Maori Values and Principles Expressed in Design

MĀORI VALUES & PRINCIPLES EXPRESSED IN DESIGN • • • •

Introduction of seven Maori values and design principles The transformation from principles into design and planning.

Interaction of culture and landscape in the design process.

Case studies of application(from planning, landscape, restoration and architecture aspects).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AAL IDENTITY R MACUN LTU

A PAACP E L AEKOA FP H W AM N

NT ME ND E A IRON

O , RESTORRAL ENV TAPIRAOTAENCCTE NATU ENH

7 MAORI DESIGN VALUES

U EALTH RNIMTENTAL H U A M VIRO EN

I PLACE I CTUOLTURE & H A M AORI M

U SITE TOSIGHNIFICANT R RE I KÄ€& NATU

AHHUMAN

TIO ELA

IP NSH

IGN

ES SD

A TT

NT ME ACH

PLANNING ECOLOGY

p3-7

LANDSCAPE p8-13

RESILIENCE

RESTORATION CULTURE

p14-17

ARCHITECTURE p18-21

SOCIETY

3

PLANNING MÄ ori people as native citizen lived in New Zealand for more than hundreds of years. The landscape of New Zealand influence their trib culture, and at the same time, their culture also shapes and influence the development of the country in various aspects. In a higher level, planning level, their values, and principles have significant influences. Several key Maori values such as Land, Water, Mahinga kai, and Turangawaewae influence the way of thinking and also provide concepts and themes in the planning level.

The diagram below shows several key elements that effect in the planning process.

LAND is improtant ENHANCE THE LAND RICHNESS

WATER is the life force

IMPROVE THE WATER QUALITY

Mahinga kai is cultural identity

REINFORCE PEOPLE RELATIONSHIP & LAND KINSHIP RELATIONSHIPS

Turangawaewae - place making NAME & WAYFINDING PAY HOMEAGE LEARNING OPPORTUNITY

REGENERATION CHRISTCHURCH The magnitude (Mw) 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch which happened on 4th September 2010 was the starting point of all damages. Associated with 12,000 aftershocks including an M6.3 earthquake on 22nd February 2011, killing 185 people in Christchurch have caused extensive impacts on the local built, economic, social, and natural environment. And the on-going aftershocks have also caused a disrupted environment in which to recover. As a bold vision for the future of the Ōtākaro Avon River Corridor, the regeneration plan of Christchurch is designed to help rebuild the relationship between people, place, and nature in the process of post-earthquake reconstruction in Christchurch.

GUIDING PRINCIPLES: • The plan guided by Mahinga kai framework to create a restored native habitat with good quality water so there is an abundant source of mahinga kai, birdlife, and native species.

• Support safe, strong and healthy communities that are well-connected with each other and with the wider city.

• Provide opportunities for enhanced community participation, recreation, and leisure.

• Create opportunities for sustainable economic activity and connections that enhance our wellbeing and prosperity now and into the future.

MAHINGA KAI & WATER QUALITY

REGENERATING NATURE

CONNECTING AND INVOLVING COMMUNITIES

CREATING PROSPERITY 5

TAIAO & MAURI TU & AHI KA wetlands that surrounding the Ōtākaro/Avon and Ōpāwaho/Heathcote rivers supported an abundance of native fish and birdlife, and the site was an important seasonal food landing

MAHINGA KAI gathering and food resources

TE ORANGA Settlement

ŌRUAPAEROA Settlement

ŌTĀKARO\Avon River

WAIPAPA Settlement

TAUTAHI Settlement

PUĀRI PĀ Settlement

MAHI TOI & AHI KA ŌTĀKARO\Avon River is an improtant food and transportation resources in the maori history. The regeneration plan is aim to reconnect people to the river and create a better relation-TE IHUTAI

WHAKAPAPA the place was named after the chief from whom Ōtautahi/Christchurch takes its name, ship between human and nature.

Tautahi Pā was settled by an estimated 800 early Waitaha people during the years between 1000 and 1500.

MAORI VALUES EXPTRESSION Considering the traditional functions of the surrounding area, relative usage of the site for the future was designed. Māori values place a significant importance in this process.

MAHINGA KAI Te Ihutai/Avon Heathcote Estuary was a significant fishery renowned for its diverse variety of fish, shellfish and birds.

HORSESHOE LAKE REACH: Food and culture

THE GREEN SPINE: Connecting people and place

EASTERN REACHES: Experiencing nature

ŌTĀKARO LOOP REACH: Activity and play 0

.5

1

2 km

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LANDSCAPE The seven Māori design values reflect in landscape design in the city is urban resilience design in both emotional aspect and physical aspect.

Changes caused by nature and man-made disaster are usually gigantic and unpredictable.

Changes caused by rapid urbanization and climate changes shift the city and surrounding environment continuously. And those changes affect not only in the physical aspect but more in the emotional aspect. Urban resilience is the ability of a city to endure and recover its function while some small and dramatic changes happened.

TE PAPA ŌTĀKARO / AVON RIVER PRECINCT THE MAORI VALURES AND PRINCIPLES EXPRESSED IN LANDSCAPE

Although the earthquakes caused widespread damage, it also provides opportunities to rethink the relationship between human, river, and land. In order to improve people's connections with the river, a new city waterfront is being created along the Ōtākaro/Avon River in the central city is proposed as anchor project to make it easier to access the river surrounds.

A key feature is the new City Promenade extending two kilometers through the heart of the precinct on the eastern side of the river, replacing Oxford Terrace. The western side of the river will be green space with walking and cycling paths.

Manchester St

Colombo St

Cambridge Tce

Armagh St

Gloucester St

The Terrace

Worcester Blvd

The Terrace

Victoria Square

Margaret Playground

The Terrace

Victoria Square

Margaret Playground

The Terrace

Margaret Playground

Hereford St

National Memerial

rid

b Cam Tce ge

Montreal St

Cambridge Terrace

9

VICTORIA SQUARE The Victoria square was damaged seriously during the Canterbury earthquakes. Many of the surfaces and structures were broken and need to rebuild. The square is restored to make it safer and more accessible place for people in the central city. The landscape design connects the square to the Promenade, adding new elements to create Maori community identity and expressing European heritage.

Manchester St

Colombo St

Armagh St

Cambridge Tce

Gloucester St

LOCATION The Victoria square is located between the corner of Armagh and Colombo street and the Avon River.

Worcester Blvd

Hereford St

e e Tc dg

bri

Cam

Montreal St

Cambridge Terrace

CULTURAL ELEMENTS BOWKER FOUNTAIN The fountain as a historical bequest of the city has not been working fully for many decades. This magnificent water and light feather was restored for the new square.

POUPOU Māori carving was initiated by the Christchurch City Council in conjunction with the Ngāi Tahu Trust Board as a "1990 project" commemorating the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi.

The main theme of the poupou is mahinga kai (food resources). It also depicts tipuna (ancestors) of the Ngāi Tahu-Waitaha people.

VICTORIA SQUARE RESTORATION FACT SHEET

FUNCTION

PUNT STOP Tauranga Waka, a new punt stop is installed opposite the Town Hall. This punt stop is respect to the original Māori usage of the site. At the same time, the deck will bring ecological benefits to the river by providing shade for aquatic species underneath.

CELEBREATE THE PAST

THE ART TRAIL There are four pieces of art will locate in the site to create the cultural identity.

gethering

festival

rest

exchange

STATUE There are two statues in the square to reflect the history of the city.

EMBREACE THE FUTURE

1. Queen Victoria Statue 2. Bowker Fountain 3. Captain Cook Statue 4. Floral clock 5. Victoria street connection 6. Ngā Whāriki Manaaki - Woven mat of welcoming 7. Punt stop 8. Hamish Hay Bridge 9. Horse watering ramp 10. Mast 11. Heritage phone box 12. Tram stop 13. The Literary Trail 14. Flagpoies 15. Connection to North Frame 16. Connection to promenade 17. Eating and seating 18. Victoria Square narratives 19. Mana Motuhake 20. Streetscape improvements 21. Pou

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LANDSCAPE ART TRAIL: NGĀ WHĀRIKI MANAAKI WHAKAMANUHIRI: A WELCOME CEREMONY FOR VISITORS OF AVON RIVER PRECINCT

It is a series of 13 stone weaving patterns that feature within Te Papa Ōtākaro/Avon River Precinct.

Positioned near the river, each Whāriki is an arrangement of natural stone pavers of varying shades and colors. In sequence, they reference the whakamanuhiri process of welcome for all peoples visiting Christchurch and support the guiding principle of the rebuild for Ngāi Tahu, ‘Kia atawhai ki te iwi’, Care for your people.

MAUMAHARA Remembering our fallen in battle The designs indicate lines of servicemen and women marching forth to war, together with the famous red ‘poppies’, symbolizing the fields of the fallen. Lastly, in relation to our pātikitiki pattern, this design depicts the soul journeying from home into the spiritual realm.

KAHATAIOREORE Intergenerational relationships between a n c e s t o r s a n d grandchildren.

T h e to p d e s i g n , A u a h a Rarangi, shows the line symmetry of whakapapa for intergenerational learning.

The middle pattern brings to remembrance our ties of kinship.

The bottom design, Pātiki Rori, represents the many different pathways on our journey in life.

TE RAU AROHA KI TE TANGATA Family wellbeing This Whāriki represents the importance of our tamariki, children. The top designs are Pou Manu or swinging posts that the tamariki play on. The middle designs are Rau Rongoā, healing leaves to be applied whenever tamariki are unwell, and for kai (food). Ka Haeata is the shimmering lights of Io (God) and Awhi Rito are the nurturers who care for their children with aroha. The bottom design represents Ahikā, the people at home, at work and at play.

Location map of Whāriki:

Identity, history, and acknowledgment of ancestors.

• Celebrate and remember histories and stories • A Strengthen sense of identity and pride • Acknowledge and connect to sites of cultural significance There are three pieces on the right shows woven mats will locate in the Victoria Square as part of landscape art trail.

MAHINGA KAI gathering food and resources These designs symbolise edible delicacies such as manu (birds), ferns, vegetation and fish.

TAI WAIORA: WATER RESOURCES Water sustains all living things.

The design depicts differing waters intermingling and merging.

NGĀ POU RIRI E IWA This pattern represents the unsettled grievances regarding the eight land purchase agreements. The lower design represents the nine tall trees and the middle pattern, Tūhura, ‘brings to light’ these topics.

The top pattern, Whakaaro Tahi, carries the meaning ‘that everyone be of one heart and one mind’.

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RESTORATION Maori values and principles expressed in restoration design in many different aspects. The value of "AHI KĀ", which represent the relationship between human and nature play an important role in restoration design. Lots of reserves are redesigned according to its original usage such as Mahinga kai.

NATURE RESTORATION

WETLAND

HABITATS

HUMAN ACTIVITIES

KOPUPAKA RESERVE Kopupaka Reserve is a new form of the hybrid park that challenges expectations around the design and use of streams and wetlands. It illustrates how urban growth can be balanced with ecological restoration, the creation of new public space and development of a strong sense of place informed by Māori cultural values. The name Kopupaka is an ancestral name in this area relating to the meeting point of the Tōtara and Waiteputa Streams, located slightly downstream from Kopupaka Reserve. The notion of weaving histories and overlapping functions together is the dominant design narrative of Kopupaka park.

ANALYSIS The masterplan creates a hybrid park typology that employs green infrastructure and reinterprets the s i t e’s p r e - e x i s t i n g h o r t i c u l t u ra l practices while celebrating Māori values associated with resource gathering and healthy water.

The park integrates infrastructure with natural features; it’s a part stormwater reserve, urban park, playground and skate park – all made possible by dovetailing the master planning of new streets with the green infrastructure of the 22-hectare stormwater reserve.

The light and dark curving timber ‘baskets’ integrated into the edges of three main wetland ponds.

The open space for human activities is located along the wetland, providing a nice view.

Three wetlands are designed to deal with the water from surrounding neighborhoods catchment.

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STRATIGIES CULTURE

MAHINGA KAI

The area is an important historical site for gathering food such as tuna. The "woven basket" form was abstracted from hīnaki (Māori eel pots) to represent the Mahinga kai. The design of the park includes an environmental education boardwalk which is inspired by hīnaki.

ECOLOGY PLANTING DESIGN The planting design of Kopupaka Reserve is based on native species.

Harakeke (flax) and totāra are chosen for riparian planting .

HABITATS CREATION FUNCTIONAL SCULPTURES It pays homage to traditions of rāranga (weaving) and references the architectural form of hīnaki (eelgathering baskets).

The diagram on the right shows an example of how culture elements invovled in the place making process. The retaining wall was inspired by mahinga kai concept to create a functional sculptures to increase cultural identity of the site. At the same time, the design of the wetlands and plants selections are aim to createa habitats for native fish and bird species, which benefit the ecosystem in the long term.

The planting design of Kopupaka Reserve that predominantly native vegetation contribute to the restoration of the environment. The site also includes garden areas containing a rich variety of traditional Māori weaving plants. Structures and edge planting have been designed to provide shade for native fish, and pond outlet structures feature fish ladders to encourage ‘natural’ movement to occur and ensure that the ecological vitality of the catchment is maintained.

rāranga + hīnaki native species

wetland + habitats

COMMUNITY

Corten-steel panels around the circumference of the platforms could be painted graphic, which provides opportunities for environmental education and interpretation.

The central pond is the main civic open space, with crib walls housing a botanical garden of weaving plants. It is a flexible space, a contemporary version of a ‘band rotunda’, suitable for events.

Cycleways and shared paths weave between the streams, with the routes leading to the confluence of the waterways, wetlands and community gathering places. The southern pond, adjacent to future residential development and the Sakaria Stream, include a large playground and family gathering spaces on the site of what was once an irrigation pond.

ENGINEERING

STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE Headwalls, outfalls, and concrete retaining structures are concealed under multiple layers of landscape. The park is structured around six stormwater wetlands and works also included the revegetation of the Totara Creek and Sakaria Stream corridors. The new stormwater infrastructure not only accommodates massive urban expansion but also restores elements of the degraded riparian system, protecting water quality and ensuring habitat preservation.

The project has completely restored the local stream network and created a number of stormwater and flood attenuation wetland ponds to filter and manage stormwater run-off and the effects of development.

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ARCHITECTURE REHUA BUILDING The Mario stories played an important role in the UC campus masterplan design in different aspects.

“All of these narratives can be retold in the treatment of buildings and spaces, landscape, integrated artworks, imagery and names on campus.”

The College of Education, Health and Human Development, the College of Business and Law Executive Development Programmes, and the UC Centre for Entrepreneurship are moving to the heart of the Ilam Campus. It's a new education facility for the College of Education and also a structural re-strengthening and refit of an existing building that Athfield designed about 20 years ago.

Athfield Architects are currently undertaking refurbishment and strengthening works to this structure to accommodate the relocation of the College of Education into this building, whilst improving seismic resilience and accommodating the changing pedagogical approach to tertiary education.

UC’s former Commerce building is being transformed into a new purpose-built space designed for contemporary teaching and learning.

The building’s leading-edge facilities will provide large flexible learning spaces and feature the latest technology. Formal teaching spaces will complement informal and social spaces to create a vibrant student-focussed learning environment.

Facilities include meeting and project rooms, breakout areas, a cultural function space, health clinics, a café, social spaces throughout the building’s seven floors, a light-filled atrium connecting the north and south blocks, and a ‘maker space’ to create, invent and learn in.

FUNCTIONALITY PLACE MAKING

The building aims to create spaces for students to use for different purpose. By using colors, spaces are divided into different functions. At the same time, the choice of benches helps define the function.

SEISMIC RESILIENCE The building's structures are design for earthquake situation.

PATTERN

TEXTURE & MATERIALS

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TŪRANGA LIBRARY Tūranga library is one of the first public buildings to open in the earthquake-damage downtown. As one of the nine anchor project in regeneration Christchurch CBD, the five-story, 9,500-square-meter library in the historic Cathedral Square was made to support the city’s desire for public space. Built with attention to resilience, functionality and cultural awareness, Tūranga rises at the center of the earthquakedamaged city’s redevelopment.

The inspiration for the design was derived mainly from the warm colors and rolling shadows of the Port Hills and the angular fronds of the native Harakeke flax that once grew in the vast wetlands of Christchurch. Openings on upper floors face culturally significant points in the Canterbury landscape and beyond: • Kā Tiritiri o te Moana – Southern Alps • Aoraki / Mt Cook • Horomaka / Pātaka o Rākaihautū – Banks Peninsula • Maungatere – Mt Grey • Hawaiki – according to oral traditions, one of the places of origin of New Zealand's earliest settlers.

Image © Adam Mørk

FUNCTIONALITY

RESILIENCE

PLACE MAKING

SEISMIC RESILIENCE

A seismic force-resisting system made up of a series of large-scale concrete walls that can rock and shift to isolate the building from peak earthquake accelerations during a significant seismic event. Each wall has high tensile, pretensioned steel cables that clamp the wall to the foundations with approximately 1,000 tonnes of force per wall.

WHAKAMANUHIRI

welcoming all visitors The inner space of the library was design to provide spaces for different purpose: CREATIVE SPACES • •

music and video editing studios rooms for activities such as craft sessions

Meeting spaces •

boardroom and meeting rooms

Entertainment spaces • • • •

TSB Space: 200-seat arena for performances, author talks and public debates Southbase Gallery: exhibition area Discovery Wall and digital displays about events and activities children’s play zone

This structure could return the building to its original position after an earthquake which ensures the standing of the library for the next generation.

CULTURAL AWARENESS COLOR & PATTERN & MATERIAL

Different floors choose a different color to represent the function of the floor. At the same time, native birds were used to represent floor based on how height it could fly.

Relaxing spaces • • •

quiet reading room outdoor roof terraces café and espresso bar.

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REFERENCES

• • • • • • • • • • • • • •

“ B r o c h u r e .” O i M a n a w a C a n t e r b u r y E a r t h q u a k e N a t i o n a l M e m o r i a l , w w w . canterburyearthquakememorial.co.nz/the-earthquake-memorial/brochure/.

“Christchurch Earthquake Memorial: How It Works and What to Look For.” Stuff, www.stuff.co.nz/thepress/business/the-rebuild/89465766/christchurch-earthquake-memorial-how-it-works-and-what-tolook-for.

“City Mall in Front of the Bridge of Remembrance.” City Mall in Front of the Bridge of Remembrance : Christchurch City Council, ccc.govt.nz/news-and-events/running-an-event/central-city-event-venuesmap/city-mall-in-front-of-the-bridge-of-remembrance/.

“Kopupaka Park.” Isthmus, isthmus.co.nz/project/kopupaka-park/.

“Rehua.” The University of Canterbury, The University of Canterbury, www.canterbury.ac.nz/about/ capitalworks/projects/rehua/.

“Rehua.” The University of Canterbury, The University of Canterbury, www.canterbury.ac.nz/about/ capitalworks/projects/rehua/.

“Te Papa Ōtākaro / Avon River Precinct.” Te Papa Ōtākaro / Avon River Precinct » Otakaro Ltd » Otakaro Ltd, www.otakaroltd.co.nz/anchor-projects/avon-river-precinct/.

“The Terrace.” The Terrace : Christchurch City Council, ccc.govt.nz/news-and-events/running-an-event/ central-city-event-venues-map/the-terrace/.

“Tūranga (Central Library).” Tūranga (Central Library) : Christchurch City Council, ccc.govt.nz/cultureand-community/centralcity/explore-amazing-things/central-library/.

“University of Canterbury Commerce Building | Athfield Architects.” University of Canterbury Commerce Building | Athfield Architects, athfieldarchitects.co.nz/projects/education/university-of-canterburycommerce-building.

VICTORIA SQUARE RESTORATION FACT SHEET. 2017.

“Victoria Square.” Christchurch City Libraries, my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/victoria-square/.

“Victoria Square.” Victoria Square : Christchurch City Council, ccc.govt.nz/news-and-events/running-anevent/central-city-event-venues-map/victoria-square/.

“Welcome.” Auckland Design Manual, www.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz/design-subjects/maoridesign.

MĀORI VALUES & PRINCIPLES EXPRESSED IN DESIGN • • • •

Introduction of seven Maori values and design principles The transformation from principles into design and planning.

Interaction of culture and landscape in the design process.

Case studies of application(from planning, landscape, restoration and architecture aspects).