Evaluation of Public Experience toward the Biophilic Design Application in Shopping Mall

EVALUATION OF PUBLIC EXPERIENCE TOWARD THE BIOPHILIC DESIGN APPLICATION IN SHOPPING MALL IN KLANG VALLEY

BY

WAN AHZAL FARIZ BIN ISA

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA

2021

EVALUATION OF PUBLIC EXPERIENCE TOWARD THE BIOPHILIC DESIGN APPLICATION IN SHOPPING MALL IN KLANG VALLEY

BY

WAN AHZAL FARIZ BIN ISA

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Architecture (MAAR)

Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design International Islamic University Malaysia SEPTEMBER 2021

ABSTRACT

Biophilic design is a term used to describe the use natural elements to maximize the occupant access to the natural atmosphere. Nowadays, the trend of implementing biophilic design becomes one of the essential elements in shopping mall building. In the early development of shopping malls, several “unstainable” characteristic can be seen before it start to evolve and integrated with natural elements. The introduction of biophilic design in shopping mall building has been implemented in the Klang Valley but the intention is still unclear and more emphasizing on the aesthetic purpose rather than therapeutic function. Therefore, this study will focus on the effective biophilic design application in providing benefits to the users. Important aspects such as user experience is very important in evaluating the effectiveness of this design approach.

Basically, the purpose of this study was to enquire the strategies used for biophilic design approach in shopping mall and to evaluate the public experience based on the implementation of biophilic design concept in the shopping mall building in Klang Valley. The data for this study are obtained using two methods which are (1) observation on these two selected shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley, which are One Utama Shopping Centre and Aurora Place Bukit Jalil and (2) online survey on public experience towards the biophilic design application in these shopping mall.

Findings from this study showed several strategies used in these building based on eight attributes of biophilic design under the elements of environmental features and found some weaknesses that can be improved such as low lighting rates inside the building as well as non-optimal natural ventilation system. Meanwhile, findings from online survey found that the majority of respondents had a satisfactory experience when they visited these two shopping malls. Next, recommendations in terms of design consideration are proposed such as selection of appropriate natural colors, selection of moderate scale of plants, proposed an opening inside the retail unit, introduction of fragrant and edible plants. Suggestions for further research have been made to improve similar type of study in the future.

ii

‫خالصة البحث‬ ‫‪ABSTRACT IN ARABIC‬‬ ‫الجوي الغالف إلى الركاب وصول لتعظيم الطبيعية العناصر استخدام لوصف يستخدم مصطلح هو الحيوي التصميم‬ ‫‪.‬التسوق مراكز بناء في األساسية العناصر أحد الحيوي التصميم تنفيذ اتجاه أصبح ‪ ،‬الحاضر الوقت في ‪.‬الطبيعي‬ ‫تبدأ أن قبل "لالستمرار القابلة غير" الخصائص من العديد رؤية يمكن ‪ ،‬التسوق لمراكز التطوير من مبكر وقت في‬ ‫وادي في التسوق مراكز مبنى في الحيوي التصميم إدخال تنفيذ تم ‪.‬الطبيعية العناصر مع واالندماج التطور في‬ ‫الا الجمالي الغرض على أكبر بشكل وتؤكد واضحة غير تزال ال النية لكن ‪ ،‬كالنج‬ ‫‪ ،‬لذلك ‪.‬العالجية الوظيفة من بد ً‬ ‫المهمة الجوانب ‪.‬للمستخدمين الفوائد توفير في الحيوية لألحياء الفعال التصميم تطبيق على الدراسة هذه ستركز‬ ‫هو الدراسة هذه من الغرض كان ‪ ،‬األساس في ‪.‬هذا التصميم نهج فعالية تقييم في جداا مهمة المستخدم تجربة مثل‬ ‫على بنا اًء العامة التجربة وتقييم التسوق مركز في الحيوي التصميم لنهج المستخدمة االستراتيجيات عن االستعالم‬ ‫بهذه الخاصة البيانات على الحصول تم ‪.‬كالنج وادي في التسوق مركز مبنى في الحيوي التصميم مفهوم تنفيذ‬ ‫‪ ،‬كالنج وادي في التسوق مراكز من المختارين المبنيين هذين على المراقبة )‪ (1‬هما طريقتين باستخدام الدراسة‬ ‫حول اإلنترنت عبر مسح )‪ (2‬و ‪ Aurora Place Bukit Jalil‬و ‪ One Utama Shopping Centre‬وهما‬ ‫من العديد الدراسة هذه نتائج أظهرت ‪.‬هذه التسوق مراكز في التصميم تطبيق ‪.‬الحيوية المحبة تجاه العامة التجربة‬ ‫البيئية الميزات عناصر تحت الحيوي للتصميم سمات ثماني على بنا اًء المبنى هذا في المستخدمة االستراتيجيات‬ ‫التهوية نظام وكذلك المبنى داخل المنخفضة اإلضاءة معدالت مثل تحسينها يمكن التي الضعف نقاط بعض ووجدت‬ ‫تجربة لديهم المستجيبين غالبية أن اإلنترنت عبر االستطالع نتائج وجدت ‪ ،‬نفسه الوقت وفي ‪.‬األمثل غير الطبيعية‬ ‫مثل التصميم باعتبارات المتعلقة التوصيات اقتراح يتم ‪ ،‬ذلك بعد ‪.‬التجاريين المركزين هذين زاروا عندما مرضية‬ ‫‪ ،‬بالتجزئة البيع وحدة داخل فتح واقتراح ‪ ،‬النباتات من المتوسط الحجم واختيار ‪ ،‬المناسبة الطبيعية األلوان اختيار‬ ‫في الدراسة من مماثل نوع لتحسين البحث من لمزيد اقتراحات تقديم تم ‪.‬لألكل وصالحة عطرية نباتات وإدخال‬ ‫‪.‬المستقبل‬

‫‪iii‬‬

APPROVAL PAGE

The dissertation of Wan Ahzal Fariz Bin Isa has been approved by the following:

_____________________________ Asst. Prof. Dr. Sufian Hamat Supervisor

_____________________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Fadzidah Abdullah Course Coordinator

_____________________________ Asst. Prof. Ar. Dr. Srazali Aripin Head, Department of Architecture

_____________________________ Prof. Ar. Dr. Abdul Razak Sapian Dean, Kulliyyah of Architectural and Environmental Design

iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at IIUM or other institutions.

Wan Ahzal Fariz Bin Isa

Signature...........................................................

v

Date.........................................

COPYRIGHT PAGE

INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH Copyright © 2021 by International Islamic University Malaysia. All rights reserved.

EVALUATION OF PUBLIC EXPERIENCE TOWARD THE BIOPHILIC DESIGN APPLICATION IN SHOPPING MALL IN KLANG VALLEY

I hereby affirm that the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) holds all rights in the copyright of this Work and henceforth any reproduction or use in any form or by means whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of IIUM. No part of this unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the copyright holder.

Affirmed by Wan Ahzal Fariz Bin Isa

…………………………….

Signature

vi

………………..

Date

This dissertation is dedicated to fellow Malaysians and others who desire natural design become part of our sustainable life style.

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

"In the name of Allah, the most Gracious and most Merciful” Alhamdulillah, I would like to thank Allah S.W.T The Most Merciful for giving me strengths and abilities to complete this dissertation. After all the hard work in completing this research, I am very much glad and thankful as I had spent much time on this research. I am proud to say that I had given my best effort while completing this research. While completing this research, I am indebted to many people.

Upon to complete of this coursework, I wish to offer my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor of Master of Architecture (MAAR), Asst. Prof. Dr. Sufian Hamat for his continuous support and encouragement throughout my research with his patience and guidance. Asst. Prof. Dr. Sufian Hamat had provided numerous suggestions throughout my research as well as helped me in improvement through his criticism.

In addition, I would like to say thanks to my parents, Isa Bin En and Norhasimah Binti Bahari for all the moral support and financial support. Not to forget, my siblings and my beloved friends for giving me such worthwhile, motivation, financial support and love throughout our thick and thin. Last but not least, I wish to express my appreciation and thanks to those who provided their time, effort and support for this research. May Allah bless all of you.

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract .................................................................................................................... ii Abstract in Arabic .................................................................................................... iii Approval Page .......................................................................................................... iv Declaration ............................................................................................................... v Copyright ................................................................................................................. vi Dedication ................................................................................................................ vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ........................................................................................................... xi List of Figures .......................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research Background ............................................................................... 2 1.3 Problem Statement.................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research Questions .................................................................................. 4 1.5 Research Aim ........................................................................................... 5 1.6 Research Objective ................................................................................... 5 1.7 Significance of Study ............................................................................... 5 1.8 Scope and Limitation of Study ................................................................. 6 1.9 Structure of Research................................................................................ 8 1.10 Chapter Summary ................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 11 2.2 Biophilic Design ....................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Definition of Biophilic Design ....................................................... 11 2.2.2 Concept of Biophilic Design .......................................................... 12 2.2.3 Design Strategies of Biophilic Design ........................................... 13 2.2.4 Characteristics of Biophilic Building ............................................. 15 2.2.5 Application of Biophilic Design ..................................................... 16 2.2.6 Factors, Effects and Benefits of Biophilic Design ......................... 35 2.3 Shopping Mall .......................................................................................... 37 2.3.1 Definition of Shopping Mall .......................................................... 37 2.3.2 Evolution of Shopping Mall ........................................................... 37 2.3.3 Concept and Purpose of Shopping Mall ......................................... 37 2.3.4 Design of Shopping Mall ............................................................... 38 2.3.4.1 Effective Shopping Mall Design ........................................ 38 2.3.4.2 Consideration Factors of Shopping Mall Design ............... 39 2.3.4.3 Shopping Mall Design and Spatial Layout ........................ 39 2.4 Perception toward Biophilic Design Application in Shopping Mall ........ 40 2.5 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................... 47 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .................................... 48 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 48 3.2 Research Design ....................................................................................... 48

ix

3.3 Research Approach ................................................................................... 50 3.4 Sample Data .............................................................................................. 52 3.5 Unit of Analysis ........................................................................................ 53 3.6 Theoretical Framework............................................................................. 53 3.7 Data Collection Methods .......................................................................... 55 3.7.1 Field and Online Observation ......................................................... 55 3.7.2 Literature Search ............................................................................ 60 3.7.3 Online Survey ................................................................................. 60 3.7.3.1 Online Questionnaire Design ............................................. 61 3.8 Data Analysis Procedures ......................................................................... 67 3.9 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER FOUR: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ......................................... 69 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 69 4.2 Result and Findings .................................................................................. 69 4.2.1 Observation of Biophilic Design Applications .............................. 69 4.2.1.1 Online Observation of One Utama Shopping Centre ........ 69 4.2.1.2 Field Observation of Aurora Place Bukit Jalil ................... 80 4.2.2 Survey on Public Experience on Five Basic Human Sensory ........ 93 4.2.2.1 Section A: Demographic Profile of Respondents .............. 94 4.2.2.2 Section B: Public Knowledge, Awareness and Benefits of the Implementation of Biophilic Design ..... 97 4.2.2.3 Section C: Public Experience on Application of Biophilic Design Based Human Sensory (Sight) ............ 102 4.2.2.4 Section D: Public Experience on Application of Biophilic Design Based Human Sensory (Hearing)........ 119 4.2.2.5 Section E: Public Experience on Application of Biophilic Design Based Human Sensory (Touch) .......... 124 4.2.2.6 Section F: Public Experience on Application of Biophilic Design Based Human Sensory (Smell) ........... 132 4.2.2.7 Section G: Public Experience on Application of Biophilic Design Based Human Sensory (Taste) ............ 140 4.3 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................... 142 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............. 143 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 143 5.2 Conclusion of the Findings ....................................................................... 143 5.2.1 Conclusion from Observation Analysis ......................................... 143 5.2.1.1 One Utama Shopping Centre ............................................. 143 5.2.1.2 Aurora Place Bukit Jalil ..................................................... 145 5.2.2 Conclusion from Survey on Public Experience ............................. 146 5.3 Recommendations .................................................................................... 150 5.4 Suggestions of Future Research ............................................................... 153 5.5 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................... 154 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 156 APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY IN ENGLISH ........................... 161 APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF SURVEY DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ..... 171 APPENDIX C: AURORA PLACE BUKIT JALIL FLOOR PLAN ................. 173

x

LIST OF TABLES

Tables

Title

Page

Table 2.1

Experience and attributes of biophilic design

14

Table 2.2

Characteristics of biophilic buildings

15

Table 3.1

Summary of data collection methods used in the previous

50

studies on related topics Table 3.2

List of shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley which adopted

58

biophilic design Table 3.3

Summary of questionnaire design

xi

62

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures

Title

Page

Figure 1.1

Structure of research

9

Figure 2.1

Waiting room at the University of California, employs extensive use of natural materials with earth-tone color for the wall surface Ceilings with attractive designs and melodramatic lighting are suitable combined with bright color range The window wall should be contrast with daylight sky color in Miami Valley Hospital South. Right: Colour implemented on wall and column is to define the entrances and aid in wayfinding in University Medical Centre of Princeton, Plainsboro Stationary water as an interior reflecting pool create a calming ambience in Haworth showroom, Chicago Left: The effective use of water element with indoor ecosystem in the atrium of the Clubhouse, Huntington Lakes, Delray Beach, Florida. Right: Robert and Arlene Kogod Courtyard in the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington has seamless water splash running across the floor Atrium of the new parliament building in London provides extensive natural lighting and ventilation with outstanding organic design form Optima Camelview Village is a residential complex in Scottdale, Arizona that implemented extensive use of vegetation at multiple levels in order to create connection between the built and natural setting Left: Interior of Diesel Corporation headquarters in Vicenza, Italy designed with a large vertical “green” plant wall. Right: Restaurant Vakst, Denmark introduce variety of planting methods such as floor plants, hanging plants, potted plants on shelving inside the space Left: The Bank of Astoria in Manzanita, Oregon makes extensive use of natural materials for interior space. Right: The Hill Restaurant near Cuernavaca, Mexico possesses several biophilic features, include the use of bamboo and openness to the outside environment

18

Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

xii

18 19

21 21

23

24

25

26

Figure 2.10

27

Figure 3.1

Renovated dining space in Norwich Cathedral, England rely on natural materials, especially juxtaposed wood and stone in order to create biophilic environment Left: Floating house in Punta Arenas, Costa Rica, designed rise above the jungle canopy and become a vantage point provides distant views of the ocean. Right: Large windows opening toward Elliott Bay, Puget Sound and the Olympic Mountains at Mithun’s office Left: Cluny residence in Singapore incorporates several biophilic design features such as green roofs, the presence of water and inside-outside transitional spaces with tropical setting. Right: The courtyard of the New Seasons Market in Portland, Oregon provides a powerful transitional space with landscape that become a place of relaxation Left: Prisma’s inner courtyard features with flowing stream and transparent skylight. Right: Elements of landscape design decorate the atrium of Health Park Medical Centre, Fort Myers, Florida Supertree Grove in Gardens by the Bay Park in Singapore reflects their organic shape and biomimetic The World Wildlife Fund Centre in London is designed and facilitated by the extensive use of natural lighting through skylight and abundant of mature vegetation inside the building Genzyme building in Cambridge, Massachusetts allows a large amount of natural light to penetrate the building through the central atrium that using rooftop heliostat mirrors The effect of dynamic and diffuse light inside Reichstadt Dome in Berlin, Germany can be achieved by selecting construction materials that are sensitive to light reflection Relationship between biophilic design elements with five human senses Research design

Figure 3.2

Theoretical framework

53

Figure 3.3

Framework of site selection (field observation)

59

Figure 4.1

The usage of natural color inside the building

70

Figure 4.2

Man-made fish pond within the garden compound

71

Figure 4.3

Artificial waterfall with mini aquarium

72

Figure 4.4

Open roof allow the natural air to circulate inside the building

73

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14 Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Figure 2.17

Figure 2.18

xiii

28

29

30

31 32

33

35

42 49

Figure 4.5

Tropical trees planted inside the building

74

Figure 4.6

Planter and vase as growing medium for plants

75

Figure 4.7

Small timber bridge with natural stone wall inside the building Suspended bridge at the center of the garden

75

77

Figure 4.10

Implementation of natural elements inside the building landscape Open roof allow the light to penetrate inside the building

Figure 4.11

Colorful rainbow color as roof design pattern

81

Figure 4.12

Natural color used as part of building landscape

82

Figure 4.13

Water features within the garden compound

73

Figure 4.14

Large opening at the building entrance

84

Figure 4.15

Type of plants planted inside the building

85

Figure 4.16

Composite timber as floor finishing

86

Figure 4.17

87

Figure 4.18

Example of natural materials had been used inside the building Communal area of the building

Figure 4.19

View toward the landscape section inside the building

89

Figure 4.20

Organic layout of the landscape inside the building

90

Figure 4.21

Elements of landscape inside the building

91

Figure 4.22

92

Figure 4.23

Natural lighting penetrate inside the building through skylight Glass curtain wall at the building entrance

Figure 4.24

Data analysis using mode, median and mean

93

Figure 4.25

Respondents’ gender

94

Figure 4.26

Respondents’ age

94

Figure 4.27

Respondents’ occupation

95

Figure 4.28

Respondents’ education level

96

Figure 4.29

Frequency of visiting One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil Purpose of visiting One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil Respondents’ familiarity with the term “biophilic design” and its meaning Respondents’ understanding on the term “biophilic design” and its meaning

96

Figure 4.8 Figure 4.9

Figure 4.30 Figure 4.31 Figure 4.32

xiv

76

79

88

92

97 98 98

Figure 4.33 Figure 4.34 Figure 4.35

Figure 4.36

Figure 4.37

Figure 4.38 Figure 4.39 Figure 4.40 Figure 4.41 Figure 4.42

Figure 4.43 Figure 4.44 Figure 4.45 Figure 4.46 Figure 4.47 Figure 4.48 Figure 4.49 Figure 4.50 Figure 4.51

Level of respondents’ understanding on “biophilic design” application Awareness on the implementation of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil Awareness on the benefits of implementing the biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil The tendency of attracting public attention when environment or space have a good visual connection to nature The impact of having environment or space that have a good visual connection toward the nature in creating calm environment Usage of certain colors in space can offer calmness and cheerful feeling Exposure to bright color inside the space encourage public to become active and motivated Impact of color towards memory and ability to create the mood of the environment Colour receptors in eye will transmit the surrounding image of nature to the brain and subsequently connect to emotions Application of harmony and balance principle in the color scheme reduce the gap between public and the designed space The transformation of dull space into more expressive and dynamic environment through existence of color Exposure toward the plants by visual senses help to reduce stress and tension Placing plants in the appropriate position according to height and texture help in creating a satisfying scenery Satisfying scenery inside the building can be achieved by introducing greenery and foliage Natural materials with visual and tactile qualities are beneficial to public emotion Natural construction materials used inside the building help to create personal interpretation through it characteristic Construction materials inside the building such as concrete, often associated with cold conditions Introduction gloss materials inside the building can affect public perception toward the surrounding temperature Sufficient natural light can help to improve user comfort by creating navigation easier inside the building

xv

99 100 101

103

104

105 105 106 107 108

108 109 110 111 111 112 113 114 115

Figure 4.52 Figure 4.53 Figure 4.54 Figure 4.55

Figure 4.56 Figure 4.57 Figure 4.58 Figure 4.59 Figure 4.60 Figure 4.61 Figure 4.62 Figure 4.63 Figure 4.64 Figure 4.65 Figure 4.66 Figure 4.67 Figure 4.68 Figure 4.69 Figure 4.70 Figure 4.71 Figure 4.72

Retail unit or building that using natural lighting may increase customer loyalty Better product visibility inside the retail unit can be improved by using natural lighting system Natural lighting inside the retail unit may have higher employee motivation Engagement and visual connection toward landscape scenery play an additional role to highlight the beauty of the area Introduction of landscape within the building area can benefit toward the economy contribution aspect Sound from water make the surrounding area become lively Sound from water helps to strengthen the connection between public and nature Manipulation of water can mask the unpleasant sound surrounding Sound effect from water help to integrate human with built environment and provide relief Natural sound from the flowing water help to divert the distraction from other people's conversations Plants can act as a buffer device in reducing unpleasant sound from the surrounding area Present of water in the surrounding can increases public experience toward a space through touching Touching or engagement with plants can stimulate emotional and intellectual Touching the actual plants can help to improve blood flow rates and lead to state of relaxation Natural materials increases level of curiosity to be explored

115

Material exploration unconsciously helps to divert mind from stress “Material experience” or engagement with natural material allow public to interpret the material through touching Landscape element inside the building can evoke and stimulate creativity Engagement with landscape inside the building can encourage exploration toward the nature Special features possessed by landscape elements in built environment can improve problem-solving skills Unique smell of nature often associated and influence past memories

128

xvi

116 117 118

119 120 121 121 122 123 124 125 126 126 127

129 130 130 131 132

Figure 4.73 Figure 4.74 Figure 4.75 Figure 4.76 Figure 4.77 Figure 4.78 Figure 4.79 Figure 4.80 Figure 4.81 Figure 4.82

Scents from plants and flower inside the space can help to reduce discomfort Restorative effect of nature therapy can be done by introducing natural elements Serenity of a surrounding environment can be improved by the introduction of natural scent from the fragrant plants Natural scent from fragrant plants can create alertness toward the natural environment Natural scent produced by the fragrant plants can create the mood in a natural indoor environment Good ventilation system inside the building can activate human senses of smell and resulting a positive impact Walking through the natural setting within the building can help to reconnect with nature Touching and smelling natural landscape elements can reduce the stress Plants planted in the building help to enhance sensory communication Selection of material in building design can affect the response toward taste of the

xvii

133 134 135 136 137 137 138 139 140 141

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION This research highlights three key research areas which are biophilic design, shopping mall buildings and the public experience towards biophilic design application.

Hence, this study focused on developing a broad understanding among the public related to biophilic design application and public experience inside the shopping mall building as a new design approach to promote a sustainable environment.

Biophilic design is a term used to describe the use of direct nature, indirect nature and space conditions to maximize the occupant access to the natural atmosphere (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008). Biophilic derived from the concept of "Biophilia" and later it was applied to a variety of fields of study, including the built environment.

Generally, biophilic design approaches provide many benefits and positive effects towards the environment, psychology and comfort of building occupants. Some benefits of biophilic design are to help in reducing the temperature inside the building, creating a healthy environment that acts as a therapy to the users and provides economic benefits for building occupants (Pranita & Deepali, 2019). Hence, the use of appropriate design and strategy can help the building and its occupants to gain benefit from this design approach.

Nowadays, the trend of implementing biophilic design is growing and has become one of the essential elements in building design. For example, biophilic design applications can be found in a variety of building applications including healthcare, work, education, retail commerce, residential development and hospitality services (Kellert, 2018). In addition, biophilic design approaches are widely applied in areas or

1

buildings that are focusing on the public use such as shopping mall buildings. These building typologies were designed with various purposes as well as creativity to ensure nature becomes part of the building itself.

1.2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Shopping malls are one of the public focus areas and become one of the "most visited" places among the community in Klang Valley during weekends. Shopping malls are built for specific purposes such as for leisure activities, business activities and entertainment which can generate profitable income for certain parties. The profitable function of the shopping mall has attracted various stakeholders such as architects, developers and investors in designing attractive, experiential and unique design buildings which attracts more users to visit the shopping mall. Hence, various and fascinating design approaches have been implemented on the design of shopping mall buildings where one of the approaches is by integrating natural elements into interior and exterior design.

In the early development of shopping malls during the twentieth century, several characteristics of the features of the shopping mall buildings can be seen such as windowless, use of artificial lighting and rectangular form with lack of sensory stimuli.

Later design of the shopping mall started to evolve and integrate with natural elements that contribute to their attractiveness and uniqueness. For example, the induction of biophilic design on shopping malls can be seen in the existence of substantial trees, natural fabrics, natural lighting, outdoor entertainment and other biophilic elements (Kellert, 2018).

Therefore, this study will focus on the effectiveness of the biophilic design application in providing benefits to the users. Important aspects such as user experience

2

is very important in evaluating the effectiveness of this design approach. According to Gussander (2004), the efficiency of a shopping mall can be evaluated by the users’ perception and experience. Public experience is assessed based on several variables that will be identified in the literature review in chapter 2.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT Modernization has widened the gap between human and nature, especially in the contemporary built environment. The usage of modern constructions methods by the architects such as man-made materials, artificial lighting, processed air, and sensory has overtaken the usage of nature in the built environment and become the main option in building design (Kellert, 2018). However, with the current awareness toward sustainable lifestyle, architects began to shift and evolve their thinking pattern by considering other aspects in building design such as user experience and the environment issues.

Based on the study, the application of biophilic concepts into the building design is a new strategy to create a more innovative, attractive and healthy building environment (Totaforti, 2018). However, many people are still unaware of the importance and benefits behind the use of biophilic concepts into buildings. For example, the ability of biophilic design approaches to create a healthy environment based on human-centered design is important in order to have good indoor environmental quality and to promote good health and sustainable communities (Heath, Jackson, & Goode, 2018).

The introduction of biophilic design approach in shopping mall building has been implemented in the Klang Valley context but it was not widely studied by other researchers. Other than that, the intention of biophilic design application in shopping

3

malls in Klang Valley is still unclear and more emphasizing on the aesthetic purpose rather than therapeutic function. The question is does the implementation of biophilic design approach towards the shopping mall buildings really give the other additional value to the visitors or only act as an additional aesthetic element to attract the attention of visitors into the shopping mall building?

In addition, there is no specific data available to find out how the public responds toward the implementation of biophilic design in shopping mall buildings. Meanwhile, the end users’ perception is a very crucial factor because the biophilic design approach itself is closely related in providing a good experience to the user as well as influencing their emotions. Therefore, this study will serve as a preliminary effort to fill the gap on the biophilic design application in shopping mall buildings and is seen to have the potential in further developing public knowledge on this concept in creating a sustainable building. In conclusion, the result from this study may serve as important data for stakeholder, investor, developer and users to have a better understanding on current trends of biophilic design approach and its benefit.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS According to Sekaran and Bougie (2016), research questions are the translation of the problem of the organization into a specific need for information. Basically, it is the question of which the research sets out to answer. Based on the problem statements, the research questions posed in this study are: 1.

What are the strategies used for the application biophilic design approach in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley?

2.

What is the public experience toward the implementation of biophilic design concepts in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley?

4

1.5 RESEARCH AIM This research has the aim to evaluate the public experience towards the implementation of biophilic design in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley.

1.6 RESEARCH OBJEECTIVES The objective of the research is what the researcher intends to achieve when the researcher designs the research. The following objectives are formulated to meet the above-mentioned aim and answer the research questions: 1.

To investigate about the strategies used for biophilic design approach in shopping malls in Klang Valley.

2.

To evaluate the public experience based on the implementation of biophilic design concept in the shopping mall building in Klang Valley.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY This research plays an important role in providing an introduction to the current trend of biophilic design application in Klang Valley context. The study also humbly hopes to understand the strategies used for biophilic design application in shopping mall building in Klang Valley context, so that biophilic design approach would be considered as a new design approach to promote sustainable environment to the interior space of the shopping mall building. In addition, this study ought to prove that there are great potentials for biophilic design concepts to be applied in the shopping mall building to create a healthy environment. Therefore, this study should serve as a significant reference for stakeholders, developers and professionals in the built environment industries to create a better understanding of current trends related to biophilic design approaches. Hopefully, those parties could be benefited by the advantages associated with implementing the concept of biophilic design.

5

In addition, this research would offer the building industry player with clear design considerations and technical knowledge related to the biophilic design concept.

This study would be a useful resource that benefits the building and construction industries thus, hopefully could encourage the application of biophilic design in shopping malls in Klang Valley. In addition, this study is also expected to be the catalyst for the application of this biophilic design approach in all shopping mall buildings in the future. Furthermore, this study would assist the stakeholders, developers and professionals to have better understanding of the benefits of biophilic design concept, which in turn would lead to its widespread application in the Klang Valley context.

Lastly, the application of biophilic design concepts in shopping mall building in Klang Valley context would not only generate high aesthetic design quality, but also help to promote a healthy environment to achieve sustainable city development.

1.8 SCOPES AND LIMITATION OF STUDY The scope of this research is limited to three research dimensions; the biophilic design, shopping mall building, and the public experience toward biophilic design concept application in shopping mall building in Klang Valley. The selection of the biophilic design approach in this study is to develop a broad understanding among the public about biophilic design application in shopping mall building. This exploratory study is conducted to understand the important information related to biophilic design approach. Then, followed by shopping mall building issues in Klang Valley context and concludes how public experience towards application of biophilic design approaches helps to promote a conducive environment to the interior space of the building.

First of all, the study would be conducted within the Klang Valley context only with specific criteria in order to gain the data. This study will focus on studying the

6

public experience towards the biophilic design application in the shopping mall building in Klang Valley. However, in order to study the application of biophilic design approach, its existing practice must be explored based on research and evidence. Hence, based on the literature review conducted, there are several scopes and limitations identified. This study will only focus on environmental features compared to the six biophilic design elements introduced by Kellert and Caballero (2015). The selection of environmental features is related to one of the critical factors in providing satisfaction experience in shopping mall building based on studies conducted by (Lana, Ansam & Shna, 2017; Dubihlela & Dubihlela, 2014).

In addition, based on the selection of environmental features as the scope in this study, there are eight attributes under the elements of environmental features that will be focused on, which are (1) color, (2) water, (3) water, (4) plants , (5) natural materials, (6) view, (7) landscape and (8) lighting. In addition, based on a literature review conducted on public experience toward biophilic design applications, researchers limit only to five human senses in order to evaluate public experience based on a study by Dalay (2020).

The data collection process for this study also faced several obstacles that caused the data collected to be limited. Among the obstacles faced by the researcher are security issues such as the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic as well as the implementation of the Movement Control Order by the National Security Council of Malaysia in Klang Valley that has caused researchers unable to across the districts and states to collect the data. Therefore, researchers adopted an online observation method as a method to obtain data. Indirectly the data collected is limited and only rely on screen display in YouTube videos.

7

In conclusion, with the limitations faced to finish this research, researchers hope that findings from this research will be able to be an initiative to promote a healthy environment and enhance the quality of the shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley context. Thus, help to boost the economic activities for tenants and promote the healthy building environment. Lastly, the public experience gathered from this study may also help the developers and architects in assessing the best solution or guidelines when they adopt the biophilic design concept into their buildings.

1.9 STRUCTURE OF RESEARCH This study is organized into five separate chapters and is carried out on several levels as shown in Figure 1.1. The first phase of the study involves the formulation of the preliminary research section. This provides understanding into the topic of the research and the relevancy of conducting the research. The preparation of research questions, aims and objectives in this chapter would also be the basis for this study using various sources such as documentation, published books, journals, reports and thesis.

The literature review is presented in chapter 2, which is divided into two sections where the first section covers two main research documentation; biophilic design concept and shopping mall building, while the second section of literature review discusses the perception and experience of the public towards biophilic design application in shopping mall building. Following the literature review, chapter 3 would discuss the methodology undertaken for this research. In chapter 3, there are three stages in determining the appropriate method of research for data collection. Later, the analyzed data are discussed and interpreted into significant findings. The last stage is conclusions and recommendations that lead towards finalizing the research report.

8

Figure 1.1: Structure of research

RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

An overview of the subject area, problem statements, aim, objectives, questions, significance, scope of the study and organization of the research.

CHAPTER 1

STAGE 1

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. Biophilic design and shopping mall buildings.

Reviews on the (a) biophilic design: definition, history, application of biophilic design approach, impact, advantages, disadvantage of biophilic design and (b) shopping mall: shopping mall definition, history and design.

CHAPTER 2

BACKGROUND STUDIES 2. Perception toward biophilic design implementation on shopping mall buildings.

Exploration on the public perception and experience toward biophilic design based on of human senses such as touch, hear, smell, move, taste and sight

STAGE 2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology using mix-method; online survey and questionnaire, online observation and document analysis.

CHAPTER 3

STAGE 3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Findings from documents analysis and online observation Present the data analysis of the results gathered from (a) field observation, (b) literature search and (c) online questionnaire related to biophilic design application in shopping mall buildings.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 4

Public experience toward biophilic design application in shopping mall in Klang Valley Present the data analysis of the results gathered from the public through online survey.

STAGE 4

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

Summary of the key points of the findings, present the public experience toward the biophilic design application into shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley, problems identified and potential improvement of biophilic design application in shopping mall in Klang Valley, further research consideration and limitation of the research.

9

CHAPTER 5

STAGE 5

1.10 CHAPTER SUMMARY Overall, this chapter discusses the basic elements of this research in terms of the background study, problem statements, research questions, research aim and research objectives the researcher intends to achieve when designing this study. Furthermore, this research which will be focusing on the application of biophilic design approaches in shopping malls will be beneficial to different types of groups and stakeholders.

However, research conducted in this study may be limited to certain limitations such as the scope of study and area of study which is the shopping mall in Klang Valley only.

Section 1.2 to 1.9 are significant elements in this study that act as a preliminary process that will determine key areas of biophilic design application where the researcher intends to explore in the next chapter. Thus, this will help the researcher in developing a more comprehensive understanding on the biophilic design application in shopping malls. The next chapter will review essential parts of the relevant literature and documentation related to the strategies and methods used in biophilic design approach, application of biophilic design approach and the influence of public experience towards the implementation of biophilic design approach.

10

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION This study focuses on the evaluation of public experience toward the application of biophilic design in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley. Thus, an in-depth discussion on previous literature related to this topic is provided in this chapter in order to get a better understanding on the subject and the object matter. This chapter consists of the discussion on the definitions of biophilic design as well as the concept of biophilic design. Other than that, application of biophilic design is summarized in this section.

The reviews on shopping mall building are focused on topics such as the definition of shopping mall building and evolution of shopping mall building. Next, this chapter will also focus on the discussion about the concept and design of shopping mall buildings that cover effective design application, consideration factor and physical design.

Subsequently, it debated on perception toward biophilic design application in the last.

2.2 BIOPHILIC DESIGN 2.2.1 Definition of Biophilic Design The prefix “bio” refers to “relating to or using living things” and the term “philia” can be described as “a love or attract to something” (Pearson Longman, 2009).

In the 1960s, Erich Fromm coined the word biophilia, which is defined as a humans’ emotional reaction and tendency toward something alive (Joye, 2007; Totaforti, 2018).

On the other hand, biophilia was described by Edward in his book titled “Biophilia” as the tendency of humans to have close relationships and associate with natural structures

11

and processes (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008). The concept of biophilic can literally be interpreted as a human's tendency to fall in love with natural life.

According to Edward Wilson (1984), human affiliation with nature had caused dramatic change in contemporary culture. Thus, biophilia’s approach has been introduced in human daily life, including the architecture field. Over the last decade, the biophilic has started to evolve and incorporate natural environments and components to encourage physical, social, intellectual, and psychological well-being.

Biophilic design or architecture is an application of biophilia concept into building design and construction. This concept emerges based on communication and understanding of humans toward nature to provide a better living environment (Kellert, 2018). The terminology biophilic design refers to a building's adaptation with nature into building design. Hence, biophilic design is focusing on establishing close links between natural and man-made products (Pranita & Deepali, 2019).

2.2.2 Concept of Biophilic Design Biophilic design is a creative idea by combining nature, life and architectural work to fit a balance between humans and the environment (Al-Musaed, 2011). In addition, biophilic design can be described as a sustainable approach that integrates the natural elements into the contemporary building design (Pranita & Deepali, 2019).

Natural systems rich with sensory variety such as patterns, textures, light, and colors can shape human behaviors. Hence, close connection between nature and humans will affect the emotions and psychology that are important in human wellbeing (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008).

Based on several findings by Kellert (2005), he explained that close interaction with nature has been shown to improve rehabilitation for the patients. In the workplace,

12

natural lighting, ventilation, and other natural features help to enhance worker efficiency, minimize tension, and increase motivation. Other than that, nature interaction has been related to improvement of cognitive functioning because the human brain functionally responds to visual patterns emitted by the natural elements. Biophilic design, also associated with nature, aims to provide basic living necessities and a healthy environment for humans by promoting human physical, health, emotional, intellectual, fitness, and well-being (Kellert, 2005).

The basic purpose of biophilic design application is to create an optimal environment for humans since it is associated with physical, behavioral, and social factors. As a result, it will help to achieve a positive human-nature relationship. In short, the biophilic design approach is one of the most significant ideal building designs for humans nowadays because it establishes a critical point to create sustainable indoor habitats and ecosystems.

2.2.3 Design Strategies of Biophilic Design Several design techniques can be used in order to implement a biophilic design approach into a building design. The most famous theory of biophilic design application is from Kellert (2018), where he highlighted three essential elements and twenty-five related attributes of biophilic design. Kellert (2018) in his book explained the basic biophilic design application is divided into three types of nature interactions which (1) direct experiences with nature, (2) indirect experiences with nature and (3) experiences with space and place.

Direct experience of nature refers to direct interaction with environmental elements in the built environment, such as natural light, air, plants, water and other natural elements. Meanwhile, relation with the symbolic nature or reference to specific

13

patterns and processes typical of the natural world are the examples of indirect experiences of nature. Then, the experience of space and location can be explained as a physical environment that is equipped with characteristics that help to improve human health and well-being. Under these three experience groups, 23 biophilic design attributes have been listed in Table 2.1 (Kellert, 2018).

Table 2.1 Experience and attributes of biophilic design (Adapted from Kellert, 2018)

Direct Experience of Nature

Indirect Experience of Nature

Experience of Space and Place

                      

Light Air Water Plants Weather Natural landscapes and ecosystems Fire Image of nature Natural materials Nature colors Simulating natural light and air Naturalistic shapes and forms Evoking nature Information richness Age, change, and the patina of time Natural geometrics Biomimicry Prospect and refuge Organized complexity Integration of parts to wholes Transitional spaces Mobility and way finding Cultural and ecological attachment to place

14

2.2.4 Characteristic of Biophilic Building The key features of a biophilic building are based on specific design attributes.

Hence, Heerwagen and Hase (2001) have highlighted eights characteristic which are (1) prospect, (2) refuge, (3) water, (4) biodiversity, (5) sensory variability, (6) biomimicry, (7) sense of playfulness and (8) enticement. The researchers have touched several aspects such as visual and lighting consideration in order to create positive impacts on humans. In addition, variability in the term lighting, vegetation and environmental conditions can improve social interactions, tension reduction, and innovative problem solving.

Table 2.2 Characteristics of biophilic buildings (Adapted from Heerwagen & Hase, 2001) Key Dimension

Prospect (ability to see into the distance)

Refuge (sense of enclosure or shelter)

Water (indoors or in view)

             

Biodiversity

Sensory Variability

  



Attributes and Qualities Brightness in the field of view (windows, bright walls) Visual distance Ability to get a distant point for a better view Horizon/sky imagery (sun, distant mountains, clouds) Strategic viewing locations View corridors Canopy effect (lowered ceilings, screening, branch like forms overhead) Variation in light levels (darkness suggests refuge) Enclosing surfaces (walls, partition, screens) Penetrable barriers and surfaces for views out Glimmering or reflective surface (suggest clean water) Moving water (also suggest clean, aerated water) Symbolic forms of water Varied vegetation indoors and out (large trees, plants, flowers) Window designed and placed to incorporate nature views Outdoor natural areas with rich vegetation and animals Changes and variability in environmental color, temperature, air movement, textures and light over time and space Design derived from nature

15

Biomimicry

A sense of Playfulness Enticement

 Use of natural patterns, forms and textures  Fractal characteristics (self-similarity at different levels of scale with random variation in key features, rather than exact repetition  Incorporation of décor, artifacts, objects, spaces whose primary purpose is to delight, surprise and amuse  Discovered complexity  Information richness that encourages exploration  Curvilinear surfaces that gradually open information to view

2.2.5 Application of Biophilic Design Implementation of biophilic design requires certain factors to be understood before it can be articulated in building design. Thus, academicians, philosophers and industry players came out with several studies of biophilic design and divided it into several topics such as patterns, attributes and elements. Kellert and Calabrese (2015) had established several fundamental factors in order to achieve efficient practice of biophilic design and a healthy environment.

Basically, in the field of biophilic study there are several theories proposed by some researchers in their study. For example, based on theory by Kellert and Caballero (2015), basic elements of biophilic architecture can be related to six biophilic design elements which are (1) environmental features, (2) natural shapes and forms (3) natural patterns and processes, (4) light and space (5) place-based relationships and (6) evolved human-nature relationship. Then, within six elements of biophilic the authors had found 70 design attributes. Other than elements and attributes of biophilic design application, Browning, Ryan and Clancy (2014) had created “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design” as a tool to indicate the relationships between natures, human and design implementation into the built environment.

16

However, in the context of this study, researchers focus on the first elements of biophilic design, which is “environmental features” and related attributes with shopping mall design. This is stated in the study of Lana, Ansam and Shna (2017) found that one of the four basic distinct characteristics of the shopping mall that attracts visitors to stay longer is the physical environment inside the building. In addition, Dubihlela and Dubihlela (2014) also found that shopping malls complete with pleasant environments become the main preference of the user. Thus, this study will be focused on eight attributes under the elements of environmental features, which are (1) color, (2) water, (3) air, (4) plants, (5) natural materials, (6) view, (7) landscape and (8) lighting.

Colour Colour is particularly useful in defining and distinguishing the objects. In addition, color can change the boring spaces into more meaningful and lively rooms (Kellert, 2018). Hence, colors are implemented into the building design in order to create effect on the natural setting. Basically, in the practice of biophilic design, muted “earth” tones or natural color is one of the effective biophilic color applications into spaces. However, bright color usage should be carefully applied in harmony to avoid distraction. The use of artificial, contrast and vibrant color in build spaces should be avoided because it can destroy harmony principle in nature (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015).

17

Figure 2.1 Waiting room at the University of California, employs extensive use of natural materials with earth-tone color for the wall surface (Kellert, 2018)

These suggested colors can be applied to the ceiling part of the building. For example, the introduction of graphics (colored) and pleasing lighting on the ceiling can attract customers to visit the store. Furthermore, ceilings with attractive designs and melodramatic lighting are suitable combined with bright color range (Bosch et al., 2012). On the other hand, the selection of appropriate colors for furniture suggested by Dalay (2020) based on biophilic design is hue, tone or brightness and intensity.

Figure 2.2 Ceilings with attractive designs and melodramatic lighting are suitable combined with bright color range (Bosch et al., 2012)

18

The selection of colors applied on the wall surface must be sensitive toward the surrounding environment in order to maintain the harmony principle. As explained by Bosch et al. (2012), the choice of color on the walls and window frames must be light so as not to be too contrasting from the color of the sky. Furthermore, the choice of color on the wall surface opposite the window must be bright in order to avoid the wall surface from absorbing a lot of daylight and cause the interior space of the building to become dark.

Mobility and way finding is one of the important aspects in biophilic experience.

Hence, color can serve as a guide to find the way in a particular space. Therefore, the use of a little color is able to attract the attention of users and help as a guide in the building. In a large-scale building such as hospitals and shopping malls, color is used on the wall and floor surface of the building to indicate function of the space (Helvacıoğlu & Olguntürk, 2010).

Figure 2.3 Left: The window wall should be contrast with daylight sky color in Miami Valley Hospital South. Right: Colour implemented on wall and column is to define the entrances and aid in wayfinding in University Medical Centre of Princeton, Plainsboro (Bosch et al., 2012)

Water Exposure to water elements can create a positive experience in the built environment. Research has revealed that exposure to water can generate significant physical and mental benefits including reducing stress, boosting work performance,

19

enhanced problem solving and stimulating creativity (Kellert, 2018). Water can create specific effects based on multiple senses such as senses of sight, sound, touch, taste, and movement (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). Through that effect, it creates a biophilic experience that is beautifully attractive and emotionally exciting.

Several strategies have been used to integrate the water elements into building design such as fountains, ponds, swales, waterfalls, rainwater spouts and aquaria. In addition, indirect nature strategies such as pictures, video and audio technology can greatly mimic the practice of biophilic design (Kellert, 2018). Other than that, water elements also can be integrated with digital LED lighting in order to create visual effect toward the occupants (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018).

Basically, application of water elements in landscape design is divided into two types which are stationary water structures and dynamic water structures. These two techniques for manipulating water elements give different effects. For example, stationary water structures such as artificial pools or ponds can produce a reflection effect on the surface of the water. On the other hand, dynamic water structures such as cascades, streams, canals, water jets, water curtains and fountains produce visual effects as well as sound resulting from the water splash (Mahire & Murat, 2017).

20

Figure 2.4 Stationary water as an interior reflecting pool create a calming ambience in Haworth showroom, Chicago (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008)

In the tem of design consideration before implementation of water elements into landscape design, planning must be done by considering the area of proposal site as well number of end users. Later, through the data collection, design of water features such as measurement of water features, arrangement and position must be compatible with water features and surrounding plants (Mahire & Murat, 2017). Hence, the use of appropriate technique to manipulate the water element in the building design can ensure the space is equipped with amusive elements and can lead to a sense of playfulness in that particular space (Heerwagen & Hase, 2001).

Figure 2.5 Left: The effective use of water element with indoor ecosystem in the atrium of the Clubhouse, Huntington Lakes, Delray Beach, Florida (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008). Right: Robert and Arlene Kogod Courtyard in the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington has seamless water splash running across the floor (Browning, Ryan & Clancy, 2014)

21

Air Air is one of the main attributes in biophilic design application under the categories of environmental features. Good natural ventilation is important to human comfort and productivity inside the building. Furthermore, good quality ventilation can stimulate human senses such as feel and smell inside a space to create a positive effect on the users (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008). Basically, in design practice, people prefer to use natural ventilation over processed air. Thus, interaction with natural ventilation in the built environment can be enhanced by proper design of entrance and exit of natural air (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). For example, design strategies such as operable windows, vents and chimney stack effects can be used to increase natural ventilation inside the building.

The air conditions inside the building are variable due several factors such as direction and strength of the wind flow, temperature and air humidity. Therefore, large windows or openings with appropriate position and shape can play an important role in stabilizing and controlling ventilation inside the building (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015).

Other than that, natural ventilation can be controlled through building design. For example, the opening of the building should be facing toward the natural elements and the designer should understand the direction of the wind path that parallel to the landscape area in order to attract natural aromas into the building (Dalay, 2020).

Indirectly, the occupants were able to smell the fragrant flowers planted in front of the window even without having any visual connection.

22

Figure 2.6 Atrium of the new parliament building in London provides extensive natural lighting and ventilation with outstanding organic design form (Kellert, 2005)

Moreover, passive design strategies also can be considered in order to control the natural ventilation such as cross ventilation technique. Cross ventilation can occur in a particular space, if the opening of the outlet is placed opposite the ventilation entrance. In addition, the floor plan layout must not be designed too deep in order to ensure that sufficient wind force can enter the room space and release the heat inside the room optimally. Therefore, it is very important to minimize the resistance inside the space to ensure adequate ventilation flow (Emmerich, Dols & Axley, 2001). Lastly, modern technology such as air conditioners have also been used to circulate the processed air inside the spaces in order to control atmospheric conditions in large building volume (Kellert, 2018).

Plants Plants are frequently adopted in biophilic design strategy to bring the direct experience of nature into the built environment. Based on the study, association of plants with the built environment can enhance comfort, satisfaction, well-being, and

23

performance of the user (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008). The therapeutic benefit of plants has long been acknowledged in some building typologies such as hospitals, hotels, sacred spaces, and other settings (Kellert, 2018).

Basically, the implementation of biophilic design approaches for plants often integrated with building spaces such as in interior space and in transitional spaces.

However several factors need to be considered when implementing this approach such as location and selection of vegetation. For instance, the plant should be plentiful and naturally linked with local settings rather than exotic species (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). In the context of planning and arrangement, plants are usually planted in an arrangement of clusters, single or dispersed forms based on the space provided. Plants also can be arranged and placed based on their height, texture, and the desired direction in order to give a visual impact to the occupants (Dalay, 2020). Furthermore, Holden and Liversedge (2014) stated that, plants can be arranged near to structural and water elements in order to integrate it with the interior design of a building.

Figure 2.7 Optima Camelview Village is a residential complex in Scottdale, Arizona that implemented extensive use of vegetation at multiple levels in order to create connection between the built and natural setting (Kellert, 2018)

24

Several innovative planting systems had been introduced in order to create interesting space inside the building. For example, green walls, inner gardens and flower pots had been used within the building landscape. In addition, indoor aquatic plants also can be integrated with artificial pools or ponds to make the area feel like an actual setting in a natural environment (Dalay, 2020). Introduction of small scale planting techniques can be done by introducing hanging plants, potted plants and window planters that are placed around the interior space of the building or integrated with furniture (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018).

Figure 2.8 Left: Interior of Diesel Corporation headquarters in Vicenza, Italy designed with a large vertical “green” plant wall (Kellert, 2018). Right: Restaurant Vakst, Denmark introduce variety of planting methods such as floor plants, hanging plants, potted plants on shelving inside the space (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018)

In addition, biophilic design applications using the plants suggested by Heath, Jackson and Goode (2018) can be implemented as leafy or planted screens. This application is intended to create a sense of mystery as well as stimulate occupants’ interest to stop in a particular area. Apart from providing visual impact to the occupants, fragrant plants can be planted with various planting techniques including green walls

25

that help to stimulate the senses of smell and touch. Green wall applications also help to produce sound and movement effects by placing a fan that will produce kinetic energy toward the green wall (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018).

Natural Material Material is an important aspect in building construction. Hence, selection of proper building material can affect the building appearance. For example, in the biophilic design application, natural materials possess visual and tactile qualities.

Physical and psychological exposure to natural materials typically evokes a strong and frequently deeply satisfying and beneficial effect on humans (Kellert, 2018).

Prominent natural building materials such as timber, stone, wool, cotton and leather widely used in interior and exterior designs (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). For example, natural building materials can be applied to timber handrails, timber wall panels or cladding and biomimetic tiles finishing. Other than that, clay paint also can be used as a finishing on the wall surface to give a natural effect and at the same time help to absorb heat and moisture. Certain buildings also implement natural materials in major parts of the building such as structural timber beams (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018).

Figure 2.9 Left: The Bank of Astoria in Manzanita, Oregon makes extensive use of natural materials for interior space (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008). Right: The Hill Restaurant near Cuernavaca, Mexico possesses several biophilic features, include the use of bamboo and openness to the outside environment (Kellert, 2018)

26

The use of natural materials in biophilic design also can be applied on the floor surface as a medium to indicate function of the space. For example, floor surfaces are differentiated in terms of texture, pattern or materials such as carpet, timber, stone and biometric in order to indicate function of the spaces (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018).

Meanwhile, non-visual connection with nature can be achieved with the proper use of natural materials in the design. Heath, Jackson and Goode (2018) suggested, the selection of materials for interior furniture is encouraged to use materials from soft or contrasting surfaces for lounges or focal zones in order to stimulate sensory touch of the occupants.

Figure 2.10 Renovated dining space in Norwich Cathedral, England rely on natural materials, especially juxtaposed wood and stone in order to create biophilic environment (Kellert, 2018)

View View is the ability to see something or to be seen from a particular place. View also allows humans to feel the surrounding area. In the biophilic design field, view of nature is frequently employed for enriching a contact between people and the natural world (Kellert, 2018). Basically, people express a strong preference for exterior views,

27

especially when the vistas contain natural features and vegetation. Thus, the position of the furniture inside the building such as benches or tables can be arranged facing toward the scenery of landscape. In addition, the position of the building opening must be designed and placed in the position that can tolerate natural views in order to capture a sense of biodiversity in particular space (Heerwagen & Hase, 2001).

Figure 2.11 Left: Floating house in Punta Arenas, Costa Rica, designed rise above the jungle canopy and become a vantage point provides distant views of the ocean (Kellert, 2018). Right: Large windows opening toward Elliott Bay, Puget Sound and the Olympic Mountains at Mithun’s office (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008).

Biophilic design applications inside the building must be located at the strategic viewing locations to ensure visitors can optimize the visual distance without obstacles (Heerwagen & Hase, 2001). One of the biophilic design’s attributes is mobility and wayfinding in order to create experience of the space and place. Hence, it is important to ensure an uninterrupted view for the visitors inside the building. Several design approaches can be used such as introducing signposts inside the building, encouraging the use of low partitions and using transparent building materials to avoid obstructed views (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015).

Although visual connection is very important in biophilic design, some scenery needs to be partially obscured in order to stimulate users’ interest. For example, using hanging plants technique, glass or partially blurred partitions in order to buffer the visual connection (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018). Nature has peaceful characteristics

28

but at the same time, nature is wild. Therefore, it is very important to create the barrier between these characters. For example, the use of glass elevator, floor, railing and walk away inside the building with a natural setting can create a visual connection between human and nature elements inside the buildings without compromising the aspect of protection (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018).

Landscape Natural landscapes consist of self-sustaining ecosystems such as interconnected plants, animals, water, soils and rocks. Natural landscape also is the typical biophilic strategies used to contact nature (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). Basically, the practice of biophilic landscape design focuses on atrium, courtyards, entry areas, hallways, meeting rooms, and dining areas. Hence, orientation of these particular spaces must be sensitive toward the surrounding environment. Arrangement of the landscape must parallel with the aspects of surrounding leveling, sunlight and wind direction to ensure that the landscape area will gain benefits in terms of bio-meteorological conditions (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008).

Figure 2.12 Left: Cluny residence in Singapore incorporates several biophilic design features such as green roofs, the presence of water and inside-outside transitional spaces with tropical setting (Kellert, 2018). Right: The courtyard of the New Seasons Market in Portland, Oregon provides a powerful transitional space with landscape that become a place of relaxation (Kellert, 2018)

29

These landscape designs are often enhanced by the presence of pathways, viewing areas, observational platforms, and other means for people to engage and experience natural settings. Design and arrangement of the plants in the landscape area also can be enhanced by well arrangement, so that the plants canopy does not obstruct the view at eye level. The selection of palm trees is suitable for landscape interior design because it does not have a spreading canopy (Hami, Fazilah & Suhardi, 2018). Interior landscape design of the building also must be legible. According to a study conducted

by Hami, Fazilah and Suhardi (2018), a legible design can be created if public spaces such as internal landscape are located in areas with high ceiling design, wide area, have a transparent skylight and separated from the pedestrian passage.

Figure 2.13 Left: Prisma’s inner courtyard features with flowing stream and transparent skylight (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008). Right: Elements of landscape design decorate the atrium of Health Park Medical Centre, Fort Myers, Florida (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008)

Generally, biophilic is associated with nature including resembling natural features. These landscape forms and arrangements are frequently designed based on the natural form such as curvy or organic shape. Some design forms also resemble natural

30

elements or biomimicry can be applied to the interior of a building such as the design of columns that resemble tree trunks. In addition, Furniture placed in landscape areas is suggested to use more natural forms such as organic form (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018).

Figure 2.14 Supertree Grove in Gardens by the Bay Park in Singapore reflects their organic shape and biomimetic (Kellert, 2018)

Biophilic design helps in promoting tranquility to its occupants. Therefore, it is important to provide quiet and private space or corners within a landscape area. As mentioned by Heath, Jackson and Goode (2018), introduction of facilities such as outdoor seating benches, mezzanines, gazebos and walkways help to create a space that is protected from the back and overhead. However, the application should be designed carefully in order to avoid being isolated with the dominant interior spaces and make it irrelevant (Kellert, 2018; Heerwagen & Hase, 2001).

31

Lighting The experience of natural light affects how people respond toward space, human health and wellbeing. In addition, natural light can also ease the navigation and contribute to user comfort and satisfaction (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). Natural lighting highly depends on the surrounding context such as plants grown at the surrounding area and relationship between interior and exterior of the building. Thus, to some extent it can influence building design in terms of building orientation, large adjustable windows as well as the introduction of innovative technology in building design such as chimney stacks and light shelves (Kellert, 2005).

Figure 2.15 The World Wildlife Fund Centre in London is designed and facilitated by the extensive use of natural lighting through skylight and abundant of mature vegetation inside the building (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018)

Natural light is often manipulated in building design with the introduction of skylights and clerestories. However, it causes a lot of heat loss compared to typical windows design. Therefore, the introduction of modifiable insulation devices such as sliding, louvered and shutters is often applied to overcome the problem due to the use of skylights (Al-Musaed, 2011). Other than that, there are several issues of using natural

32

lighting, which is limited and incomprehensive light reception inside the building.

However, limited reception of natural light in particular space inside the building can be solved by using light reflection techniques. For example, heliostat mirrors installed at top of the atrium are used as devices to trap sunlight from outside and reflect them into skylight louvers (Kellert, 2018).

Figure 2.16 Genzyme building in Cambridge, Massachusetts allows a large amount of natural light to penetrate the building through the central atrium that using rooftop heliostat mirrors (Kellert, 2018)

Several design techniques also had been used to control the natural lighting inside the building. For example, use of glass walls, atria and reflective materials can help to control the daylight to access certain parts of interior spaces (Kellert, 2018).

Lightwell atrium is often implemented in large scale buildings. Basically, lightwell atrium is designed with an uncovered indoor area to allow light and air to reach areas that are dark or do not have a good ventilation system. In addition, the inner wall surface of the lightwell atrium area usually uses materials that have a high rate of light reflection in order to encourage light to penetrate inside the building through the concept of light reflection (Bakr, Khaled & Adnan, 2014). The main intention of implementing lightwell

33

design in biophilic design is to encourage the use of natural light as well as provide green space inside the building that may provide a view almost similar to the view outside of the building.

Through the creative use of natural light, it can stimulate people’s interest and understanding of the space. For example, the attractive shapes through the creative light and shadow, diffuse and variable light (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). Manipulating shadows through gobo techniques or placing an object in front of a light source (natural and artificial) to form shadow effects such as leaves or twigs is also one of the biophilic design applications that use light (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018). Additionally, natural lighting also can produce effects that change over time to mimic natural cycles. Thus, this lighting effect can be achieved if the position of the furniture is placed close to areas that have a direct connection with nature such as near windows or skylights.

In addition, this effect can be achieved by selecting construction materials that are sensitive to light reflection on floors, walls and surfaces. Examples of materials that can be used are mirrors, light reflective paint, tile glazes, white surfaces and mirrored surfaces (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018). The brightness inside the building and the ability of the natural lighting to penetrate into the space should also be considered by maximizing the opening of buildings such as windows, roofs and walls (Heerwagen & Hase, 2001). Other than natural light, artificial lighting is commonly used to light up deep and dark interior spaces where natural lighting cannot reach.

34

Figure 2.17 The effect of dynamic and diffuse light inside Reichstadt Dome in Berlin, Germany can be achieved by selecting construction materials that are sensitive to light reflection (Browning, Ryan & Clancy, 2014)

In conclusion, biophilic elements and attributes mentioned above will serve as the foundation for developing biophilic design components that need to be observed and documented for future study. Implementation of these biophilic design elements also seems to have a close relationship to how it will influence the human experience of building an environment. Thus, this interrelations between biophilic design elements and human experience will be discussed in the next sub topic.

2.2.6 Factor, Effect and Benefit of Biophilic Design Emotional attachment is a critical factor that helps to create the effectiveness of biophilic design, where it can create long-lasting feelings of connection. In addition, good biophilic design helps to improve a sense of beauty and encourages people to preserve their environments (Kellert, 2018). Based on a study conducted by Salingaros (2015), he highlighted eight points of biophilic effect as the main factors that contribute to the biophilic impact which are (1) light, (2) color, (3) water, (4) gravity, (5) fractals, (6) curves, (7) detail and (8) living organisms.

35

Humans have learned to recognize and search out beneficial effects from nature.

Hence, humans start to develop biophilic design and implement it into the workplace, institution, commercial and residential building in order to increase the users’ health and well-being. Kellert, Heerwagen and Mador (2008) in his book highlighted two main important reasons for the benefit of biophilic in the built environment. First, the advantages of biophilic design have been proven in terms of human performance indicators such as productivity, mental well-being, stress reduction, learning, and remedial. Second, biophilic design has benefited our environment by promoting preservation of natural habitats and reducing pollution. Broad research in various studies have shown the association nature with building an environment offers a beneficial impact on human health and performance.

As mentioned by Kellert, Heerwagen and Mador (2008) in their study, biophilic design in buildings have been proven to give significant therapeutic effects towards human health and well-being. Therapeutic effects of biophilic design toward human’s emotion and physical health, wellbeing and performance can help to increase the patients’ psychological and physical well-being (Totaforti, 2018; Aya, 2018). Based on research, interaction with nature outdoors will help people to manage their feelings such as ease their discomfort, anxiety, and frustration. Physically, nature also can create positive effects and increase more positive feelings (McGinn, 2016). In conclusion, it is proven that biophilic design can benefit in various aspects in the term of human wellbeing and sustainable environment. However, Kellert and Calabrese (2015) explained that constant association with nature will create a more effective effect on the users.

36

2.3 SHOPPING MALL 2.3.1 Definition of Shopping Mall Shopping mall is a building structure that comprises selling units with interconnecting walkways that enable users to have accessible walks from one unit to another unit (Kumar & Thakur, 2014). Meanwhile, the shopping mall is described by Kotler and Armstrong (2012) as a community of retail businesses constructed on a site that is designed, developed, operated, and maintained as a single unit. Basically, the word shopping mall comes from two words which are the word “shopping” which is derived from the root word “shop” meaning a place where you buy things (Pearson Longman, 2009). While the mall is defined as a large covered area with lots of shops where cars are not allowed to enter (Pearson Longman, 2009).

2.3.2 Evolution of Shopping Mall The origin of the shopping mall begins with the introduction of early outdoor bazaars in the old days. However, modern shopping was introduced in the early twentieth century and exists in integrated retails concepts such as big bazaar, hypermarkets, supermarkets, and lifestyle stores in order to fulfill different needs (Lana, Ansam & Shna, 2017). In the past two decades, the mall has evolved from a shopping destination to a neighborhood gathering place for social and leisure activities (Ng, 2003). In this modern era, shopping malls are seen as a common environment for people and become part of community habitats (Bloch, Ridgway & Dawson, 1994).

2.3.3 Concept and Purpose of Shopping Mall Shopping malls can be observed as an ideal place that offers physical living desires for a society as well as cultural, social, and recreational needs (Kumar & Thakur, 2014). This multifunctional and interconnected shopping mall building becomes more

37

than just a shopping destination but it also becomes a place for the public to fulfill their other needs such as social and need for leisure or relaxing (Kujtim, 2018). Thus, shopping malls indirectly become a “substitute” place for people in the city center to fulfill their other needs.

2.3.4 Design of Shopping Mall Kainlauri (1995) has stated that in order to produce good revenue in business, a shopping mall's success depends on the preservation of customer relationship, shopping mall layout, design of the mall, marketing, ambiance, and mall atmosphere. Based on the statement, four out of six factors to have good revenue in business related to design and build environment. Hence, good shopping mall design must have these features mentioned above including high-quality recreational amenities, as well as a social space.

2.3.4.1 Effective Shopping Mall Design According to Ng (2003), shopping malls should not just meet utilitarian shopping needs, but they also should have a lot of leisure and pleasant spaces or events in order to make it attractive. Lana, Ansam & Shna (2017) in their studies discover four distinct characteristics of the shopping mall that attract the visitors to stay longer which are discovery in term of variation of stores with exciting events, comfort environment, navigation and layout inside the building should be simple with clear signage and accessibility in term of parking and location selection. Based on the discussion, the main features that attract the user to the mall is the physical environment and activities inside the shopping mall.

Other research by Dubihlela and Dubihlela (2014) have stated that, a shopping mall with complete features such as variation of product, pleasant environment,

38

accessible, variety of entertainment activities and convenience in terms of navigation has become the main reason on why users prefer certain shopping malls over other malls. Based on several theories on the preferred shopping mall feature by the users, factors such as variety, pleasant environment, design, convenient in term, layout, circulation and facilities are the main consideration for people to come to shopping malls.

2.3.4.2 Consideration Factors of Shopping Mall Design Several strategies had been implemented in the planning phase of the shopping mall. Hence, Gottdiener (1995), as cited in Gürçel (2003) highlighted five strategies in the shopping mall construction process which are (1) all operations in malls are oriented internally where they have blank walls on their outsides, (2) design of the entry would be a wide open area with some attraction in order to greet customers as they approach the entrance, (3) significant amount of space should reserve for parking and fast-food restaurants with attractive design, (4) open area is necessary for social relationships as well as a well-organized public space inside the mall and (5) sign systems used in shopping malls must be clear to navigate people at certain location inside the shopping mall. In short, the main focus in shopping mall design should be on users’ need for their convenient, social and physical interactions aspect for users’ leisure.

2.3.4.3 Shopping Mall Design and Spatial Layout The general floor plan of shopping malls is determined by their size, and specialty shops are located between the main retailers (Lana, Ansam & Shna, 2017).

Typical circulation and design layout inside the shopping mall consists of two major department stores that orient the mall's paths on a longitudinal axis. It is to encourage people to walk from one to the other and at the same time visitors will pass through the

39

small shops between two stores. This design strategy is an idea to utilize the space usage and maximize the product visibility. One of the most basic methods for analyzing circulation activity in commercial areas based on the most frequented selling zones. The most appealing outlets are usually located at the corner stores with other major attractions of leisure or areas close to restaurants (Bajçinovci, 2016).

2.4 PERCEPTION TOWARD BIOPHILIC DESIGN APPLICATION IN SHOPPING MALL In this section, researchers will be focusing on the public perception through their experience toward biophilic design application in shopping malls. Based on the previous studies done by several researchers, there are several factors that need to be considered in evaluating the user experiment toward the application of building design concepts using biophilic design. Thus, it is important to understand the public perception on the biophilic design concept and how it impacts their experience.

Basically, the word perception comes from the basic word “perceive” which means to understand, to view or interpret in a certain way (Federal Publications, 2011).

Meanwhile, the word “perception” here can be described as the way a person thinks or experiences something and his or her understanding of something or any subject matter through the senses of sight, hearing and others (Pearson Longman, 2009). Kellert (2018) in his book stated that, people perceive their surroundings using a range of senses. Five senses of humans can incorporate the information within the environments and will respond based on our surroundings. Through the perception and experience in a certain area or environment, humans will express their feelings such as their satisfaction and comfortability.

In the context of this study, the perception of people is focusing on their experience towards the environment inside the shopping mall that implement biophilic

40

design approaches that make it more attractive rather than “plain” shopping malls. As mentioned in the previous topic, the attractiveness of shopping malls are based on two basic aspects as stated by Dębek (2015), which are (1) reflected emotional cognitive perception and (2) determined by environment. For example, customers often have positive behavior and respond towards a good environment of a shopping mall (Teik et al., 2015). In addition, Hafizah, Hishamuddin and Nurhayati (2012) as cited in Jain and Bagdare (2011) explained that aspects such as sound, lights, colors, fragrances, atmosphere, and several other factors will influence the customers' attitude and actions.

In terms of biophilic study, Kellert, Heerwagen and Mador (2008) stated natural settings are rich with human senses that can trigger significant differences in behavior and psychological states. Biophilic can be perceived and experienced through the use of human senses such as touch, hear, smell, move, taste and sight (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). Basically, the most important sense that humans use to perceive and respond to the natural is visual sense. In addition, other senses also are important to respond towards nature because it can contribute pleasure and comfort to the users. For example, hearing the sound of water, tasting plants, touching vegetation, and experiencing air motion create emotional effects on humans (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). Effective biophilic design application will influence the human physical needs, emotion and behavior. Dalay (2020) stated that these influences from biophilic design can help to increase humans’ or users’ motivation, pleasure, problem solving ability, creativity, reducing anxiety and stress.

Through the application of biophilic design concepts toward the building environment, users will feel the effect and respond toward it. Hence, it is crucial to understand how users respond towards the effect of biophilic design application. A study by Dalay (2020) stated that five human senses are used to evaluate the biophilic

41

design application effect into building spaces. Based on the literature conducted on the previous topic, there are relationships between elements and attributes of biophilic design with the five human senses. Figure 2.1 shows the relationship between biophilic design elements with five human senses.

Figure 2.18 Relationship between biophilic design elements with five human senses Biophilic Design Attributes

Human Sensory

Colour Water Sight Air Plants View

Hearing Touch Smell

Public experience towards application of biophilic design in shopping mall buildings

Taste Natural Materials Landscape Lighting

Sight Sight is the main sense for humans to assess their environment. Environment or space that has a good visual connection is able to attract the attention of the occupant and can create a quiet environment (Browning, Ryan & Clancy, 2014). Other factors such as appropriate scale of view are often considered in satisfying human experience

42

(Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008). Firstly, color can influence how humans think or define space because each color has distinct psychological properties to create effect on the human's behavior. For instance, exposure to colors such as green, blue, purple and other colors in this range can offer a calm and cheerful feeling. While exposure to bright colors such as yellow, orange and red can encourage users to become active and motivated (Reza, 2017).

Other than that, colors have their own visual influence that attach to the human's memory and ability to create the mood of the environment with the color palette.

Human’s eye plays an important role in processing the light from our surroundings before we can perceive it. Basically, color receptors in our eye will transmit the image to the brain and subsequently connect to our emotions. Hence, designers often use natural color palettes into the built environments to create the mood where people can enjoy (Dalay, 2020). Application of harmony and balance principle in the color scheme can help the users to feel close to the designed space and natural environment (Dalay, 2020). In addition, Kellert (2018) also explained, the existence of color in one space can transform the dull space into a more expressive and dynamic environment.

Plants are most frequently a biophilic design strategy to bring the direct experience of nature into the built environment. Grinde and Patil (2009) stated that human exposure to plants by visual senses can help to reduce stress and tension.

Location and position of plants inside the building is also important to create an impact on the occupants. For example, placing plants in the appropriate position according to height and texture can help create a satisfying scenery (Dalay, 2020). In addition, satisfying scenery inside the building can be achieved by introducing natural features and foliage because occupants have tendency to this design features (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008).

43

In addition, human visual sensory can also respond to the use of natural materials in the building construction. Basically, natural materials with visual and tactile qualities are often profoundly beneficial to human’s emotion (Kellert, 2018). Each of the materials used in construction also has their own characteristics. For example, findings of the study from Wastiels et al. (2013) found that construction materials such as concrete are often associated with cold conditions when evaluated based on visual sensory actions. Another study conducted by Wastiels et al. (2013) also found that materials such as gloss affect the perception toward the surrounding temperature.

Lighting is an essential element in providing clear sight for humans to feel the surrounding environment. Basically, sufficient natural light can help to improve user comfort by creating navigation easier inside the building (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015).

Meanwhile, building that using natural lighting inside the retail unit may increase customer loyalty, better product visibility and higher employee motivation. However, product visibility under fluorescent lighting also can have better visibility for employees and consumers to differentiate between colors of the product (Edwards & Torcellini, 2002).

Lastly, views toward the natural world or landscape always become the main and most important aspect from the user’s perspective. Basically, landscape plays an additional role to highlight the beauty of the area with benefit toward the economic contribution aspect (Clay & Daniel, 2000).

Hearing Water has strong characteristics that make it lively, at the same time able to strengthen the connection between human and nature (Kellert, Heerwagen, & Mador, 2008). Water is one of the natural elements that is easy to manipulate or control by humans to integrate it with the built environment. For example, water can be used to

44

create masking sound and be able to impact human relief (Haga et al., 2016). On the other hand, Hongisto et al. (2017) in their research found out, use of natural sound such as sound from flowing water helps to divert the distraction from other people's conversations.

Touch Sense of touch allows humans to be close to a surface of the object and recover the details of the object. For example, the presence of water to our surroundings can increase our experience toward a space or place through seeing, hearing or touching water (Salingaros, 2015). In addition, touching or engaging with plants also can stimulate the human emotion and intellect (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). A comparative study has been done by Browning, Ryan and Clancy (2014), by allowing humans to touch the real plants and artificial plants in order to understand the benefits. Results from the study found out that touching the actual plants can improve blood flow rates and lead to a state of relaxation (Browning, Ryan & Clancy, 2014).

Material can be interpreted by our multi-sensory such as visual and sense of touch. Basic characteristics of natural materials always make people curious and fascinated because each of the materials have their own special character. Hence, this has led humans to explore these natural materials while humans interact with them.

During the state of the exploration, it unconsciously creates the situation where it allows people's mind to be diverted from the stress (Kellert, 2018). Next, interaction with natural material allows a person to be under the condition of "material experience".

Basically, “material experience” occurs when a person expresses their experience while interacting with natural material. For example, humans have a natural attitude to give meaning to an object or material. This is due to the process of human experience and

45

observation of natural materials (Karana, Pedgley & Rognoli, 2014 as cited in. Dalay, 2020).

Apart from natural materials, landscape also is a natural element that is rich in various textures and details. The wealth possessed by landscape in a built environment can facilitate the production of creativity, exploration, and problem-solving skills (Dalay, 2020).

Smell Each object has its own unique smell that allows us to identify it without having to see and touch it. Through this unique smell of nature, it often associates and influences people based on their past memories (Dalay, 2020). In the past, natural elements were frequently used as a traditional method for body and mind therapy.

Hence, natural elements such as scents from plants and flowers are smelt to reduce discomfort and create a restorative effect of nature therapy. The main objective of this therapy is to achieve physiological relaxation through the use of medication (Dalay, 2020). In addition, Weber and Heuberger (2008) also agreed natural scent produced by the fragrant plants can improve serenity, alertness and create the mood in a natural outdoor environment.

In terms of air flow and circulation inside the building, a good ventilation system can activate human senses of smell and result in a positive impact for users (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008). Other than that, landscape also had been used as a device to connect the interaction between human and nature through its smell. For example in Japan, Japanese people have introduced “forest bathing activities” in order to reconnect them with nature by walking through the forest. They believe that spending time touching and smelling leaves, bark, and flowers inside the natural surroundings and

46

forest can help to reduce their stress and at the same time improve their immune system (United States Department of Agriculture, 2018).

Taste Sense of taste toward nature can be explored with the surrounding plants.

Planting edible herbs and other plants in the garden or interior space will create a close gap with nature. In addition, it also helps to enhance the occupant’s sensory communication towards the plants by tasting the fruits from the tree planted in the space (Spence, 2020). Other than that, a sense of taste in the architecture field can be related with the material section of the building. For example, Eberhard (2007) as cited in Spence (2020) explained design of a restaurant through selection of the material can affect the response of the occupant toward the taste of the food.

2.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY This chapter has discussed the research dimensions for this study which are biophilic design, shopping mall and public experience toward implementation of biophilic design concept in shopping malls. This section has also identified the essential items in developing a thorough understanding of biophilic design. It reviewed the definition, concept, application, elements, attribute, factor, effect and benefit of biophilic design. Besides that, this chapter has given the reader a review on shopping mall building that includes definition, evolution, concept and design. At the end of this chapter, researchers will discuss the perception toward biophilic design implementation on shopping malls that covers sensory aspects.

47

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter explains the methodology adopted by the researcher to answer the research questions and meet the objectives of the study. Research methodology can also be defined as a method which is used to give a clear cut idea on what the researcher is carrying out in his or her research. This chapter consists of nine sections which will describe the methodology adopted in this study. Section 3.2 discusses the research design while section 3.3 provides evaluations of the research approach and how the research was conducted as well as the parameters of the study. Next, section 3.4 discusses the types of data gathering chosen in conducting the research and unit of analysis in section 3.5. Subsequently, section 3.6 discusses the theoretical framework.

Meanwhile, data collection methods are explained in section 3.7. Later, data analysis that comprises content analysis and descriptive analysis are discussed in section 3.8.

Then, this chapter is concluded with the summary chapter as per section 3.9.

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN According to Sekaran and Bougie (2016) research design is a blueprint for the data collection, measurement and analysis which is based on the research questions of the study. This research is classified as an exploratory research which intended to explore the under-researched problem on application of biophilic design approach in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley. The major focus of this research is the public experience towards the implementation of biophilic design in shopping mall buildings.

48

Figure 3.1: Research design VARIABLES OF THE STUDY

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 Environmental features elements which highlighted eight attributes of biophilic design :

Q1. What are the strategies used for the application biophilic design approach in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley?

a) Colour b) Water c) Touch d) Plants

Q2. What is the public experience toward the implementation of biophilic design concept in shopping mall building in Klang Valley?

e) Natural Materials f) View g) Landscape h) Lighting

 Public experience towards application of biophilic design in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley based on human sensory: a) Sight b) Hearing c) Touch

e) Smell f) Taste

Evaluation of Public Experience toward the Biophilic Design Application in Shopping Mall in Klang Valley Research Type: Exploratory Research Research Aim: To evaluate the public experience toward the implementation of biophilic design concept application in shopping mall building in Klang Valley.

DATA COLLECTION METHODS

DATA ANALYSIS

1. Field observation of strategies used for the application of biophilic design approach in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley (One Utama Shopping Centre and Aurora Place Bukit Jalil) (Q1).

 Online observation analysis.  Literature analysis.  Microsoft Excel (version 13) comprise of below analysis: a) Mode b) Median c) Mean

2. Literature search on application of strategies used in implementing biophilic design approach in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley (Q1).

3. Online survey on public experience towards application of biophilic design in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley using based on human sensory (Q2). i) Sampling technique & size ii) Duration of study iii) Unit of analysis

49

3.3 RESEARCH APPROACH This section will discuss the appropriate methodological research that will be used during the process of collecting data. In addition, this section will be the justification to back up the selection of methods for data collection later. Initially, some precedent studies will be collected and then reviewed on the relevance to the study that the researcher wants to conduct in this research. Based on the aim and objectives of the study to be conducted, some keywords are extracted to obtain resources related to the title of the study such as ‘biophilic design’, ‘shopping mall’ and ‘perception’. Through these keywords, literature review is conducted in order to find the most appropriate method and related to the title of the study being conducted by the researcher. Table 3.1 summarized the previous studies that have been done on related topics as well as the methods that have been used in the study to obtain data.

Table 3.1 Summary of data collection methods used in the previous studies on related topics Methodological Approach

Research Keywords Biophilic design Perception

Qualitative

Quantitative

Biophilic design application Shopping mall Preference Landscape

Authors

Focus On Research

Dalay (2020)

The perception of biophilic design elements on the interior space

Josephine & Biophilic and Azizi plants application (2019) in heritage shophouses Hami, Fazilah & Suhardi (2018)

50

Public preferences toward shopping mall interior landscape design.

Data Collection Methods Literature search

Observation

Questioners survey

Shopping mall Experience

Teik et al.

(2015)

Investigation of mall atmosphere in experiential shopping.

Questioners survey

Biophilic Design Characteristics

Lee & Park (2018)

Assessment characteristics of biophilic design patterns in a children’s library

Literature search Questioners survey

Biophilic Design Application

DeJosephin e & Azizi (2019)

Biophilic application in heritage indoor co-working space

Observation Questioners

Mix Methods

The selection of appropriate methodological approach was based on the review of previous studies on biophilic design, shopping mall and public perception toward biophilic application. Based on methodological review in the table 3.1 above, most of the studies were conducted using qualitative and quantitative approaches. As stated by Gussander (2004), the efficiency of a shopping mall design can be evaluated by the users’ perception and experience. Based on previous research conducted to evaluate a user's perception, preference and experience toward particular space, many studies adopted survey questionnaire methods in obtaining the data needed in their study (Hami, Fazilah & Suhardi, 2018; Teik et al., 2015). In addition, Sekaran and Bougie (2016) also stated, questionnaires are the best method to gain better understanding of consumers' opinions and preferences toward particular objects.

On the other hand, to answer the second research question related to the application of biophilic design in shopping malls, researchers refer to several previous researches in order to understand if appropriate methods had been used. Based on the methodological review conducted, the appropriate way to obtain data related to the application of biophilic design is through observation. This is supported by a study

51

conducted by Josephine & Azizi (2019) in understanding biophilic and plant applications used in heritage shophouses. Sekaran and Bougie (2016) in their book explained observation methods often adopted in order to understand a particular environmental condition such as layout, workflow patterns and the seating arrangement inside the workspace. Thus, the observation method is suitable in order to understand biophilic design application in particular space. In addition, the evaluation of biophilic design applications can also be done through literature search and survey questionnaires as done by Lee & Park (2018) in evaluating the characteristics of biophilic design patterns in a children’s library.

In adopting the qualitative method, researchers intend to use field and online observation to understand the strategies used for the implementation of biophilic design approach into the shopping mall buildings on several biophilic design attributes.

Furthermore, researchers will also review and analyze previous literature related to biophilic design concepts around the world. As for quantitative methods, researchers intend to conduct an online survey on public experience towards application of biophilic design concepts in shopping malls using the Google Forms. The data collection will be focusing on shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley that have implemented biophilic design concepts and those who have been to these shopping malls from 2011 to 2021.

In addition, data collected from these methods will be analyzed using observation analysis, literature analysis and Microsoft Excel.

3.4 SAMPLE DATA In this study, a total of 100 respondents are selected from any states in Malaysia using the purposive sampling methods. States in Malaysia consist of Perlis, Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah, Pulau Pinang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Wilayah

52

Persekutuan, Pahang, Johor, Sarawak and Sabah. The targeted respondents for this research are among the users that have been to shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley which had implemented biophilic design approaches starting from the year 2011 to the current year which is 2021. This group may comprise of males and females as well as low to high income groups from various backgrounds. Based on the field observation conducted by researchers, there are two potential shopping malls in Klang Valley that implemented biophilic design concepts in their buildings which are (a) One Utama Shopping Centre and (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil.

3.5 UNIT OF ANALYSIS This research uses individuals as the unit of analysis such as individuals who have been to shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley which had implemented biophilic design approaches starting from the year 2011 to the current year which is 2021.

Targeted respondents would be those who live in Klang Valley.

3.6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK According to Sekaran and Bougie (2016), the theoretical framework is a logically developed, described and explained network of associations among variables of interest to the research study. Dalay (2020) in her study stated that five basic sensations of humans towards the biophilic design implemented in the shopping mall buildings such as (a) sight, (b) hearing, (c) touch, (d) smell and (e) taste. The five basic senses of humans are used as a basis in determining public experience towards biophilic design application implemented on shopping mall buildings. The selection of biophilic design attributes to be applied on buildings will subsequently affect the public perception and their experience in using those types of buildings. Hence, in this study

53

the public experience on the application of the biophilic design of shopping mall buildings is measured using five basic sensory features of humans.

A variable is anything that can take on differing or varying values. The dependent variable is the variable of primary interest to the researcher. In this study, the dependent variable is the public experience towards application of biophilic design in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley. Meanwhile, an independent variable is one that influences the dependent variable in either a positive or negative way. Thus, when an independent variable is present, the dependent variable is also present. In this research, the public experience towards application of biophilic design in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley is considered as dependent variable while five basic sensory of human towards the biophilic design implemented in the shopping mall buildings such as (a) sight, (b) hearing, (c) touch, (d) smell and (e) taste were considered as independent variables under the public experience as shown in Figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2: Theoretical framework Independent Variables

Dependent Variable

According to Dalay (2020), human experience towards biophilic design can be measured using five basic sensory of human such as:

Sight Public experience towards application of biophilic design in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley

Hearing Touch Smell Taste

54

3.7 DATA COLLECTION METHODS There are two types of data which are primary data and secondary data. For this study, both primary and secondary data are used. The data for this study are obtained using three methods which are (1) field observation, (2) literature search and (3) online survey. In order to answer the research question number one which is the strategies used for biophilic design concept in shopping mall building in Klang Valley, secondary data which is field and online observation is used by researchers to gather the data.

Apart from that, researchers conducted literature search on application of biophilic design approach in shopping malls in Klang Valley. Several previous studies on implementation of biophilic design in building were done such as Totaforti (2018); Heath, Jackson and Goode (2018); Heerwagen and Hase (2001); Pranita and Deepali (2019). Other than that, researchers also use online surveys as another data collection method to gain the information on public experience towards the biophilic design application in promoting a healthy environment for the interior space of the shopping mall building in Klang Valley. The online survey is conducted in order to answer the research question two.

3.7.1 Field and Online Observation Field observation method in this study is developed by constructing a preliminary evaluation list of appropriate sites to be selected as study areas. The selection of suitable sites for field observation is done carefully and evaluated with several processes, which are starting from literature review, listing of potential study sites, evaluation based on certain criteria and ending with the selection of study sites.

In general, there is no clear literature review related to the application of biophilic concepts in the design of shopping malls in Klang Valley. However, based on

55

the literature review related to biophilic design application, there are several ways to identify biophilic design in a building. For example, Heerwagen and Hase (2001) have highlighted eights characteristic of biophilic building which are (1) prospect, (2) refuge, (3) water, (4) biodiversity, (5) sensory variability, (6) biomimicry, (7) sense of playfulness and (8) enticement. Therefore, it is very important for a building to have these characteristics in order to be recognized as a biophilic building.

In addition, biophilic buildings also can be evaluated based on building standards that have been introduced by an independent body or organization. For example, the WELL Building Standard is used as an indicator in the United State of America in determining biophilic building (Browning, Ryan & Clancy, 2014).

However, construction industries in Malaysia still do not have a building standard to determine a biophilic building. Hence, researchers in this study will rely on the literature review found as from Heerwagen and Hase (2001), in determining whether a building is eligible to be defined as a biophilic building.

Next, several malls will be identified before the selection is screened based on the set of criteria. Among the criteria set, including its location situated within the Klang Valley area, where most of the modern and contemporary design mall is located and most visited by the public. Other than that, the selection of mall as object to study also based on mall building design which adopts basic elements of biophilic, has characteristic of biophilic buildings as well as attributes under the elements of biophilic design discussed in previous chapter (Kellert & Caballero, 2015 ; Heerwagen & Hase, 2001; Kellert, 2018).

The shopping mall selection process begins by listing the shopping mall locations in the Klang Valley. The list shows that there are 137 shopping malls throughout Selangor and 35 shopping mall buildings in Kuala Lumpur (Data.gov.my,

56

2018; Dewan Negeri Selangor; 2014). However, there are several shopping malls that have just been completed but are not listed in the list such as Aurora Place Bukit Jalil, Melawati Mall and KL East Mall.

Then, pilot study was done through online observation toward all the listed shopping malls in Klang Valley. During the pilot study process, researchers reviewed and considered the factors of the biophilic design attributes implementation in the design of shopping malls through pictures displayed on the internet, the official website of the shopping mall and site visit. Basically, the criteria based on biophilic design were filtered based on the design attributes discussed in the previous literature review.

Among the attributes taken into account based on the literature review are (1) color, (2) water, (3) water, (4) plants, (5) natural materials, (6) view, (7) landscape and (8) lighting (Kellert and Caballero, 2015). In addition, researchers also considered the quantity and quality of biophilic design attributes implemented in the design of a shopping mall building. Researchers use this method due to time constraints and the execution of the Movement Control Order during the data collection process.

Through the pilot study, researchers identified six potential shopping malls in Klang Valley that implemented biophilic design concepts in their building design as listed in Table 3.2. However, researchers only chose two shopping mall buildings due to certain factors. For example, the Space U8 Shah Alam and Center Point Bandar Utama shopping mall buildings do not have a satisfactory visitor presence and most of the retail units in these buildings are not filled with tenants. In addition, factors of biophilic design implementation that are too minimal in the shopping mall building such as Bangunan Sogo Complex 190 and The Mines Shopping Mall is also one of the factors that this shopping mall does not meet the requirements of the study.

57

Table 3.2 List of shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley which adopted biophilic design

Colour Water Natural Ventilation Plants Natural Materials View Landscape Natural Lighting

One Utama Shopping Centre

Aurora Place Bukit Jalil

The Mines Shopping Mall

Sogo Complex 190

Centre Point Bandar Utama

Space U8 Shah Alam

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

/

Therefore, based on the observation and evaluation on the selected criteria conducted by researchers, only two shopping malls which are (a) One Utama Shopping Centre and (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil were selected and fulfilled the requirement.

Hence, researchers have decided to select and use (a) One Utama Shopping Centre and (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil as the location to study the public experience towards the implementation of biophilic design in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley. The selection of Aurora Place Bukit Jalil was supported by its location within the distance allowed to move during the execution of Movement Control Order. On the other hand, the selection of One Utama Shopping Center is closely related to its reputation as a wellknown shopping mall and successful in applying the green concept in the building design.

58

Figure 3.3 Framework of site election (field observation)

Selected shopping malls buildings in Klang Valley One Utama Shopping Centre

Shopping malls buildings in Klang Valley with eight attributes of the elements of environmental features

Identification of strategies used in both shopping mall buildings based on observation

Aurora Place Bukit Jalil The Mines

Aurora Place, Bukit Jalil

Sogo Complex 190 Centre Point Bandar Utama

One Utama Shopping Centre

Strategies used for the application of biophilic design approach in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley

Space U8 Shah Alam

STEP 1 Above shopping mall buildings were observed and evaluated based on the attributes of the elements of environmental features: a) Colour e) Natural materials b) Water f) View c) Air g) Landscape d) Plants h) Lighting

STEP 2

STEP 3

Only two shopping malls buildings fulfilled the eight attributes of the elements of environmental features.

Strategies of biophilic design approach used in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley were identified and observed specifically in a) Aurora Place, Bukit Jalil b) One Utama Shopping Centre

Later, these two selected shopping mall buildings will go through an observation process. The observation process for these study areas are different due to the limitation of the study. For example, an observation to evaluate the use of biophilic design in the (a) One Utama Shopping Centre building was conducted online via YouTube videos due to the Movement Control Order (MCO) in the Klang Valley area. Meanwhile, the observation procedure for the (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil building was carried out in the field due to its location close to the researcher's residence.

59

Based on the scope of this study, researchers will only focus on first elements of biophilic design, which is "environmental features" as a basic guideline in evaluating and observing the biophilic design application of these two selected buildings. This is due to the environmental factor becoming the main element for visitors to experience the shopping mall. Therefore, observations will be made on the design of the two buildings based on the eight attributes under the elements of environmental features which are, (1) color, (2) water, (3) water, (4) plants, (5) natural materials, (6) view, (7) landscape and (8) lighting.

3.7.2

Literature Search Several previous studies on application of biophilic design on building as well

as urban planning were done such as Totaforti (2018); Heath, Jackson and Goode (2018); Heerwagen and Hase (2001); Pranita and Deepali (2019).

3.7.3

Online Survey Online surveys on the public experience towards application of biophilic design

in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley are conducted in order to answer the research question two. Online survey questionnaires are created using Google Forms and are distributed to Malaysians who have been to shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley using mediums such as Facebook, WhatsApp and Instagram. In addition, an online survey was conducted due to limitations as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak in Malaysia and safety consideration. Furthermore, the online surveys method was adopted because it has proven to be an efficient medium in the process of data collecting and recording for surveys.

Based on the previous discussion in the sample data section, this survey will be participated by groups consisting of males and females as well as low to high income

60

groups from various backgrounds. Therefore, there is a need to ensure that respondents understand this question in general due to the structure of survey questions related to technical understanding in the field of architecture such as terminology and application of biophilic design. In addition, the constraints faced during the use of online survey methods such as indirect communication between respondents and researchers require information related to the study to be delivered effectively to the respondents.

Hence, researchers took the initiative to attach a video uploaded on YouTube by Julie Rosen (2017) with the title “Biophilic Design: How Interior Can Improve Human Health” for respondents' general understanding. Selected videos are attached to the front page of the survey question set to ensure respondents understand the definitions, concepts, design elements, applications and benefits of biophilic design applications before answering the questions. This process is necessary to be done in order to ensure respondents can answer the questions given with the minimum of understanding and contribute to the relevancy of the data collected.

3.7.3.1 Online Questionnaire Design The questionnaire is developed based on the five basic sensory features listed in a study conducted by Dalay (2020). Based on the study, researchers have developed questionnaire questions based on the five basic sensory features of humans which are (a) sight, (b) hearing, (c) touch, (d) smell and (e) taste. These five basic senses of humans are used as an indicator to study public experience towards biophilic design in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley. Each set of questions on the survey is tailored to gather specific data on the public experience towards biophilic design in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley.

61

The questionnaire is divided into seven sections, Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D, Section E, Section F and Section G. Section A includes the demographic profile of respondents such as gender, age, occupation and education background. In Section B, questions given are focusing on the public knowledge, awareness and benefits of the application and implementation of biophilic design. Section C until Section G, respondents are asked to indicate their perception and experience towards biophilic effect in shopping malls building in Klang Valley area specifically (a) One Utama Shopping Centre and (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil using Likert scale.

Respondents are required to indicate their response based on a six-point Likert scale, ranging from “1=extremely disagree”, “2=very disagree”, “3=somewhat disagree”, “4=somewhat agree”, “5=very agree” and “6=extremely agree. Six-point Likert scales are used in the questionnaire in order to increase the accuracy of the data and provide better reflection of respondent’s evaluation. Table 3.2 shows the summary of questionnaire design.

Table 3.3 Summary of questionnaire design Section

Number of Items

Description

A (Demographic)

6

Demographic section: 1. Gender 2. Age 3. Occupation 4. Education level 5. Frequency of visit to (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil.

6. Purpose of visiting (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil

B

6

Public knowledge, awareness and benefits of the implementation of biophilic design:

62

1. Are you familiar with the term “biophilic design” and its meaning?

2. If yes, please describe it in brief.

3. Please rate your level of understanding on biophilic design.

4. Are you aware the implementation of biophilic design in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil?

5. If yes, please describe it in brief.

6. Are you aware the benefits of implementing the biophilic design in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil from mental and physical health?

(Knowledge, awareness and benefits)

C (Human sensory - sight)

21

Public experience on application of biophilic design in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil based human sensory, sight: 1. The tendency for you to attract your attention is high when environment or space have a good visual connection to nature.

2. Environment or space that have a good visual connection toward the nature can create a calm environment.

3. Space that using color such as green, blue, purple and other colors in this range can offer calmness and cheerful feeling.

4. Exposure to bright color inside the space such as yellow, orange and red can encourage you to become active and motivation.

5. Colour has their own visual influence that attach to your memory and ability to create the mood of the environment with the color palette.

6. Colour receptors in our eye will transmit the surrounding image of nature to the brain and subsequently connect to your emotions.

7. Application of harmony and balance principle in the color scheme can help you to feel close to the designed space and natural environment.

8. Existence of color in one space can transform the dull space into more expressive and dynamic environment.

63

9. Exposure toward the plants by visual senses can help you to reduce stress and tension.

10. Placing plants in the appropriate position according to height and texture can help to create a satisfying scenery.

11. Satisfying scenery inside the building can be achieve by introducing greenery and foliage.

12. Natural materials with visual and tactile qualities are often profoundly and beneficial to your emotion.

13. Each of the natural construction materials used inside the building help to create personal interpretation through it characteristic.

14. Construction materials inside the building such as concrete, often associated with cold conditions.

15. Introduction gloss materials inside the building can affect your perception toward the surrounding temperature.

16. Sufficient natural light can help to improve user comfort by creating navigation easier inside the building.

17. Retail unit or building that using natural lighting may increase customer loyalty.

18. Better product visibility inside the retail unit can be improved by using natural lighting system.

19. Building that using natural lighting inside the retail unit may have higher employee motivation.

20. Engagement and visual connection toward landscape scenery play an additional role to highlight the beauty of the area.

21. Introduction of landscape within the building area can benefit toward the economy contribution aspect.

D (Human sensory hearing)

6

Public experience on application of biophilic design in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil based human sensory, hearing: 1. Sound from water has strong characteristics that make the surrounding area become lively.

64

2. Sound from water helps to strengthen the connection between you and nature.

3. Manipulation of water can mask the unpleasant sound surrounding you.

4. Sound effect from water help to integrate human with built environment and provide relief to them.

5. Use of natural sound from the flowing water help to divert the distraction from other people's conversations.

6. Plants can act as a buffer device in reducing unpleasant sound from the surrounding area.

9

Public experience on application of biophilic design in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil based human sensory, touch: 1. Present of water in your surrounding can increases your experience toward a space through touching.

E (Human sensory touch)

2. Touching or engagement with plants can stimulate your emotion and intellectual.

3. Touching the actual plants can help you to improve blood flow rates and lead to state of relaxation.

4. Natural materials increases your level of curiosity to explore because of its own special character.

5. Material exploration unconsciously helps to divert your mind from stress.

6. “Material experience” or engagement with natural material allow you to interpret the material that you touch.

7. Landscape element inside the building can evoke and stimulate your creativity.

8. Engagement with landscape inside the building or space can encourage your exploration toward the nature.

9. The special features possessed by landscape elements in built environment can improve your problem-solving skills.

65

9

Public experience on application of biophilic design in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil based human sensory, smell: 1. Unique smell of nature often associated and influence your interpretation based on your past memories.

2. Scents from plants and flower inside the space can help to reduce discomfort.

3. Restorative effect of nature therapy can be done by introducing natural elements such as scents from plants and flower.

4. Serenity of a surrounding environment can be improved by the introduction of natural scent from the fragrant plants.

5. Fragrant plants that produce the natural scent can create alertness toward the natural environment.

6. Natural scent produced by the fragrant plants can create the mood in a natural indoor environment.

7. Good ventilation system inside the building can activate human senses of smell and resulting a positive impact to you.

8. Walking through the natural setting or landscape within the building can help you to reconnect with nature.

9. Touching and smelling natural landscape elements such as leaves, bark, and flowers can reduce your stress.

2

Public experience on application of biophilic design in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil based human sensory, taste: 1. Plants planted (edible garden) in the building help to enhance your sensory communication with the plants by tasting the fruits.

2. The selection of material in building design can affect your response toward taste of the food that you eat.

F (Human sensory smell)

G (Human sensory - taste)

.

66

3.8 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES This research aims to evaluate the public experience toward the application of biophilic design concepts in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley. Since this research collected two different types of data known as qualitative and quantitative data, different data analysis needs to be used for each type. As for qualitative, data in this research were collected in the form of field observation and literature search. Data gathered from the field observation and literature were analyzed carefully, grouped accordingly and translated into simpler form. According to Sekaran and Bougie (2016), there are three steps involved to analyze the qualitative data which are: a) Data reduction which is through the process of data selection, coding and categorization. b) Data display is done by presenting the data into a form of tables, graphs and figures. c) Drawing of conclusions here refers to the explanation and discussion for the data obtained in the earlier stage.

In terms of quantitative data, public responses will be obtained from the online survey and questionnaires online will be analyzed using Microsoft Excel version 13 in order to get clear results. In addition, researcher used mode, median and mean to measure the public experience towards the application of biophilic design in shopping mall building in Klang Valley specifically (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil.

3.9 CHAPTER SUMMARY In conclusion, this chapter has defined the structure of the research design used in this study which includes the variables, the data information gathering techniques such as online observation, literature search and online survey as well as the data analysis. Since this research will be using qualitative and quantitative data, this separate

67

data analysis is required for each type of data. For qualitative, researchers will use observation and literature analysis while the quantitative data require the usage of Microsoft Excel software. From the research conducted, it is expected the data obtained would produce significant outcomes, give important impacts for the future research actions and meet the research aim and objectives. Subsequently, the next chapter will present and summarize the results obtained from all the research methods employed.

68

CHAPTER FOUR FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 INTRODUCTION Basically, this chapter presents the findings and analysis of the data that has been collected. Based on the method used to obtain the data for this study, there are two methods for data collection, which are through observation and online survey. Data analysis through observation will be analyzed and presented in the format of writing a report and a pictorial description of the strategies and eight attributes of biophilic design used in the building of (a) One Utama Shopping Centre and (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil.

On the other hand, the data received from the online survey were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software version 2013 based on the mode, median and mean.

4.2 RESULT AND FINDINGS 4.2.1 Observation of Biophilic Design Applications 4.2.1.1 Online Observation of One Utama Shopping Centre One Utama Shopping mall in Bandar Utama, Selangor is the largest shopping mall in Malaysia with an area of 5,590,000 square feet and containing 713 retail units.

Basically, the mall is connected with Damansara Puchong Expressway and accessible via public transport, including MRT and RapidKL bus service. The shopping mall was completed in 1995 and became the houses of multiple retail areas, restaurants, cafes, sports facilities and leisure spaces. In 2003, this shopping mall underwent an extension process with the introduction of the rainforest concept in the food court area inside the mall (Chai, 2017). This signature rainforest is equipped with artificial fish ponds, aquariums and suspension bridges. In addition, the management of One Utama

69

Shopping Mall also opened a space in the rooftop section known as "Secret Garden" and became the largest rooftop garden in South East Asia.

Colour Interior of One Utama Shopping Centre is painted using brown or natural earth color to ensure its compatibility with natural elements, especially the landscape inside the building. The usage of these selected colors can be seen on the surface of the parapet wall. Combination of natural earth color with dense trees planted surrounding this area help in creating a natural mood in this area and become livelier (Kellert, 2018).

However, it also had made this area look a little bit darker as compared to areas which apply brighter colors. On the other hand, white paint color is used on the plaster ceiling of the corridor area. The selection of a brighter color on the ceiling surface with ceiling lights is the best design combination in biophilic design applications as suggested by Bosch et al. (2012).

Figure 4.1 The usage of natural color inside the building (Cooking and Remedies, 2020)

Floor area of the building applied a slightly bright color depending on the space segregation and the function of the space. For example, the floor area around the garden used a brown color that is almost identical with the clay color to describe the natural environment. In addition, the floor finish in the garden area also used textured tiles with dark brown color. Colour selection inside this building seems in harmony with the use

70

of various brown color range tones. This corresponds with the recommendation from Kellert and Calabrese (2015) to prevent distraction in the spaces, bright colors should be applied cautiously in harmony.

Water The usage of water elements in the building design is applied through the artificial fish pond as well as the man-made waterfalls within the garden area. Basically, application of water elements in this building is more focused on dynamic water structures-type such as streams and man-made waterfalls that help in creating visual and sound effects from the water splash (Mahire & Murat, 2017). The water pond in the park is built in terrace and ornamental fish such as Koi fish live in the pond in order to make this area rich with biodiversity. Basically, no barriers were built between the fish fond and pedestrian areas in order to allow the visitors to interact with the water element and enjoy the experience of being in nature more closely. Heerwagen & Hase (2001), stated that the use of water elements in the building design is one of the biophilic building features that can help to create a sense of playfulness in that particular space.

Figure 4.2 Man-made fish pond within the garden compound (Cooking and Remedies, 2020)

71

In addition, a small jetty was built that connects between the areas of the fish pond. Landscape elements such as small rocks also were arranged around the water element in order to create a real pond setting. The use of the water element is incomplete if the sound effects from the water cannot be produced. Therefore, a multi-story waterway that falls as high as 3 to 5 meters was built behind the concrete corridor in this building. This man-made waterway is capable of producing natural sound that can help to mask unnecessary noise and divert the public focus towards this area. Thus, allowing the public to enjoy the natural-setting environment in this area. Water from the waterway will flow to the nearby fish pond area and at the lowest floor level of the building there is a mini aquarium that contains freshwater fish species that live in Malaysia.

Figure 4.3 Artificial waterfall with mini aquarium (Cooking and Remedies, 2020)

Natural Air and Ventilation One Utama Shopping Centre is designed to ensure the usage of natural elements such as air can be adopted in the real setting. Therefore, this mini garden area is unroofed and is only surrounded by steel structure with glass to maximize the light penetration and air flow into the building. This large uncovered garden area uses a natural ventilation system to allow the area to breathe. As explained by Kellert & Calabrese (2015), large openings with appropriate position and shape can play an

72

important role in stabilizing and controlling ventilation inside the building. Air from outside will enter this building from above before exiting through the surrounding corridors inside the building, allowing the public to feel that they are in a “real forest” setting. However, retail units in the area still use air conditioners to ventilate the processed air inside the spaces.

Figure 4.4 Open roof allow the natural air to circulate inside the building (Cooking and Remedies, 2020)

Plants Application of plants and vegetation are the crucial aspect in biophilic design application in this building. Therefore, trees are placed and planted at the food court area of this building which is also the focal point of the public who visit this shopping mall building. This area is surrounded by local tropical trees from various types including shrubs to large shady trees as suggested by Heerwagen & Hase (2001).

Among the trees that have been planted in this area are palm species, fern, small leaf trees and many more can be found here. The selection of tree species planted in this area is more oriented and friendly to the local or tropical climate. As suggested by Kellert and Calabrese (2015), the plant should be plentiful and naturally linked with

73

local settings rather than exotic species in order to make it sustainable. The usage of plants help in creating a natural-setting environment with a tranquil mood. Thus, it makes the public feel that they are in a “real” tropical forest setting and helps to create a calm as well as relaxing environment.

Figure 4.5 Tropical trees planted inside the building (Cooking and Remedies, 2020)

Arrangements used for planting methods in this building are various including clusters, single or dispersed forms. For example, some trees are planted on the ground and others are planted in pots or planter boxes. There are also trees that hang and creep on each other. Shrubs that are planted on the ground and interspersed with river rocks around it serve as the first layer of the landscape to cover the soil surface. On the parapet wall of the corridor mall, plants are creeping down in a planter box along the parapet wall. However, these various tree planting techniques used as well as the concept of mini tropical garden had caused visual obstacles to the occupants in certain areas.

Basically, trees planted in this area obtain their source of energy and light from the natural light that penetrates through the open roof of the building.

74

Figure 4.6 Planter and vase as growing medium for plants (Cooking and Remedies, 2020)

Natural Materials The selection of natural building materials in the design of this building can be seen in the landscape space of this building. For example, a small bridge built between ponds is made of wood 1-metre wide. This is one of the prominent examples on how natural materials were applied in the biophilic design in this building. In addition, the usage of concrete material with a rough surface texture on the “stone wall” in the fish pond area looks almost similar and replicate to the actual appearance of rocks in tropical forests. Furthermore, the usage of river stones which were arranged around the fish pond area is also another way to produce a real natural setting, environment and impact on the visitor experience around the pond area.

Figure 4.7 Small timber bridge with natural stone wall inside the building (Devgelrange, 2018)

75

View Interior space arrangement of the building is designed by placing a garden area at the center and surrounded by retail units and a food court area. Location of the food court facing toward the mini tropical garden had caused furniture such as dining tables to be arranged facing toward the landscape in order to capture natural scenery (Heerwagen & Hase, 2001). Thus, the central part of the building is reserved as a focal point for the visitors as well as a way to create a good visual connection inside the building. This design approach is parallel with the suggestion by Heerwagen and Hase (2001), where location of biophilic design implementation inside the building must be strategic by considering the function of the surrounding spaces.

Figure 4.8 Suspended bridge at the center of the garden (Cooking and Remedies, 2020)

Based on the design concept of this building, this area is described as a mini tropical forest located inside the shopping mall building. Therefore, various plants and tropical trees that grow around with different layers as well as heights help to create a real sense and setting of forest atmosphere. Some parts of the garden are left slightly open and exposed. This is to ensure that the area "breathes" and does not obstruct visual

76

connection from various angles or levels. However, some tall and dense tropical trees that grow in the middle of the park block the view directly from the end to the opposite area. In addition, there is a suspension bridge with steel structure in the middle of the garden that allows visitors to be right above the park and enjoy the surrounding scenery.

Landscape Biophilic landscape elements used in One Utama Shopping Centre are more focused on the natural elements such as trees, rocks and water elements. This is typical biophilic landscape practice that is often done in other biophilic buildings where landscape design focuses on the atrium of the shopping mall building. Position of the landscape area that is located within the atrium area is closely related to the recommendation from Kellert, Heerwagen and Mador (2008) that landscape areas must be sensitive and responsive to environmental factors such as sunlight to ensure trees planted inside the building gains benefit from sunlight in order to growth.

Figure 4.9 Implementation of natural elements inside the building landscape (RK Vlog Stories, 2021)

Basically, landscape design in this building is arranged in terrace and can be accessed through various levels of the building. It is also located in the middle between the retail units which acts as a communal area for the visitors of the shopping mall. The random entrance into the mini garden allows the visitors to explore the tropical garden in more depth. Internal landscape space in this building was designed with high ceiling,

77

wide area and uncovered roof to ensure this landscape area is legible kepada to the visitors (Hami, Fazilah & Suhardi, 2018). Furthermore, corridors around the atrium were designed with organic shape and randomly arranged curves become one of the natural shapes of the design element. Heerwagen and Hase (2001) stated, landscape arrangement inspired by natural shapes such as curvy or organic shape is the typical biophilic strategies used in creating the interaction of a space with nature.

In-depth observations also were made on the landscape elements used in the mini garden area. For example, unique landscape elements such as a man-made stone wall with a waterfall that resembles the real setting of the waterfall have been placed in the middle of the man-made pond as if to give an image of an actual tropical landscape.

Between the rocks there are small trees planted similar to the condition in the tropical forest. In addition, the introduction of landscape elements such as artificial fish ponds also allows visitors to engage and experience natural settings.

Natural Lighting Interior part of this shopping mall building requires a lot of light to ensure that the trees planted inside this building get enough sunlight for growth. Same goes to other biophilic buildings, One Utama Shopping Centre adopted light atrium in building design with uncovered indoor area to ensure natural light and air can enter inside the building (Bakr, Khaled & Adnan, 2014). Therefore, the inner roof surface of the lightwell atrium applied clear tempered glass to ensure that light can penetrate without any obstruction. As stated by Kellert (2018), glass walls, atria and reflective materials are often used to control the daylight to access certain parts of interior spaces.

Basically, penetration of sunlight into the building has caused several natural phenomena and effects. Shadows that are manipulated and generated from trees planted around the mini garden create shadow effects such as leaves or twigs. It is one of the

78

biophilic design applications that manipulates light through gobo techniques (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018). The effect of manipulating this natural light through the creative light and shadow, diffuse and variable light, has produced an attractive shape (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015).

In addition, the usage of natural light in this area is also seen as a prudent approach to ensure that this area is illuminated by adequate light. Adequate natural light can help to ease the navigation and contribute to user comfort and satisfaction. Natural lighting in this area is highly dependent on the surrounding context such as plants grown in this area (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). Tall tropical trees as well as the shady trees planted in this area have caused the area to be a bit dark compared to other areas of the building. Other than natural light, artificial lighting was used to light up in retail units that located deep areas where natural lighting cannot reach.

Figure 4.10 Open roof allow the light to penetrate inside the building (Cooking and Remedies, 2020)

79

4.2.1.2 Field Observation of Aurora Place Bukit Jalil Aurora Place Bukit Jalil in Kuala Lumpur is a modern up-market hybrid mall that was completed in mid of 2019. The mall is located in a low-density area surrounded by residential, recreational and commercial areas such as the Bukit Jalil Pavilion (Pavilion 2). Basically, Aurora Place Bukit Jalil consists of 3 to 5-stores of shop-office with a total 64 retail units. In addition, Aurora Place Bukit Jalil also completed with facilities such as 3 floors of underground parking with 2,000 lots. Furthermore, the shopping mall built on 5.9 hectares of land, also has a unique design with the provision of a landscaped rooftop and internal courtyard inside the building for shoppers and visitors to enjoy the nature (Ho Hup Group, n.d).

Colour Most of the walls surface of this building is painted using white color by applying it on the surface of the plaster wall. The usage of white color paint inside the building helps to increase the visibility and to prevent the interior area of the building from becoming darker due to the presence of trees planted in the middle of the interior space of the building. On the other hand, the interior of this building's ceiling used a different color range than the wall's surface, which is light brown. Brown color is often associated with the natural color range and has become one of the effective biophilic color applications to create effect on the natural setting (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). In addition, attractive ceiling design with louvers arrangement pattern and pleasing lighting on the ceiling is the best combination with bright color range (Bosch et al., 2012).

80

Figure 4.11 Colorful rainbow color as roof design pattern

Large scale buildings such as shopping malls often use color to indicate function of the space (Helvacıoğlu & Olguntürk, 2010). Floor surface inside the building used a slightly bright color depending on the area segregation and function. For example, the area around the garden uses brown composite timber to illustrate the nature material and usage of “real timber”. The brown composite timber in the area is interspersed with the use of pebble wash floor finishing which uses a lighter brown color. The usage of various natural elements in the area helps to create a real nature setting in the interior of the building. In addition, selection of landscape pebbles with mixed colors (black, gray and white) can be seen as the architect's effort to inject harmony color principle as part of the biophilic elements in this building.

Floor surface in the sitting area of the garden also uses textured tiles and natural colors such as cream brown. Meanwhile, the skylight on the roof of the building uses glass material. The skylight is also interspersed with PVC clad with colorful patterns following rainbow tones with the zigzag shape. According to Kellert (2018), the use of

81

a bright color pattern in one space may transform the dull space into expressive and lively space.

Figure 4.12 Natural color used as part of building landscape

Water The usage of natural elements of water in the building acts as an attraction value to the visitors. Application of water elements in landscape design focuses more on dynamic water structures such as fountains in order to produce visual effects as well as sound effects from the water splash (Mahire & Murat, 2017). Basically, a water fountain was installed in the middle of the courtyard without a pool that allows water to fall on the floor freely. However, the floor in the area was lowered and drained on a nearby drain to prevent it from wetting the surrounding area. Fountains installed in this area have been designed with a timer system that allows it to produce a rhythmic water fountain. The timer system used on this water element is a method used to manipulate the water element in order to create an amusing environment and a sense of playfulness (Heerwagen & Hase, 2001).

Water elements also can be integrated with digital LED lighting in order to create visual effect toward the occupants (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018). At night, the fountain area will be decorated with LED light. The LED lights are installed on the floor of the surrounding fountain area to produce a colorful effect when the fountain is operated. The use of the water element in the interior of this building not only gives a

82

visual impact to the visitors but this fountain also helps to produce a pleasant sound effect in this building as well as masking the unpleasant noise from the surrounding area. Thus, allowing the visitors to feel relaxed and eventually help to create a “natural setting, making them feel that they are in the midst of nature.

Figure 4.13 Water features within the garden compound

Natural Air and Ventilation Aurora Place, Bukit Jalil is indeed designed to maximize the usage of natural elements. Therefore, the usage of natural elements such as air was also incorporated in the building design. In order to ensure that natural elements such as air can be fully maximized in the building, large openings without walls that allow air from outside to enter into this building were designed. Large opening with appropriate position and shape can play an important role in stabilizing and controlling ventilation inside the building (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). The openings are located at the opposite of the building end. It applies a cross ventilation strategy and stack effect to ensure that the natural ventilation system in this building works well and provides sufficient natural air to be flowing into and outside the building. Hence, this building does not use an air

83

conditioning system in the courtyard and garden area. Apart from the application of a large opening for the ventilation system, the architect has also installed fans to provide a “mechanical ventilation system” for visitors at the courtyard. Three sets of giant -sized fans have been installed in the central part of the building to ventilate this area.

However, the air conditioning ventilation system is still used in each retail unit in this division using a split unit system.

Figure 4.14 Large opening at the building entrance

Plants Vegetation is a key aspect of biophilic design in a building. Therefore, the selection of plants to decorate in the interior of the building is an appropriate approach to ensure that the building meets the biophilic building criteria discussed in the previous section. The usage of natural elements such as plants in the building design can be clearly seen where the plants are placed in the middle of the building as well as the focal area of the building. The garden-like area is designed and decorated with various types of plants. The trees planted around this area function as an aesthetic value to attract visitors. This biophilic design application suggested by Kellert and Calabrese (2015),

84

often integrated with building spaces such as in interior space and naturally linked with local species.

Figure 4.15 Type of plants planted inside the building

There are several types of plants planted in the area. For instance, shrubs that can reach a height of up to 1.5 meters as well as tall trees that can reach a height of up to 4 meters. All the trees here are planted in pots or planter boxes which are filled with fiber medium instead of soil. Plants are often arranged and placed based on their height in order to give a visual impact to the occupants (Dalay, 2020). However, trees planted within landscape seating areas also serve as screens with the intention to create a sense of mystery as well as stimulate occupants’ interest to stop in particular areas (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018). Furthermore, the trees planted in this area are also seen to have sparse leaves and do not require too much sunlight. The main source of lighting for the trees planted in the garden comes from natural light penetrating through the skylight installed at the roof of the building.

85

Natural Materials The usage of natural elements in this building does not only focus on the basic natural elements such as air, water and light only but it is also interpreted by the architect through the selection of building materials in the design of this building. Prominent natural building materials such as timber were used at the hand rails of the parapet wall (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). Other than that, the usage of natural materials can be clearly seen in the landscape space of this building. For example, the selection of composite timber as a material for flooring is an architect’s attempt to mimic the natural material of timber which is less suited to be practiced in modern building design.

Durable composite timber surface is suitable for use in buildings with high traffic circulation such as shopping malls. In addition, the floor material and planter box in this area also use pebble wash due to its texture. The usage of pebble wash helps to create a more natural environment setting as they have natural features such as small stones attached to the surface.

Figure 4.16 Composite timber as floor finishing

86

Basically, non-visual connection with nature can be stimulated through sensory touch. As discussed in the previous section by Heath, Jackson and Goode (2018), small rocks are used as furniture for seating in order to create a more realistic natural environment. The selection of natural materials that have natural surfaces at focal areas are appropriate to stimulate sensory touch of the occupants. In the garden area, typical building materials such as tiles with a rough texture and have color similar to soil color to ensure better reflection of the real nature or environment. LED lights were installed in the floor area in order to produce a light effect at night. Floor surfaces are differentiated in terms of texture, pattern or materials to indicate function of the spaces (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018).

Figure 4.17 Example of natural materials had been used inside the building

Roof of the shopping mall building used translucent tempered glass to allow natural sunlight to penetrate into the building and provide sufficient natural lighting especially the interior of the building. Basically, this building does not use glass that has a high rate of light transparency in order to prevent heat radiation from the sun

87

entering directly into the building space and increase the temperature in the building.

The usage of translucent tempered glass helps to provide thermal comfort to visitors especially for those who are gathered at the courtyard of the building.

View Central part of the shopping mall building has a mini garden and is surrounded by a retail unit. This location actually acts as a focal point for visitors to gather inside the building. Open area located at the center of the building is a common strategy used by the architect to create a visual connection inside the building. Thus, landscape design located in the middle without visual obstacles makes the visitors feel visually connected.

Arrangement of retail units facing toward the landscape and tolerance with natural scenery often implemented in biophilic design concepts (Heerwagen & Hase, 2001).

Kellert, Heerwagen and Mador (2008) suggest that appropriate scale of view should be used in building design to ensure the space is effective in providing a satisfactory visual experience. Hence, application of landscape design in this building is modest compared with One Utama Shopping Center in order to create an appropriate scale of view.

Figure 4.18 Communal area of the building

88

In addition, the position of the furniture at the corridor of the building such as benches were arranged facing toward the scenery of the landscape (Heerwagen & Hase, 2001). Introduction of the transparent building materials such as glass elevator and railing inside the building also can help to create visual connection between occupants and nature elements and to avoid obstructed views (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018; Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). In the first and second floor level, bridges inside the building are also designed at each floor interval to allow circulation inside the building to function properly. The bridge which basically acts as a link between the left and right side of the building also serves as a standing point or platform for visitors to enjoy the view of the interior landscape inside the building from different angles. Interior landscape at the center of the ground floor level is not implemented in every part of the floor level but only at certain areas. This is to avoid this floor level from being “too dense” with the landscape.

Figure 4.19 View toward the landscape section inside the building

Landscape Landscape elements used in the biophilic design of this building are more concentrated in the central part of the building. Landscape design focuses on the internal courtyard area with the considering aspects of sunlight penetration inside the building (Kellert, Heerwagen & Mador, 2008). Elements such as trees, rocks and water are widely used to liven up the natural atmosphere in this area. Basically, the landscape

89

layout in this building is arranged based on a series of round shapes combined. Biophilic design is often associated with resembling natural features such as curvy or organic shape (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018). The usage of repetitive circles unintentionally had created a harmony design and layout in the garden area similar with natural form.

Each of the circles is filled with trees planted in planter boxes. Meanwhile, other circles are used as a place for visitors to sit and gather with the provision of curve-shaped benches. As suggested by Heath, Jackson and Goode (2018), furniture placed in landscape areas should be designed and integrated with natural forms of the landscape (Heath, Jackson & Goode, 2018).

Figure 4.20 Organic layout of the landscape inside the building

Landscape provided in this area is designed to be open or without any fencing.

Therefore, this allows the landscape area to be accessible from various directions. In addition, accessible visuals can be achieved with a well arranged landscape and plants canopy does not obstruct the view at eye level. (Hami, Fazilah & Suhardi, 2018).

Interior design of the building at the mini garden area is designed with a high ceiling,

90

wide area, a transparent skylight and separated from the pedestrian passage in order to ease movement of the visitors inside the building (Hami, Fazilah & Suhardi, 2018).

In addition, to ensure this man-made landscape becomes more alive, the use of natural materials such as stone and wood is also applied to produce a more realistic natural setting. Landscape in this area is also designed based on a biophilic design approach with the existence of pathways, sitting area means for people to engage and enjoy the natural setting (Heerwagen & Hase, 2001). At night, the area is illuminated

by LED lights on the floor and lamp post to ensure that this area can be visited by visitors at all times.

Figure 4.21 Elements of landscape inside the building

Natural Lighting Interior space of this shopping mall building does not require much usage of artificial lighting because this building is designed by considering the element of natural light from the sunlight. Roof of the building is designed to fully maximize the natural element (sunlight) through the installation of a skylight that allows light to penetrate the interior space of the building. The use of translucent tempered glass on the surface of the roof also allows the natural light to penetrate it without causing discomfort to the users. However, to avoid receiving excessive light as well as heat from the sun, a certain part of the roof surface of the building is fitted with a PVC cladding.

91

Figure 4.22 Natural lighting penetrate inside the building through skylight

Basically, the entrance of the building uses a curtain wall to allow natural light to penetrate inside the building and provide sufficient lighting to the interior space.

Furthermore, natural light that penetrates the interior of this building is also intended to ensure comfort to the user in visual terms. Adequate lighting in the building not only provides comfort to users but facilitates users to access the space inside the building (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015). Therefore, selection of medium and small trees in the landscape design is very important to prevent the tree from blocking the sunlight. The factor such as penetration of natural light into the building space is also very important to ensure plants inside the building receive sufficient sunlight for growth. Thus, building openings on the roofs helped for light to penetrate this area (Heerwagen & Hase, 2001).

Figure 4.23 Glass curtain wall at the building entrance

92

4.2.2

Survey on Public Experience Based on Five Basic Human Sensory Analysis of data of public experience towards the implementation of biophilic

design in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley will be discussed based on the “mode”, “median” and “mean” of total responses for each question. The “mode” can be defined as the number that occurs most frequently in a set of data (Pearson Longman, 2009). Meanwhile, the “median” is the middle number when a data set is arranged from least to greatest or from smallest to highest (Pearson Longman, 2009). Lastly, the “mean” is the average of a data set, figures or values obtained by adding all numbers in the data set and then dividing by the number of values in the set (Pearson Longman, 2009). Figure 4.1 shows the data analysis using mode, median and mean of responses received from public experience towards the implementation of biophilic design in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley.

Figure 4.24 Data analysis using mode, median and mean Evaluation of Public Experience toward the Biophilic Design Application in Shopping Mall in Klang Valley

Online survey on public experience towards application of biophilic design in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley were distributed to public

Responses or data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed using:

Mode

Median

93

Mean

4.2.2.1 Section A: Demographic Profile of Respondents Section A provides demographic profiles of respondents such as gender, age, occupation, education background, frequency of visit to One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil and their purpose of visiting those shopping mall buildings.

Figure 4.25 Respondents’ gender

Respondents’ Gender

47.0%

53.0%

Male

Female

Question 1 in section A asked about the gender of the respondents who answered the online questionnaire. Based on the pie chart in Figure 4.25, it shows that out of 100 respondents, 53.0% of the respondents are female respondents and only 47.0% are male respondents. Thus, the majority of the respondents are females with a mean score of 1.53.

Figure 4.26 Respondents’ age

Respondents’ Age 6.0%

2.0%

20 years old or less 30.0%

21 to 30 years old 31 to 40 years old 62.0%

94

41 and above years old

The pie chart in Figure 4.26 shows the respondents’ age. Out of 100 respondents, 2.0% are 20 years old or less. Another 62.0% of respondents are between 21 to 30 years old. Respondents with the age between 31 to 40 years old were recorded at 30.0% of respondents. Meanwhile, only 6.0% of the respondents are between 41 and above years old. It can be concluded that, the highest percentage for the respondent’s age are between 21 to 30 years old with mean score 2.40.

Figure 4.27 Respondents’ occupation

Respondents’ Occupation 2.0% 18.0%

26.0%

Student Government Servant Private Sector Employee 10.0%

Self-Employed Other

44.0%

Question 3 in section A asked about the respondents’ occupation. Based on the pie chart in Figure 4.27, it shows that out of 100 respondents, 26.0% of the respondents are students, followed by 44.0% of private sector employee, 18.0% are self-employed, 10.0% of government servant and only 2.0% of respondents are others (unemployed or housewife). Thus, the majority of the respondents are from the private sector employee group with a mean score of 2.60.

95

Figure 4.28 Respondents’ education level

Respondents’ Education Level 8.0% 11.0% 19.0%

62.0%

High School Diploma Degree Masters and Above

The pie chart in Figure 4.28 demonstrates the respondents’ education level. Out of 100 respondents, 11.0% of the respondents are master holders and above. Another 19.0% of respondents are diploma holders and followed by high school level (8.0).

Respondents with degree holders were recorded at 62.0% of respondents. Thus, the majority of the respondents are degree holders with a mean value of 2.76.

Figure 4.29 Frequency of visiting selected shopping mall Frequency of visiting to One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil 17.0%

16.0%

55.0%

12.0%

1 Time 2 Times 3 Times More Than 3 Times

Question 5 in Section A asked about respondents’ frequency of visiting One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. The pie chart in the figure 4.29 shows that 55.0% of the respondents have been to the malls more than 3 times.

Meanwhile, 17.0% of the respondents went to the malls only 1 time, followed by 16.0%

96

with a frequency of 2 times. Only 12.0% respondents have been to the malls only 3 times. It can be concluded that a majority of the respondents have been to the malls more than 3 times.

Figure 4.30 Purpose of visiting selected shopping Mall

Purpose of Visiting One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil 0.0% 8.3% 28.1%

Buying Groceries Leisure Dining Others 63.5%

Last question in section A asked about the respondents’ purpose of visiting One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. Based on the pie chart in Figure 4.30, it shows that out of 100 respondents, some of the respondents went to shopping malls for leisure and entertainment (63.5%), followed by 28.1% of respondents went there for buying groceries purpose, 8.3% of respondents went there for dining and only 0.0% of respondents went the shopping malls for other reasons. Thus, the majority of the respondents went to the shopping malls for leisure and entertainment purposes with a mean of 1.79.

4.2.2.2 Section B: Public Knowledge, Implementation of Biophilic Design

Awareness

and

Benefits

of

the

Section B provides public knowledge, awareness and benefits of the implementation of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. Knowledge is the state of knowing the facts, information and skills as well

97

as understanding of a subject. Hence, this section focuses on the public understanding and awareness towards the implementation of biophilic design concepts.

Figure 4.31 Respondents’ familiarity with the term “biophilic design” and its meaning Respondents’ Familiarity with the Term “Biophilic Design” and its Meaning 36.0%

Yes No 64.0%

Question 7 in section B indicates the public familiarity with the term “biophilic design” and its meaning. Based on the doughnut chart in Figure 4.31, it shows that out of 100 respondents, 36.0% of the respondents are familiar with the term “biophilic design” and its meaning while another 64.0% are not familiar with the term “biophilic design” and its meaning. Thus, the majority of the respondents are still not familiar with the term “biophilic design” and its definition.

Figure 4.32 Respondents’ understanding on the term “biophilic design” and its meaning Respondents’ Understanding on the Term “Biophilic Design” and its Meaning 20.0%

Usage of Natural Elements Usage of Plants 80.0%

98

The doughnut chart in Figure 4.32 demonstrates the respondents’ understanding of the term “biophilic design” and its meaning. Out of 100 respondents, 80.0% of the respondents associated the term “biophilic design” with the usage of natural elements in building design while 20.0% of the respondents associated it with the usage of plants into building interior or exterior.

Figure 4.33 Level of respondents’ understanding on “biophilic design” application Level of Respondents’ Understanding on “Biophilic Design” Application 2.0% 18.0% 10.0%

30.0%

Very Knowledgable Knowledgeable Understand Partially Limited Knowledge No Knowledge at All

40.0%

This question shows the level of respondents’ understanding on “biophilic design” application based on the data finding. Based on the doughnut chart in Figure 4.33, it shows that out of 100 respondents, 2.0% of the respondents are very knowledgeable with biophilic application, followed by 10.0% of the respondents are knowledgeable with biophilic application and another 40.0% of the respondents understand the concept of biophilic design partially. Only 30.0% of the respondents have limited knowledge on biophilic application and 18.0% of the respondents have no knowledge at all about the biophilic application and its concept. In conclusion, the majority of the respondents have a partial understanding of the “Biophilic Design” application.

99

Figure 4.34 Awareness on the implementation of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil

Awareness on the Implementation of Biophilic Design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil 37.0%

Yes No 63.0%

The doughnut chart in Figure 4.34 portrays the focus of the respondents’ awareness on the implementation of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. Majority of the respondents, 63.0% are aware of the implementation of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. While only 37 respondents (37.0%) are not aware of the implementation of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil.

Question 10 in Section B asked about respondents’ awareness of the biophilic elements implemented in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil.

Based on the data collected from the survey, there are several respondents who gave their opinion on biophilic applications in the two buildings. However, only four respondents were selected based on their high understanding of biophilic design as well as their experience.

Based on the experience of respondent A on the implementation of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre, he stated that, “One Utama shopping center was designed based on the rainforest-like concept. This area has so many wow effects due

100

to the architectural concept of nature integration in creating calmness and giving occupants a sense of place”. However, he explained the differences about the biophilic design application at Aurora Place Bukit Jalil which is more modest than One Utama Shopping Centre. The respondent explained that the design of this building was designed with many openings as well as sky lighting carefully installed throughout the spaces. Apart from that, respondent B stated that the biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre is located on the rooftop. In addition, respondent B also stated that there is a rainforest-like setting located at the outdoor area near the outside dining area.

On the other hand, respondent C through his experience in One Utama Shopping Centre can be explained, “These shopping centers were designed with internal courtyard or I can say garden with man-made pond and waterfall that integrated with shopping or dining activities. Other than that, respondent D in his opinion stated, One Utama Shopping Centre has a fully dedicated biophilic area known as Rainforest with aquariums, fish pond, green courtyards and sound of water splashing. Respondent D in the survey stated, "That area is perhaps the calmest place in the mall where both staff and visitors can visit to take a 'breather' from the campiness of the mall with no views towards the outdoors".

Figure 4.35 Awareness on the benefits of implementing the biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil Awareness on the Benefits of Implementing the Biophilic Design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil 37.0%

47.0%

16.0%

101

Yes No Maybe

Last question in section B asked about the respondents’ awareness on the benefit of implementing biophilic elements in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. Based on the doughnut chart in Figure 4.3, it shows that out of 100 respondents, 47.0% of the respondents are aware of the benefit of implementing biophilic elements in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. On the other hand, 16.0% of respondents are not aware on the benefit of implementing biophilic elements in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil while the rest of the respondents (37.0%) are unsure on the benefit of implementing biophilic elements in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. Thus, the majority of the respondents are aware of the benefit of implementing biophilic elements in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil.

4.2.2.3 Section C: Public Experience on Application of Biophilic Design Based Human Sensory (Sight) Section C provides public experience on application of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil based human sensory (sight). Sight is processed through the 'Visual' sense. Visual stimuli is picked up by visual receptors located in the eye. Visual receptors are stimulated by light, color and movement. Sight sensory in this study focusing to evaluate the visual effect from the biophilic design attributes inside the shopping mall building such as color, plants, natural materials, natural lighting and landscape.

102

Figure 4.36 The tendency of attracting public attention when environment or space have a good visual connection to nature The Tendency of Attracting Public Attention When Environment or Space Have a Good Visual Connection to Nature Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

45.0%

40.0%

38.0%

13.0%

20.0% 0.0%

0.0%

4.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The data in table 4.36 shows the tendency of attracting public attention when the environment or space have a good visual connection to nature. Based on the bar chart, most of the respondents’ are very agreed (45.0%) and 38.0% are extremely agreed that environments or spaces which have a good visual connection to nature have a high tendency to attract public attention. Meanwhile, 13 persons or equivalent to 13.0% of the respondents somewhat agree that the tendency of attracting public attention is influenced by environment or space that have a good visual connection to nature. On the other hand, 4.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree that environments or spaces which have a good visual connection to nature are attracting their attention. In conclusion, the majority of the respondents very much agree that environments or spaces which have a good visual connection to nature have a high tendency to attract public attention with a mean score of 5.17.

103

Figure 4.37 The impact of having environment or space that have a good visual connection toward the nature in creating calm environment The Impact of Having Environment or Space That Have a Good Visual Connection toward the Nature in Creating Calm Environment Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 37.0%

40.0%

44.0%

15.0%

20.0% 0.0%

1.0%

3.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.37 highlights the respondents’ response to the impact of having an environment or space that has a good visual connection toward nature in creating a calm environment. The results indicate that 37.0% are very agree and another 44.0% are extremely agreed with the statement that an environment or space that has a good visual connection toward nature helps in creating a calm environment.

Furthermore, 15.0% somewhat agree with the statement given. On the other hand, 3.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree with the statement and 1.0% strongly disagree that an environment or space that has a good visual connection toward nature helps in creating a calm environment. Thus, the majority of the respondents extremely agree with the statement above with a 2.20 mean score.

104

Figure 4.38 Usage of certain colors in space can offer calmness and cheerful feeling Usage of Certain Colors in Space Can Offer Calmness and Cheerful Feeling

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

33.0%

40.0%

29.0%

22.0%

14.0%

20.0% 0.0%

2.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Question 15 in Section C asked about respondents’ experience on the usage of certain colors in space such as green, blue, purple and other colors that can help in providing calmness and cheerful feeling. The bar chart in the figure 4.38 shows that 33.0% of the respondents somewhat agree and 29.0% very much agree that usage of certain colors in space such as green, blue, purple and other colors can help in providing calmness and cheerful feeling to the response. Another 22.0% of the respondents extremely agree, 14.0% somewhat disagree, 2.0% very disagree and 0.0% disagree with the statement above. The mean score of question 15 is 4.55.

Figure 4.39 Exposure to bright color inside the space encourage public to become active and motivated Exposure to Bright Colour inside the Space Encourage Public to Become Active and Motivated

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0%

29.0%

20.0% 0.0%

25.0%

24.0%

18.0%

4.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

105

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.39 highlights public response to the statement whether exposure to bright colors such as yellow, orange and red inside the space encourage the public to become active and motivated. 29 respondents (29.0%) somewhat disagree and 25 respondents somewhat agree (25.0%) respectively with the statement that exposure to bright colors such as yellow, orange and red inside the space encourage the public to become active and motivated. On the other hand, 24.0% very much agree with the statement that exposure to bright colors such as yellow, orange and red inside the space encourages the public to become active and motivated. Another 18.0% of the respondents are extremely agreed and 4.0% very disagree that exposure to bright colors such as yellow, orange and red inside the space encourage the public to become active and motivated. Thus, the majority of the respondents somewhat disagree with the statement and the mean score is 4.23.

Figure 4.40 Impact of color towards memory and ability to create the mood of the environment Impact of Colour towards Memory and Ability to Create the Mood of the Environment

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

42.0% 40.0%

37.0%

16.0%

20.0% 0.0%

0.0%

5.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The data in table 4.40 shows the impact of color towards memory and ability to create the mood of the environment. Based on the bar chart, most of the respondents’ are very agree (42.0%) and extremely agree (37.0%) that color can impact the memory

106

and have ability to create the mood toward the environment. Meanwhile, 16 persons or equivalent to 16.0% of the respondents somewhat agree with the statement that the impact of color towards memory and ability to create the mood of the environment.

Other than that, 5.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree that color can affect publics’ memory and ability in creating the mood of the environment.

Figure 4.41 Colour receptors in eye will transmit the surrounding image of nature to the brain and subsequently connect to emotions Colour Receptors in Eye will transmit the Surrounding Image of nature to the Brain and Subsequently Connect to Emotions Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0%

25.0%

20.0%

21.0%

11.0% 0.0%

3.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Question 18 in Section C asked about respondents’ experience on the impact of using colors in shopping mall buildings towards their emotion. The bar chart in Figure 4.41 portrays that 40 respondents which equivalent to 40.0% of respondents are very agree, 25.0% somewhat agree and 21.0% of the respondents extremely agree with the statement given . Other respondents perceive it differently. For instance, 11.0 % somewhat disagree, 3.0% very disagree and 0.0% disagree with the statement above.

Based on question 18, the mean value for this question is 4.65.

107

Figure 4.42 Application of harmony and balance principle in the color scheme reduce the gap between public and the designed space Application of Harmony and Balance Principle in the Colour Scheme Reduce the Gap between Public and the Designed Space Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0%

37.0%

36.0%

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

19.0% 20.0% 0.0%

2.0%

6.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

The data in table 4.42 shows public response on the application of harmony and balance principle in the color scheme in bringing them closer to the designed space and natural environment. Based on the bar chart, the majority of the respondents’ are very agree (37.0%) and 36.0% are extremely agree with the statement given. Also, 19.0% somewhat agree respectively with the statement above. Also, the rest of the respondents think vice versa where 6.0% somewhat disagree and 2.0% very disagree with the statement given.

Figure 4.43 The transformation of dull space into more expressive and dynamic environment through existence of color The Transformation of Dull Space into More Expressive and Dynamic Environment through Existence of Colour Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

41.0%

45.0%

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

40.0% 12.0%

20.0% 0.0%

0.0%

2.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

108

The bar chart in Figure 4.43 portrays public response on the transformation of dull space into more expressive and dynamic environment through existence of color.

45.0% of the respondents are extremely agree and another 41.0% are very agree that the transformation of dull space into more expressive and dynamic environment can be done through existence of color. Another 12.0% of the respondents somewhat agree that the transformation of dull space into a more expressive and dynamic environment can be done through usage of colors in shopping mall buildings. Next, 2.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree, 0.0% very disagree and extremely disagree with the statement above. The mean score for the question 20 is 5.29.

Figure 4.44 Exposure toward the plants by visual senses help to reduce stress and tension Exposure toward the Plants by Visual Senses Help to Reduce Stress and Tension Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

42.0% 40.0%

27.0%

23.0% 20.0%

8.0% 0.0%

0.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.44 indicates public experience on the exposure toward the plants by visual senses helps to reduce their stress and tension. Based on the responses, it shows that 42 out of 100 respondents (42.0%) very much agree with the statement that exposure toward the plants by visual senses help to reduce their stress and tension. Another 27.0% of respondents respectively are extremely agree and 23.0% somewhat agree that exposure toward the plants by visual senses help in reducing their

109

stress and tension. Also, 8.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree and 0.0% disagree and extremely disagree with the statement above. Thus, the majority of the respondents very much agree with the statement above with a mean value of 4.88.

Figure 4.45 Placing plants in the appropriate position according to height and texture help in creating a satisfying scenery Placing Plants in the Appropriate Position According to Height and Texture Help in Creating a Satisfying Scenery Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0%

37.0%

35.0%

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

18.0%

20.0% 0.0%

3.0%

7.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Question 22 in Section C asked about whether placing plants in the appropriate position according to height and texture helps in creating a satisfying scenery for the public in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. The result shows that out of 100 respondents, 37.0% are very much in agreement with the statement given. Meanwhile, 35 respondents (35.0%) extremely agree that placing plants in the appropriate position according to height and texture helps in creating a satisfying scenery. Another 18.0% of the respondents perceived differently, where they somewhat agree with the statement given. Also, 7.0% somewhat disagree, 3.0% very disagree and 0.0% are extremely disagree respectively with the statement above and the mean score is 4.94.

110

Figure 4.46 Satisfying scenery inside the building can be achieved by introducing greenery and foliage Satisfying Scenery inside the Building can be achieved

by Introducing Greenery and Foliage

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

48.0%

40.0%

28.0% 19.0%

20.0% 0.0%

0.0%

5.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Question 23 in Section C asked about respondents’ experience whether satisfying scenery inside the building can be achieved by introducing greenery and foliage. The bar chart in Figure 4.46 shows that 48 respondents which equivalent to 48.0% are very agree that satisfying scenery inside the building can be achieved by introducing greenery and foliage while 28 respondents are extremely agree (28.0%) and somewhat agree (19.0%) with the statement given. Other respondents perceive it differently. For instance, 5.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree and 0.0% very disagree and extremely disagree with the statement above and the mean score is 4.99.

Figure 4.47 Natural materials with visual and tactile qualities are beneficial to emotion Natural Materials with Visual and Tactile Qualities are Often Profoundly and Beneficial to Emotion

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

41.0% 40.0%

25.0%

20.0%

22.0%

10.0% 0.0%

2.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

111

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The data in table 4.47 shows the impact of natural materials with visual and tactile qualities towards public emotion. Based on the bar chart, most of the respondents very much agree (41.0%) that natural materials with visual and tactile qualities affect public emotion. Meanwhile, 15 persons or equivalent to 25.0% of the respondents somewhat agree and another 22.0% extremely agree with the statement above. Other than that, 10.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree, 2.0% very disagree and 0.0% extremely disagree that natural materials with visual and tactile qualities may affect public emotion. Results from the survey represent the mean score of 4.71.

Figure 4.48 Natural construction materials used inside the building help to create personal interpretation through it characteristic Natural Construction Materials Used inside the Building Help to Create Personal Interpretation through it Characteristic Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

44.0%

40.0%

26.0% 12.0%

20.0% 0.0%

16.0%

2.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.48 highlights the respondents’ response on whether the natural construction materials used inside the building help to create personal interpretation through its characteristic or vice versa. The results indicate that 44.0% very much agree with the statement that an environment or space that has a good visual connection towards nature helps in creating a calm environment. However, 26 respondents (26.0%) perceive the statement differently where they extremely agree that the natural construction materials used inside the building help to create personal

112

interpretation through its characteristic. Furthermore, 16.0% respectively somewhat agree and also somewhat disagree (12.0%) with the statement given. Meanwhile, 2.0% strongly disagree and 0.0% extremely disagree respectively on the statement that an environment or space that has a good visual connection towards nature helps in creating a calm environment. Thus, the majority of the respondents very much agree with the statement above and the mean score of this question is 4.80.

Figure 4.49 Construction materials inside the building such as concrete, often associated with cold conditions Construction Materials inside the Building such as Concrete, Often Associated with Cold Conditions

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

35.0%

40.0%

35.0%

14.0%

20.0% 0.0%

12.0%

4.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.49 shows the data of the statement that 35.0% of respondents were somewhat agree and very agree that construction materials inside the building such as concrete, often associated with cold conditions while 14.0% somewhat disagree with the statement above. On the other hand, 12.0% are extremely in agreement with the statement. Another 4.0% of the respondents very disagree, followed by 0.0% extremely disagree that construction materials inside the building such as concrete, often associated with cold conditions. In conclusion, the majority of the respondents somewhat agree and very much agree with the statement above. Based on the graph, the mean value of question 26 is 4.37.

113

Figure 4.50 Introduction gloss materials inside the building can affect public perception toward the surrounding temperature Introduction Gloss Materials inside the Building Affect Public Perception toward the Surrounding Temperature

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

39.0% 40.0% 20.0%

34.0% 14.0%

11.0% 0.0%

2.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

27 in Section C asked about whether introducing gloss materials inside the building can affect public perception toward the surrounding temperature in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. The result shows that 39 respondents, equivalent to 39.0% of the respondents, somewhat agree, while 34 respondents strongly agree (34.0%) on the statement given. Meanwhile, only 14.0% of the respondents strongly agree with the statement. Another, 11.0% somewhat disagree, 2.0% very disagree and 0.0% are extremely disagree with the statement above. In conclusion, the majority of the respondents somewhat agree with the given statement with a mean value of 4.47.

114

Figure 4.51 Sufficient natural light can help to improve user comfort by creating navigation easier inside the building Sufficient Natural Light Can Help to Improve User Comfort

by Creating Navigation Easier Inside the Building Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

44.0% 35.0%

40.0% 15.0%

20.0% 0.0%

1.0%

5.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Based on the bar chart in Figure 4.51, most of the respondents’ are extremely agree (44.0%), followed by very agree (35.0%) that sufficient natural light can help to improve user comfort by creating navigation easier inside the building. Meanwhile, 15 respondents or equivalent to 15.0% of the respondents somewhat agree and another 5 respondents (5.0%) somewhat disagree with the statement. Other than that, 1.0% of the respondents very much disagree and 0.0% extremely disagree that sufficient natural light can help to improve user comfort by creating navigation easier inside the building.

Figure 4.52 Retail unit or building that using natural lighting may increase customer loyalty Retail Unit or Building That Using Natural Lighting May Increase Customer Loyalty

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0%

27.0%

25.0%

22.0%

14.0%

20.0%

9.0%

3.0% 0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

115

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The data in table 4.52 shows the impact of using natural lighting towards customer loyalty by retail unit or building. Based on the bar chart, most of the respondents somewhat disagree (27.0%) that the usage of natural lighting by retail units or buildings helps to increase customer loyalty while another 25.0% somewhat agree that the usage of natural lighting by retail units or buildings affect customer loyalty.

Meanwhile, 22 persons or equivalent to 22.0% of the respondents are very agree and 14.0% very disagree with the statement given. Only 9.0% of the respondents extremely agree and 3.0% extremely agree that usage of natural lighting by retail units or buildings helps to increase customer loyalty.

Figure 4.53 Better product visibility inside the retail unit can be improved by using natural lighting system Better Product Visibility inside the Retail Unit Can be improved by Using Natural Lighting System

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0%

25.0% 15.0%

20.0%

19.0%

24.0% 15.0%

2.0% 0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.53 highlights public response on the statement whether better product visibility inside the retail unit can be improved by using a natural lighting system. Majority of the respondents strongly disagree (25.0%) that product visibility inside the retail unit can be improved by using natural lighting systems in shopping mall buildings. It is then followed by 24.0% (very agree) and 19.0% (somewhat agree) with the statement given. On the other hand, 15.0 % are extremely agree and somewhat

116

disagree with the statement that better product visibility inside the retail unit can be improved by using a natural lighting system. Another 2.0% of the respondents extremely disagree that a natural lighting system can provide better product visibility inside the retail unit. Meanwhile, the mean score for this question is 3.83.

Figure 4.54 Natural lighting inside the retail unit may have higher employee motivation Natural Lighting inside the Retail Unit May Have Higher Employee Motivation

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0%

31.0%

20.0%

27.0%

25.0%

9.0%

8.0%

0.0% 0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.54 portrays public response on the effect of natural lighting inside the retail unit that may have higher employee motivation. Out of 100 respondents, 31.0% of them somewhat disagree that higher employee motivation can be achieved by applying natural lighting inside the retail unit. Another 27.0% of the respondents somewhat agree that the effect of natural lighting inside the retail unit may have higher employee motivation. However, 25.0% of the respondents somewhat agree with the statement. Other than that, 9.0% of the respondents very disagree, 8.0% are extremely agree and 0.0% are extremely disagree with the statement mentioned. Thus, the majority of the respondents somewhat disagree with the statement with a mean value of 3.92.

117

Figure 4.55 Engagement and visual connection toward landscape scenery play an additional role to highlight the beauty of the area Engagement and Visual Connection toward Landscape Scenery Play an Additional Role to Highlight the Beauty of the Area Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0%

34.0%

19.0% 20.0% 0.0%

0.0%

7.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The data in table 4.55 shows the engagement toward landscape scenery plays an additional role to highlight the beauty of the area. Based on the bar chart, most of the respondents very much agree (40.0%) that landscape scenery plays an additional role to highlight the beauty of the area. Meanwhile, 34 persons or equivalent to 34.0% of the respondents are extremely agree that the visual connection toward landscape scenery may highlight the beauty of the area. On the other hand, 19.0% of the respondents somewhat agree with the statement. However, 7.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree with the statement. In conclusion, the majority of the respondents very much agree that engagement and visual connection toward landscape scenery play an additional role to highlight the beauty of the area. The mean score of question number 32 is 5.01.

118

Figure 4.56 Introduction of landscape within the building area can benefit toward the economy contribution aspect

Public Response (%)

Introduction of Landscape within the Building Area Can Benefit Toward the Economy Contribution Aspect 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 42.0% 40.0% 14.0%

20.0% 1.0%

21.0%

18.0%

4.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Question 33 in Section C asked the respondents about the introduction of landscape within the building area that can benefit toward the economic contribution aspect. The bar chart in the figure 4.56 shows that 42.0% of the respondents are very agree while 21.0% out of 100 respondents somewhat agree with the statement given.

Meanwhile, another 18.0% are respectively extremely agree and 14.0% somewhat disagree that the introduction of landscape within the building area helps in benefiting toward the economic contribution aspect. However, only 4.0% disagree and another 1.0% extremely disagree with the statement given. In conclusion, the majority of the respondents very much agree that the introduction of landscape within the building area can benefit toward the economy contribution aspect and the mean score for this question is 4.53.

4.2.2.4 Section D: Public Experience on Application of Biophilic Design Based Human Sensory (Hearing) Section D provides public experience on application of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil based human sensory (hearing). Ear is a sensory organ that picks up sound waves, allowing us to hear. It is also essential to

119

our sense of balance: the organ of balance (the vestibular system) is found inside the inner ear. Hearing sensory in this study focusing to evaluate the sound effect from the biophilic design attributes inside the shopping mall building such as water elements and plants.

Figure 4.57 Sound from water make the surrounding area become lively Sound from Water Make the Surrounding Area Become Lively

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

48.0% 35.0%

40.0% 20.0% 2.0%

1.0%

6.0%

10.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.57 highlights the respondents’ response to the impact of sound from water may make the surrounding area become lively. The results indicate that 48.0% extremely agree with the statement that surrounding areas become lively with the introduction of sound from water. On the other hand, 35.0% of the respondents very much agree, 10.0% somewhat agree, 6.0% somewhat disagree, 1.0% very disagree and 2.0% extremely disagree that sound from water may make the surrounding area become lively. Hence, the majority of the respondents extremely agree with the statement mentioned in the question 34 and the mean score for this question is 5.13.

120

Figure 4.58 Sound from water helps to strengthen the connection with nature Sound from Water Helps to Strengthen the Connection with Nature

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

34.0%

40.0% 20.0% 0.0%

2.0%

8.0%

41.0%

15.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.58 shows the data of the statement that 41.0% of the respondents are extremely agree that sound from water helps to strengthen the connection between public and nature while 34.0% are very agree and another 15.0% somewhat agree with the statement above. However, 8.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree. On the other hand, only 2.0% very disagree and 0.0% extremely agree that connection between public and nature can be strengthened through sound from the water. In conclusion, the majority of the respondents extremely agree with the statement above with 5.04 mean value.

Figure 4.59 Manipulation of water can mask the unpleasant sound surrounding Manipulation of Water Can Mask the Unpleasant Sound Surrounding

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0%

33.0%

18.0%

20.0%

9.0% 0.0%

0.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

121

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Question 36 in Section D asked about respondents’ experience manipulation of water can mask the unpleasant sound surrounding. The bar chart in Figure 4.59 portrays that 40 out of the 100 respondents (40.0%) are very much in agreement that manipulation of water can mask the unpleasant sound surrounding. While 33 respondents, which is equivalent to 33.0% of respondents, extremely agree that manipulation of water can mask the unpleasant sound surrounding but only 18.0% somewhat agree with the statement given. Other respondents perceive it differently. For instance, 9.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree, 0.0% are extremely disagree and very disagree with the statement above. Hence, the majority of the respondents very much agree that manipulation of water can mask the unpleasant sound surrounding with a mean score of 4.97.

Figure 4.60 Sound effect from water help to integrate human with built environment and provide relief Sound Effect from Water Help to Integrate Human with Built Environment and Provide Relief

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0%

38.0%

37.0%

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

17.0%

20.0% 0.0%

2.0%

6.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

The data in Figure 4.60 shows the public response to the statement, sound effects from water help to integrate humans with the built environment and provide relief.

Based on the bar chart, most of the respondents are very agree (38%) and followed by extremely agree (37.0%) that sound effects from water help to integrate humans with

122

the built environment and provide relief. Meanwhile, 17 respondents or equivalent to 17.0% of the respondents somewhat agree with that statement. Other than that, only 6.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree, while 2.0% very disagree and 0.0% extremely disagree that sound effects from water help to provide relief.

Figure 4.61 Natural sound from the flowing water help to divert the distraction from other people's conversations Natural Sound from the Flowing Water Help to Divert the Distraction from Other People's Conversations

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0%

38.0%

37.0%

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

17.0%

20.0% 0.0%

2.0%

6.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.61 portrays public response to natural sound from the flowing water to help to divert the distraction from other people's conversations. 38.0% of the 100 respondents very much agree that natural sound from the flowing water helps to divert the distraction from other people's conversations. However, 37.0% think differently and extremely agree that natural sound from the flowing water helps to divert the distraction from other people's conversations. Also, 17.0% of the respondents somewhat agree and another 6 respondents which equivalent to 6.0% somewhat disagree that natural sound from the flowing water helps to divert the distraction from other people's conversations. Only 2.0% disagree and another 0.0% extremely disagree with the statement above.

123

Figure 4.62 Plants can act as a buffer device in reducing unpleasant sound from the surrounding area Plants Can Act As a Buffer Device in Reducing Unpleasant Sound from the Surrounding Area

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

40.0% 40.0%

30.0% 21.0%

20.0% 1.0%

2.0%

6.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The data in Figure 4.62 shows public response on the plants’ role as a buffer device in reducing unpleasant sound from the surrounding area. Based on the bar chart, 39 of the respondents are very agree (40.0%) and extremely agree (30.0%) respectively on the statement. It is then followed by 21.0% respondents which somewhat agree and another 6.0% somewhat disagree with the statement above. Also, another 2.0% very much disagree with the statement and another 1.0% extremely disagree. Thus, the majority of the respondents very agree with the statement above and the mean score of question 39 is 4.87.

4.2.2.5 Section E: Public Experience on Application of Biophilic Design Based Human Sensory (Touch) Section E provides public experience on application of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil based human sensory (touch).

Touch consists of several distinct sensations communicated to the brain through specialized neurons in the skin. Pressure, temperature, light touch, vibration, pain and other sensations are all part of the touch sense and are all attributed to different receptors in the skin. Touch sensory in this study focuses to evaluate the effect from the biophilic

124

design attributes inside the shopping mall building such as water elements, plants, natural materials and building landscape.

Figure 4.63 Present of water in the surrounding can increases public experience toward a space through touching Present of Water in the Surrounding Can Increases Public Experience toward a Space Through Touching

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

36.0%

40.0%

25.0%

23.0%

13.0%

20.0% 0.0%

3.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The data in figure 4.63 shows the presence of water in the surrounding can increase public experience toward a space through touching. Result in figure 4.41 shows that out of 36 respondents, 36.0% of the respondents are very much in agreement and another 25.0% somewhat agree with the statement given. Meanwhile, 23 persons or equivalent to 23.0% of the respondents are extremely agree and another 13 respondents (13.0%) somewhat disagree with the statement mentioned above. Other than that, 3.0% very disagree and 0.0% extremely disagree that the presence of water in the surrounding can increase public experience toward a space through touching. In addition, the mean score of this survey question based on the respondent is 4.63.

125

Figure 4.64 Touching or engagement with plants can stimulate emotional and intellectual Touching or Engagement with Plants Can Stimulate Emotional and Intellectual

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

32.0%

40.0%

31.0% 20.0%

20.0% 0.0%

5.0%

12.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Question 41 in Section E asked about whether touching or engagement with plants can stimulate public emotion and intellect. The result from figure 4.64 indicates that the majority of the respondents (32.0%) somewhat agree and believe that touching or engagement with plants can help to stimulate public emotion and intellect. Only 31.0% and 20.0% are very agree and extremely agree respectively with the statement above. Another 12.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree, 5.0% very disagree and 0.0% are extremely disagree with the statement.

Figure 4.65 Touching the actual plants can help to improve blood flow rates and lead to state of relaxation Touching the Actual Plants Can Help to Improve Blood Flow Rates and Lead to State of Relaxation

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0%

26.0% 12.0%

20.0%

25.0%

16.0%

20.0%

1.0% 0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

126

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Question 42 in Section E asked about respondents’ experience whether touching the actual plants can help to lead to a state of relaxation. The bar chart in the figure 4.65 shows that 26.0% of the respondents somewhat agree with the statement that touching the actual plants can help to lead to a state of relaxation. Another 25 respondents, equivalent to 25.0% of the respondents, very much agree with the statement above.

Another 20.0% of the total 100 respondents strongly agree that touching the actual plants can help to lead to a state of relaxation. Furthermore, 16.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree with the statement above. On the other hand, only 12.0% of the respondents very disagree and 1.0% strongly disagree on the statement that a state of relaxation can be achieved by touching the actual plants.

Figure 4.66 Natural materials increases level of curiosity to be explored Natural Materials Increases Level of Curiosity to Be Explored

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

47.0%

40.0%

24.0%

20.0% 0.0%

2.0%

20.0%

7.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.66 highlights the respondents’ opinion toward the ability of natural materials to increase the level of curiosity to be explored by the public.

The results indicate that 47.0% very much agree with the statement that natural materials can increase the level of public curiosity to explore. Another 24.0% of the respondents somewhat agree and 20.0% extremely agree respectively on the given statement. On the other hand, 7.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree, 2.0% very

127

disagree and another 0.0% extremely disagree that natural materials increase the level of curiosity to be explored. Thus, the majority of the respondents very much agree with the statement mentioned above with the mean score of 4.76.

Figure 4.67 Material exploration unconsciously helps to divert mind from stress Material Exploration Unconsciously Helps to Divert Mind from Stress

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

33.0%

40.0%

24.0%

20.0% 0.0%

5.0%

27.0%

11.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The data in table 4.67 shows that material exploration unconsciously helps to divert the mind from stress. Based on the bar chart, most of the respondents very much agree (33.0%) that material exploration unconsciously helps to divert the mind from stress. Meanwhile, 27 persons or equivalent to 27.0% of the respondents are extremely agree that stress unconsciously can be diverted by material exploration. Furthermore, another 24.0% also somewhat agree with the statement above. It is followed by 11.0% (somewhat disagree), 5.0% very disagree and 0.0% extremely disagree on this statement. In conclusion, the majority of the respondents very much agree that the material exploration unconsciously helps to divert the mind from stress. The mean value extracted from this survey is 4.66.

128

Figure 4.68 “Material experience” or engagement with natural material allow public to interpret the material through touching “Material Experience” or Engagement with Natural Material Allow Public to Interpret through Touching

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

39.0% 40.0%

28.0%

20.0% 0.0%

3.0%

22.0%

8.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.68 shows the data of the statement whether material experience or engagement with natural material allows the public to interpret the material through touching or vice versa. Based on the result in figure 4.46, 39.0% of the respondents were very much in agreement with the statement above. Only 28.0% somewhat agree that engagement with natural material allows the public to interpret the material through touching while 22.0% extremely agree with the statement above. On the other hand, 8.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree, 3.0% very disagree and another 0.0% extremely disagree that interpretation of natural material through touching can be done by engaging with the material or experiencing it. Hence, the majority of the respondents very much agree with the statement given with a mean score of 4.69.

129

Figure 4.69 Landscape element inside the building can evoke and stimulate creativity Landscape Element Inside the Building Can Evoke and Stimulate Creativity

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

39.0% 40.0% 17.0%

20.0% 0.0%

24.0%

17.0%

3.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The data in Figure 4.69 shows the public response to the statement, the landscape element inside the building can evoke and stimulate creativity. Based on the bar chart, most of the respondents very much agree (39.0%) and extremely agree (24.0%) that landscape elements inside the building can evoke and stimulate creativity.

Meanwhile, 17 persons or equivalent to 17.0% of the respondents somewhat agree and somewhat disagree with that statement. Other than that, 3.0% of the respondents strongly disagree and 0.0% disagree that creativity can be evoked and stimulated by introducing landscape elements inside the building.

Figure 4.70 Engagement with landscape inside the building can encourage exploration toward the nature Engagement with Landscape inside the Building Can Encourage Exploration toward the Nature

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

36.0%

40.0%

27.0%

23.0% 20.0%

4.0%

9.0% 1.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

130

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Question 47 in Section E asked about respondents’ experience on the engagement with landscape inside the building that can encourage exploration toward nature. The bar chart in Figure 4.70 portrays that 36 respondents, equivalent to 36.0% of respondents, very much agree that engagement with landscape inside the building can encourage exploration toward nature. Another 27.0% and 23.0% of the respondents are extremely agree and somewhat agree respectively with the statement given. Other respondents perceive it differently. For instance, 9.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree, 4.0% disagree and only 1.0% disagree with the statement above.

Figure 4.71 Special features possessed by landscape elements in built environment can improve problem-solving skills Special Features Possessed by Landscape Elements in Built Environment Can Improve Problem-Solving Skills

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

35.0%

40.0%

32.0%

15.0%

20.0% 1.0%

12.0%

5.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Data in table 4.71 shows the impact of special features possessed by landscape elements in the built environment can improve problem-solving skills. Based on the bar chart, most of the respondents somewhat agree (35.0%) that landscape elements can improve problem-solving skills. It is then followed by 32.0% (very agree) and 15.0% (somewhat disagree) with the statement above. Meanwhile, 12 persons or equivalent to 12.0% of the respondents are extremely agree and another 5.0% are very disagree with the statement above. Other than that, 1.0% of the respondents strongly disagree that

131

special features possessed by landscape elements in the interior spaces can improve problem-solving skills. Hence, the mean score derived from the result is 4.28.

4.2.2.6 Section F: Public Experience on Application of Biophilic Design Based Human Sensory (Smell) Section E provides public experience on application of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil based human sensory (smell). Sense of smell is the special sense through which smells are perceived. It occurs when an odor binds to a receptor within the nasal cavity, transmitting a signal through the olfactory system. Olfaction has many functions, including detecting hazards, and pheromones, and plays a role in taste. Smell sensory in this study focusing to evaluate the odor effect from the biophilic design attributes inside the shopping mall building such as water elements, plants, air and landscape.

Figure 4.72 Unique smell of nature often associated and influence past memories Unique Smell of Nature Often Associated and Influence Past Memories

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

45.0%

40.0% 20.0%

4.0%

10.0%

23.0%

17.0%

1.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.72 shows the data of the statement that 45.0 % of the respondents very much agree that the unique smell of nature is often associated with and influences memories, while 23.0% extremely agree with the statement above. Only 17.0% or equivalent to 17 respondents somewhat agree that the unique smell of nature

132

is often associated with and influences past memories. On the other hand, 10.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree, 4.0% extremely disagree and another 1.0% very disagree that past memories are often associated and influenced by the unique smell of nature. In short, the majority of the respondents very much agree with the statement above with a mean score of 4.67.

Figure 4.73 Scents from plants and flower inside the space can help to reduce discomfort Scents from Plants and Flower inside the Space Can Help to Reduce Discomfort

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

44.0%

40.0% 12.0%

20.0% 0.0%

24.0%

18.0%

2.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Question 50 in Section F asked about respondents’ experience on the scents from plants and flowers inside the space that can help to reduce discomfort. The bar chart in the figure 4.73 shows that out of 100 respondents, only 44.0% of the respondents very much agree that scents from plants and flowers inside the space can help to reduce discomfort. Meanwhile, 24.0% are extremely agree and 18.0% somewhat agree with the statement that scents from plants and flowers inside the space can help to reduce discomfort. On the other hand, 12.0% out of the 100 respondents think vice versa and somewhat disagree with the statement above. Another 2.0% disagree and 0.0% disagree that scents from plants and flowers inside the space can help to reduce discomfort. The mean value extracted from this survey is 4.76.

133

Figure 4.74 Restorative effect of nature therapy can be done by introducing natural elements Restorative Effect of Nature Therapy Can be done by Introducing Natural Elements

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

32.0%

40.0% 20.0% 0.0%

2.0%

29.0%

31.0%

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

6.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.74 indicates public experience on the natural elements can create a restorative effect of nature therapy. Based on the responses, it shows that 32.0% of the respondents feel somewhat agree. Furthermore, 31.0% are extremely agree that natural elements can create a restorative effect of nature therapy. 29 respondents (29.0%) out of 100 respondents very much agree that the restorative effect of nature therapy can be done by introducing natural elements. Only 6.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree, 2.0% very disagree and another 0.0% also extremely disagree with the statement. Thus, most of the respondents somewhat agree with the statement mentioned above with a mean score of 4.81.

134

Figure 4.75 Serenity of a surrounding environment can be improved by the introduction of natural scent from the fragrant plants Serenity of a Surrounding Environment Can Be Improved by the Introduction of Natural Scent from the Fragrant Plants Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0%

37.0%

34.0%

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

23.0% 20.0% 0.0%

0.0%

6.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.75 shows the data of the statement that 37.0% of the respondents were choosing very agree indicating that they are very agree serenity of a surrounding environment can be improved by the introduction of natural scent from the fragrant plants, while 34.0% are extremely agree with the statement above. Only 23 respondents (23.0%) somewhat agree that serenity of a surrounding environment can be improved by the introduction of natural scent from the fragrant plants. However, 6.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree. On the other hand, 0.0% disagree and extremely disagree that introduction of natural scent from the fragrant plants can create serenity to the surrounding environment. In conclusion, most of the respondents very much agree that serenity of a surrounding environment can be improved by the introduction of natural scent from the fragrant plants. In addition, the mean score for question 52 is 4.99.

135

Figure 4.76 Natural scent from fragrant plants can create alertness toward the natural environment Natural Scent from Fragrant Plants Can Create Alertness toward the Natural Environment

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

51.0%

40.0%

28.0% 15.0%

20.0% 0.0%

1.0%

5.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Question 53 in Section F asked about respondents’ experience on natural scent from the fragrant plants that can create alertness toward the natural environment. The bar chart in Figure 4.76 portrays that 51 respondents out of 100 respondents which is equivalent to 51.0% of respondents are very agree that natural scent from the fragrant plants can create alertness toward the natural environment. Another 28.0% and 15.0% are respectively extremely agree and somewhat agree with the statement given. Other respondents perceive it differently. For instance, 5.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree, 1.0% very disagree and 0.0% are extremely disagree with the statement above.

Hence, the majority of the respondents very much agree with the statement above and the mean score from the question is 5.00.

136

Figure 4.77 Natural scent produced by the fragrant plants can create the mood in a natural indoor environment Natural Scent Produced by the Fragrant Plants Can Create the Mood in a Natural Indoor Environment Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0%

54.0%

60.0% 40.0%

27.0% 14.0%

20.0% 0.0%

1.0%

4.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The bar chart in Figure 4.77 shows, 54.0% were choosing very agree that natural scent produced by the fragrant plants can create the mood in a natural indoor environment while 27.0% are extremely agree with the statement above. On the other hand, 14.0% of the respondents somewhat agree, 4.0% somewhat disagree, 1.0% very disagree and 0.0% extremely disagree that the mood in a natural indoor environment can be created by natural scent produced by the fragrant plants. In conclusion, the majority of the respondents very much agree with the statement above.

Figure 4.78 Good ventilation system inside the building can activate human senses of smell and resulting a positive impact Good Ventilation System inside the Building Can Active Human Sense of Smell and Resulting a Positive Impact

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

50.0% 32.0%

40.0% 13.0%

20.0% 0.0%

1.0%

4.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

137

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Question 55 in Section F asked about respondents’ experience on how a good ventilation system inside the building can activate human senses of smell. The bar chart in Figure 4.78 portrays that half from 100 respondents, equivalent to 50.0% of respondents, are extremely agree that positive impact inside the building is influenced by the good ventilation system inside the building. Meanwhile, 32.0% are very much in agreement and 13 respondents (13.0%) somewhat agree with the statement that a good ventilation system inside the building can activate human senses of smell. There are also other respondents who perceive it differently. For instance, 4.0% somewhat disagree and 0.0% disagree with the statement that a good ventilation system inside the building can activate human senses of smell. The mean value extracted from this survey is 5.26.

Figure 4.79 Walking through the natural setting within the building can help to reconnect with nature Walking Through the Natural Setting within the Building Can Help to Reconnect with Nature Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

47.0%

40.0%

27.0%

20.0% 20.0% 0.0%

0.0%

6.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The data in table 4.79 shows that walking through the natural setting within the building can help to reconnect with nature. Based on the bar chart, most of the respondents very much agree (47.0%) that walking through the natural setting within the building can help to reconnect with nature. Meanwhile, 27 persons or equivalent to

138

27.0% of the respondents strongly agree with the statement and another 20.0% somewhat agree with the statement above. Other than that, 6.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree that one of the ways to reconnect with nature can be done through walking within the natural setting inside the building. In conclusion, the majority of the respondents very much agree with the statement and the mean score for question 56 is 4.95.

Figure 4.80 Touching and smelling natural landscape elements can reduce the stress Touching and Smelling Natural Landscape Elements Can Reduce the Stress Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0%

41.0% 40.0%

26.0%

20.0%

20.0%

11.0% 0.0%

2.0%

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

Question 57 in Section C asked about respondents’ experience whether touching and smelling natural landscape elements can reduce stress. The bar chart in Figure 4.80 portrays that 41 out of 100 respondents which equivalent to 41.0% of respondents are very agree while 26.0% somewhat agree and another 20.0% are extremely agree respectively with the statement that touching and smelling natural landscape elements help to reduce the stress. However, 11 respondents (11.0%) somewhat disagree with the statement given. Other respondents perceive it differently. For instance, 2.0% of the respondents very disagree and 0.0% are extremely disagree. In conclusion, the majority of the respondents very much agree that touching and smelling natural landscape

139

elements can help to reduce stress. Based on the result from the survey, the mean value extracted from this survey is 4.66.

4.2.2.7 Section G: Public Experience on Application of Biophilic Design Based Human Sensory (Taste) Section E provides public experience on application of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil based human sensory (taste). Taste is the perception produced or stimulated when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity, mostly on the tongue. Taste sensory in this study focusing to evaluate the effect from the biophilic design attributes inside the shopping mall building such as plants and natural materials.

Figure 4.81 Plants planted in the building help to enhance sensory communication Plants Planted in the Building Help to Enhance Sensory Communication

Public Response (%)

100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0%

27.0%

22.0%

21.0%

13.0%

20.0%

16.0%

1.0% 0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

The data in table 4.81 shows the plants planted in the building help to enhance sensory communication. Based on the bar chart, most of the respondents (27.0%) disagree that the plants planted in the building help to enhance sensory communication.

In contrast to that, 22 respondents, equivalent to 22.0% somewhat agree and 21.0% very much agree respectively with the statement above. Furthermore, 16.0% of the respondents extremely agree that the plants planted in the building help to enhance

140

sensory communication. Meanwhile, 13 persons or equivalent to 13.0% of the respondents somewhat disagree and 1.0% extremely disagree with the statement. In addition, the mean score for question 52 is 3.83.

Figure 4.82 Selection of material in building design can affect the response toward taste of the food

Public Response (%)

Selection of Material in Building Design Can Affect the Response toward Taste of the Food 100.0% 80.0% 60.0% 40.0% 20.0%

28.0% 7.0%

23.0%

14.0%

16.0%

12.0%

Very Agree

Extremely Agree

0.0% Extremely Very Somewhat Somewhat Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree

The data in Figure 4.82 shows public response on selection of material in building design can affect the response toward taste of the food. Based on the bar chart, 28 out of 100 respondents somewhat disagree (28.0%) with the statement that selection of material in building design can affect their response toward taste of the food.

Meanwhile, 23.0% of respondents somewhat agree and another 16 respondents (16.0%) very much agree with the statement above. It is followed by 14.0% of the respondents very disagree, 12.0% are extremely agree and 7.0% are extremely disagree respectively with the statement above. Thus, the majority of the respondents somewhat disagree with the statement above with the mean value of 3.63.

141

4.3 CHAPTER SUMMARY In conclusion, this chapter has discussed the results and findings for each data collection method, (a) field observation and (b) online survey. As for the field observation, researchers have selected two shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley namely One Utama Shopping Centre and Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. The strategies and eight attributes of biophilic design used for the implementation of biophilic design in these two malls were observed by researchers. On the other hand, the data received from the online survey were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software version 2013 based on the mode, median and mean. In the next chapter, researchers will highlight significant results from the data analyzed in this chapter and provide recommendations for the future studies pertaining to this topic.

142

CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION This last chapter covers the recommendations and conclusions based on the findings in the previous chapter. The findings discussion is led by the two research questions stated in chapter one. However, the discussion will only focus on the theoretical and practical subject on biophilic design, shopping mall building, and public perception of biophilic design implementation. Furthermore, based on the findings, this chapter will provide numerous recommendations and several suggestions for further research.

5.2 CONCLUSION OF THE FINDINGS This research aims to evaluate the public experience toward the application of biophilic design concepts in shopping mall buildings in Klang Valley. Hence, in order to answer the research questions, various analyses have been conducted on the primary data. Data collected in the observation process will be analyzed carefully, grouped accordingly and translated into simpler form. Data analysis through observation will be presented in the format of writing a report and a pictorial description. However, the data received from the online survey were analyzed using Microsoft Excel software version 2013 based on the mode, median and mean.

5.2.1 Conclusion from Observation Analysis 5.2.1.1 One Utama Shopping Centre Based on the data collected during the observation process, there are several significant conclusions that can be drawn. In general, One Utama Shopping Center has

143

all the characteristics of a biophilic building with several design strategies identified based on the literature review. For instance, the design of this building was associated with natural elements such as color, water, natural materials and ventilation, plants, natural materials, view, landscape and natural lighting.

First of all, the results from the observation found that the selection of brown and earth colors in the shopping mall is based on the suggestion from the biophilic design. However, it indirectly makes the interior of this building a little darker and goes against the biophilic principle in promoting visual comfort. This is exacerbated by the high density of vegetation planted in the area such as tall tropical trees which prevents the surrounding area from receiving an adequate amount of light even though the roof design of this building has compromised the use of natural light.

In addition, the selection of shady trees, dense leaves and implementation of a garden with tropical forest concept make this area seem to be in a real natural environment. At the same time, the slightly large scale of this area and being surrounded by tropical trees makes this area a bit messy. Through the observation as well, some large trees planted around this area have also caused visual obstruction in this area.

However, this problem does not occur in the whole area and only from certain parts of the space.

Moreover, the use of water elements as part of the biophilic design is seen to be parallel with the strategy suggested by Heerwagen and Hase (2001). The intention of creating a sense of playfulness in the building space was succeeded by manipulating the movement of water through the introduction of man-made fish ponds, artificial waterfalls and mini aquariums. The sound effect of the movement of the water has made the surrounding area seem to be in a real natural-setting environment and mask unnecessary noise towards this space. In addition, the use of natural materials as part of

144

the landscape elements in this area is sufficient to make this area rich in biodiversity and qualify this building to be classified as a biophilic building.

5.2.1.2 Aurora Place Bukit Jalil Basically, the comparison for the scale of the Aurora Place Bukit Jalil building compared to One Utama Shopping Center is different, because the size of the Aurora Place Bukit Jalil building is smaller. Thus, there are also differences in terms of the implementation of biophilic design inside the Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. For example, the space allocated for the biophilic design concept is small compared to One Utama Shopping Mall.

Landscape elements used in the biophilic design of this building are more concentrated in the central part of the building, with the use of natural elements such as plants, rocks and water. Unlike One Utama Shopping Center, this mini garden area is only located on one floor level and surrounded by retail units and acts as a communal area. In addition, the slightly small scale of the building also makes this area planted with small, medium plants and shrubs. Thus, the landscape in this area seems modest and neater compared to One Utama Shopping Center in order to create an appropriate scale of view.

Furthermore, the water elements used in the landscape of this building are also small-scale and only focused on the use of fountains and water spray. However, the main intention of using the water element in this building is also still achieved successfully in creating an amusing environment and at the same time also help to produce a pleasant sound effect. On the other hand, the level of light penetration in Aurora Place Bukit Jalil is higher compared to One Utama Shopping Center. This is due to the floor plan layout of this building which is elongated and the density of trees

145

planted in this area is low. The use of translucent tempered glass for skylights in this area is also important in order to avoid glare and facilitate navigation inside this building. Through on -site observations as well, artificial lighting systems are not required in this area during the day due to adequate natural light sources. In short, the application of biophilic design in Aurora Bukit Jalil is more modest and contemporary compared to One Utama Shopping Centre.

5.2.2 Conclusion from Survey on Public Experience Section A: Demographic Based on the findings from the survey, most of the respondents are female, which consists of 53.0% from 100 respondents. The group of participants aged around 21 to 30 years is the majority group that are involved with the survey with the percentage of 62.0% and 44.0% of the respondents working in the private sector. In addition, most respondents who visited One Utama Shopping Center or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil more than three times for recreational purposes, followed by the purpose of buying groceries.

Section B: Public Knowledge, Awareness and Benefits Section B of this survey was conducted to assess public knowledge, awareness and benefits toward the implementation of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Center and Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. Basically, more than half (64.0%) of the total respondents do not know about the term and definition of biophilic. On the other hand, for the group that understands this biophilic concept, the majority of them believe biophilic design is always associated with the use of natural elements and the remaining 20.0% believe biophilic design only relates to the use of trees in building design. Next, based on the public’s understanding of biophilic application, found that most of the respondents only partially understand this biophilic design. However, the majority of

146

the respondents who visit One Utama Shopping Center or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil are aware of the implementation of biophilic concepts in these two buildings and aware about the benefits of biophilic design applications.

Section C: Sight Section C provides public experience on application of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Center and Aurora Place Bukit Jalil based human sensory sight. Based on the findings from the survey, it was found that visitors who visit the shopping mall are more interested in spaces that have a good visual connection to nature. Moreover, the majority of them also believe that space that has a good visual connection to nature also has an impact in creating a tranquil setting inside the building. Generally, biophilic implementations provide benefits to users. For example, this can be seen from the response experience when they are exposed to the green plants in certain particular spaces. The results of the survey found that respondents strongly agreed with the role of trees in reducing stress and creating a satisfying scenery inside the selected shopping mall.

In addition, natural elements such as building materials also play an important aspect in biophilic design. Based on the literature review, each building material has certain characteristics and has the ability to affect human behavior. However, based on the survey conducted, respondents only somewhat agree with the statement. Next, a summary of respondents’ experience on the use of natural light in these two buildings found that they extremely agree that natural lighting helps in facilitating navigation in the mall building. However, the use of natural lighting in the building does not have a profound effect on the loyalty of visitors to the malls. Respondents also have different views on the role of natural lighting to create better product visibility and employee

147

motivation. In conclusion, the overall mean score for 21 questions in section C is 4.69 with the average respondent very much agreeing with the role of sensory sight in responding toward biophilic design in these two malls.

Section D: Hearing Section D provides public experience on application of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre and Aurora Place Bukit Jalil based human sensory (hearing).

Based on the biophilic design, there are several ways to manipulate the visitor's sense of sound, which are through water elements and plants. A summary of the survey found that respondents extremely agree with the role of the water element in making the surrounding area more lively and strengthening the relationship between humans and nature. In addition, most of the respondents agreed water helps to buffer out and masks unpleasant sounds. In addition, results of the survey found that the respondents agreed that the sound effects produced by the water elements can provide relief to the visitors.

In conclusion, the overall mean score for 6 questions in section D is 4.95 with the average respondent very much agreeing with the role of sensory hearing in responding toward biophilic design in these two malls.

Section E: Touch Based on the survey, there are several elements that can be applied to stimulate the sense of touch in biophilic design. Among them are the introduction of water elements, trees, natural materials and landscape. Based on the survey conducted, 2/3 of the respondents very much agree the existence of the water element in the shopping mall that they visit makes their experience in the space more valuable. In terms of the use of plants, respondents only somewhat agree that touching plants affects their emotions and improves blood flow rates. However, most respondents strongly agree

148

that the use of natural materials in the design of shopping malls they visit may increase curiosity to explore nature through touching and at the same time helps to divert the mind from stress. In conclusion, overall mean value for 9 questions in section E is 4.56 with the average respondent very much agreeing with the role of sensory touch in responding toward biophilic design in these two malls.

Section F: Smell The sense of smell in biophilic designs is often associated with natural plants.

For example, a summary of the survey results found that respondents very agreed that the smells produced from the fragrant plants helped reduce discomfort, increase serenity and create the mood at the particular space. However, most respondents are still divided about whether the restorative effect of nature therapy can be done by introducing natural elements. In addition, the results of the survey found that more than half of the respondents extremely agree that, good ventilation system inside the building can activate human senses of smell and result in a positive impact. In conclusion, the overall mean score for 9 questions in section F is 4.90 with the average respondent very much agreeing with the role of sensory smell in responding toward biophilic design in these two malls.

Section G: Taste Section E provides public experience on application of biophilic design in One Utama Shopping Centre and Aurora Place Bukit Jalil based human sensory perception of taste. Generally, not much can be elaborated in stimulating the sense of taste in biophilic designs except through the use of natural elements such as plants. Final results from the survey found that the average respondents have different views on the role of plants in improving the communication of the taste senses to the trees planted but 27.0%

149

of the respondents very disagree with the statement. In addition, through the selection of certain building materials, the majority of respondents somewhat disagree that building materials may affect the taste of the food that they are eating in the particular space. In conclusion, the overall mean score for 2 questions in section G is only 3.73 with the average respondent somewhat agreeing with the role of sensory taste in responding toward biophilic design in these two malls.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS The recommendations are made based on the findings during observation and online survey process. Based on the observations made at the One Utama Shopping Mall and Aurora Place Bukit Jalil buildings on biophilic design, there are several improvements in terms of design that can be done to ensure that the building achieves an effective biophilic design and gain the benefits to the end users.

First of all, through the observations made at One Utama Shopping Mall, the study found that the interior of the building uses brown or natural earth color for wall and floor finishing. Based on color selection, it is parallel with biophilic design application. However, this color selection makes the lighting level inside the building a little darker. Therefore, there are several methods that can be adopted to overcome this problem. For example, the color selection for the floor and wall finish must be brighter, cheerful and harmonious such as light brown as suggested by Kellert and Calabrese (2015). In addition, the selection of plants should be more moderate and appropriate based on the scale and location inside the building in order to ensure less area is obstructed from receiving sunlight due to the density and thickness of the tree leaves (Kellert & Calabrese, 2015; Dalay, 2020).

150

Next, penetration of sunlight into the building space can also be done by maximizing the opening of the building by introducing openings on the side of the building. As suggested by Heerwagen and Hase (2001), they explain brightness inside the building can be manipulated using natural lighting by maximizing the opening of buildings such as windows, roofs and walls. Sufficient natural light penetration to the floor of the building allows small trees and shrubs to get enough light to grow.

Furthermore, introduction of openings on the side of the building not only helps natural light to penetrate inside the building but it also allows the ventilation system inside the building to be more effective. Air from outside can freely flow inside and outside the building and naturally ventilate the space. It is parallel with suggestions by Kellert (2018), where design strategies such as stack effects and cross can be used to increase the natural ventilation access inside the building. The same strategy can also be applied in the Aurora Place Bukit Jalil building with the introduction of openings and voids at the center part of the building. The original building design only placed openings at both ends of the building. Therefore, this causes the middle part of the building to be slightly closed and cannot achieve an optimal ventilation system.

On the other hand, based on the online survey conducted on 100 respondents who had visited one of the shopping malls found, although the majority of the respondents were equipped with a high level of education, more than half of the respondents are not familiar with the term biophilic design and its meaning.

Furthermore, those who understand also often mistakenly assume that biophilic design only involves the use of tree elements in building design. Therefore, parties that are involved in the field of environmental design must play an important role in promoting biophilic design concepts to the public to ensure that the public can enjoy a sustainable lifestyle in the future.

151

In addition, through a survey conducted on 100 respondents, the results found that the majority of respondents had a satisfactory experience when they visited these two shopping malls. However, there are some improvements that can be made based on the results from the survey. Among them, most of the respondents do not agree that retail units in these two buildings using natural lighting may provide better product visibility inside retail units. Retail units in these two buildings only use artificial lighting systems because the design layout of the retail unit faces the internal courtyard area and there is no opening at the back of the retail units. Therefore, improvements from the retail unit layout design can be done by introducing openings at the back of the building such as window, curtain wall and clearstory window in order to control the daylight from access into certain part of retail unit and further to provide better product visibility inside the space (Kellert, 2018).

The results of the survey conducted found that natural scent application in shopping malls is limited to the use of plants that do not produce a fragrant smell.

Therefore, suggestions to introduce fragrant plants or flowers can change the experience of visitors on the sense of smell such as may improve serenity, alertness and create the mood inside the building (Weber & Heuberger, 2008). Other than that, the trees planted inside these shopping malls are just decorative plants for aesthetic purposes. Hence, based on the survey, the majority of respondents believe that the trees planted inside the buildings cannot help to improve the taste sensory communication of the visitors because they are not edible plants. Thus, the introduction of the edible garden concept in the interior of the building in the future, may allow the visitors to interact with the plants by eating the fruit from the tree and this indirectly can create sensory communication of taste among the visitors (Spence, 2020).

152

5.4 SUGGESTIONS FOR THE FUTURE RESEARCH According to the research done by the researcher, there are several limitations and suggestions need to be highlighted in the scope of biophilic design, shopping mall building and public perception toward biophilic design implementation. Findings from this research can be a good starting point to understand about biophilic design application in shopping in Malaysia. However, further research is required to get better understanding from this study based on time and resource constraints due to covid-19 outbreak.

Basically this study touches on the evaluation of public experience on the elements of the environment that applies this biophilic design based on five human senses. However, based on the theory of "six biophilic elements" by Kellert and Caballero (2015) there are five other elements that are still not outlined, which are natural shapes and forms, natural patterns and processes, light and space, place-based relationships and evolved human-nature relationship. Basically, this research is limited to environmental elements only with eight attributes under the elements of environmental features, which are (1) color, (2) water, (3) water, (4) plants, (5) natural materials, (6) view, (7) landscape and (8) lighting. For future studies, it is proposed to study biophilic elements from the perspective of other elements that have yet to be unexplored.

Other than that, this study focuses on the implementation and biophilic design strategies used in selected shopping mall buildings based on literature review conducted. According to Browning, Ryan and Clancy (2014), the United States of America adopts the LEED Building Standard as a guideline to identify buildings with biophilic designs. However, in the Malaysian context there is still no single building that can be identified as biophilic buildings based on a building standard. Hence, study

153

about the biophilic design characteristic based on LEED Building Standard or any other relevant building standard related to biophilic design application can be done in the future in order to identify the biophilic building design based on the certain standard.

Last but not least, geographic scope of this study on biophilic design was limited to the Klang Valley area only. Hence, further research can be extended to other regions in Malaysia in ensuring that the study related to biophilic can be expanded in Malaysia.

5.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY This study is conducted to ensure that it can answer and meet the requirements of the research objectives presented at the beginning of the research. Basically, there are two objectives of the research that researchers intend to achieve. The first objective is to investigate about the strategies used for biophilic design approach in shopping malls in Klang Valley and the second objective is to evaluate the public experience based on the implementation of biophilic design concept in the shopping mall in Klang Valley.

The first objective of this research is to investigate about the strategies used for biophilic design approaches in shopping malls in Klang Valley. Based on the findings from observations conducted at One Utama Shopping Mall and Aurora Bukit Jalil, found several biophilic design strategies used in building design. Among the strategies used for building design is by integrating eight attributes of biophilic design under the elements of environmental features which are, (1) color, (2) water, (3) water, (4) plants, (5) natural materials, (6) view, (7) landscape and (8) lighting. Conclusion from the observation found some weaknesses that can be improved such as low lighting rates inside the building as well as non-optimal natural ventilation system. Hence, based on the literature review some suggestions of biophilic design in these two buildings can be

154

applied such as selection of appropriate natural colors, selection appropriate scale of plants and suggested more openings in the walls of shopping mall.

The second objective in this study is to evaluate the public experience based on the implementation of biophilic design concept in the shopping mall building in Klang Valley. Based on an online survey conducted on 100 respondents, the results found that the majority of respondents had a satisfactory experience when they visited these two shopping malls. However, there are some improvements that can be made based on the several results received from the participants. Improvements can be made at the interior space of retail units where most of the visitor does not agree with the role of natural lighting which may provide better product visibility inside retail units. Moreover, the visitors also found that the smell produced by nature is limited to ordinary plants only.

Not to mention, most of the visitors believe that plants inside the buildings cannot help to improve the taste sensory communication. Through the unsatisfactory experience of these visitors, some suggestions for improvement were made such as introducing an opening inside the retail unit. In addition, the introduction of fragrant and edible plants is also seen to have the potential to improve visitors' sense of smell and taste.

In conclusion, based on the results from the research, hopefully this study succeeds in achieving both the research objectives outlined. Biophilic design is proven to benefit the visitors of the shopping mall if the natural elements are appropriately integrated with building design. Application of biophilic design in the shopping mall building design should be considered in the future to ensure that the function of the shopping mall can be evolved into a place of relaxation with an optimal sustainable environment. Industry players are also expected to use this study as an inspiration in designing more effective biophilic shopping mall buildings in the future based on the experience and preference of the visitors.

155

REFERENCES

Al-Musaed, A. (2011). Biophilic and Bioclimatic Architecture. London: Springer.

Retrieved from http://iec.edu.uy/site/component/phocadownload/category/7iec-cultura-teoria-y-etica-sustentabilidad.html?download=99:formacion Aya, E. M. (2018). Biophilia, Humans & the Connections. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/35791761/Biophilia_Humans_and_the_Connection.

Bajçinovci, B. (2016). Architectural Conceptual Design - The Sustainable Shopping Malls Structures. European Journal of Technology and Design, Vol. 14, 136143.

Bakr, M. A. A., Khaled M. N., & Adnan, A. (2014). Parametric Study of Light-Well Design for Day Lighting Analysis under Clear Skies. IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1, 81-85.

Bloch, P.H., Ridgway, N. M., & Dawson, S. A. (1994). The Shopping Mall as Consumer Habitat. Journal of Retailing, Vol. 70, No. 1, 23-42.

Bosch, S. J., Cama, R., Edelstein, E., & Malkin, J. (2012). The Application of Color in Healthcare Settings. The Center for Health Design. Retrieved from https://www.healthdesign.org/chd/knowledge-repository/application-colorhealthcare-settings.

Chai, Y., H. (2017). Keeping up with Changing Trends. The Edge. Retrieved from https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/keeping-changing-trends.

Clay, G. R., & Daniel T. C. (2000). Scenic Landscape Assessment: The Effects of Land Management Jurisdiction on Public Perception of Scenic Beauty. Landscape and Urban Planning. Vol. 49, 1-13.

Cooking and Remedies. (2020). World's LARGEST Indoor Rainforest?! | One Utama Malaysia Shopping Center Rainforest. Retrieved from https://www.youtube .com/watch?v= 4f8aLH_nvPo. Dalay, L. (2020). The Impact of Biophilic Design Elements on the Atmospheric Perception of the Interior Space. International Journal of Landscape Architecture Research, Vol. 4, 4-20.

Data.gov.my. (2018). Senarai Pusat Membeli Belah Utama di Kuala Lumpur. Retrieved from https://www.data.gov.my/data/en_US/dataset/senarai-pusat-membelibelah-utama-di-kuala-lumpur/resource/2d2b8460-08c8-4c73-9a66 73fc8599a8 1b.

Dębek, M. (2015). What Drives Shopping Mall Attractiveness? Polish Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol. 13.

156

DeJosephine, O. M. H., & Azizi B. (2019). Biophilic Design in Heritage Indoor Coworking Space in George Town, Penang, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment. 1-19.

Devgelrange. (2018). One Utama Garden. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com /watch?v=wIdYegsHOpM. Dewan Negeri Selangor. (2014). Mesyuarat Ketiga Penggal Kedua Dewan Negeri Selangor Tahun 2014. Portal Rasmi Dewan Negeri Selangor. Retrieved from http://dewan.selangor.gov.my/question/pusat-membeli-belah/.

Dubihlela, D., & Dubihlela, J. (2014) Attributes of Shopping Mall Image, Customer Satisfaction and Mall Patronage for Selected Shopping Malls in Southern Gauteng, South Africa. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies. Vol. 6, 682-689.

Eberhard, J. P. (2007). Architecture and the Brain: A New Knowledge Base from Neuroscience. Atlanta: Greenway Communications.

Edwards, L., & Torcellini, P. (2002). A Literature Review of the Effects of Natural Light on Building Occupants. U. S. Department of Energy Laboratory. Retrieved from https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1401776/m2/1/high_res_ d/15000841.pdf.

Emmerich, S. J., Dols, W. S., & Axley, J. W. (2001). Natural Ventilation Review and Plan for Design and Analysis Tools. NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR), National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved from https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=860854.

Federal Publication. (2011). Federal - Chambers: Advanced English Dictionary.

Gottdiener, M. (1995). Postmodern Semiotics: Material Culture and the Forms of Postmodern Life. Cambridge: Blackwell.

Grinde, B., & Patil, G. G. (2009). Biophilia: Does Visual Contact with Nature Impact on Health and Well-Being? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Vol. 6, 2332-2343.

Gürçel, Ç. (2003). Integration of Shopping Malls with Pedestrian Environment: An Analysis of Akköprü Migros and Karum Shopping Malls. Retrieved from http://www.thesis.bilkent.edu.tr/0002277.pdf.

Gussander, J. (2004). Real Estate Management of Shopping Centres: Services, tenants and customers. Retrieved from http://www.gsdgraphics.com/moshe/Backup /PROPERTY/ArticlesLiterature/Shoping%20Center%20info/Gussander_Essay .pdf.

Hafizah, N. J., Hishamuddin M. A., & Nurhayati, K. (2012). The Shopping Mall Servicescape Affects Customer Satisfaction. 3rd International Conference on Business and Economic Research. Retrieved from http://eprints.utm.my/id/ eprint/40033/.

157

Haga, A., Halin, N., Holmgren, M., & Sörqvist, P. (2016). Psychological Restoration can depend on Stimulus-Source Attribution: A Challenge for the Evolutionary Account? Frontiers in Psychology. Vol. 7, 1-8.

Hami, A., Fazilah, F. M., & Suhardi, M. (2018). Public Preferences toward Shopping Mall Interior Landscape Design in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 30. 1-7.

Heerwagen, J. & Hase, B. (2001). Building Biophilia: Connecting People to Nature in Building Design. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/336462255 /Docs-8543.

Helvacıoğlu, E., & Olguntürk, N. (2010). Colour and Wayfinding. Colour and Light in Architecture: First International Conference 2010 Proceedings. 464-468.

Ho Hup Group. (n.d). Current Projects: Aurora Place @ Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur.

Retrieved from http://www.hohupgroup.com.my/b_cur_aur.html.

Holden, R., & Liversedge, J. (2014). Landscape Architecture an Introduction. Laurence King Publishing Ltd. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/bilgeturgut/docs/ holden_2014_landscape_arch_an_intro.

Hongisto, V., Varjo, J., Oliva, D., Haapakangas, A., & Benway, E. (2017). Perception of Water-Based Masking Sounds - Long-Term Experiment in an Open-Plan Office. Front. Psychol. Vol. 8, 1-14.

Jain, R., & Bagdare, S. (2011). Music and Consumption Experience: A Review.

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 39, 289-302.

Josephine, O. M. H., & Azizi B. (2019). Biophilic Design and Plants Application in Rebuilding Kaki Lima of Heritage Shophouses. 4th International Conference on Rebuilding Place 2019. 642-650.

Joye, Y. (2007). A Tentative Argument for the Inclusion of Nature-Based Forms in Architecture. Retrieved from https://docplayer.net/54472878-A-tentativeargument-for-the-inclusion-of-nature-based-forms-in-architecture.html.

Kainlauri, E. O. (1995). Atrium Design Criteria Resulting from Comparative Studies of Atriums with Different Orientation and Complex Interfacing of Environmental Systems. Retrieved from https://www.aivc.org/resource/atrium-design-criteriaresulting-comparative-studies-atriums-different-orientation-and.

Karana, E., Pedgley, O., Rognoli, V., (2014): Materials Experience: Fundamentals of Materials and Design. Elsevier.

Kellert, S. R. (2005). Building for Life: Designing and Understanding the HumanNature Connection. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Retrieved from https://my1lib.org/book/684550/bc02c7?id=684550&secret=bc02c7.

Kellert, S. R. (2018). Nature by Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design. Yale University Press. Retrieved from z-lib.org.

158

Kellert, S. R., & Calabrese, E. E. (2015). The Practice of Biophilic Design. Retrieved from www.biofilic-design.com.

Kellert, S. R., Heerwagen, J., & Mador, M. (2008). Biophilic Design the Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Retrieved from z-lib.org.

Kotler, K., & Armstrong, G. (2012). Principles of Marketing. Pearson Prentice Hall, 14th Edition.

Kujtim, H. (2018). The Role of Shopping Malls in Consumer’s Life: A Pilot Study with Kosovar Consumer. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication /323228646_THE_ROLE_OF_SHOPPING_MALLS_IN_CONSUMER%27S_ LIFE_A_PILOT_STUDY_WITH_KOSOVAR_CONSUMER. Kumar, A. & Thakur, Y, S. (2014). A Study of Key Factor Affecting Customer Relationship towards Shopping Mall. International Journal of Business Quantitative Economics and Applied Management Research. Vol. 1, 118-127.

Lana, A. A., Ansam, S. A., & Shna A. M. (2017). Design Elements Affecting the Using of Atriums in Shopping Malls in Erbil City. Sulaimani Journal for Engineering Sciences. Vol. 4, 26-41.

Lee, H. C., & Park, S. J. (2018). Assessment of Importance and Characteristics of Biophilic Design Patterns in a Children’s Library. Sustainability. Vol. 10, 1-16.

Mahire, Ö., & Murat Ö. (2017). Water Garden Design in Landscape Architecture.

Sustainable Landscape Planning and Design.

Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324731223_Water_Garden_Design_i n_Landscape_Architecture.

McGinn, R. J. (2016). Natural Healing: Physical and Spiritual Healing (in a Powerful and Nurturing Setting). Retrieved from https://library.ndsu.edu/ir/handle/10365/ 25607.

Ng. C. F. (2003). Satisfying Shoppers’ Psychological Needs: From Public Market to Cyber-Mall. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Vol. 23, 439-455.

Heath, O., Jackson, V., & Goode, E. (2018). Creating Positive Spaces Using Biophilic Design. Interface’s Design Lab. Retrieved from https://globalwellness institute.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/12/biophilicdesignguide-en.pdf.

Pearson Longman. (2009). Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. New Edition for Advance Learners.

Pranita, P., & Deepali, K. H. (2019). Biophilic Design: A Sustainable Approach.

Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340161940_Biophilic _Design_A_Sustainable_Approach.

159

Reza, B. (2017). Colour and Light in Architecture and its Effects on Spirits of Space Users in Psychological View. Journal of Architectural Engineering Technology.

Vol. 6, 1-6.

RK Vlog Stories. (2021). One Utama Shopping Centre Vlog | Visiting Secret Garden & Rain Forest | RK Vlog Stories. Retrieved from https://www.youtube .com/watch?v=pYm97WHkkoM. Rosen, J. (2017). Biophilic Design: How Interiors Can Improve Human Health.

Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwnwUPsdICU. Salingaros, N. A. (2015). Biophilia and Healing Environments Healthy Principles for Designing the Built World. Terrapin Bright Green, LLC: New York. Retrieved from https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ Biophilia-Healing-Environments-Salingaros-p.pdf.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach. (7th Ed.). Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/36294585/ Research_Methods_For_Business_A_Skill_Building_Approach_7th_edition_p df.

Spence, C., (2020). Sense of Place: Architectural Design for the Multisensory Mind.

Spence Cognitive Research: Principle and Implications. 1-26.

Teik, D., Hao, G., Juniaty, I., Jhet, J., Rick, L., & Gullantheivello, S. (2015) Investigation of Mall Atmosphere in Experiential Shopping During Holiday Season: A Case of Malaysian Shopping Malls. International Review of Business Research Papers. Vol. 11, 133-146.

Browning, W. D., Ryan, C. O., & Clancy, J. O. (2014). 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.

Terrapin Bright Green, LLC: New York.

Retrieved from https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/.

Totaforti, S. (2018) Applying the Benefits of Biophilic Theory to Hospital Design. City, Territory and Architecture. 1-9.

United States Department of Agriculture. (2018). Urban Nature for Human Health and Well-Being. Retrieved from https://www.fs.fed.us/research/urban/humanhealth .php.

Wastiels, L., Schifferstein, H. N. J., Wouters, I., & Heylighen, A. (2013). Touching Materials Visually: About the Dominance of Vision in Building Material Assessment. International Journal of Design. Vol. 7, 31-41.

Weber, S. T., & Heuberger, E. (2008). The Impact of Natural Odours on Affective States in Humans. Advance Access Publication. Vol. 33, 441-447.

Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia. Harvard University Press, USA. Retrieved from https://fliphtml5.com/yseht/azrx/basic.

160

APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY IN ENGLISH

KULLIYYAH OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA (IIUM) Assalamualaikum w.b.t Dear respondents, I, Wan Ahzal Fariz Bin Isa, a student of Master of Architecture (MAAR), IIUM Gombak, conducting a research on “Evaluation of Public Experience toward the Biophilic Design Application in Shopping Mall in Klang Valley”. Biophilic design is an approach to architecture that seeks to connect building occupants more closely to nature. Biophilic designed buildings incorporate things like natural lighting and ventilation, natural landscape features and other elements for creating a more productive and healthy built environment for people. Thus, in this research the application of biophilic design is focusing on the implementation on shopping mall building in Klang Valley specifically in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the public experience toward the application of biophilic design in shopping mall building in Klang Valley. I hope you will answer the questions truthfully. May Allah bless you for that.

Please be assured that all information will be treated with the strictest of confidentiality.

Thank you.

“EVALUATION OF PUBLIC EXPERIENCE TOWARD THE BIOPHILIC DESIGN APPLICATION IN SHOPPING MALL IN KLANG VALLEY”

__________________________________________________________________________ SECTION (A) : DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES 1. Gender:

Male

Female

2. Age:

20 years or less

21 - 30 years

31 - 40 years

41 years or more

161

3. Occupation

Student

Private employee

Government servant

Self-employed

Other 4. Education level

5. Frequency of visit to One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora

High school

Degree

Diploma

Masters and above

1 time

3 times

2 times

> 3 times

Place Bukit Jalil

6.

Purpose of visiting to One Utama Shopping Centre or Aurora Place Bukit Jalil ___________________________________________________________________

SECTION (B) : KNOWLEDGE, AWARENESS AND BENEFITS Knowledge is the state of knowing the facts, information and skills as well as understanding of a subject. Hence, this section focus on the public understanding and awareness towards the implementation of biophilic design concept.

7.

Are you familiar with the term “biophilic design” and its meaning?

Yes

No

8.

If yes, please describe it in brief ________________________________________

9.

Please rate your level of understanding on biophilic design.

Very knowledgeable Knowledgeable Understand partially Limited knowledge No knowledge at all

162

10. Are you aware the implementation of biophilic design in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil?

Yes

No

11. If yes, please describe it in brief ________________________________________ 12. Are you aware the benefits of implementing the biophilic design in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil from mental health, physical health and environment?

Yes

No

Maybe

SECTION (C) : HUMAN SENSORY - SIGHT Sight is processed through the 'Visual' sense. Visual stimuli is picked up by visual receptors located in the eye. Visual receptors are stimulated by light, color and movement.

Sight sensory in this study focusing to evaluate the visual effect from the biophilic design attributes inside the shopping mall building such as color, plants, natural materials, natural lighting and landscape. This section focus on the public experience towards the application of biophilic design based on the sight sensory of shopping mall in Klang Valley specifically in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil.

For statement 13 to statement 33, please tick (/) one answer that only that best expresses your feeling to the statements. The likert scale is described as “(1) extremely disagree”, “(2) very disagree”, “(3) somewhat disagree”, “(4) somewhat agree”, “(5) very agree” and “(6) extremely agree.

(1) 13.

The tendency for you to attract your attention is high when environment or space have a good visual connection to nature.

14.

Environment or space that have a good visual connection toward the nature can create a calm environment.

163

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

15.

Space that using color such as green, blue, purple and other colors in this range can offer calmness and cheerful feeling.

16.

Exposure to bright color inside the space such as yellow, orange and red can encourage you to become active and motivation.

17.

Colour has their own visual influence that attach to your memory and ability to create the mood of the environment with the color palette.

18.

Colour receptors in our eye will transmit the surrounding image of nature to the brain and subsequently connect to your emotions.

19.

Application of harmony and balance principle in the color scheme can help you to feel close to the designed space and natural environment.

20.

Existence of color in one space can transform the dull space into more expressive and dynamic environment.

21.

Exposure toward the plants by visual senses can help you to reduce stress and tension.

22.

Placing plants in the appropriate position according to height and texture can help to create a satisfying scenery.

164

23.

Satisfying scenery inside the building can be achieve by introducing greenery and foliage.

24.

Natural materials with visual and tactile qualities are often profoundly and beneficial to your emotion.

Each of the natural construction materials used inside the building help to create personal interpretation through it characteristic.

25.

26.

Construction materials inside the building such as concrete, often associated with cold conditions.

27.

Introduction glossy materials inside the building can affect your perception toward the surrounding temperature.

28.

Sufficient natural light can help to improve user comfort by creating navigation easier inside the building.

29.

Retail unit or building that using natural lighting may increase customer loyalty.

30.

Better product visibility inside the retail unit can be improved by using natural lighting system.

31.

Building that using natural lighting inside the retail unit may have higher employee motivation.

32.

Engagement and visual connection toward landscape scenery play an additional role to highlight the beauty of the area.

165

33.

Introduction of landscape within the building area can benefit toward the economy contribution aspect.

SECTION (D) : HUMAN SENSORY - HEARING Ear is a sensory organ that picks up sound waves, allowing us to hear. It is also essential to our sense of balance: the organ of balance (the vestibular system) is found inside the inner ear. Hearing sensory in this study focusing to evaluate the sound effect from the biophilic design attributes inside the shopping mall building such as water elements and plants. This section focus on the public experience towards the implementation of biophilic design based on the hearing sensory of shopping mall in Klang Valley specifically in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil.

For statement 34 to statement 39, please tick (/) one answer that only that best expresses your feeling to the statements. The likert scale is described as “(1) extremely disagree”, “(2) very disagree”, “(3) somewhat disagree”, “(4) somewhat agree”, “(5) very agree” and “(6) extremely agree.

(1) 34.

Sound from water has strong characteristics that make the surrounding area become lively.

35.

Sound from water helps to strengthen the connection between you and nature.

36.

Manipulation of water can mask the unpleasant sound surrounding you.

37.

Sound effect from water help to integrate human with built environment and provide relief to them.

38.

Sound from the flowing water help to divert the distraction from other people's conversation.

166

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

39.

Plants can act as a buffer device in reducing unpleasant sound from the surrounding area.

SECTION (E) : HUMAN SENSORY - TOUCH Touch consists of several distinct sensations communicated to the brain through specialized neurons in the skin. Pressure, temperature, light touch, vibration, pain and other sensations are all part of the touch sense and are all attributed to different receptors in the skin. Touch sensory in this study focusing to evaluate the effect from the biophilic design attributes inside the shopping mall building such as water elements, plants, natural materials and building landscape. This section focus on the public experience towards the implementation of biophilic design based on the touch sensory of shopping mall in Klang Valley specifically in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil.

For statement 40 to statement 48, please tick (/) one answer that only that best expresses your feeling to the statements. The likert scale is described as “(1) extremely disagree”, “(2) very disagree”, “(3) somewhat disagree”, “(4) somewhat agree”, “(5) very agree” and “(6) extremely agree.

(1) 40.

Present of water in your surrounding can increases your experience toward a space through touching.

41.

Touching or engagement with plants can stimulate your emotional and intellectual.

42.

Touching the actual plants can help you to improve blood flow rates and lead to state of relaxation.

43.

Natural materials increases your level of curiosity to explore because of its own special character .

167

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

44.

Material exploration unconsciously helps to divert your mind from stress.

45.

“Material experience” or engagement with natural material allow you to interpret the material that you touch.

46.

Landscape element inside the building can evoke and stimulate your creativity.

47.

Engagement with landscape inside the building or space can encourage your exploration toward the nature.

48.

The special features possessed by landscape elements in built environment can improve your problem-solving skills.

(F) : HUMAN SENSORY - SMELL Sense of smell is the special sense through which smells are perceived. It occurs when an odor binds to a receptor within the nasal cavity, transmitting a signal through the olfactory system. Olfaction has many functions, including detecting hazards, and pheromones, and plays a role in taste. Smell sensory in this study focusing to evaluate the odor effect from the biophilic design attributes inside the shopping mall building such as water elements, plants, air and landscape. This section focus on the public experience towards the implementation of biophilic design based on the smell sensory of shopping mall in Klang Valley specifically in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil.

For statement 49 to statement 57, please tick (/) one answer that only that best expresses your feeling to the statements. The likert scale is described as “(1) extremely disagree”, “(2) very disagree”, “(3) somewhat disagree”, “(4) somewhat agree”, “(5) very agree” and “(6) extremely agree.

168

(1) 49.

Unique smell of nature often associated and influence your interpretation based on your past memories.

50.

Scents from plants and flower inside the space can help to reduce discomfort.

51.

Restorative effect of nature therapy can be done by introducing natural elements such as scents from plants and flower.

52.

Serenity of a surrounding environment can be improved by the introduction of natural scent from the fragrant plants.

53.

Fragrant plants that produce the natural scent can create alertness toward the natural environment.

54.

Natural scent produced by the fragrant plants can create the mood in a natural indoor setting.

55.

Good ventilation system inside the building can activate human senses of smell and resulting a positive impact to you.

56.

Walking through the natural setting or landscape within the building can help you to reconnect with nature.

57.

Touching and smelling natural landscape elements such as leaves, bark, and flowers can reduce your stress.

169

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(F) : HUMAN SENSORY - SMELL Sense of taste is the sensory system that is partially responsible for the perception of taste (flavor). Taste is the perception produced or stimulated when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity, mostly on the tongue. Taste sensory in this study focusing to evaluate the effect from the biophilic design attributes inside the shopping mall building such as plants and natural materials.

This section focus on the public experience towards the implementation of biophilic design based on the taste sensory of shopping mall in Klang Valley specifically in (a) One Utama Shopping Centre or (b) Aurora Place Bukit Jalil.

For statement 58 to statement 59, please tick (/) one answer that only that best expresses your feeling to the statements. The likert scale is described as “(1) extremely disagree”, “(2) very disagree”, “(3) somewhat disagree”, “(4) somewhat agree”, “(5) very agree” and “(6) extremely agree.

(1) 58.

Plants planted (edible garden) in the building help to enhance your sensory communication with the plants by tasting the fruits.

59.

The selection of material in building design can affect your response toward taste of the food that you eat.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

*** THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME & COOPERATION *** HAVE A NICE DAY

170

(6)

APPENDIX B: SUMMARY OF SURVEY DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

171

172

APPENDIX C: AURORA PLACE BUKIT JALIL FLOOR PLAN

173