works department during the year 1963- 1964. At the commencement of the year approximately 3,000 meters were in use and at the end of the year there was about 3,400 meters in use. Water sold to shipping was 16,553,000 gallons during the year. This shows an increase of 973,000 gallons on the quantity sold during the period 1962 – 63. Water sold for trade and other purposes were 529,817,000 gallons during the period 1963 – 64, an increase of 41,739,000 gallons on the quantity sold in 1962- 63 During the year 1963 – 64, 61.66 inches of rain were recorded at Bowmanston Pumping Station. This is 8.78 inches more than the rainfall recorded for the previous year. A total of thirty-eight (38) standpipes were erected and put to work during the year 1963 to 19 64.

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It must be noted that on 3rd December 1965 Engineer Hinchliffe was appointed electrical engineer on a three year - contract. This means he was entrusted with the mandate to steer the Water works company through the deep waters of independence which was fast approaching .

Revenue for the year 1965 – 66 totaled $1,140,639 as compared with $1,103,025 during the previous year. This means the Water Works Department had an additional spending power to possibly upgrade the water system to meet the demands of independence. The demands of nationhood by Caribbean inhabitants, therefore emerged from the caldron of centuries of colonial dominance (Beckles and shepherd, 1993, p 493). The Barbados Independence Act 1966 (c. 37) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that granted independence to Barbados with effect from 30 November 1966. The Act also provided for the granting of a new constitution to take effect upon independence, which was done by the Barbados Independence Order 1966.As a result of the Act, Barbados became the fourth English-speaking country in the West Indies to achieve full independence from the United Kingdom behind Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago, and British Guiana. during the year.

1965 – 1966 saw an increase pumping from the Belle, Bowmanston, and Sweet vale #1&2 Pumping Stations, Newcastle and Codrington Spring as shown in following table below.

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Table 2-Pumping Capacity for Fiscal Year, 1965 - 66

Year 1965-66

Source

Pumping(IMGY)

Belle P.S

2,574,721,000

Hampton

759,805,000

Haymans

415,390,000

New Market

453,405,000,

Sweet Vale #1

238,461,000

Aston Hall

82,009,000

Carlton

120,186,000

Newcastle & Codrington Spring 245988,000 Total

5,476,815,000

Source: BWA Annual Report 1966

Total pumping capacity of all pumping stations from column above was 6 billion imperial gallons a year from 1965 to 1966. Amazing! This suggest the Water Works Department was in a state of readiness for independence on 30 November, 1966. One can deduce that the impact of independence and the state of readiness in waterworks company for such an event could have reflected in new sources of well and increase capacity of existing wells.

The emergence of the masses of the people as a dominant force, the dynamism created by the national movement and the new cohesive forces that began to unify the segmented society of the islands, make this a decade of change (Parry, Sherlock & Maingot, 1989, P265)

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CHAPTER 5 - POST INDEPENDENCE PERIOD

5.1 The period between 1966 – 1968 The period after independence was well articulated by Professor Hilary Beckles who postulated that ‘shortly after the onset of their imperialist establishment, Caribbean Societies began to create and nourish elements that sought to push them away from their colonial scaffold (Caribbean Freedom: Economy& Society from Emancipation to the Present; 1993). For Barbados this was no exception, there was a plethora of euphoria reverberating through the veins of every Barbadian, a sense of pride and industry. One image capsulated the feelings of a rebirth nation, a 1966 photograph showing a map of Barbados and every school child representing their school holding hands in a ring around the map. This was printed on T-Shirts and worn by every Barbadian.

At the Waterworks Department there must have been a feeling of pride and accomplishment because water demands to the customers was realized and it must be recorded that the amount of pumping to these contented residences reached unprecedented proportion even after independence. Pumping capacity in the year of independence was recorded at 15.6 million gallons and there were 32.764 connections. An increase of 1,701 from 1965.(Comprehensive Proposal for the development and Distribution of Public Water Supplies of Barbados Vol 1;1968, Pg.65).

5.2 The building Boom from the 1980s to the 1990s

The census data for 1970 to 1990 indicate that the housing stock grew by 16,572 (28.3%) to reach 75,170 units as at 1990. This represents an average annual growth rate of 1.3 per cent per annum over the period. The first phase of the building boom from 1981 -1982 saw Barbados Water Authority laying six and a half miles of 10.339km of water mains under the Private Development programme on Privately owned Lands. For example the 39

Land Development and Building Ltd project in Kingsland Christ Church took a large chunk of the main-laying works – 4,254 feet of water main was laid to supply water to the many subdivided lots. The Heywood project in St Peters realized an installation of 2,805 feet of main. In addition, the Water Authority installed for the developer, Richard Gill Associates 2030 feet of main in Prior Park Gardens in St James (Annual Report Barbados Water Authority 1981-1982; Pg 19)

5.2.1 Pumping capacity and new water services 1999 -2000

52.8 million Cubic metres of water were supplied of which 52.3 million were from ground water and were produced at an average cost of $0.92 per cubic metre. A total of 1717 new water services were added to the system bringing in the total number of customers to 93,061. Of this number 76,999 were metered indicating that we are 83% along the way to achieving universal metering.

5.3 Water Pumped and wastewater disposal 2000 – 2005 The BWA supplied 56.3 million cubic metres of water during the fiscal period and treated and disposed of 2.8 million cubic metres of wastewater. It repaired 668 burst main ranging in size from 3” to 20” and laid 2,253 new water service.

During this reporting period there were some 600 burst mains but (2) of them created severe havoc. On August 4, the 14" main from Grand View reservoir fractured on Tweedside Road and this caused early closure of businesses in Bridgetown. A few years later the 12" main at Bulkeley broke and in the difficult site conditions it took nine (9) days to repair.

These two (2) occurrences are indicative of the age of our network which is vulnerable in certain adverse environments and the need to accelerate our mains replacement programme.

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5.3.1 Ground water, spring sources and water treatment figures

During the fiscal period (2001 -2002)BWA supplied 53.8 million cubic metres of water.

Of this amount 48.6 million cubic metres came from our groundwater resource and 5.2 million from springs. Also, in that fiscal year, based on the limited data available, the treatment plant appeared to have produced good effluent with suspended solids removals averaging 90% of the fiscal year. Approximately 6,426 cubic metres of digested sludge were also trucked from the treatment plant at Emmerton Lane to the spreading field in Spencers in Christ Church (BWA annual report. 2000)

5.3.2 Capacity and resources tested

The Barbados Water Authority's resources were severely tested during the period under review with the continuing decline in terms of its finances when compared with the previous year. The BWA commenced the financial year 2002/2003 with a deficit of $47.0M and sought additional loan financing to meet its capital and operating cost (needs).

The situation was not helped by the fact that the 2002 turned out to be one of the driest experienced in recent times.

The poor financial situation forced the BWA to restrict the capital expenditure on its mains laying programme and to defer most of the programmes intended to be done in this fiscal year. Unfortunately, the Authority experience during that time an increase in the number of breaks in its mains network to an average of 2.5 per day. This situation is reflective of the age of the distribution network and points to a solution which necessitates an extensive mains replacement programme. Unfortunately this could not be accommodated due to the financial situation at that juncture in time.

The lack of water resulted in low empty reservoirs causing disruptions in the supply to some areas - particularly in the north of the island - for prolonged periods. Those most affected were Alexander, Mount Gay, and Church Hill in St. Lucy and Boscobelle in St 41

Peter. The situation was so severe that scheduled nightly shut-offs were implemented to allow the system to recover. The BWA supplied 54.0 million cubic meters of water during the fiscal period. Incidentally, of that amount 48.6 million cubic metres came from the desalination plant. It treated and disposed of 2,552,970 cubic metres (668,633,799 US gallons) of wastewater at an average of 6,990 cubic metres (1.83 million US gallons) per day. The total volume of septage received and treated was 65,932 cubic metres.

In the reporting period, 839 burst mains were repaired and 1,982 services were laid. Four (4) new sewage connections were also made (Barbados Water Authority Annual Report, 2003).

5.3.3 Interruptions in water supply

This was a period characterized by extended interruptions in our water supply. The water supply problems which first appeared in May 2002 had escalated by early 2003 and reached critical proportions during this reporting period. Particularly hard-hit were the northern parishes of St Lucy and St Peter where the situation was so severe that virtually no water flowed through the pipes to the customers in the affected areas for about (4) weeks and the authority resorted to an intensive water tanker operation to service them. This situation attracted the attention of the Prime Minister's Office with the result that a special Task Force was established to address it. The Authority were able to overcome this situation temporary and give those customers some relief from around the beginning of May 2003.

A decision was also taken not to bill those customers during May. Consideration is still being given to what kind of adjustments should be given for the period when those customers were without water.

On December 2nd, a 12" main at Green Hill was damaged while a contractor was doing road works resulting in residents in parts of St. Thomas, St. Michael and St James experiencing water outages for close to two (2) days.

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On the wastewater side, as the construction phase of the South Coast Sewerage approached the end, personnel from the BWA who had been seconded to the project, gradually returned to the Authority to resume their substantive duties.

5.3.4 Meeting the islands water supply demands

On a more positive note, the BWA's ability to meet the island’s water demand significantly improved over the previous reporting period as a result of a substantial improvement in rainfall. As a result of the early rainfall, Barbados experienced little or no dry season and the water supply situation improved to such an extent that the desalination unit, rented as an emergency measure to address the problems in St Lucy and St. Peter during the drought of 2003, was terminated in June 2004. This was a temporary desalination plant at Hope Rd St Lucy that supply 300,000 gallons of water a day to the Alleynedale, Lamberts and Boscobel system.

The acquisition of new leak detection and repair work began particularly in the Springs System, the Alleynedale and Warleigh/Shop Hill Systems and the Hampton System. That is not to say however that there were no difficulties. Water outages were experienced in some parts of St. Thomas, St. Andrew, St Joseph and St. Peter as a result of inadequate capacity and leakage from the network.

Hurricane Ivan threatened the island on the 7th of September 2004 and tested the BWA's capabilities in maintaining water supplies. When the weather was at its most severe, it brought down power lines and forced a shutdown of the national grid. This caused the pumping of water to cease at all stations for a period. Fortunately, emergency crew were able to restore electricity to most areas except St Lucy and by 7.30 p.m. all water stations were back to normal.

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During the reporting period, the BWA supplied 42,515,291 cubic metres of water. This included 37,011,250 cubic metres from its groundwater resources and 5,504,041 cubic metres from the desalination plant.

5.4 Production figures 2006 – 2011 The production figures for the period 2006 to 2007 showed the amount of water pumped, 10,596.89 million gallons. The Appendix at page 50 shows the table of the production figures which includes the following pumping stations: 

Alleynedale



Applewhaites P.S



Applewhaites W.F



Ashton Hall P.S



Belle P.S



Benn Spring



Bowmanston P.S



Carrington P.S



Carlton P.S



Codrington P.S



College Spring

During this period a 10" PVC main was damaged. The main was split from the Bell-shaped joint. There was a branch (T-joint) not too far from the Welches area in St Michael. Mr. William Layne, District foreman, and his crew had to turn off the valve immediately uphill from the broken joint. This shut-off operation was done so as to facilitate the work of the pipe laying crew.

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5.4.1 Reporting period

During the reporting period from 2007 to 2008 the Barbados Water Authority supplied 10,596.89 million gallons. This was a due to a substantial reduction in rainfall over the previous reporting period.

The ongoing construction boom in Barbados during this period resulted in disruptions to a significant number of Barbados Water Authority distribution network. It was reported to the Authority that contractors had burst two major transmission mains which feeds the north and a significant part of the central parts of the island. Project Manager Marketing and Communications, Dale Miller had confirmed that contractors had damaged the ten inch main feeding the Rock Hall reservoir out of the Warleigh Pumping Station and Reservoir.

5.4.2 Pumping stations’ supplies and challenges

During this period the pumping station supplied 9,932.57 million gallons of water. This showed a considerable fall in the production of 664.32 million gallons during this reporting period. This was largely due to a considerable reduction in water in the previous year.

During this same fiscal year a new hut was installed to replace the old Guard-Hut at the Belle. Mr. Ottley, Electrical foreman supervised the transfer of wires and electrical fittings from the old guard hut to the new one. The new hut was lifted by hydraulics and put in place by the HIAB truck ML 951(Internal Memorandum, 19th June, 2009). The graph below gives rainfall figures against pumping figures for each month

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Monthly Rainfall Figures & Water Production from Wells & Springs 400

1000

800 300

Rainfall (mm)

700 250

600

200

500 400

150

300 100 200 50

Production from wells & springs

900

350

Rainfall MGallons

100

0

0

Figure 14 – Monthly rainfall figures and water production

5.4.3 Water supplies from wells and Springs

The period between 2009 and 2010 saw the BWA supplying 9,602.12 million gallons of water. This included 9276.11 (42,170,000 cu.metres) million gallons from its well resources and 326.01 (1, 482, 00 cu.metres) million gallons from its spring source. This includes New Castle Springs and College Spring.

5.4.4 Comparison in previous years

During the period 2010 – 2011, a total of 9,840.59 million gallons of water was supplied during the fiscal year. There was an increase in water production during this fiscal year as

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compared to the previous fiscal year. This invariably sought to meet dry season demand this period.

Instructions were given by General Manager to compile drawings from maps and transfer on one sheet using ArcGIS Map 10 software. The following stations selected to be highlighted on the electronic maps were: 

Hampton P.S



Rising Sun Reservoir



Vineyard Reservoir



Mains coming out of Hampton P.S going to rising Sun Reservoir, to Spencers main, Sunbury main. It was critical to find out from the operators what was the flow rate coming out of Hampton P.S

5.6 Water Production and private Development 2011 – 2016 This period reflect a higher yield from the pumps and certainly, the heavy demand for water in the dry season (January – May) manifested itself in production which was slightly higher for the same period last year. The amount supplied for the fiscal year was 12,149.89 million gallons.

In 2011, consultants (Halcrow) estimated that the Non-Revenue Water (NRW) level for the Barbados water system was 43% (or 14.6 MGD) of the 34MGD being pumped. The study estimated that the real (physical) losses contribution was 36% of the total NRW figure, while the volumes of water distributed without being invoiced (apparent losses contribution) was 7%.

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5.6.1 Dry spell and water connection 2012 – 2013

The dry period experienced during the first few month of 2013 caused the potable water demand to reach a height of 34.66 million gallons per day. The total for the fiscal year was 12,546.30 million gallons.

A major private development undertaking during this fiscal year was the Adams Castle Development in Christ Church. This development was affected by a number of revised letters. Originally, there were supposed to be four connections. The first connection was to be made to the 6” main on the Sheraton road near to the hut. The second connection was to be made higher up the Sheraton road at the T-junction. The 3rd connection was to be made through the road opposite the Methodist church to the existing main and finally, the 4th connection was to be made to the existing main from the Vauxhall end. A subsequent letter, dated 2009/04/08 was issued which showed that the original four connections was reduced to three connection. A 6" existing main from the Fort George tank in the parish of Christ Church supply the necessary water infrastructure for this development.

(Memorandum, dated 12/03/2012)

5.6.2 Improvement 2013 – 2014

This period showed an improvement in the production figures. The extent of the pump capacity was reflected in the supply of water for the fiscal year of 12,993.28 million gallons. In addition, new water services were added to the system during the fiscal year.

This was also a period where new smart meters were introduced

5.6.3 water meter upgrade and production figures 2014- 2015

The production figures for the period 2014 to 2015 showed an increase of water production for that fiscal year. The quantity of water supplied was 13,119.77 million gallons.

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During this fiscal year the Barbados Water Authority (BWA) notified its valued customers that work on a project to carry out an island-wide upgrade of its water meters began in May of 2014. This programme took several months to complete. However, in this initial phase and as a crucial first step, the BWA informed every stakeholder of the programme. The Water Management Caribbean Inc was contracted by the BWA to carry out preliminary investigation and installation of these Smart Meters. These activities involved locating these old meters, taking measurements and finally replacing them with the new smart meters. Some workers of the BWA were contracted to collect data from these old main and bring information back to head quarters. Once this information was disseminated properly to the Project execution unit, then a team from the WCM Inc. were mobilized in the field to carry out the meter replacement exercise.

5.6.4 Performance 2015 -2016

The performance for this period saw a significant fall in the demand for water. The average rainfall recorded for the month of March 2016 was 35.79 MG/Day. The balance of the year is projected to show a fall in the water demands because of the challenges experience due to reduction in rainfall this year.

Over the last couple of months in 2016, the Barbados Water Authority has been experiencing problems providing a continuous supply of water to several communities on the island. Areas that have been impacted for long durations are generally those in the parishes of St John, St Joseph, St Andrew and St Thomas that depend on the Golden Ridge and Castle Grant Reservoirs and the Spring System on the east coast.

These systems get their water from the stream-water wells located at Applewaites, St. Thomas, Sweetvale 1 and 2, and Bowmanston, St. John and the two springs at Newcastle and Codrington College, St. John. Other areas include Rock Hall, St Andrew which is served by Rock Hall Reservoir, St. Andrew and Warleigh Reservoir, St. Peter.

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Investigations by the Authority have revealed that these problems have been aggravated by a noted reduction in production from the wells feeding Golden Ridge and Castle Grant reservoirs due to falling water tables which has been evidenced by pumping air: 

30 % reduction at Bowmanston;



a 50 % reduction at Sweetvale 1; and



a 50 % reduction at Sweetvale 2.

This resulted in total loss in production from these three sources amounting to one (1) million gallons per day (MGD) from a normal production figure of two and half million gallons per day (2.5) MGD.

It must be noted that 2016 will be a challenging year for the BWA where it has to meet the water demands of the 50 th Anniversary Independent celebration. A number of events are planned for that period from the 1st of January to 30 th November, 2016. The climax to this celebration is gala celebration on Barbados Independence Day on 30 th December 2016.

The first of two containerized desalinated plants, expected to pump an additional 700,000 to 800,000 gallons of water into the distribution system, has officially been commissioned on 24 thy August, 1016. The plant is located at Hope, St Lucy. It also has been disclosed that the second of these medium-term solutions to be located at Trents, St James, should come on stream by November. Both of these plants are intended to feed into the distribution system of the North, to augment existing water supplies. The government is also looking forward to importing water tanks to help address the water outages in certain areas.

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CHAPTER 6 GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION

6.1 Period of conflict

The newly formed waterworks company then had its office at no. 20 High Street, and on the 22nd September, 1861, it advertised for sealed Tenders for the laying of the requisite number of pipes within the city (Advocate News, 3Feb.1974). Thirty four years later the Bridgetown Water Works Company purchased the late Mr. Cogg’s house in Coleridge Street, and had transferred their office there. The photo below shows the Cogg House on Coleridge Street in Bridgetown in 1941 opposite the Old Town Goal (now the Supreme Court. It was a building of considerable historical significance, apart from the age of over two hundred years , it had in the nineteenth century, housed the House of Assembly. It was here that the Act ending the Apprenticeship System was passed in May 1838.

Figure 15

Cogg House - Barbados our island, 1956

The country was heavily impacted by the drought of 1885, putting a strain on supply of water to serve efficiently the Bridgetown area. As a result both companies ended up looking 51

in the Bowmanston area to supplement their supplies. The encroachment of the two companies caused conflict due to the wells overlapping each other. This resulted in a considerable reduction in outputs. The Government at that time had to intervene to resolve the volatile situation by purchasing the two companies and formed the Waterworks Company on 20 February 1895 by an Act of parliament. The records show (the Official Gazette 1904) that the expectations of

annual revenue £14,689.8.9 published in 1894

previous to the purchase of the works of the two Waterworks Company by the Government and the extension of the waterworks has been realized, the average being £10,565.10.9.

The Engineer and Manager appointed to run the recently nationalized Waterworks Company was George E.O Linwood.

The diagram below shows the old Everton Pumping Station from which the Bridgetown Water Works Co first extracted water. This pumping station was in operation in 1895 when the Act of parliament was passed to form the Waterworks Company. The Everton Pumping station ceased operation in 1950 when it became feasible for the newly installed electricaldriven pumps at Bowmanston to replaced the outdated steam-driven pumps at Everton in 1949 (Comprehensive Proposal for the Development and Distribution of Public Water Supplies of Barbados Vol 1.pdf; 1968, Pg. 210)

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Figure 16 Everton Pumping Station

6.2 Structure of Waterworks Department The Act relating to the establishment and maintenance of the waterworks Department (Laws of Barbados Index 1667-1-1942-8, printed at Advocate, 1946) dictates that the Waterworks Department shall consist of the following officers who shall be appointed by the Governor-in-Executive Committee (1891-1900). There was a Governor-in-Executive Committee which comprises of:-

Manager, (who later become the chief Engineer in 1944)

…………£ 600 per annum

A superintendent………………………………………………………£ 400“

“

One Mechanical Engineer…………………………………………….£ 400 “

“

Two Inspectors………………………………………………………...£ 300 “

“

One Assistant Inspector…………………………………………………£ 150 “

“

Chief Clerk & Accountant ……………………………………………...£ 75 - £ 110 53

There were two messengers as shall be fixed by the legislative officer under the Clerical Service act, 1939; not exceeding five in number, and three cadets to complete the executive committeee. One must note that the Moyne Commission of 1939 was established to look into the hardship of the working class people in Barbados at that time. There were deplorable amenities, wages were low and the economic situations was not encouraging.

The world was facing a depression then in the 1930s.

6.3 Land Acquisition Acts Repealed

All lands, springs or water were subject to the Department under the provision of the Compulsory Power Land act of 1888. This states that states that all lands , springs or water may be acquired by the Department that deal with those matters However, this act was repealed in 1944 and became the Acquisition Act. This was around the time that property qualifications was reduced in 1944. Universal adult suffrage followed in 1951.

6.4 Name change from Water works to Barbados Water Authority The Barbados Water Authority (BWA) is a Statutory Body established by an act of Legislature on October 8, 1980 to replace the Waterworks Department of Government. It commenced operations on April 1, 1981. The office of the Waterworks Department of Government was located on Coleridge Street, Bridgetown until the early seventies (70s). In 1971, the Drawing Office, one of its departments was relocated to a new office building in the Pine and in May of the following year (1972) the remaining departments and staff were relocated as well.

The 20th century has seen the development of rigorous standards for the use of our potable water – the almost folk-legendary status of our extensive standpipe system, the improvement of our water distribution network and most significantly of late, the gradual depletion of our water reserves, which now places Barbados on the list of water scarce 54

countries in the world. One of the parameters by which a country is judged by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), is its per capita water resource availability. If a country has less than a thousand (1,000) cubic metres (m3) per capita per year, it is adjudged to be a water scarce country. Barbados has been so designated, as its available water resources are currently rated at three hundred and ninety (390) m3 per person. One (1) cubic metre is equivalent to two hundred and twenty (220) gallons.

55

CHAPTER 7 - SOURCES AND LOCATION

7.1 Network The BWA network comprises 22 well sources (17 sheet & 5 stream water wells) and 8 boreholes, all ranging in depth from 119.5 to 322 feet. Figure 13 shows the location of the BWA wells, reservoirs and groundwater unit boundaries, as well as sheet water boundaries. At present there are 29 reservoirs and tanks in the distribution system with a total capacity of 32. 5 MGD (Imperial).

Figure 17 Sources and Location

BWA Network Map 56

7.2 Drilling Crew

As the demand for water increases because of new development (private Development) and the impact of climate change which results in reduction of the average rainfall a year, the need for drilling more wells will be a must in the future. Jaime Paul geologist of the BWAand her crew, face the daily task of locating new sources. The general manager of the BWA is presently concern with the average rainfall recently in the month of October. That level is now at 2.7 inches for the month of October, considering the previous year it was at 7.0 inches; however, at the time of preparing this research the month had plenty more days before it ends. Householders, businesses and schools in some eastern parishes continue to endure dry taps on most days because of extremely low water levels at the Golden Ridge reservoir in St George and at Castle Grant in St George. This will happen because Golden Ridge pumping station pumps to Castle Grant and Castle Grant back feeds to other places in St Andrew and parts of St Joseph. It is noteworthy to mention here that the water supply to the reservoirs at Golden Ridge is augmented by Pumping from both Applewhite and Bowmanston Pumping stations. As these water woes escalates, the Grove Well in the area which previously was used for agricultural purpose may have to be taken over by the BWA with consent to augment the rural area supply.

7.3 Sub-System As a result of the above considerations, the island’s water supply system has been subdivided into 19 sub-system, based on ground surface elevations, the location of the wells and springs sources and the top water level of the reservoirs. The implication of this is that certain sources (wells), trunk mains and reservoirs are by design (carrying capacity, water pressure, route, etc.), meant to be associated with only certain sub-systems.

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CHAPTER 8 - WATER QUALITY

8.1 Zoning The history of groundwater protection in Barbados began in 1953 with the enactment of the Underground Water Control Act followed by the groundwater protection zoning policy of 1963. The zoning policy stems from a study conducted by H. Tullstrom, under the guidance of the United Nations Programme for Technical Assistance. The findings of this study resulted in the implementation of a five zone groundwater protection system for the island. Tullstrom states, ‘the boundaries of the different zones are so selected, that no wastewater can reach a public potable water well within one year. (Standpipe Magazine issue #1 2001). The zoning policy, which divides the island into five zones, has Zone One being the most heavily protected area where residential building is not allowed. There is an exception: if a structure was on a particular development before the 1973 zoning study, then a relaxed policy may be implemented. Zone 5 have no restriction at all. In Zone 2 the restriction is slightly reduced by allowing potential builders to construct a septic tank and allow the waste to past through an activated carbon for purification before channeling it into the soil on its way to the underground water table.

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Figure 18 Water Authority Water Protection Zone

Source: Barbados Water Authority

Ifill (2001) opines that the present threats to our groundwater quality in Barbados can be grouped into four general areas. (1) Urban Development and Domestic Waste Disposal; (2) The petrochemical industry; 3) Industrial facilities and Hazardous Wastes; 4) Solid and Liquid Waste Management and Disposal. Intensive testing has been performed to assess how these threats have and can affect our water quality. Ifill continues, “the BWA mandate is to keep it safe from such threats and it is a mission that we work daily to accomplish.

8.2 A new Draft Groundwater Protection Plan

A new Draft Groundwater Protection Act is on the cards to replace existing legislation which dates back the early 1960s. These are the major recommendations made by consultants. Furthermore, Dr. Denis Lowe stated that while Barbados water supply was still safe for drinking there were signs on the horizon of chemical and bacteriology contamination in some areas (GIS, 20110). Incidentally, three protection zones have been 59

proposed to the five currently exhibited in Figure 19 above. Zone 1 would be a pathogen exclusive zone, while zone 2 will be a pathogen management zone and finally, Zone will be a chemical management zone.

60

CHAPTER 9 - SEWERAGE TREATMENT SYSTEM IN BARBADOS

9.1 The History of Sewerage before 1973 The history of sewerage system prior to 1973 came about as a solution to the very serious problem caused by numerous inadequately functioning sewage disposal – or seepage –pits (locally called “soak – aways”). Compounding the problem was the dumping of scavenger waste nightly at the coastline in Bridgetown. This situation had lead increasingly to unpleasant odours, contamination of ground- waters and pollution of coastal waters in and around some areas of the city.

Thus Bridgetown city was becoming somewhat unpleasant and unhealthy for the natives and foreigners alike. Hence the Government, had a detailed study, proposals and plan done to resolve the problem. Some time later these resulted in the construction of the Bridgetown Sewerage System and Treatment Plant – a facility designed to treat wastewater from the city to a level that the government considers as acceptable for discharge into the sea at Carlisle Bay on the atlantic ocean

9.1.2 Bridgetown Treatment Plant

The Bridgetown Demographic Study of 1973, estimated the 1995 design area population at 37,721. (Operations and handling of Bridgetown sewerage Plant). The Bridgetown Treatment Plant and the South Coast Sewage Treatment Plant were commissioned in 1982 and 2003, respectively. The Plant was officially opened by the then Prime Minister of Barbados the Honorable Tom Adams in 1979. The plant is designed to handle on average 2.0 MGD of sewage entering the plant.

9.1.3 Structure

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The Bridgetown Sewage Treatment Plant comprises of two contact stabilizing units that collects the sewage when it passed through the Bar Screen. This is where rags, large solids are removed before the sewage enters the Parshall Flume. The first entry of the sewage in any of the contact stabilization unit is in the contact tank. This is where the sewerage is aerated by large pipes installed at the bottom of the tank which caused aerobic decomposition of the sewage. That is, this secondary treatment depends primarily upon biological aerobic organisms for the biological decomposition of organic solids to inorganic or stable organic solids. From here the broken down component of the sewage enters the Aeration tank through a window in the dividing wall. It is here that the sewage gets extended aeration to thoroughly complete the biological breakdown. The decomposed sewage is then directed to the digester, where the stable organic and inorganic sewage is allowed to settle down in the digester. The solids removed from sewage by the secondary treatment units, together with the water removed from them, constitute sewage sludge.

Here the digested sludge is siphoned off by septic handling truck which carry the liquid sludge to agriculture land where it is spread over the area.

9.1.4 Chlorination

The effluent part of the sewage flows over the weir in the contact stabilization tank and enters a trough which circumvents the three sections, comprising of contact tank, aeration tank, extended aeration tank and the digester. The effluent then flow to the chlorination chamber where sodium hypochlorite is added by a mechanical chloropac unit. A dosage of 2.0 mg/l of sodium hypochlorite solution is added to the effluent to kill bacteria to adhere to the World Health Organization standard of not more than 100 organisms to 1 liter of sewage.

9.1.5 Ocean Outfall The sewage treatment system terminates in an ocean outfall extending 1000 feet offshore

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to a 40-foot depth, from which treated effluent is diffused into and intimately mixed with the ocean waters

9.1.6 South Coast Treatment Plant The South Coast Sewerage treatment plant was commissioned in2003. The Plant, like the Bridgetown Treatment Plant, discharges the effluent water out to sea. Treatment of the sewage is done by ozone which purifies the sewage. The effluent is then discharged 40 feet into the outfall at St Lawrence Beach. The waste from the South Coast (rags, etc. captured in the system) is collected in a “skip” and disposed of in the islands' landfill

Planning is at an advanced stage for the construction of a third wastewater treatment facility along the West Coast. This plant should cater to approximately 6,000 customers The Bridgetown Plant employs secondary treatment of waste, removing all suspended and dissolved solids by combining them with activated sludge. The South Coast Plant, however, only treats waste to a primary stage by the use of Ozone purification. In the Bridgetown system, there are 4 Lift Stations and 1 Seawater Pump Station, all in St. Michael, while the South Coast system includes 5 Lift Stations – 2 in St. Michael and 3 in Christ Church. Both treatment plants discharge the effluent water out to sea but the sludge generated from the Bridgetown Plant is disposed of on land. The primary objective of the proposed sewage project is therefore to reduce public health risks from domestic, commercial and waste water pollution, through the provision of a modern sewerage system, and to improve environmental conditions for residents and visitors.

Ozone wastewater treatment is a method that is increasing in popularity. An ozone generator is used to break down pollutants in the water source.The generators convert oxygen into ozone by using ultraviolet radiation or by an electric discharge field. Ozone is a very reactive gas that can oxidize bacteria, molds, organic material and other pollutants found in water.

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9.1.7 West Coast Sewerage Project The long awaited West Cost Sewerage Plant may start sometime in the middle of 2016.

This is the view postulated by Minister of Agriculture, food. fisheries and Water Resource Management who is intent to approach cabinet with the view of finalizing plans to secure a loan to the tune of $600,000 million to build the Project.(Nation News, 25 october, 2015)

Once this loan is realized then phase one of the sewerage project will start soon which entails construction of a tertiary treatment facility to take effluent from the greater Bridgetown to Porters, St James; such that The Bridgetown Treatment Plant would be decommissioned and a new one will be constructed at the Lakes Folly present site. Phase two of the project will follow which entails a broader collection system that will link the Porters facility as far north as Sherman’s in St Lucy. Incidentally, some water from this system will be reuse to recharge the present Water Distribution System to augment water supply in some areas.

An upgrade of the South Coast Sewerage Plant form a primary to a tertiary system is also in the works, which will allow it to treat waste.

9.1.8 Objective of the Sewerage System The primary objective of the proposed Sewage Project is to reduce public health risks from domestic and commercial pollution through the provision of a modern sewage system. This invariably will improve environmental conditions for locals and visitors. The reef system is under treat from water pollution, so the sewerage system will assist in protecting the coastal and marine ecosystems and reduce the amount of beach erosion.

64

CHAPTER 10 - DESALINATION

Factors such as the natural population growth, urbanization, and greatly improved standards of living in the society increased the demand for water in the island and as a result it was therefore necessary to investigate alternative sources of water. In 1995 and 1966 a study into the feasibility of desalination was conducted. This study led to brackish water being utilized to produce a large volume of additional water for drinking at very high cost (Know your water supply; 2001). This involves the pumping of brackish water from ten eighty foot wells located at Spring Garden to the Desalination plant.

Barbados’ new desalination plant began producing fresh drinking water in 2000 just 15 months after the signing of a water supply agreement between the Barbados Water Authority and Ionics Freshwater Ltd. The agreement covered detailed design, engineering,

10.1 Pre-Treatment The next stage of this process involves pre-treatment. That is, the removal of suspended solids by the method of filtration. Furthermore, an antiscalant substance is added to prevent buildup of bacteria and mineral deposits.

10.2 Reverse Osmosis The second stage is a reverse osmosis process. Reverse osmosis is a process in which dissolved inorganic solids (such as salts) are removed from a solution (such as water). This is accomplished by water pressure pushing the saline water through a semi permeable membrane. The membrane (which is about as thick as cellophane) allows only the water to pass through, not the impurities or contaminates. These impurities and contaminates are flushed down a waste pipe located at the Desalination Plant.

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10.3 Post-Treatment Post-treatment involves the addition of lime to the water to improve its taste, while the addition of Sodium Hypochlorite acts as a chlorination agent.

10.4 Distribution After post-treatment the potable water is directed to a site storage tank where it is constantly monitored for water quality and is then transferred to the water authority reservoir for distribution. The final stage is the pumping of this desalinated water to the St Stephen’s reservoir, where it is distributed in the general water supply. Some of this desalinated water reaches as far as St Peter in the north. There is also a sixteen inch main that comes out of the Desalination plant and provide water to the northern part of the island. manufacture, delivery to site, site preparation, installation, start-up and commissioning of the brackish water desalination plant; and operation and maintenance of the plant for a 15 year period. The plant has provided consistent high quality potable water for the islands main water supply.

Water from the desalination plant passes all of the internationally accepted biological and other test for water quality and the plant can supply drinking water for up to 20% of the island’s 264,000 people.

10.5 Desalination Plants for the future Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Water Resources Management Dr. David Estwick is pushing for the construction of two new desalination plants in the country to augument the supply of water when rainfall levels are low due to a drought. Estwick emphasized that this is one of the key strategies needed to move the Barbados Water Authority along

66

a sustainable path (Barbados Advocate, 2017). The location of these two desalination plants has not been decided as yet

67

CHAPTER 11 REPLACEMENT OF MAIN & SPECIAL PROJECTS

11.1 In the pipeline

The US$50 million Water and Sanitation System Upgrade Project provides work for the capital works unit of the Barbados Water Authority (BWA) and the private sector alike.

The project, which is being funded by the Inter-American Development Bank, consists of replacing 49 kilometres (30.6 miles) of mains, to be divided into three packages. There are package A, B and C. Word of this came at a ground breaking ceremony at the Belle Pumping Station in 2015, where the minister stated that project is aimed at upgrading and expanding the water distribution mains network in the South of the island.(Nation News,2015)

Package A consists of five individual (from Sunbury, through Ruby Junction to Sandford), routes located in St. Philip, which will see 12.3 kilometres of pipelines estimated at $5 million being installed. Package B (inclusive of Newcastle and Glenburnie ) totals 21 kilometres in the eastern part of the island spanning the parishes of St. Philip, St. George, St. John and St. Joseph; while Package C will replace a total of 15.5 kilometres of main ranging in size between 8 and 16 inches in diameter, located in Bridgetown, part of St. George and the northern part of St. Lucy.

The BWA will also soon be embarking on an island wide meter replacement programme, where “smart meters” will be put into use. With these new devices, it is expect to have improved accuracy in determining the quantity of water delivered to its customers.

Accordint to the BWA,“These meters are designed to register only what water is consumed by the customer.” The Barbados Water Authority is developing its infrastructure to keep ahead of the developmental demands of a modern Barbados. The Authority recognized that 68

national development could be constrained by inadequate water infrastructural capacity, and that is why the BWA has embarked on a number of water mains replacement and upgrade programmes. The primary objective of the mains laying programme is to effectively and efficiently install a large number of water mains over a five-year period.

This includes the replacement of one-third of the prioritized mains identified under the IDB-funded Water and Sanitation Systems Upgrade Project, between February this year and February 2016. Also, it involves the installation of 19.2 kilometres of new transmission mains and associated pump station upgrades over 12 months following the conclusion of the loan agreement and the replacement of the regular in-house mains, those associated with private developments, road works and other Government agency programmes, estimated at 10.5 kilometres per year. (Advocate, 20 Feb, 2015)

11.2 Micro Tunneling Micro tunneling is a process that uses a remotely controlled boring machine (MTBM) combined with the pipe jacking technique to directly install product pipeline underground in a single pass. This technique was used in the shopping and commercial area of Bridgetown. The areas designated for horizontal Micro Tunneling were on the left side of the road going in to Town in Roebuck Street, opposite Nation House Building and Glassesco Complex. Further up the road by the Globe Theatre going to Tweedside Carrington Village another activity of Micro tunneling was in full operation.

11.3 Social and Economic impact Throughout the world Pipe Jacking and Micro Tunneling is becoming increasingly important for the installation of sewerage Pipesand Potable Water Service Lines .The advantage of Pipe Jacking and Horizontal Micro Tunneling is evident especially in urban City like Roebuck Street and Tweedside Road in Bridgetown and this activity causes minimum disturbances along the construction route so there is virtually no disturbance to flow of traffic or any impact tothe local economy. The micro tunneling seeks to mitigate against social and economic disruption. For example, one lane in the Tweedside area was 69

cordoned off, while the other lane was used for traffic flow. The whole construction site was located in such a way that only one lane was affected. However, because of the nature of the size of the road and location of the process at the junction of a roundabout at Tweedside Road, this posed a problem to the flow of traffic. There were traffic construction site wardens stationed at the roundabout to direct traffic which mitigate matters a little, but because of the acuteness of the bend at the junction of Tweedside roundabout this cause many delays in traffic flow.

Figure 19

Micro-Tunnelin

Figure 20 Roebuck St Main Connection

The Pilot Project of developing the Sterling-Grove Area to determine if a demand of a three (3) million gallons of per day of ground water supply was sustainable, has been realized. This is part of the St Philip and Christ Church water augmentation project. In addition to alleviating water shortage, some of the water from the well will be channeled to St Joseph via the Bowmanston P.S in St. John .Figure 11.3 below showcases the water storage tanks located at Groves, St Philip

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Figure 21 St Philip Water Augmented Project

11.4 Non Revenue Water Non Revenue Water is categorized as – Unbilled, authorized consumption. For example. standpipes, fire service; Apparent losses - inaccurate meters readings or theft); Real losses - leaks on transmission and/or distribution mains and service connections up to the meter; or leaking or overflowing reservoirs. Part of this “lost” revenue can be retrieved by appropriate technical and managerial actions. It can then be used to meet currently unsatisfied demand (and hence increase revenues to the utility), or to defer future capital expenditures to provide additional supply (and hence reduce costs to the utility)”.

Currently, the level of Non-Revenue Water (NRW) in the BWA is estimated to be between forty-four to forty-nine per cent (44-49%) which is much larger than the international benchmark figures of approximately twenty-three per cent (23%), and represents a large financial loss. Therefore, the BWA is undertaking this project using both technical and managerial

techniques

to

recover

the

water(barbadoswaterauthority.com)

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revenues

lost

through

non-revenue

Figure 22 Official Opening BWA HQ

Figure 23 Spanking New BWA HQ

11.5 New Building to improve efficiency in Non-Revenue water management

The $ 65 million new Headquarters of the Barbados Water Authority was opened on Friday 27, November 2015. Minister Dr. David Estwick postulated that significant reduction in Non-Revenue water continues to trouble the BWA and for the short term regarding the frequent outages there may be no solution apart from desalination. An emphasis on desalination would mean a review of the zoning policies. Furthermore with the water challenges that Barbados faces following the 2015 drought, the predictions for 2016 is that Barbados and the region would suffer protracted drought in 2016.

The new BWA HQ building seeks to bring all of the departments under one umbrella. It does not make any sense to have the department scattered at about eight different locations.

Having one central location allow the BWA to put the ICT infrastructure to better manage Non-revenue Water and to interconnect efficiently with the customer.

11.6 What IS ICT INFRASTRUCTURE?

Information and communication technologies(ICT) is basically our society’s efforts to teach its current and emerging citizens valuable knowledge and skills around computing 72

and communication devices, software that operate them, applications that run them and system that are built with them.

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CHAPTER 12 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The distribution system is headed by senior superintendent Mr. Earlwain Cumberbatch.

There are seventeen districts (17) under his responsibility. The districts are divided into three categories: the Leeward, Central and Windward Division. The Table 1 below shows the Districts with each divisions during the period 1974.

District Areas 1993 -1994 Table 3- District Areas

No.

DISTRICTS

DISTRICT FOREMEN

SUPERINTENDANTS

1

St. Lucy

Rawl Philips/Jr.Quityne

Leeward- Mr.Codagan

2

St Peter

Richards

3

St Andrew

Scantlebury

4

St Simons

Watson

6

St James

Hewitt

9

Exchange

Wilkinson

10

Cole Cave

Ashby

15

St Michael

No Foreman

5

Newcastle

Egbert McClean

7

College

Sinclair Belgrave

8

Golden Ridge

TelbertGaskin

12

Castle Grant

Mayers

13

Hanson

Reifer

16

St. Michael

No Foreman

17

St Philip

Neville Pinder

18

Christ church

Eckle Small

74

Central - Mayers

Windward-Mr. Allsopp

19

St Michael

No Foreman

Source1: 50000 Map Ordnance Survey Government of Barbados 1974

Table 5 below has been updated to reflect some of the current district Foremen and Superintendents for the Districts. It must be mentioned that the St Philip District was presided over by the youngest District Foreman at that time. Mr. Neville Pinder who was 24 years of age when he took up the foremanship in 1961 (oral conversation). However, he was employed as a temporary worker in 1956 after hurricane Janet on 22september 1955 ravaged the island. But his appointment in the Waterworks Company became permanent in 1957. Neville was 20 years at that time. He was succeeded by his cousin Idris Collymore in 1994. Subsequently, Neville's son Rohan Watson took over from Idris Collymore as foreman in 2001. Incidently, Idris Collymore actually retired from the BWA on 6th June 2001 at the age of 55. Rohan Watson, the current foreman presently looks after the Vineyard Reservoir and the surrounding district of Pollard, Ruby Park, Union, church village, Dodds and Moncrieffe. Rohan and his crew responsibilities is to make sure repairs to mains are restored to an acceptable condition.

Table 4-Updated District Areas, Foremaen & Superintendents 2015

No.

DISTRICTS

DISTRICT FOREMEN

SUPERINTENDANTS

1

St. Lucy

George Philips

Leeward- Samuel Jordan

2

St Peter

Richards

3

St Andrew

Scantlebury

4

St Simons

Watson

6

St James

Vanroy Watson

9

Exchange

Wilkinson

10

Cole Cave

Ashby

15

St Michael

No Foreman

75

5

Newcastle

McClean

7

College

Theophilus Blackett

8

Golden Ridge

Michael Kirton/Roger Coward

12

Castle Grant

Mayers

13

Hanson

Reifer

16

St. Michael

Richard Blackman

17

St Philip

Rohan Watson

18

Christ church

Marson Boyce

19

St Michael

Hayden Forde(a.k.a Bird)

Central - Anthony Boyce

Windward-Norman Hoyte

12.1 Waterworks Old Stock House.

The old stock house was a wooden structure that was used to store the lead, yarns, peck and hoes that were used by waterworks crew for trenching during the period 1895 till the 1980’s . These houses were placed in strategic areas in the field nearest to where mains were laid. Each district foreman had a stock house. There was one at Windy ridge at college land in St John. This store house could be reached by taking the cart road that leads to Consett Bay in the same parish. During the night, the fire lamps were used as a source of light to facilitate district workmen effecting repairs to burst mains. With the advent of technology we are seeing flood lights powered by generators. These men in those days had to be complimented by the primitive tools they used then. The hoe and peck was used for digging. Now it’s a mechanical motorized trencher, excavator and compressor with jackhammer. A typical days work on a leak on the Benn spring main, involve boiling the lead. The lead block was first heated until it melt into a thick solution. Then the yarn, a white fluffy material that wouldn’t burn is place into the joint and the melted lead is applied in the joint to seal it. A big metal spoon called the scoop was used to dip out the molten lead from a rectangular metal drum and transfer it to the joint (interview with Neville Pinder).

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Figure 24 Lead Boiler

Source: survival Monkey.com

12.2 District Metered Areas (DMAs) A district meter area (DMA) is defined as a district area of a water distribution network. It is created by closing boundary valves so that it remains flexible to changing demands.

Water flowing into and out of the DMA is metered and flows are periodically analyzed in order to monitor the level of leakage. This is part of the Water distribution system that supply water to consumers, both domestic and commercial/industrial. In the various District Meter Areas (DMAs) in Barbados varying amounts of water are lost or unaccounted for between the reservoir or storage facility and the consumer. Non-Revenue Water (NRW) is expressed as the difference between the volume of water entering the distribution system and the volume of water billed to customers.

In the BWA Water Distribution Network system there are several designated DMAs. There are about thirty five (35) District Meter Areas in the Water Distribution System in the BWA. One of such area is the location between Moncrieffe, Pollard and Dodds in St Philip. On the 12” main that runs from Benn Spring and pass through the Moncrieffe area there is a series of throttle valves that control and monitor the flow. If there is a leak in the areas these throttle valve can be closed or opened in order detect specific areas where the leaks have occurred. Incidentally, there is a flow meter at the junction of the 12”main that

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comes out of Benn Spring and connected to the 4” main that serve the Pollard and the Three Houses Area. Flow meter and pressure gauge on a 12” main that comes out of Hampton Pumping Station can monitor the main for leaks also on the four (4”) inch main. The diagram below shows on the ArcMap one of the DMAs in the St Philip area.

Figure 23 – ArcGis Map showing Boundary Valves in Moncrief & Dodds

NRW is made up of two components – physical losses and apparent losses. Physical losses comprise leaks in pipes, valves and other component of the network. They may be obvious, as in the case of a burst main or leaking valve stem, or less if the leak is from a joint/branch in a buried pipe. They tend to be pressure-related, and an analysis of Non- Revenue Water (NRW) versus pressure can be useful in determining the magnitude of these leaks. Illegal connections also contribute to the Physical losses and the BWA is very vigilant in clamping down on these illegal acts. In cases where there are no flow meter to measure flow when

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there are a suspected leak there are temporary installment devices to monitor the drop in flow in a suspected main.

The BWA had employed the step testing methods along with the conventional sounding methods to determine leaks. However, the BWA (Chase-Parris et al, 2000) has upgraded to the Palmer Environmental Permalog leak localization system. The benefit of this system is that it is cost effective in contrast to the previous method. The Permalog units are deployed on a rotation basis throughout the distribution system to provide continuous surveying of leakage. These loggers are easily installed on main lines and hydrants valves, they are retained in place by a strong magnet Each logger will listen for leak noise and transmit an alert if a leak is suspected. Permalog is an intelligent noise logger designed for permanent deployment or tactical deployment to survey large areas of network quickly and effectively. The diagram below shows worker placing a Permalog noise logging device on to Hydrant to detect leak.

Figure 25

Worker with a Logger for monitoring Flow

Source: Halma Water Management, A Halma Company

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CHAPTER 13 BWA SEEKS TO REDUCE ELECTRICITY COST

The Minister with responsibility for Water Resource Management, Dr. David Estwick (Skeete, 2012), revealed that one of the features of the new complex would be a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Centre, where an operator would be able to check reservoir levels in real time and determine faults at pumping stations before field staff visit the station. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) –The implementation of SCADA will allow the BWA through the use of modern day technology to monitor and control its production systems (e.g. pump status, reservoir levels, and power and water quality). This also allows the BWA to be more proactive in its operations due to a real-time awareness of potential equipment failure and to respond quickly to issues facing the public. SCADA is critical in assisting the BWA in achieving its energy reduction cost.

For example, having real-time data on reservoir levels, will allow the BWA to slow down or stop the respective pump(s) to avoid overflow and wasted energy (see figure 3)

13.1 Reduction of energy cost The Reduction of Energy Costs due to the high and therefore unsustainable energy bill, the BWA saw it prudent to hire the private consulting firm Econoler to conduct an energy assessment of its operations. The general objective of this consultancy was to provide the BWA with an action plan to increase energy efficiency. This mandate also aimed to develop a general methodology to assist the BWA in self-assessing the efficiency of its installations (both water and wastewater), and thereby identify and adopt the best available technologies and practices. The specific objective (Econoler, 2010) is to provide the BWA with the most economic and efficient source(s) of primary energy and standby power to improve supply-side energy efficiency and reduce its energy costs as well as to make recommendations with respect to solutions for the installation of the most economical and efficient sources of primary and standby power. To achieve the five percent (5%) reduction in energy costs, the following will be executed: by the purchasing of one hundred and twenty four (124) Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs); forty-six (46) premium efficiency pumps for water and wastewater and the purchasing of three (3) Blowers with state-of-the80

art technology. These Blowers are required in the treatment of wastewater, and are the highest energy consumers of all the equipment used in this process. The purchasing of a 150 kW photovoltaic (solar) system which will be installed at the Bridgetown Sewage Treatment Plant. The BWA will purchase one standby generator and retrofit one prime generator as sources of alternative energy. Figure 7 – Solar energy (P

13.2 Looking at the overall electricity cost of BWA The table 6 below shows the total cost per month of electricity at average cost. At the end of the fiscal year the total cost for that reporting period shows $2,473,135.19 inclusive of vat.

Total Cost Electricity per Month at 2014 Table 5 - Cost of Electricity

Month

Total Kwh

Total

Cost

(VAT, Average Cost

incl.)

April-12

2,170,376

$2,714,793.47

$1.25

May-12

1,798,902

$2,454,773.36

$1.36

June-12

2,324,630

$2,473,135.19

$1.06

July-12

2,650,208

$2,397,209.16

$0.90

Aug-12

2,158,132

$2,378,977.40

$1.10

Sep-12

2,788,287

$2,444,452.84

$0.88

Oct-12

2,085,784

$2,310,459.03

$1.11

Nov-12

3,846,345

$2,629,274.41

$0.68

Dec-12

3,510,375

$2,611,583.31

$0.74

Jan-13

3,359,271

$2,217,017.71

$0.66

Feb-13

3,147,516

$2,186,549.20

$0.69

Mar-13

3,148.218

$2,313,941.20

$0.73

TOTAL

32,988,044.00

$29,131,941.20

$0.88

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13.3 CONCLUSION

This historical research has looked at the History of Water Services in Barbados from 1857 – 2016. It has also look at the challenges that the BWA faced as a result of climate change. and what measures were put in place to overcome these challenges. The research has also look at strategic planning to sustain our water supply for the next five years

13.4 POETRY CORNER

Water wisdom in Barbados A History of Water Management in Barbados There was water in Barbados everywhere More water than you would now think.

There were rivers and ponds and sucks and streams And lots of cool water to drink.

Yes Barbados had waterways from Amerindian times Like Indian pond, Indian River and at Bathsheba.

Our water for drinking came from the coral limestone And the water was clean and pure In slave times the slaves’ masters cared for the land And they treasured the moderate water resource.

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They built ponds and dams throughout the plantations.

Every estate had its own water- course.

The water came down from the hills all around And it settled in the sinks and depressions, In the valleys of St George, St James and St John.

So the planters felt satisfaction.

Then came liberty and Emancipation In 1834 and then in 1838 From CODD’S HOUDE in Coleridge Street the message was read “blacks are free and slavery is dead.”

Then soon came after in 1846 A Water-Company in Bridgetown was born With a plan to bring water throughout this fair land And to make it both pure and free.

But then came the scourge of cholera A dreadful plague in 1854.

It was a water-borne disease that brought Barbados to its knees And showed us that household water must be pure.

“Let us introduce stand pipes” the authority stated “Let us stream-line the water supply!”

So by 1857 The Bridgetown Waterworks Company Launched its programme to keep The city from becoming dry By then the sugar industry was advancing And Bridgetown was growing fast, that’s true.

So in 1861 water came into town And the town folks became well-watered too.

Then matters moved fast in the next 25 years And another company came on-stream.

It was the Barbados Water Supply Company, Fully moving to keep Barbados clean.

Then into 20th century it surged, With Barbadians enjoying the amenity, With standpipes in every village, Many ponds for irrigation And clear streams wherever you journeyed; Joes River, Bruce Vale, Spring Vale, Benn spring With “Bowmanston special” at every location.

In many parishes came Pumping Stations.

By 1932 in Barbados 83

Our Waterworks became an essential service.

Better security now came into full political force To protect our national water resources.

Now the Barbados Water Supply Company Joined the Barbados Public Work Department And with the powerful amalgamation Free water gushed forth in a torrent By nineteen hundred and seventy two A date heralded by much more than a few The office was moved from CODD HOUSE to the Pine With a beautiful new building we were now on line’ Now the projects were coming thick and fast The Bridgetown now was not alone, For South Coast Project came in 2002.

Now modernization is the buzz-word And digitization is the latest we heard In 1980 the Waterworks ceased It became the Barbados Water Authority, if you please By an Act of Parliament that was not opposed And a glorious era now came to a close.

A more outstanding chapter is being written As we move into the time of computerization.

From ’86 we’ve been computerized And organizational problems are cut down to size.

Design and planning are now office rockets A great example being the West Coast Project.

Our Research Department cannot be out shone As it checks both limestone and the ozone And the century closed with erection Of our futuristic plant for desalination

And now as we begin to reminisce We realized that water is liquid bliss And that talent and devotion are necessary tools To ensure that Barbados belong to that school, Of countries for whom customer care Service Is not just an empty paper promise From March 12th 2000 We’ve shown customers that BWA means “you” And now our saga has come to an end But really this I just the beginning 84

As M. Yearwood, Dr. Mwansa, Mr. Spencer and Mr. Marville today And Mr. Miller, Mr. Harris and the BWA staffers will all say: we belong to a great organization that has steadfastly served our nation and now at this time of celebration we vow to you even greater dedication Long live the Barbados Water Authority!

Long live independent Barbados Written by Wayne Collymore-Taylor & Proof read by Historian Treavor G. Marshall 2005

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15.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Advocate News, 25 March, 1861 2. Barbados Report of the Water Commission, Barbados: Department of Archive, 1885 3. Barbados Water Authority Annual Report 1991 4. Barbados Water Authority Annual Report 1993 5. Barbados Water Authority Annual Report 1997 6. Barbados Water Authority Annual Report 2005

7. Chase-Parris, S et al

Leak Detection 2000

8. Econoler. Energy Efficiency Audit Report 2010 9. http://www.ib-net.org/ .

10. Laws of Barbados of Barbados Index 667-1-1942-8 Printed at Bridgetown: Advocate, 1946 11. Machel, G, Machel. Geology of Barbados: A brief account of the origin of the Island’s Origin and its Major Geological Features Barbados Museum and Historical:Society cole’s Printery, 1999 12. Mwansa John, Dr. Know your water supply, Barbados: Audio visual Aids Department, 2001.

13. Sealy, Hugh Comprehensive Proposal for the development and Distribution of Public Water

.

14. Skeete, Andre

BGISMedia , Feb, 2012

.

15. Schomburgk, Robert, History of Barbados. Barbados: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1848.

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16. Standpipe Magazine, BWA ISSUE #2 2001 17. Stoute, Edward, A.Advocate News, 3rd Feb,1974 18. Stoute, Edward,A.Advocate News, 27th June,1974

19. Water works Department, Barbados: Department of Archive, 1905.

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16.0 APPENDIX TABLE 6 – Monthly and daily Pumping 2014 YIELD OF THE STATIONS FOR DECEMBER 2014 ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------MONTHLY DAILY STATIONS TOTAL AVERAGE (CU.M) (MG) (CUM.M/D) (MGD) ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------ALLEYNEDALE P.S. 136080 29.94 4390 0.97 APPLEWHAITES P.S.

146379

32.21

4722

1.04 Avg

APPLEWHAITES W.F.

105771

23.27

3412

0.75

APPLWHAITES TENT.

68220

ASHTON HALL P.S.

15.01

2201

0.48

169580

37.31

5470

1.20

1405990

309.35

45355

9.98

77084

16.96

2487

0.55

379927

83.59

12256

2.70

CARLTON P.S

96530

21.24

3114

0.69

CARRINGTON P.S.

72660

15.99

2344

0.52

COLLEGE SPRING

117184

25.78

3780

0.83

76182

16.76

2627

Avg number 0.58 not eligible

1054000

231.90

34000

BELLE P.S. BENN SPRING BOWMANSTON P.S.

CONSTANT P.S. HAMPTON P.S.

7.48 Avg

66890

14.72

2158

meter not working 0.47 properly

MOLYNEUX P.S.

134626

29.62

4343

0.96

NEWMARKET P.S.

483000

106.27

15581

3.43

5260

1.16

170

0.04

SWEET VALE #1 P.S.

74305

16.35

2397

0.53

SWEET VALE #2 P.S.

71935

15.83

2320

0.51

TRENTS P.S.

46350

10.20

1495

0.33

WATERFORD P.S.

237272

52.21

7654

1.68

WESTMORELAND

0

0

0

0

HAYMANS P.S.

ST. JOSEPH HOSPITAL

WHIM P.S 155490 34.21 5016 1.10 ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------TOTAL 5180715 1139.87 167289 36.81 ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------DAILY AVERAGE:136601 CU.M/D 30.0 M.G.D (31 DAYS)

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TABLE 7- yield for the station between 2008 – 2015 fiscal year (mg/month)

April May June July August September October November December January February March TOTAL

2007 -2008 906.47 938.19 867.13 899.32 874.51 833.68 842.35 818.29 858.77 897.38 923.80 937.00 10,596.89

2008 - 2009 912.66 980.09 884.16 864.83 871.07 787.46 805.53 796.81 795.10 755.17 689.60 790.09 9,932.57

2009 -2010 746.11 743.16 750.82 833.74 827.36 770.55 879.72 723.08 829.63 810.23 728.56 959.16 9,602.12

2010 -2011 723.78 750.69 821.68 1094.49 888.27 838.56 787.25 780.75 842.20 768.87 725.07 819.18 9840.59

*MG/MONTH – Million gallons per Month

TABLE 8- Yield for stations con’t PERIOD April May June July Aug September October November December January February March TOTAL

2011 - 2012 803.48 1022.45 849.32 1077.96 1076.35 972.37 1085.46 1041.80 1024.13 1097.19 1026.88 1072.50 12,149.89

2012 - 2013 1065.76 1082.28 1032.85 1057.57 1032.31 1035.49 1056.43 1098.63 1071.75 1057.14 965.6 1090.49 12,546.30

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2013 -2014 1009.52 1057.26 1048.43 1064.70 1058.51 1031.40 1076.91 1115.14 1163.92 1154.33 1081.49 1131.67 12,993.28

2014 – 2015 1092.14 1143.36 1131.65 1142.51 1127.93 1085.85 1064.42 1012.70 1139.87 1070.42 1005.05 1103.87 13,119.77

2015 - 2016 1083.42 1079.61 997,78 991.06 1024.27 947.79 917.73 907.01 902.59 961.65 886.20 1103.871 1311,796.98

Source: Figure 26 - BWA Drawing Office Pine Head Quarters

90