Globalisation or Sensitivisation?

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others’ ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I hace adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsed any idea/ data/ fact/ source in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above will be cause of disciplanary action of the Institute and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper permisiion has not been taken when needed.

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APPROVAL SHEET

Thesis Approval for Dissertation for B.Arch Thesis

This thesis / dissertation/ project report titled ‘Globalisation or Sensitivitisation? - The case of Dadar Parsi Colony’ by Vyoma Popat is approved for the Degree of Bachelors of Architecture.

Examiners

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This thesis has been possible because of the contributions of all the people close to me. would like to thank :

My Guide Apurva Talpade, who has taken immense efforts and given me alot of support and freedom to explore my ideas. Without her, my volume would not be what it is today.

My Foster Guides Jamshed Bhiwandiwala and Manoj Parmar, who have encouraged me and helped me achieve much more than I could think of. Also, for always being ready to remove time for the lengthy discussions and inputs, which helped me make my argument stronger.

My Panel Nikhil Khadilkar, Minal Yeramshetty, Ginella George and Anirrudha Paul, for their constant insights by which the volume became richer.

My Family Mom, Dad and Dadi, for supporting me, pampering me and tolerating my tantrums through these 5 years. A special thanks to my mom for the amazing food which has helped me gain weight and dad for always being my backbone and pillar of strength. Devanshu, Dhruvin, Aashvi, Dwiti, Mayur mama, Minesh mama, Jyoti Masi, Sanket bhai and rest of my family, for always being just a call away.

My Stars Tanushree for being my all time partner and the ice to my fire.

Siddhi for adding spice to my life, for the constant inputs and for always being ready to help.

Janvi for being my soul sister, for all the motivational talks, for the lengthy discussions and for showing as much interest as me in my thesis.

My go-to person Utkarsh for always inspiring me to finish my work before time and for the horrible sense of humor.

My constant source of irritation Kunth for fighting on a daily basis, for the craziest laughter sessions and for the rare moments where you have turned out to be useful and helped me make my thesis stronger.

My travel partners Riya and Niyoshi, for the constant love, support, entertainment, philosophical talks and the short road trips.

My Mentors Ami, Anjali and Hitanshi, for being my moms in college, for motivating me to work, for helping me distinguish right from wrong and for the valuable discussions regarding thesis and life.

My Beloved Jain (Aakanksha) for my constant source of inspiration, for the unconditional love and for always being my Youtube of softwares. Rishabh for helping me stay awake nights, and for always being ready to help me selflessly.

My Entertainers Monil, Prashi, Rasika, Maitri, Jeel, Dhruvi, Rahul, Dhanshri,Vatsal an for helping me get through these 5 years.

Globalisation or Sensitivitisation ?

-The case of Dadar Parsi Colony

ABSTRACT

Amidst

the increasing dense developments in the city, lie a few peaceful old neighborhoods, which welcome you with warmth as soon as you step into them. The neighborhoods are held together by the master planning, type of buildings and the open spaces (which serve as informal pockets for the community). Each of them has a strong distinct character, created by the permutations and combinations of these elements, which, without any wall or boundary, helps to distinguish them from rest of the city.

One of the first planned neighborhoods in the city was the Dadar Parsi Colony, which was modeled on the idea of a ‘garden suburb.’ Being the largest Parsi enclave in the city, the scheme was formulated after the outburst of plague, with the intention of shifting people from the inner city to the outskirts and creating a well-connected, self-sustained Parsi community. With their major focus on sanitation, BIT created restrictions on heights of buildings and the built - unbuilt ratio. The requirements of the intended user group

drove them to come up with the apartment building style which later became a model for the developments in the city thereafter.

While some buildings constructed back then, have been modified and strengthened, some have sustained themselves and some remain in a dilapidated state. The private owners aspire to develop these buildings into high rises, with the intention of getting bigger flats, better amenities and mainly a source of earning money (by selling a part of their property to outsiders or giving it out on rent). At the same time, they resent the quality of living which the newer models of development induce and the damage they cause to the character of the locality, their way of life and impact on community life, which had managed to sustain itself till today.

The thesis aims at finding a new way to approach developments in such neighborhoods, so that the newer constructions help in enhancing the character which these neighborhoods already possess.

INTRODUCTION

Aneighborhood is a small area in the city, to which the resident ‘belongs’. The size is just enough to meet the requirements of its residents while creating a small close-knit community. The boundary of a neighborhood is an imaginary line created by the difference in character of the area from its surroundings. Mumbai has a few such neighborhoods scattered on its map, which help in breaking the homogeneity of rest of the city. They have a strong character created by the buildings, which in spite of being different are unified through a set of regulations, which were designed while the neighborhoods were being established. The residents living in these neighborhoods have adapted to a fixed way of life which is not easy to be found elsewhere in the city. One of the first planned neighborhoods in the city was Dadar Parsi colony, which today is one of the largest Parsi enclaves in the city.

The BIT had planned a coherent fabric to make sure individual buildings do not become isolated. They did not insist on uniform facades, every building differed from the other, but were still tied together owing to the regulations set by

the BIT. The heterogeneity creates homogeneity for the colony which unifies it and distinguishes it from its surroundings. It was at this point of time in history, where a new style of housing was designed for the middle class, ‘The apartment style’, which then became a development style for most of the city. Along with the birth of the apartment style of living, it was the first time, a flat was designed with a toilet. The BIT also came up with the concepts of an ‘outdoor / reception room’, the compound, the 63.5 degree rule, as an outcome of the outburst of plague. Thus we observe that the requirements of the intended user group led to the birth of a new architectural style. The new style has allowed them to be associated to the outside while being on the inside; it has given them the opportunity to be connected to the ground level even while on the top floor of the building. The compound, which acts as a threshold between the exteriority of the outside and the interiority of the inside, has been facilitating end number of activities for its residents and has become an integral part of their lives.

This cityscape and way of life has managed to resist the changes of the developing city right from when it was established in the 1920s, till recent times. When there rose a need to house more number of people, new approaches were designed for the developments, as an attempt to conserve this way of life.

With recent development spree and removal of the heritage tag, this long sustained identity is at risk. The new buildings are on the way of becoming just the same as those coming up in any parts of the city, with no attempts at trying to conserve their way of life. The development style is all set to make Parsi colony, just another area of the city, not an identifiable neighborhood.

This neighborhood, which has been adding a historical and architectural value to the city till now; whose planning has become a way of life for its residents; is on a journey to adapt itself in order to blend with the city.

The new identity of the neighborhood is contradicting the sole thoughts put in while

establishing it. The buildings are becoming isolated, not only from each other but also from the ground and rest of the neighborhood. The almost negligible setbacks, have not only reduced the light and ventilation quality, but also taken away from them, their small tranquil spaces which used to allow for many of their daily activities. The formalization of the informal spaces, fails to create the same effect the space had. The increased land price + FSI + Cess rules have ruptured the fabric of the neighborhood and led to unsympathetic developments with a completely new homogeneous nature of high rise.

The thesis aims at finding a new way to approach these developments, such that while allowing for growth, we attempt to conserve the spatial identity of the neighborhood and precinct further deterioration.

METHODOLOGY

1. A study to help analyse the factors which make Parsi colony what it is, and make it different from rest of the city. The study involves a qualitative analysis of how the architectural form is allowing for various activities and becomes an integral part of the residents’ lives. This will be done through sketches, maps and photos.

2. At the same time, neighborhoods from a different timeline, are studied through the same lenses, to make a critical analysis of how these factors are affecting the neighborhoods in a different way and how successful each of them are.

3. Studying how the development patterns have changed in the neighborhood itself, and how these changes have accommodated or destroyed the spatial quality and way of life.

4. Analyzing how different approaches would affect the neighborhood development and the spatial quality, which would then help come up with an entirely new approach for Parsi Colony.

1Introduction to Neighborhoods

1. What is a Neighborhood?

2. Types of Neighborhoods in the city

3. Importance of neighborhoods to the city

4. Importance of Parsi Colony to the city

2Parsi Colony - From then to now

1. History of Parsi Colony

2. Planning and Regulations

3. Birth of a New Architectural Style

4. Current Architectural Style

3Parsi Colony - Unique in itself

1. Hierarchy of Streets

2. Greenery

3. Building Density

4. Informal Corners

5. Scale

6. Light and Ventilation

7. Route of Movement

8. Narratives

4Mumbai Case Studies

1. JVPD

2. Hiranandani Gardens, Powai

5Redevelopment in the City

1. Redevelopment as a tool to make profit

2. Analysis and Implications of DCR

3. Redevelopment in Parsi Colony after DCR 2034

and Strategies

Studies and Technology

1. Bibliography

2. References

3. List of Figures

1 INTRODUCTION TO NEIGHBORHOODS

An introduction to what a neighborhood means for different categories of people, what are the different kinds of neighborhoods in the city and what is their contribution to the architecture of the city. At the end a brief introduction about the Dadar Parsi Colony which is one of the first planned neighborhoods of the city and its importance.

“The neighborhood can be considered as a progressive privatisation of public space. It is a practical device whose function is to ensure a continuity between what is most intimate ( the private space of one’s lodging) and what is most unknown ( the totality of the city or even, by extension, the rest of the world) “

- Michel De Certeau

What is a neighborhood?

Asan architect, it is inappropriate to impose a single meaning of a neighborhood but we could still broadly describe it as an area which combines a variety of buildings uses, human activities and geographic characteristics, drawn together by the public realm, and permits layering and overlapping wherever required. There are always a large number of places to go to and things to do within a walking distance, which together form a strong interconnected public realm. The degree of publicness of the spaces varies with the function and the location, allowing for huge possibilities of interactions with different groups of people.

There is a strong connection between the character of a neighborhood and the people who have been living in that area for a long time. In some areas like Malwani, in Malad, the lives of people are largely interconnected and dependent on each other, while in the newly developed areas like Hiranandani, people living alongside each other, have practically separate existences and social networks and meetings are largely superimposed on them. However,

there exist places like Parsi Colony, in the heart of the city, which has a perfect balance between the social connections and privacy.

An ideal neighborhood, could be described as one which has perfect balance between cooperation and privacy, helpfulness and noninterference, between friendliness and distance.

The architectural built form of the neighborhood has a huge contribution in shaping its social character.

The precinct of the neighborhood is defined by individual networks. “Proximity neighborhoods” are streets or estate areas where neighborliness is personal, people know one another as individuals. It is a compelling human metaphor “to domesticate the unfamiliar.”

Elements such as tree lined streets, green spaces, sidewalks, provide the neighborhood with a variety of shared public spaces which are a valuable community amenity. A unique combination of these elements is what characterizes and distinguishes a neighborhood from the others as well as from its surroundings. A top-down and bottom up approach together helps paint a clear picture of the neighborhood.

A top-down approach is essentially breaking down of a system to gain insight into its compositional sub-systems. It breaks down from the “big picture” into “smaller segments”. In the case of a neighborhood, one starts from the larger picture of master planning and eventually breaks it down to the analysis of the smaller segments such as buildings, open spaces, and further breaks it down into even smaller segments such as the house, or the nooks and corners.

A bottom-up approach, on the other hand is the piecing together of smaller segments to create

the large, complex system. In this case, one starts inquiring about people, the spaces, the smaller corners, and eventually links these to form a larger picture and understanding of the buildings and open spaces, which come together to give a clarity of the entire neighborhood.

Though the term “neighborhood” can be broadly defined as the area surrounding a particular place, person or object, one can say that the term is very subjective and is perceived differently by different groups

is a neighborhood?

Fig No. 1.1.1 - Memory Map of Murmur neighborhood , Toronto

“A neighborhood is an area where my daily requirements can be met.”

“A neighborhood should be such that one individual feels warmth while living in it. It should be luscious and at the same time have a good layout with proper disposal and drainage facilities and safety ,measures.”

“Area that surrounds the place you live in or work in.”

NEIGHBORHOOD AND THE GOVERNMENT

The character of a neighborhood is of significant importance to the citizens. A citizen feels a strong sense of belonging if the neighborhood has a distinguishing character from rest of the city. This distinguishing character could be as personal as healthy social interactions or something at the administrative level like planning, but something which clearly demarcates its boundary and distinguishes it from the immediate surroundings.

The boundary of a neighborhood is self defined by the people living in them. Every individual has a different mental map of his/her neighborhood, which is formed by their own personal experiences and life paths. For a child it maybe just the school, catchment of the building and the playground while for a middle aged woman it would be the catchment area of the building, the market, the religious institution and the child’s school.

A neighborhood, for the government, is now merely a precinct in the town or the city, constituted by a single ward or multiple wards. The design of neighborhoods, when done as a whole, with a common set of rules and regulations, helps develop a strong identity. While the new neighborhoods are designed keeping this in mind, the old neighborhoods, which were planned the same way a few decades ago, are undergoing major transformation. The neighborhoods, which back then had distinct characters, are now becoming homogeneous, in their attempts to keep up with the aspirations of the government and the residents. They have been an important part of the city’s history and in order to give them their importance, the government could actually come up with schemes which meet with the aspirations of the residents and at the same time retain the identity it originally had. These neighborhoods not only give back a historic quality to the city but also serve as small pockets of breathing spaces amidst the ‘Shanghai

What is a neighborhood?

Meena Ganatra (50 year old housewife):

Janvi Ghatalia (22 year old student) :

Aarna Popat (12 year old student) :

Model’ the city aims at becoming.

Fig No. 1.1.2 - Memory Map of neighborhood for Masumi Nagrecha

Fig No. 1.1.3 - Memory Map of neighborhood for Janvi Ghatalia Fig

Map of neighborhood for Dwiti Ganatra

Types of neighborhoods in the city

Each neighborhood has an identifiable character which helps in creating a sense of belonging for its residents and makes an outsider aware that he has stepped into the precinct. This character is a combination of scale, dynamics and several other factors, whose permutations and combinations give each neighborhood its identity. A neighborhood could be classified on the basis of its Physical character and its Social character:

At first the planners place the main institutions or religious/ community buildings at the center, and the neighborhood then grow around it. A prominent example where this is observed around the Hornimann Circle.

Parsi colony was planned on the paradigm of the Garden suburb in Britain1 - low rise, low density development with tree lined streets and public gardens. Today the colony has 14 well maintained, well used gardens.

These neighborhoods are actually created because of the commercial buildings, institutions and universities and cater majorly to the youth and working class . Thus the entertainment facilities are also allocated accordingly.

Generally the planners make a grid of streets and then allocate the plots for development. One such example we see in the city is that of JVPD.

The driving force for such neighborhoods is the market. The inner city - Bhindi Bazaar, Chor Bazaar, Nal Bazaar are great examples of the market neighborhood, where the market takes place on the ground floor and the residences of the shopkeepers are just above their shops.

Fig No. 1.2.1 - Satellite Image of Dadar Parsi Colony

Fig No. 1.2.4 - Satellite Image of Bandra Kurla Complex

Fig No. 1.2.3 - Satellite Image of Juhu

Fig No. 1.2.5 - Satellite Image of Bhindi Bazaar, Inner City

2. GRID NEIGHBORHOOD

COMMERCIAL NEIGHBORHOOD

5. MARKET NEIGHBORHOOD

The quality, kind and nature of buildings in a neighborhood has a major effect on the way it is used. While tall skyscrapers make you feel like an unimportant entity of the neighborhood, the porous nature of the chawls welcomes you with all the warmth they have. While glass - cadded commercial buildings discourage private

activities, the arcades in the heritage buildings encourage informal activities. On one hand a person engages with each and every building in a market neighborhood, and on the other hand, in townships and residential neighborhoods, these markets and commercial activities are stratified and kept separate.

The level of interactions and kind of interactions between the residents helps in distinguishing neighborhoods. There are neighborhoods which have high levels of interactions, interference, mutual support, gathering spaces and an overall friendly and attractive environment, whereas there also exist neighborhoods which have

1) Quality and nature of buildings.

A neighborhood instantly gets its character from the kind of buildings that constitute it - villas, low rise apartment buildings, sky scrapers, heritage buildings, building which are in dilapidated condition, etc.

eg : Fort and for its heritage character Hiranandani for its Neo--Gothic buildings Inner city for its chawls and markets.

2)The infrastructure and public amenities provided for the public.

Eg : Mind Space in Malad for the recreation created on marshy lands.

Lower Parel for the mills that have turned entertainment facilities.

1) Caste

In this case, people from different classes come together but have a similar belief. These neighborhoods are designed such that the religious institution becomes the main collective gathering space for the occupants.

Eg: Parsi colony, Sindhi colony, Jain Society, Hindu Colony, Inner city.

antisocial interactions, are dangerous, isolated or derelict.

The major occupants of the neighborhood also affect the kind of neighborhood as it affects their needs and requirements. The occupants could further be classified on the basis of:

2) Class

The lifestyle and requirements of people change with their economic status which would again help in shaping up the public realm of the neighborhood.

Eg: Pali hill, Bandra Nepensea Road Dharavi

3) Age

A person’s needs and lifestyle change with his age. A neighborhood with majority of aged people would have more gardens and seating spaces where as a neighborhood with a majority of fairly young crowd would have : Parsi Colony dominated by old crowd

1.3

Importance of neighborhoods to the city.

Neighborhoods have had an impact on the architecture and community life within the city. In general, they have an architectural style which distinguishes them from rest of the homogeneous, fabric and planning of the city. The optimum scale of the neighborhoods gives its residents a feeling of belonging, instead of feeling lost and an unimportant entity of the huge city. The size makes it easier for a person to relate to it and thus people start taking efforts in improving and maintaining it and form a larger community.

Some prominent neighborhoods in the city are the chawls of Bhindi bazaar, the British architecture in Fort, the temporary squatters in Dharavi , the neo- Gothic architecture in Hiranandani and the apartment buildings in Parsi Colony.

While many new proposals at the outskirts of the city are getting inspired by the neighborhood developments and community, their gated nature isolates them from rest of the city.

On the other hand, older neighborhoods which have been successfully serving the community till now, and have managed to create an imaginary boundary without the actual presence of a gate or fence and have been interacting well with the city, are now under threat due to low maintenance and dilapidated structures which leads to insensitive redevelopment.

We have already seen Bhindi bazaar losing out on its charm due to the redevelopment trend, and another important neighborhood under this threat is the Dadar Parsi colony, which up till now was protected by the heritage tag , but no longer has it.

Importance of Parsi Colony to the city. 1.4

“The Dadar - Matunga - Wadala - Sion scheme of 1899-1900 was the first planned suburban scheme in Bombay. The Bombay Improvement Trust (BIT) formulated this plan in order to relieve the congestion in the center of the town, following the plague epidemics of the 1890s”1 This was the very first time, housing cooperatives were formed to take advantage of newly developed land. This was the era, which initiated the apartment building style, the compounds and a new flat typology. It was one of the first neighborhoods in the city and has set a lot of examples and set standards for the way developments took place thereafter in the city. It brought in an entire new crowd of people, the working middle - class.

2 PARSI COLONY

-From then to now

Fig No. 2 - Parsi Colony Agyari Source Author

Studying the change of Dadar Parsi Colony from an unfertile agricultural land to the heart of the city and the way architecture has also evolved with it.

History of Parsi Colony

2. BIT’s IMAGINATION

The parsi colony was modeled on the paradigm of the garden suburb in Britain, as a low rise, low density development with tree lined streets and public gardens. It was designed to be purely residential, however changes in the land use policy have allowed for certain commercial activities. What was originally envisioned as a villa suburb, turned into a suburb with multistory multifamily apartment buildings. The sole reason behind this being the pressure on the land market. BIT was successful in changing the perception of these suburbs from agricultural villages to apartment suburbs.

1. AGRICULTURAL TO URBAN LAND

The agrarian village around the outskirts of Mumbai, came into existence as Dadar, Matunga and Sion in the 1890s, after being put under the scheme 5 and 6 of the Improvement Trust. Till this important marker in the development of the city, these areas although a part of the Bombay precinct, remained as uncultivated, waste lands. The ‘Kunbi Cultivators’ owned this land and tried their best to earn from this land under the ‘Toka Tenure’. Acquiring land from the Kunbi Cultivators was not easy. The agricultural land after the 1890s, started getting converted into an urban land and by the 1930s and 1940s, this agrarian landscape was replaced by a grid of streets and building plots.

3. SUBURB TO HEART OF THE CITY

The new developments of suburbs towards the North, has had several effects on the neighborhood, in general:

1) Dadar which served as a terminal point in colonial Bombay, has now become a major terminal interchange. The then suburbs, now overwhelmingly constitute a significant part of the present day city.

2) The increasing land prices, has caused changes in the community patterns. From a middle class housing neighborhood, it has now become an elite precinct.

3) Now, lying right next to a busy interchange, there is much more traffic and hawking, which is very contrary to its residential nature.

1) History and its changing context, Design Cell : Dadar Parsi Colony. n.d. Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute of Architecture.

2) Printable-physical-map-of-india. https://kitchendecor.club/files/printablephysical-map-of-india.html.

3) http://www.orangesmile.com/travelguide/bombay/high-resolution-maps. htm

Fig No. 2.1.1 - Source : Author

Fig No. 2.1.1Location of Dadar in the city context. (1880)

: Author.

Fig No. 2.1.3Location of Dadar in the city context. (2018)

Source : Author.

Fig No. 2.1.2Location of Dadar in the city context. (1930)

Source : Author.

Fig No. 2.1.2,3,4 - Source Author Works referred :

Planning and Regulations 2.2

“The harmonious planning is being destroyed for regulated buildings. These developments may be logical and for the better, yet it certainly closes the pages of Bombay’s history.”

- Janardhan Shastri

Parsi colony has a cityscape of apartment buildings lined along straight broad streets, that remains almost unchanged with time. It has been planned at various levels and it is what it is because of a culmination of various learnings and thoughts, which are an outcome of:

1) The effect of the outburst of plague, which led to designing the new scheme such that it was more airy, well ventilated, well lit and hygienic.

2) New concept of giving importance to affordability and user groups, which led to the idea of apartment buildings.

3) The learnings from the drawbacks of the older city.

Contradicting to the crowded multistory tenements in the old city, this scheme had bungalows and apartments laid out on spacious plots.

It was designed to have more gardens and parks. Straight streets, fixed road widths and heights of buildings, made the scheme stand out differently from the old city, which had narrow, cramped streets.

In spite of each building having its own unique design, the common regulations designed by the BIT help in giving the Parsi colony a strong unifying character. There was no specific mechanism to control the kind of residences, but was restricted to villas, cottages and apartment buildings. It had a control over the height of buildings, width of streets, setback lines and the built unbuilt ratio.

The principal features of planning were:

1) The control over land.

The BIT had divided the precinct into 816 plots, which were given to institutions, private owners, trusts etc. They had designed the built to unbuilt ratio and the amount of open spaces in the precinct, thus allowing each building to occupy only a third of the plot. BIT had given 14 huge plots only for green spaces.

2) The control over streets.

They had designed a fixed layout for the streets and the 816 plots were then distributed in the remaining land. The width of the streets was fixed and was designed to be broad. The height of the building was restricted to only 1.5 times the width of the street, so that the streets don’t seem narrow and dark. This also facilitated good connectivity with the streets from all the houses. No encroachments and commercial activities were allowed on the streets except for a few designated areas. The setbacks were also fixed, to ensure a transition space from the street to the building.

By the 1930s, the first generation of Indian architects had emerged, who modified the form of flats for individual families and according to Indian tastes. While designing, they kept going back to see if the overall character of the neighborhood, which they had envisioned, had not been hampered.

The change of materials and introduction and affordability of RCC also allowed to combine the permanence of a bungalow and affordability of a multistory dwelling into a G+2 story apartment building.

The first task of the BIT was to establish a network of streets. 14 gardens were then distributed equally in the precinct at equal distances. The part south of 5 gardens is strictly Parsi Colony, and the part North of 5 gardens - North Parsi colony, houses cosmopolitan crowd.

The plots between the roads have further been divided into 816 plots and then sold of to trusts, institutions and private owners. Thus we get to see heterogeneity within the homogeneity.

Fig No.2.2.1 - Establishment of Roads

Source Author Works Reffered :

1) Growing up in a Planned neighborhood , Boombay , From precincts to sprawl Kamu Iyer.

2) House, but No Garden: Apartment Living in Bombay’s Suburbs, 1898-1964 , Kamu Iyer.

3) History and its changing context, Design Cell (KRVIA) Research on Dadar Parsi Colony

Fig No.2.2.1

- Distribution of Plots

Source Author Works Reffered :

1) Growing up in a Planned neighborhood , Boombay , From precincts to sprawl Kamu Iyer.

2) House, but No Garden: Apartment Living in Bombay’s Suburbs, 1898-1964 , Kamu Iyer.

3) History and its changing context, Design Cell (KRVIA) Research on Dadar Parsi Colony

2.3

Birth of a new Architectural Style

The agrarian village around the outskirts of Mumbai, came into existence as Dadar, Matunga and Sion in the 1890s, after being put under the scheme 5 and 6 of the Improvement Trust. Till this important marker in the development of the city, these areas although a part of the Bombay precinct, remained as uncultivated, waste lands. The ‘Kunbi Cultivators’ owned this

1. Influence of user group.

The concept of user group and affordability, by the 1890s, started affecting the design, planning and development of newer parts of the city. While designing the scheme 5 and 6, which lied pretty much on the outskirts of the city, there was a lot of contemplation done about the imagination of this suburb and who the occupants would be. It was originally envisioned as a villa suburb for the rich, who could travel from the south (where their business was set up) to the north, on a daily basis. However, the rich refused to shift to the north, away from the well ventilated area in the South-West, next to the sea and the commercial center.

The working class too, had no scope of shifting to the North, as they could not afford to travel everyday from their residential settlement to the already established commercial center. Migrants also would refuse to shift to the suburbs, as they viewed their time in the city as temporary, where they would earn enough money in the city and return back to the villages for retirement. Hence, they were not willing to pay premium for the comfort of living in the suburb.

This narrowed down the possibility of the user group to the middle class, who could afford the rent and also the cost of commuting.

land and tried their best to earn from this land under the ‘Toka Tenure’. Acquiring land from the Kunbi Cultivators was not easy. The agricultural land after the 1890s, started getting converted into an urban land and by the 1930s and 1940s, this agrarian landscape was replaced by a grid of streets and building plots.

Planners made a few observations and realized that Indians form communities based on a complex network of associations – religion, caste, language and family. So, they came to the realization that the middle class wouldn’t leave behind the lower and upper class of their community, to shift to the suburbs. Thus, the solution was to plan a mixed income, mixed class neighborhood, where rich people build their own houses and also chawls and flats for the lower and middle class respectively, so that they remain in the midst of their people.

By the 1930s and 1940s, educated Brahmins and upper castes from south India started populating Matunga and Sion. By 1951, Sindhis and Punjabis arrived as refugees, along with migrants from Kutch.

Some parts of the precinct were given different communities and thus today we can see the Hindu colony, Parsi colony and Jain society, which were distinctly designed for the middle class community. No tenements were provided as the middle class required more space and privacy. Living in a new built environment, working in the white collar sector, with upper caste backgrounds, now became the new middle class identity.

A few plots in these colonies were bought by the trusts and organizations to cater to that part of the community who could not afford to buy their own apartments. By the 1920s, living in apartment suburbs as opposed to tenements in the older parts o the city became critical markers of the new concept of “Upper caste,

Lower middle class identity”. With this new idea of middle class identity, the Parsi community started moving out from their small tenements in south Bombay were it was overcrowded, to bigger flats in the Parsi Colony.

Fig No. 2.3.1 User Groups in the precinct

2. 63.5 Degree Rule

In their battles against overcrowding and resulting diseases, the planners’ argument was that because of the proximity of the buildings in crowded areas of Bombay, tenements did not receive light and air, which are critical elements for fighting diseases.

Orr, one of the planners, described extensively a process he called “ the sweating of building sites” as the progressive growth of the house on a particular site into a tenement building. As demand increases, additional floors and new rooms are added. What originally is a house surrounded by open space in a plot, grows into a large building that occupies the plot and abutting neighboring buildings with narrow passages, and only the rooms fronting the streets get light and air.

To attack this, he became a vigorous proponent of what he called the ’63.5 degree rule’ that guaranteed to control density of buildings by indexing the height of the building to size of the

plot. The angle of incidence of light had to be at least 63.5 degrees in any room in any given floor of any building. The size of the building would be a third fraction of the plot, permitting light even into the rooms on the bottom floor. This resulted in the formation of a compound.

The built area on the ground floor is almost a third of the total open space in the plot.

3. Compound

The BIT imposed a distinctive feature called the ‘compound’, (the spatial outcome of the 63.5 degree rule) as an intermediate space between the interiority of the interior and exteriority of the street, in a similar fashion as the veranda of the colonial bungalow, which eventually became a distinctive feature of the Bombay Apartment Building.

Each plot was designed to have a brick wall not exceeding 5 ft in height extending along the back and a dwarf wall would enclose each plot with railing on 2 sides and the front. This ensured that the wall was not prominent enough to distinguish the interior of the plot from the streets but was high enough to entirely shield the interior from the gaze of the passerby of the street. The compound plays an important role in mediating between the inside and outside and creates a semi private transition space where children could play; women can come down and talk to vendors or practice gardening.

The open space left as a result of the 63.5 degree rule, is broken down into smaller gardens which bring the community together.

4. Introduction of Apartment building style.

The planners understood the need for a new dwelling type for the kind of users who were going to occupy these lands. What was envisioned as a villa suburb now started having more prominence of apartment buildings, to allow for more affordable housing for the middle class, while retaining the permanence, privacy and solitude of a bungalow. This new dwelling type became a dominant form of living for the entire city henceforth. It became the identity of the middle class residents of the city. Another reason for the planners to build up and create G+2 story buildings instead of villas was the pressure on land market and the booming land prices towards the end of the World War I, which also had some play in shifting the precinct from a villa suburb to one with G+2 apartment buildings.

Fig No. 2.3.2 : Diagram of the 63.5 Degree Rule Source : Author

Fig No. 2.3.3: Idea of Compound Source : Author

5. Apartment Layout

The old style Hindu houses with ‘otla’ and ‘masaghar’ started disappearing in the apartment typology because of the lack of space and high rents, however many apartments in the Parsi colony tried to retain these elements in some way or the other.

The new typology started incorporating toilets within the flat itself, instead of keeping them at the end of the flat. This differentiated the apartment buildings from the wadis and muhallas as the flats started becoming self-contained, with a certain sense of privacy. The flat layout was done purely on the basis of functions.

• One layout that was prevalent was that of a Divankhana (reception room) being surrounded by the kitchen, washroom, sleeping rooms and women’s apartments. It had become a trend for the wealthy people to keep a separate room for women at the rear.

• Second was when the hall extended to the entire length and breadth of the flat, while the remaining rooms were comparatively small in size.

• A third layout which was seen very commonly was that of a passage connecting the entrance of one flat to another. The different functions were placed along these rooms. What was common between the layouts was that now the rooms were just large enough for the specific functions to take place. One could not sleep in the same room as he cooked. Parents did not sleep in the same room as their children.

Toilets were earlier separated from other rooms of a flat, by a veranda or a lobby. Having only one door was considered as blemish as domestics would have to walk through the living room to go to a kitchen or toilet. This led to the design of a second door, which connected, to a lobby taking the domestics directly to the toilet and kitchen. Two other important design aspects in the houses were that of a reception room and an outdoor room. The reception room was generally at the entrance in such a fashion that no one could directly enter into the living room. The outdoor room was a large veranda, which remained shaded but still, connected to the outside and was large enough to allow for various activities. At times, these two rooms were combined into one room itself. Overall one could observe that the flats were airy, well lit and well connected to the ground (physically and visually).

M. A. Rajagopalan in an interview described the design of the flats as, “the fact that the toilet, sink and bathroom were separated and not attached to a particular room was crucial. It meant that these spaces were used to maximum efficiency. It was a conscious design by the Bombay architects in the migration of the toilet to the interior.” He also added,” A design aspect which facilitated a more communal style of living, even within the modern apartment building, was the passage or lobby, where one landed from the outside, was often connected to the lobby of the neighboring flat.

Kamu Iyer, who earlier resided in the Hindu colony and then shifted to the Parsi colony said,” there was a strong community feel. In my neighboring flat, there was an Iyengar family. As soon as the men left for work in the morning, the door connecting the two flats would open up and the ladies and children would treat both of them as one unit. The connecting door would be closed at night after the men arrived and they would exchange words across the balconies.”

Current Architectural Style 2.4

With the introduction of newer materials and aspirations to house more people, Parsi colony has seen various development patterns and different approaches to the developments.

In the last century Parsi Colony has seen various emerging styles of architecture and developments. These patterns have emerged due to the changing technology which has allowed for new approaches to their development patterns. Some prominent styles we can see can be well spaced on the timeline.

1) The original villas and apartment buildings which were built back in the 1920s and 1930s. Made entirely in wood or concrete, many of them still stand strong and prove their resilience.

2) Dadar Parsi colony being one of the largest self contained, not gated Parsi colony in the city, started attracting more and more families to it. The number of people wishing to stay here increased dramatically and to house them, there was a redevelopment spree back then in the 1960s and 1970s.

Eventually the following styles emerged and are prevalent today :

1) Original Structures

2) Modification or addition of floors

3) Redevelopment

1) ORIGINAL STRUCTURES

The original villas and apartment buildings which were built back in the 1920s and 1930s. Made entirely in wood or concrete, many of them still stand strong and prove their resilience.

2) MODIFICATION / ADDITION OF FLOORS

When the buildings were in excellent condition but the owners wanted to make profit by selling some flats to the newer families, they added columns on the outside to support the floors which were being added on top. This was possible only when the plot was big enough and more than half of the plot remained unbuilt. In such buildings, we can still observe the concept of leaving open tranquil spaces within the plot. At times we can observe that the additions have actually enhanced the character of the building and the spaces while, at other times the additions ruin the old character.

3) REDEVELOPMENT

The recent redevelopment spree sees the towers being constructed which are soaring into the sky.

•Though many of them try to create open spaces and gardens, they fail to do it at the ground level with good connectivity to the street.

•The floors at the bottom have been designed as parking, spoiling the view of the residents in the surrounding buildings, who are now exposed to the site of cars when they come to their verandas.

•The buildings designed tend to be isolated from rest of the colony and the streets breaking the unanimous character of the neighborhood.

Fig

Compound Height 1 M + 0.5 M Jali

Building Offset 7 M

Building Material RCC and Brick

Floor Height 3.5 M

Wall Thickness 230 MM

Staircase Width 1 M

Corridor Width 1 M

Window Width 2 M

Sill Height 900 MM

Door Width 1.5 M

Door Height 2.4 M

Balcony Width 3 M

Table No. 2.4.1: Original Structure General Regulations Source : Author

Building Material RCC and Brick

Floor Height 3.5 M Wall Thickness 230 MM

Staircase Width 1 M

Building

Compound Height 1.8 M

Building Offset 3 M

Building Material RCC and Brick

Floor Height 3 M

Wall Thickness 230 MM

Staircase Width 1 M

Corridor Width 1 M

Window Width 3 M

Sill Height 450 MM

Door Width 1 M

Door Height 2.1 M

Balcony Width NA

Table No. 2.4.3: New Structure General Regulations Source : Author

PARSI COLONY -unique

Parsi Colony distinguishes itself from the rest of the city fabric because of the

1) Hierarchy of streets

2) Greenery

3) Building Density

4) Informal Corners

5) Scale

6) Light and Ventilation

7) Route of Movement

This chapter analyses each of these factors in detail at an urban level and at the building level. At the building level the analysis deals with 3 cases,

i) Goola Mansion (as constructed in 1932)

ii) Goola Mansion (after it was modified in 1997)

iii) Kaveri Neeta ( redeveloped building in 2010)

HIERARCHY OF STREETS

Buildings along the main wide streets are open to public activities.

Then come the intermediate streets which connect the busy to the remote. Buildings along these roads are exposed to some extent to the outside public activities

There also exist the remote roads and the buildings along these roads which are not disturbed at all by the outsiders and give the residents the opportunity to live in isolation. The architecture of the buildings, adapts itself to these varied levels of privacy and makes sure that the buildings, in spite of being exposed to the public, have a buffer zone which helps to separate the hustle from the quiet.

Today, we cannot generalize the level of privacy a family would need. Some want to live where the activities are, near shops, services and transport facilities, while some prefer to live in isolation and do not want strangers peeping in at them. The distribution of roads in Parsi colony is such that it allows for this varied levels of privacy, which a community would require.

Road Width 6 M

Building Height 12 M

Compound Height 1 M + 0.5 M grill Offset 6 M

Width of the footpath 2 M

Width of balconies 3 M

In most of the cases, when the streets are narrow, they have avoided placing buildings on both sides of the street. One side generally becomes a garden.

The compound is a solid wall up to 1 M and above that, there comes a 0.5 M grill, which allows the pedestrians to peep inside the building and create a visual connect between the inside and the outside.

The offset of the building from the compound is around 5 M , which is generally used for trees and gardening in order to create a buffer between the building and the street.

The footpaths are generally 2 M wide, which is lesser as compared to the other 2 grades of streets. This is because the pedestrian and public activity is very limited on these streets.

The balconies and verandas in buildings along these streets are wider and bigger as they are away from the hustle. These start serving as outdoor rooms and most of their activities take place in these rooms.

Table

Compound Height 1 M + 0.5 M grill

7 M

Width of the footpath 3 M

Width of balconies 1.5 M

In most of the cases, when the streets have a good enough width, there are buildings on both sides of it and the height earlier used to be restricted such that the building height was almost equal to the width of the street.

The compound is a solid wall up to 1 M and above that, there comes a 0.5 M grill, which allows the pedestrians to peep inside the building and create a visual connect between the inside and the outside.

The offset of the building from the compound is around 5-8 M , which is generally used for trees and gardening in order to create a buffer between the building and the street.

The footpaths are generally 3 M wide, to make sure that the buildings are set apart from the street and that the footpaths do not become crowded.

The balconies and verandas in buildings along these streets are generally smaller with a width of around 1.5 M.

Table

of the footpath

Width of balconies -

The compound in such streets is a solid wall up to 1.5M, with no grill above that. These streets have alot of public and pedestrian activity, thus a solid compound wall helps in creating a barrier between the street and the building.

The offset of the building from the compound is around 10M , which is generally used for trees, gardening and parking, in order to create a buffer between the building and the street.

The footpaths are generally 3 M wide, to make sure that the buildings are set apart from the street and that the footpaths do not become crowded.

The balconies and verandas in buildings along these streets are either very small or not there at all.

3.2 GREENERY

The gardens within the precinct are equally spaced and distributed around the colony, such that most of the buildings overlook into a garden, or are in comfortable walking distance from them. The main nodes and corners become public gardens which open to all. At the same time, most buildings have smaller private gardens in their compounds where people come out in the evening, sit, read, have coffee, have parties,etc. These gardens besides serving a community purpose, create a buffer between the streets and the insides of the building.

Fig No. 3.2 - Greenery in Parsi Colony

: Author

CASE 1 - Goola Mansion (1932)

Original Structure

The balconies and verandas of older buildings opened out into the private gardens and trees within the building plot. A person remained well connected with the greens which became an integral part of his daily routine. The location of the greens compelled a person was to interact with them.

The greens become integrated within the planning and layout of the building and flats.

Fig No. 3.2.1.1

Fig

Fig No. 3.2.1.4

Fig

Fig

Fig

Fig No. 3.2.1.14 - Greenery in old buildings

Source : Author

Fig No. 3.2.1.13 - Greenery in old buildings

Source : Author

CASE 2 - Goola Mansion (1997)

Modified Structure

The greens continue to penetrate into the original houses. However the newer flats remain isolated from the greens and it becomes barely an aesthetic feature.

The greens remain integrated to some extent within the planning and layout of the building and flats, but at the same time start becoming an aesthetic feature.

Fig No. 3.2.2.1-6

Fig No. 3.2.2.2

Fig No. 3.2.2.1

Fig No. 3.2.2.9 - Greenery in modified buildings

Source : Author

Fig No. 3.2.2.7 - Greenery in modified buildings

Source : Author

Fig No. 3.2.2.8 - Greenery in modified buildings

Source : Author

CASE 3 - Kaveri Neeta (2010) Redeveloped Structure

There is no concept of private gardens in the newer buildings. The ground floor which was covered by trees, now becomes concretised and is used for parking.

Some attempts are done to include greens in the buildings after the construction, thus making it nothing more than an aesthetic element.

Fig

Fig No. 3.2.3.2

Fig No. 3.2.3.1

Fig No. 3.2.3.9 - Greenery in new buildings

Source : Author

Fig No. 3.2.3.7 - Greenery in new buildings

Source : Author

Fig No. 3.2.3.8 - Greenery in new buildings

Source : Author

3.3 BUILDING DENSITY

The Parsi Colony, which was established by the BIT back in the 1930s had a built to unbuilt ratio of about 50%.

The amount of open space per person was more than the amount of closed space per person. With the new kinds of developments coming in, one can see a shift in this proportion. The amount of closed spaces have started increasing. This shift is what is taking away the character of the Parsi colony, the open spaces and semiopen spaces were an integral part of their daily routines.

- Goola Mansion (1997)

Fig

Fig No. 3.3.3.4 - Open and Closed spaces in modified buildings

Source : Author

Fig No. 3.3.2.2 - Open and Closed spaces in modified buildings

Source : Author

Fig No.

3.3.2.3 - Open and Closed spaces in modified buildings

Source : Author

CASE 3 - Kaveri Neeta (2010)

Redeveloped Structure

CASE 1 - Goola Mansion (1932)

Total Area 2290 sq. m.

No. of floors 3

No. of families 3

No. of people 14

Open Space / person 85 sq.m. (50%)

Semi -Open Space / person 10.5 sq. m. (40%)

Closed Space / person 65 sq. m. (10%)

CASE 2 - Goola Mansion (1997)

Total Area 3450 sq. m.

No. of floors 6

No. of families 6 No. of people 30

Open Space / person 40.5 sq.m. (35%)

Semi -Open Space / person 5 sq.m. (5%)

Closed Space / person 70 sq. m. (60%)

CASE 3 - Kaveri Neeta (2010)

Total

3.4

Original structures

INFORMAL CORNERS

The regulations, and architectural strategies ,established by the BIT led to the creation of various informal spots in the form of compounds, private gardens, balconies and verandas. The layout of the flats also allowed for these spaces and together these informal spaces are what gives a distinct character to Parsi Colony. They have become an integral part of the daily routine of the residents, who carry out most possible activities in these spaces. They also help in getting the community together and creating small, human sized interactive spaces.

SEMI - PRIVATE

SEMI - PUBLIC

PUBLIC

The transition from the main public street to the private rooms is slow, gradual and the architecture and planning cleverly filters out people at every stage. From the street to the inside of the building we have the compound wall, as we proceed towards the flat we have the reception room which gives you minor glimpses of the inside but still keeps away the outsiders. Then is the living room where guests are allowed and finally the rooms remain private for the family only.

The private areas of the house were merely used for sleeping while most of their activities took place in the living room and balconies which were exposed to the public. The balconies in some cases were so huge that they served as outdoor rooms and all possible activities were carried out there. Even the ground level managed to create small gardens, with a scale perfect to create a comfortable interactive environment.

Fig

Fig

INFORMAL CORNERS 3.4

With the addition of floors, exterior columns, modification of layout , these spaces started diminishing.

While some have completely disappeared because of the addition of columns, some have been blocked by the new added elements and in some cases they have just become dead spaces. However, some have managed to retain their character and quality as well.

Fig No. 3.4.1.1-12 : Informal spaces in modified buildings

CASE - Goola Mansion (1997)

SEMI - PRIVATE

SEMI - PUBLIC PUBLIC

While the gradual transition spaces remain in tact on the lower floors, the new added floors create a complete contradiction. There is no concept of transition in their planning. Even the living room is cut off from the outside with no interactions and not creating a welcoming gesture. Most of activities in these flats happen in the rooms, sometimes not encouraging interactions within the family as well. Some gardens convert into parking spaces thus taking away their recreation.

Fig

INFORMAL CORNERS 3.4

Redeveloped structures

The new district control regulations, crunch of space, developer lobby and profit driven redevelopment is taking away these spaces entirely from the residents. Earlier redevelopments were sensitive to some extent but the latest redevelopments put in zero efforts to be sensitive and to incorporate the spaces which have been so important to the residents till now. The buildings now have blank facades and the ground floor, which once created small gardens and interactive spaces , has now been concretised to create parking

CASE - Kaveri Neeta (2010)

SEMI - PUBLIC

There is sudden transition from the public streets to the semi - public ground floor to the private houses. The houses are completely cut off from each other and from the surroundings, not creating any interaction. The ground floor, which once created small gardens, has now been concretised for parking and services, thus discouraging any sort of interaction. The compound walls around the building are high, thus isolating the building from the streets.

Fig

Fig

3.5 SCALE

The height of building to width of street ratio and the 63.5 degree rule, established by the BIT, managed to create good proportions to allow for good amount of light and ventilation. The height and scale of the building, contribute majorly in the kind of interactions that take place within it, and also the way the building interacts with its surroundings.

The restricted height of building allows for interaction with the outside, the trees, the street and the compound, only to such an extent that the interiors do not get disturbed by the same.

The restricted height of building only allows for 1-7 families which helps in creating a strong family bonding and interaction between the residents.

CASE 2 - Goola Mansion (1997)

Modified Structure

While the lower floors remain connected to the ground, the added floors get isolated from any kind of interaction with the outside.

The residents of the added floors create a community within themselves, with no scope of interaction between the 2 sets of communities within the building.

CASE 3 - Kaveri Neeta (2010)

Redeveloped Structure

The soaring height of the buildings, isolates itself from the outside and the street. One can only see the blank facades of buildings across the street.

The increased height allows for more number of families which may not be like minded. The planning, and variety of families creates an isolation and breaks the family like bonding within the building.

CASE 1 - Goola Mansion (1932)

3.6 LIGHT AND VENTILATION

Light and ventilation are the main attractive features about a house. While some rooms in the old buildings seem to have very good light and ventilation, some fail to provide the same. The newer constructions pay more attention to this and we observe better light and ventilation in the newer flats. However, the increased heights and lesser offsets bring the buildings closer which reduces the light and ventilation.

While the balcony seems to be very well lit, the more private rooms become dark and need artificial lighting even during the day.

Multiple windows in the rooms, and the facility of having a room from one end of the house to the other allows for cross ventilation , which prevents the house from feeling stuffy.

CASE 2 - Goola Mansion (1997)

Modified Structure

The houses in the added floors are much more well lit as compared to the lower floors. Most of the rooms get good natural light during the day.

The addition of the circulation block, stops the cross ventilation that used to happen in the lower floors. The ventilation in the newer houses is not sufficient , as there is not much cross ventilation, making them stuffy

CASE 3 - Kaveri Neeta (2010)

Redeveloped Structure

The newer buildings pay a lot of attention to natural light in terms of planning. All rooms are naturally lit and do not require artificial lighting during the day.

The planning does not allow for cross ventilation and at times the rooms get stuffy.

3.7 ROUTE OF MOVEMENT

The movement of the person from his house to the outside and vice - versa, should not become a boring routine. The old planning allowed for interactions at various levels which is getting lost as we go higher.

CASE 1 - Goola Mansion (1932)

Original Structure

As a person walks from the outside to the inside, he meets people on the way near the gardens, peeps across the verandas, and meets people as he walks up the stairs which open up into the reception room.

CASE 2 - Goola Mansion (1997)

Modified Structure

While interactions continue in the lower floors, we observe a complete contrast in the above floors. The movement is very crisp and direct to your own respective flats, through the lift. There are no sort of interactions which one encounters in his route of movement, and even if there is any, it is very cordial.

CASE 3 - Kaveri Neeta (2010)

Redeveloped Structure

The movement in the new buildings discourages any kind of interactions. There is a direct short path from the parking to the individual flat, through the lift.

: 15 yrs

Play school

Eat

Eat

Meet friends in the building

Arsh Mehta Age

Wake Up

Sleep

Sit in the horse cart

at the dinning table

while playing in the balcony

Tricycle in the compound

Playing in the Garden

Wake Up

School

Study

Tuitions

Fig No. 3.8.1 - Daily routine of Shehzaan Gardin in Parsi Colony

: Author

Fig No. 3.8.2 - Daily routine of Arsh Mehta in Parsi Colony

: Author

Age : 20 yrs

Alone time in the room

Study in the balcony

Study in the room

Play football in the garden

Age : 30 yrs Wake Up Alone time in the balcony

Drive around

Play with friends in the balcony

Gardening in the building

Having coffee in the evening with family.

Anshul Dinshaw

Nisha Jesia

Wake Up House Duty

Office

Fig No. 3.8.3

Daily routine of Anshul Dinshaw in Parsi Colony

: Author

Fig No. 3.8.4 - Daily routine of Nisha Jesia in Parsi Colony

: Author

Age : 45 yrs

Having tea/ coffee with family

Evening walks

Spending time with family

Meeting friends in the gymkhana

Age : 58 yrs

House Duty

Gardening in the compound

Listening to music in the balcony

Reading in the balcony

Library

Physio therapy

Playing with grandchildren in the balcony

Meher Jehangir

Parichehr Gardin

Wake Up

Office

Fig No. 3.8.5 - Daily routine of Meher Jehangir in Parsi Colony

Source : Author

Fig No. 3.8.6 - Daily routine of Parichehr Gardin in Parsi Colony

Source : Author

Gardening in the building

Having coffee in the evening with family. House Duty Sleep

Taking the dog for a walk

Listening to music in the balcony

Gardening in the compound

Playing cards in gymkhana with friends

Reading in the balcony

Manizeh Gardin

Wake Up

Fig No. 3.8.7 - Daily routine of Mithoo Jesia in Parsi Colony

Source : Author

Fig No. 3.8.8 - Daily routine of Manizeh Gardin in Parsi Colony

Source : Author

4 . 1 MUMBAI CASES -

High density neighborhood with mid rise structures planned in 1950

JVPD is a planned neighborhood, in close proximity to the beaches, which has attracted the well-healed and most affluent population of the city. It is connected to rest of the city by SV Road and Linking Road. Jamsetji Tata, in the 1890s, purchased land in Juhu and built a bungalow there. At this point, he got the idea to develop the 1200 acres in Juhu Tara as a planned residential neighborhood. It was to yield 500 plots of one acre each. The neighborhood mainly comprises of residential buildings which also house some clinics. The periphery of the scheme consists of a variety of educational institutions, parks, restaurants, pubs and shopping centers.

HISTORY

In 1950, the neighborhood was developed in such a way that it mainly consisted of bungalows that were built on individual plots. With time, the owners of these bungalows started developing their properties into G+3 story buildings, either with the intention of housing the growing families or with the aspiration of earning money by selling the flats or because maintenance was getting difficult. In recent years, the plots are being developed from G+3 to G+10 or higher buildings.

HIERARCHY OF STREETS

While the buildings along the main wide streets are open to public activities, most of the other buildings become private and isolated. There are very few buildings which moderately balance the public and private. The architecture remains the same throughout, be it on the main public streets or private. The neighborhood, thus, does not provide a variety in terms of the degree of publicness, which is because of the way the streets have been planned (all of them to look and function the same way) , and we notice that JVPD does not encourage pedestrian activity the way Parsi Colony did, because there is no sense of privacy.

Fig

GREENERY 4.1.b

JVPD Scheme is purely residential,planned as a grid neighborhood, and lacks the gardens and green spaces which Parsi Colony provides so efficiently.

The scheme has undergone the changes which Parsi Colony is at the cusp of undergoing and we see this contrast in the old and new buildings. The old buildings remain integrated with the greens while greenery just becomes and aesthetic feature in the newer buildings.

Fig No. 4.1.a.2 - Greenery

Source : Author

The trees penetrate into the houses and a person is compelled to walk through them while going to their respective houses. This encourages a constant interaction with the outside and the trees.

CASE 2 - Suvas (2010) Redeveloped Structure

The whole concept of greens being integrated within the building is lost in the newer constructions. They are added for the sake of it as an aesthetic feature at the periphery of the buildings.

Fig No. 4.1.b.1.2 - Greenery in old buildings

Fig No. 4.1.b.1.1 - Greenery in old buildings

Fig No. 4.1.b.2.3 - Greenery in old buildings

Fig No.

Fig No. 4.1.b.2.2 - Greenery in new buildings Source : Author

BUILDING DENSITY

The built unbuilt ratio of JVPD Scheme which was originally 50-50, after the redevelopment has become 75-25. The reason for this can be clearly seen in the change of architectural style between the original buildings and redeveloped buildings. While the concept of semi - open spaces has completely disappeared, the amount of open spaces have also reduced as compared to the increase in closed spaces.

Fig No. 4.1.c - Built Density Source : Author

CASE 2 - Suvas (2010) Redeveloped Structure

Fig

Original structures

INFORMAL CORNERS

With no restriction from regulations, the original buildings in JVPD scheme were planned to be villas , or G + 2 storey structures, with verandas, balconies, mini gardens, overlooking each other. These spaces would be efficiently used during the day, for reading, chatting and parties.

-

CASE 1 - Kiran (1950) Original Structure

Redeveloped structures

INFORMAL CORNERS

The changing regulations, keep reducing the amount of open and semi - open spaces, to an optimum amount, such that, they are only enough for safety purposes. The open areas are no longer serving the purpose of getting the community together.

SEMI - PUBLIC PUBLIC

CASE 2 - Suvas (2010) Redeveloped Structure

Fig

Fig

SCALE 4.1.e Light and Shadow

The low rise buildings allowed for enough natural light to penetrate into the buildings across the street. They also allowed the street to remain well - lit.

The mid-rise and high rise buildings, have made the streets dark and uncomfortable for an kind of interactions. They also block natural light from entering into the buildings across the street.

JVPD which was supposed to be a scheme of villas and G + 2 storey buildings, had low rise buildings, which allowed for good amount of light and ventilation. They were meant for single families and hence there was strong building community bonding with enough spaces for their interaction and gatherings. The newer midrise and high-rise constructions, not only obstruct the light and ventilation, but also break the community bonding and visual connect with the outside.

Redeveloped Structure Original Structure

CASE 2 - Suvas (2010)

CASE 1 - Kiran (1950)

INTER CONNECTIVITY

Restricted number of families in the older buildings allowed for and created a strong family like bonding.

In newer constructions, the increased number of families, discourages this kind of bonding.

VISUAL CONNECTION

Closeness to the ground and street allowed for continuous interaction with the activities going on at the ground level and the greens.

2 - Suvas (2010) CASE 1 - Kiran (1950)

Redeveloped Structure Original Structure

With increase in height, and parking floors, the houses have become isolated from the street, and interactions with the ground level are not possible.

CASE 1 - Kiran (1950)

CASE 2 - Suvas (2010)

Redeveloped Structure Original Structure

LIGHT AND VENTILATION

CASE 1 - Kiran (1950)

Original Structure

All the rooms get sufficient light, however the toilets do not receive any kind of natural light at any given point of time.

CASE 2 - Suvas (2010)

Redeveloped Structure

All the rooms get sufficient light, however the toilets do not receive any kind of natural light at any given point of time.

VENTILATION

CASE 1 - Kiran (1950)

Original Structure

If doors are kept open, there is possibility of crossventilation along the length of the house, thus making the house windy and pleasant.

CASE 2 - Suvas (2010)

Redeveloped Structure

No possibility of cross ventilation. However every room has an opening which brings sufficient amount of wind, thus not making it stuffy.

Hiranandani Gardens

4 . 2 MUMBAI CASES -

Low density township with high rise structures planned in 1986

Hiranandani Gardens, Powai, an up market township, was constructed by the Hiranandani Group and can be accessed by the JVLR from the North and LBS Marg from the South. It is spread over an area of 250 acres and houses 42 residential buildings and 23 commercial buildings. The complex consists of residential buildings, offices, hospitals, gardens, community center, sports club, banks, shopping mall, hotels, restaurants, pubs and swimming pools.

HISTORY

In 1986, an agreement was signed between the Maharashtra state, MMRDA and the Hiranandani Group, for developing 230 acres of land for the purpose of affordable housing. As per the contract, the developer was to construct apartments measuring 430 sq.ft and 861 sq.ft. as affordable housing. Before the construction started in 1989, the area was barren and hilly and lacked basic infrastructure like roads, sewer lines and water or electrical connections. Hiranandani not only developed basic infrastructure, but also planted 100,000 trees. The first phase of apartments was ready by the early 1990s and was sold at the rate of rupees 500 per sq.ft. By late 1990s, the construction strategy was changed from affordable housing to up market housing and the neoclassical architecture was adapted as a theme for the newer buildings.

HIERARCHY OF STREETS

The hierarchy of streets in Hiranandani clearly affects the kind of public activities at the street level. The residential buildings however, remain isolated from these streets. The architecture remains constant and all the towers have huge , dead, transition spaces before reaching the main tower.

GREENERY

Hiranandani is strongly based on the concept of vertical stacking and creating more open space at the ground level. We thus observe well spaced gardens, although the scale and location make them isolated and do not create a warm, comfortable and welcoming environment which would encourage its use.

Attempts have been made to design a lot of greens and gardens, but the scale of these are huge and they remain isolated from the buildings which does not encourage its usage during the daily routines. They have become very stratified recreational grounds.

Fig No. 4.2.b.2 - Greenery

: Author

Fig No. 4.2.b.3 - Greenery

Source : Author

Fig No. 4.2.b.4 - Greenery Source : Author

BUILDING DENSITY

The concept of stacking, in order to create more open spaces at the ground level, has been very successful and contributed in giving Hiranandani the character it possesses today. It helps in giving a low built to unbuilt proportion. The buildings are spaced at good distances from each other with open spaces creating a variety of transition between them.

One can notice that the stacking system is completely contradicting of the gradual transition in JVPD and Parsi Colony. Though this system allows for plenty of open space and closed space, there is barely any semi-open space where the community comes together.

INFORMAL CORNERS

The planning allows for a gradual transition from the street to the inside of the building, however these transition spaces fail at some level as their scale is huge. Instead of creating a transition, they cut off the building from the outside entirely. Also within the planning and layout of the floors, there is no transition. From the public activities at ground level, there is a sudden transition to the privacy of the houses. The circulation and route of movement is somewhere to blame for the same.

Fig

SCALE

The stacking of buildings has allowed for plenty of distance between acts with its surroundings. The distance between 2 buildings is almost equal to the height of the buildings. This has positive as well as negative impacts on the quality of life.

LIGHT AND SHADOW

The distance allows for sufficient amount of natural light within the houses, and also in the spaces between the buildings. These well lit spaces welcome people to do activities in them.

INTER CONNECTIVITY

There is a huge variety of people within the building, who are forced to come together during festivals and functions, but there are very few which are like minded and form a strong sense of community.

VISUAL CONNECTION

The huge transition spaces, visually also disconnect the building from the street and the outside. The view which one sees from his house is more like a landscape view from a distance rather than an interactive view.

Fig

LIGHT AND VENTILATION

All the rooms get sufficient light, however the toilets do not receive any kind of natural light at any given point of time.

VENTILATION

No possibility of cross ventilation. However every room has an opening which brings sufficient amount of wind, thus not making it stuffy.

5 REDEVELOPMENT IN THE CITY

A study of how redevelopment is done across the city, the reason why people opt for redevelopment and what are the different approaches to redevelopment in the city.

This is followed by a comparitive study of the Bombay Improvement Trust (BIT) Regulations and District Control Regulations(DCR). An analysis of how the change in regulations changes the character of Parsi Colony and takes away its essential characteristics.

At the end is the study of the current proposals in Parsi Colony and how they have adapted to the different characteristics of Parsi Colony, after the implication of the DCR.

REDEVELOPMENT AS A TOOL TO MAKE PROFIT

IS REDEVELOPMENT NECESSARY?

The geography of Mumbai does not leave us with many options for housing developments. The open plots of land are all along the outskirts of the city thus allowing only redevelopment in the Island city.

There exist a few buildings in Parsi colony , which have heritage value and are in good condition. However, many buildings come under the cess category. After the Rent Control Act, the cap on the rents discouraged owners and tenants from investing in maintenance. This has caused hundreds of buildings to degenerate. As the strength and quality of buildings start deteriorating, redevelopment is the option which the residents opt to take. The buildings in

Parsi Colony which belong to the trust, are under constant maintenance and as soon as they start becoming week, repairs and strengthening is taken up. However, in case of buildings which do not belong to the trust, the redevelopment spree has already started and the many are under talks for redevelopment. These redeveloped buildings cause a threat to the way the residents have been living up till now and is very insensitive to their way of life.

Redevelopment initially started with the landlords expanding over the already existing structures. This had a positive point that the tenants did not have to be rehabilitated.

However, most of the buildings are not in the state for expanding, and need to be demolished for redevelopment.

In the current context, redevelopment is seen as a tool to rationalise the FSI imposed by the city’s laws. Redevelopment is now, primarily driven by particular policies and the development control regulations (DCR).

Re-developing results in generation of extra floor space for all tenants in the same locality without any extra cost. However redevelopment is not that easy. Only if 70% tenants agree for the redevelopment project, then they can appoint

a developer to take ahead the redevelopment. There are three main stakeholders in a redevelopment project : Developer, Tenant and Government.

In the current model for redevelopment, the involvement of the state in the production process causes a few problems. When a a developer takes up a project, he has rehabilitate or pay the rent to the tenants till the new project gets completed. This causes the displacement of tenants to different parts of the city.

As opposed to this, when the government takes the onus of building houses which can be used for re-development projects, then their involvement in the project allows for the stock of sale-able area that the redeveloper gets, to be kept aside for affordable housing.

REDEVELOPMENT BENEFITS ALL

Tenants:

Tenants come one step closer to getting property ownership. They are also given the incentive of getting 35% more area.

Owners:

The owners are also given incentives by the developer. Generally they are offered 50% more area and sometimes even double the area.

Developers:

The buildings currently occupy an FSI of 1.33 but the permissible FSI is 3. After the addition of fungible FSI, the FSI becomes 4.05. This gives the builder a profit of more than 50% as the rest of the FSI is then used for sale purposes.

APPROACHES TO REDEVELOPMENT IN THE CITY

DCR 33(7) encourages redevelopment of single buildings

This encourages parking floors at the lower levels which disconnect the building from the street.

The buildings become soaringly high and the neighborhood will become very dense with horrible light, ventilation and hygiene conditions.

DCR 33(9) encourages redevelopment of a group of buildings

This encourages parking floors at the lower levels which disconnect the building from the street.

If the groups are too big, there are chances that the buildings would become very isolated.

5.2.2 Recreational Open Spaces ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS OF THE DCR

Height of building to Road Width Ratio

BIT

The height of the building was restricted to maximum 1.5 times the road width.

Street-scape and town-scape was acknowledged. Restricted height encouraged interactions.

DCR

The height of building is approximately 3.5 times the Road width.

“Development on plot along the road with width less than that specified in the above table shall be allowed if along the entire stretch of a road, the plot owners/ owner hand over the land required for widening of road as required for the proposed development on plot, provided further that the width of the stretch proposed to be widened will not be more than the width of the road to which it connects.“1

In case where the road width is not sufficient, if the owner/ owners of all plots along the stretch of the road agree to hand over a part of the plot for road widening, development shall be allowed, provided that the width of the plot being given is not more than the width of the road.

If not a high rise, the height of the building is restricted to 2 times the width of the road. Residents are disconnected from the streets as well as from each other. Town-scape under threat.

*Heights should be restricted according to the width of streets and setbacks.*

Area between 1001 – 2500 sq.m. 15%

Area between 2500 – 10000 sq.m. 20%

Area above10000 sq.m.

BIT

Parsi colony was designed with approx 66% recreational open space per plot.

The open spaces were used as private gardens and informal corners which encouraged the informalities and interactions between the community.

DCR

“In a layout or subdivision/ amalgamation / for the development of individual plots with a single building in residential or commercial zones, ROS (Recreational Open Space) shall be provided as under”2 ROS will be completely open to sky. Trees will be grown at the rate of 5 trees per 100 sq.m.

The only space left is used for parking and no longer houses any of the informalities or community interactions.

*The

Not applicable.

DCR

The total FSI turns out to be almost 4-5. Not very sensitive to site infrastructural problems or development. With additional FSI and relaxation of certain rules the building heights and ground coverage are affected with no sympathy towards scale or scape or character of the street and the neighborhood.

*FSI should not be made applicable to the precinct, but can be given as TDR.*

restrictions.

DCR

“A porch up to 5.5M will not be counted in FSI.”6 Parapet wall of 0.23M above the porch is permissible.

restrictions.

DCR

“A canopy will be allowed if a clear distance of 1.5M is maintained between the canopy and the plot boundary. Clear height of the canopy has to be 2.2M.”7

Not applicable. BIT

Average BUA per person is 17.9 sq.m

Total BUA is 74983 SQ.M. (79.3% of Site)

Average open space per person is 12 sq.m.

Total open space is 49963 SQ.M. (52.8% of Site)

Average circulation space per person is 6.7 sq.m

Total circulation space is 27857 SQ.M. (29.4% of Site)

DCR

“Maximum tenement density shall be 450 per ha for FSI 1 and shall be appropriately increased/ reduced proportionate to FSI 1.”3

“Minimum tenement density shall be 200.”4

Not restrictions.

DCR

“No balcony shall reduce the minimum marginal open space to less than 3M at the rear and sides and 1.5M in the front.”8

Enclosed balcony will be considered as a part of the room.”9

DCR

“Occupant load per 100 sq.m. of plinth or covered area for residential buildings is 8.”5

“Average built up area per person comes up to 12 sq. m per person.”6

Not restrictions.

DCR

“The main entrance to a plot accommodating a high rise or a special building shall be at least 4.5M wide and shall be diagnosed as not to obstruct easy movement of a fire engine or truck. The entrance gate to it shall open inside and fold back against the compound wall.”10

“Grade III heritage comprises of buildings and precincts, of importance to the town-scape, they evoke architectural aesthetic or sociological interest, though not as much as in Heritage Grade – II. These contribute to determine the character of the locality, and can be representative of a lifestyle or a particular community or a particular region and may also be distinguished by setting on a street line or special character of the facade and uniformity of height, width and scale.”11

“External and internal changes and adaptive re-use

would generally be allowed.”12

“Reconstruction maybe allowed when the building is structurally weak or unsafe or when it has been affected by accidental fire or any other calamity or if reconstruction is required to consume the available FSI and no other option other than reconstruction is available.”13

“Unless absolutely necessary, nothing should spoil or destroy any special features or attributes for which it has been placed in the heritage list.”14

BIT

The size of the building would be a third fraction of the plot, permitting light even into the rooms on the bottom floor.

Street-scape and town-scape are acknowledged.

DCR

“Every room shall have one or more apertures, excluding doors, with area not less than one-sixth of the floor area of the room, with no part of any habitable room being more than 7.5M away from the source of light and ventilation.”16

Every room shall have an opening with a minimum area of 1sq.m.

Global street frontage based setbacks depending on light and ventilation requirements, fire protection and street widths.

“Open spaces to be provided for the full consumption of the FSI – the open spaces left at the sides or the rear shall relate to the height of the building necessary to consume the full FSI permissible, for the occupancy of the zone .”17

Front setbacks along the main road should be at least 4.5M.

BIT

Each plot was designed to have a boundary wall not exceeding 5 ft i.e.1.5M in height extending along the back and a dwarf wall would enclose each plot with railing on 2 sides and the front.

DCR

“Maximum height of a boundary wall shall be 2.0M above the surrounding ground level of the plot.”

“A boundary wall of 2.4M may be permitted if the top 0.9M is of open type construction to facilitate through vision.“15

Street-scape town-scape and the ensemble of the built forms is destroyed.

5.3 CASE 1

REDEVELOPMENT IN PARSI

COLONY AFTER DCR 2034

1) The parking on the lower floors isolates the building from the street and forbids any kind of interaction. Creating stratified decks is contrary to the informal spaces created in the older buildings.

2) The open spaces and decks are not integrated within the buildings and the houses but is used to separate the 2 towers, discouraging the informal interactions between the 2 buildings and the people.

3) The ground floor which originally allowed for small private gardens, interactions, connections with the street and the outside, has now become a restricted isolated floor with parking and services and paved roads, not allowing people to connect with the outside.

4) The user group for the 2 towers is different and automatically creates a sense of discrimination. The decks are adding on to create a difference between the 2 towers. The parking on the lower floors is disconnecting the building from the street and from the outside.

5) The podium is making the gardens and gathering spaces very formal and stratified. Also the Recreation like the gym and the library are provided differently for the 2 buildings again adding on to discourage any kind of interaction between the 2.

6) Every flat on the floor has a lift opening right outside it and the lobby acts as a dark , closed space which does not create a comfortable environment for the residents to stand and interact in.

Fig.

- Author Base DrawingSky Residences , Mittal Builders

REDEVELOPMENT IN PARSI COLONY AFTER DCR 2034

The parking on the ground level raises the building and disconnects it from the surroundings , not allowing any kind of interaction. The garden and open space on the podium level is very formal and isolated and not integrated within the building design.

The ground floor which originally allowed for small private gardens, interactions, connections with the street and the outside, has now become a restricted isolated floor with parking and services and paved roads, not allowing people to connect with the outside.

The gardens, open spaces and recreation spaces have all become very formal and stratified.

Every flat on the floor has a lift opening right outside it and the lobby acts as a dark , closed space which does not create a comfortable environment for the residents to stand and interact in.

-From extraordinary to ordinary

FEATURE PARSI COLONY JVPD

1) Greenery

CONCERNS

Greenery is becoming just an aesthetic feature.

Gardens are not only well spaced throughout the colony but also situated within the buildings.

SUGGESTIONS

Greenery should be integrated with the newer contructions.

Regulations which make it necessary to have specific amount of greens in the building.

2) Hierachy of streets

CONCERNS

Architecture of the new buildings does not respond to the hierarchy of the streets.

SUGGESTIONS

Regulations should control the heights, offsets and kinds of openings according to the streets.

The gardens which existed in the old buildings, do not exist in the newer constructions.

Stacking vertically makes a lot of place horizantally for gardens, however they remain isolated.

The hierarchy of streets allows for different levels of privacy and the architecture adapts to the same.

Not much variety is seen interms of heirarchy of streets and the architecture does not adapt to it.

3) Built Density

The built unbuilt ratio which is almost 50-50 right now. Buildings occupy only a third of the entire plot.

The built unbuilt ratio of 50-50 has changed to 75-25 in newer constructions.

The built unbuilt ratio is almost 50-50 but the unbuilt spaces are huge and non - interactive.

All streets are almost similar and have no effect on the architecture or the building.

CONCERNS

Built density is increasing, but the proportion of semi - open spaces is disappearing entirely.

SUGGESTIONS

Built Density can not be controlled, but the semiopen spaces which have been an integral part of their lives should be retained.

Encourage semi - open spaces, baclconies and verandas in the regulations by not counting them in the FSI.

4) Circulation

The circulation pattern compels interaction with neighbors.

The circulation is very direct and straight without any meandering and discourages interaction.

The circulation is very direct and straight without any meandering and discourages interaction.

CONCERNS

Circulation has become short and direct without any meandering.

SUGGESTIONS

Circulation through informalities should be retained.

FEATURE PARSI COLONY JVPD HIRANANDANI

5) Elements

a) Compound Wall

The compound wall allows people to get a glimpse of what is happening inside. The compound acts as a complete barrier between the inside and the outside.

High compound walls create a huge buffer between the street and the buildings.

b) Compound The compound generally creates small human sized spaces which encourage interaction. The new buildings use the compound only for marking unlike the older buildings. The compounds are huge, unbroken, stratified spaces which discourage informality.

c) Offsets

CONCERNS RETAIN ORIGINAL STYLE OR NOT SUGGESTIONS

Compound walls are becoming higher and do not allow glimpses from and of the street.

One could do away with compound walls, and have some other kind of porous barrier.

Do not allow for high compound walls which act as huge barriers between the inside and the outside.

Compounds are now being used merely for parking instead of smaller spaces which encouraged interactions.

Informal activities in the compounds should be encouraged instead of using it only for parking.

Regulations should not allow for the entire ground level to be concretised and used for parking.

d) Balconies and Verandas

The 63.5 degree rule allows for just the right amount of offsets.

There are not enough offsets between 2 buildings.

The offsets are too big to allow for any kind of interaction.

Offsets have reduced to 3 m which makes the area dark and stuffy.

Offset should be left between 2 buildings such that they dont get too stuffy and neither too isolated.

Offsets should be done keeping in mind the width of streets and heights of buildings.

e) Gardens

90% of the houses have balconies and verandas which serve as the most important part of their daily routines

The concept of balconies and verandas has completely disappeared in new buildings.

Most of the buildings have small private gardens to create a buffer between the private and public.

Not many gardens are seen in the precinct any more, be it public at an urban level or within the compounds.

Even if balconies exist, they are not used extensively due to lack of interaction with the outside.

Balconies and Verandas have been discouraged because ground floor is now used for parking and balconies have been counted in FSI.

Balconies have been an integral part of their daily routines and should thus be retained.

Bigger balconies should be allowed by the regulations.

Due to the stacking the gardens are huge but remain isolated from the built form.

Smaller private gardens and informal pockets are being replaced by stratified, formal functions and parking.

Informal pockets at the ground level need to be retained and need to move vertically upwards as well

Discourage the concretisation and stratification of the ground level. Let it remain porous and informal.

6) Scale

The height of building allows for good ineraction with the outside and other members of the building. The soring height of new buildings does not allow the same kind of interactions that existed back then.

The vertical high stacking disconnect people from the ground and from each other.

Stacking vertically breaks the interactions with the ground level and the people of the building as well.

The scale of the building should not hamper the kind of interactions that have been taking place all these years.

The building could be broken down into smaller scales while going high to make sure that interactions continue.

7) Light and Ventilation

The flats do not get sufficient natural light and ventilation.

The soring height of new buildings makes the streets shaded, stuffy and dark.

The distances between 2 buildings allows for good of natural light and ventilation.

High buildings with less distance between them is spoiling the quality of light and ventilation.

It would not be possible to retain the 63.5 degree rule keeping in mind the small size of plots.

The houses could be planned such that they allow for cross ventilation and natural light.

7 SITE AND STRATEGIES

The demonstration of the thesis happens at 2 levels :

1) Urban level -

The urban demonstration is zoomed in to the area South of 5 gardens. This area has retained the Parsi Colony character through all these years and is now under threat of redevelopment, and of losing its identity The rest of the area of the precinct has already transformed and does not have much scope for improvement.

2) Building Level -

It is difficult to narrow down to a single approach for redevelopment, so the thesis would demonstrate all the 3 approaches on different site conditions,

a) Individual Plot DevelopmentThe site for this is along the edge where the streets are wider.

b) Plot of 2-3 BuildingsThis site is located more in the interior of the precinct, where the streets are narrower.

c) Cluster Redevelopment -

This site is located in the interior along a garden edge.

URBAN LEVEL

1. LAND USE

Statistics shows that Dadar Parsi Colony is a medium density, predominantly residential precinct having a very low percentage of commercial use.

2. OWNERSHIP

It is noticed that the private buildings are undergoing radical changes while the trust buildings are doing as much as they can to preserve the buildings, the heights and the character of the space.

Fig.

Fig.

3. BUILDING CONDITION

4. BUILDING HEIGHTS

Inspite of having a number of cessed buildings Dadar Parsi Colony has a low percentage of buildings in poor condition. This is because either the buildings get repaired or they get demolished and redeveloped.

Originally the buildings which were restricted to G + 2 or G + 3 storeys, are now being converted into G + 5 or above storeyed buildings. However the buildings owned by the trust try to maintain their buildings in order to retain the height.

STRATEGIES AT URBAN LEVEL

- 25% shared common spaces would be necessary.

- Semi - open spaces would be excluded from the FSI the way it was earlier.

- 25% Green cover is necessary and should be integrated within the building and not just stay as an aesthetic feature

Zone 1

Around 5 gardens.

The height of buildings immediately around 5 gardens would be restricted to G + 8 . If any extra FSI, it could be given as TDR

Zone 3

Along the main roads.

The height of buildings along the main roads could be higher. As per the 63.5 degree rule. Setbacks would be atleast 7.5m. If any extra FSI, it could be given as TDR

Zone 2

Around other gardens.

The height of buildings immediately around any gardens would be restricted to G + 12. If any extra FSI, it could be given as TDR

Zone 4

Along the main roads.

The height of buildings along the arterial roads qould be restricted to G+18. Setbacks would be atleast 5m. If any extra FSI, it could be given as TDR

Section showing blank facades and minimal interactions in the current development style in Parsi Colony.

Section showing interactive facades and the proposed heights and offsets in Parsi Colony.

This site showcases the 1st possible condition of redevelopment in Parsi Colony, that is individual building redevelopment.

It lies along an arterial road with buildings all around and no breathing spaces between them.

Jame Jamshed Road

Baba Saheb Ambedkar Road

Khareghat Road

Jame Jamshed Road

Baba Saheb Ambedkar Road

Total Area of Site 710 sq. m.

Fsi Consumed 3

Fsi Permissible 3

Types of Flats 2

No. of Type 1 Units 5

Area of Type 1 Unit 270 sq. m. (1350 sq.m.)

No. of Type 2 Units 8

Area of Type 2 Unit 130 sq. m. (1040 sq.m.)

This plot lies along Zone 2 and has to follow the offsets as per Zone 2 regulations. It has only one building which has already been redevloped. The proposal in this scenario would showcase an alternative redevelopment typology in this scenario.

Proposed Strategies

Overlooking Green Terraces which help to increase the interactivity between 2 buildings and also with the outside.

This site showcases the 2nd possible condition of redevelopment in Parsi Colony, that is a small cluster redevelopment. However according to DCR it doesn’t come under the category of Cluster Development.

It lies along the Baba Saheb Ambedkar road which is one of the busiest roads in the precinct.

Total Area of Site 1500 sq. m.

Built Area 613 sq. m.

No. of Plots 2

No. of buildings 2

Fsi Consumed 2.5

Area of Plot 1 750 sq. m.

Area of Plot 2 750 sq. m.

Jame Jamshed Road

Baba Saheb Ambedkar Road

Khareghat Road

Jame Jamshed Road

Baba Saheb Ambedkar Road

Total Area of Site 1500 sq. m.

Fsi Consumed 2.5

Fsi Permissible 3

Types of Flats 2

No. of Type 1 Units 21

Area of Type 1 Unit 150 sq. m. (3150 sq.m.)

No. of Type 2 Units 6

Area of Type 2 Unit 67 sq. m. (402 sq.m.)

This plot lies along Zone 1 and has to follow the offsets as per Zone 1 regulations. It has two buildings , one which has already been redevloped and one which has been modified. The proposal in this scenario would showcase an alternative redevelopment typology in this scenario.

Proposed Strategies

Overlooking Green Terraces which help to increase the interactivity between 2 buildings and also with the outside. Try to make the informalities of the ground level, vertically.

Section

This site showcases the 3rd possible condition of redevelopment in Parsi Colony, that is a road to road cluster redevelopment. According to DCR it comes under the category of Cluster Development. It lies along one of the internal arterial roads and opposite a garden.

Jahangir Vimadalal Road

Wadia Garden

No. 7

Jahangir Vimadalal Road

Road No. 5

Plot 1 - Blossom and Bliss

House Typologies

Redeveloped in 2014

Plot

- Shree Bhuvan

SITE ANALYSIS -

Total Area of Site 4000 sq. m.

Fsi Consumed 2.6

Fsi Permissible 4

Types of Flats 8

No. of Type 1 Units 14

Area of Type 1 Unit 120 sq. m. (1680 sq.m.)

No. of Type 2 Units 34

Area of Type 2 Unit 60 sq. m. (2040 sq.m.)

No. of Type 3 Units 1

Area of Type 3 Unit 250 sq. m. (250 sq.m.)

No. of Type 4 Units 20

Area of Type 4 Unit 75 sq. m. (1500 sq.m.)

No. of Type 5 Units 8

Area of Type 5 Unit 150 sq. m. (1200 sq.m.)

No. of Type 6 Units 2

Area of Type 6 Unit 300 sq. m. (600 sq.m.)

No. of Type 7 Units 6

Area of Type 7 Unit 95 sq. m. (570 sq.m.)

No. of Type 8 Units 5

This plot lies along Zone 3 and has to follow the offsets as per Zone 3 regulations. It has 8 buildings , 6 of which have already been redevloped and 2 which has been modified, and under the cusp of redevelopment. The proposal in this scenario would showcase an alternative cluster redevelopment typology in this scenario.

Area of Type 8 Unit 190 sq. m. (950 sq.m.)

Using entire plot and making a low rise building. No shared or green spaces

Mid - Rise buildings with broken green space at ground level.

Userfriendly green spaces at podium level

Using half the plot and making a high rise building, with huge open space in front of it. Plenty of green space but not user friendly and integrated

Mid - Rise buildings with broken green space and shared common spaces.

Userfriendly shared and green spaces integrated within the building design. Plenty of green space but not user friendly and integrated

8

CASE STUDIES AND MATERIAL

MVRDV - Mixed Use Valley, Amsterdam

A 75,000 square meter mixed use building located in Amsterdam, the building aims to inject a sense of life and excitement into the neighborhood, transforming the district into a more varied and livable urban quarter.

3 residential towers sit on top of a publicly accessible plinth , where a pedestrian path runs from the street level up along terraced roof gardens to a landscaped podium.

MVRDV set out to create an outward looking structure that was both respectful of its neighbors and boldly innovative.

A lively plinth ensures that it becomes less introverted than existing buildings in the Zuidas. There will be many terraces, both private and public, filled with people, flowers, plants and outdoor seating.

Bringing the informalities up from the ground level to the building.

SeARCH - Summertime Housing , Amsterdam

Spread across the two towers are 197 rental apartments, mostly for the middle-income segment. An interior atrium provides a generous naturally-lit entrance with subtly coloured balustrades wrapping the 10 floor high void. At ground level 1100 m2 of public space will be realized along with commercial space and a nursery. And below ground a parking garage with a capacity for 150 cars connects the two towers.

The ‘Summertime’ apartments contribute to this with its human scale dimensions and playful appearance.

This project embraces sustainability measures such as alternative energy generation, low temperature heating, grey water recycling and green roofs, meeting the high standard pursued by the municipality of Amsterdam.

Breaking down of larger spaces into smaller spaces. Terraces

Boeri Studio - Bosco Verticale

The first example of a ‘Vertical Forest’ (il Bosco Verticale) was inaugurated in October 2014 in Milan in the Porta Nuova Isola area, as part of a wider renovation project led by Hines Italia. Milan’s Vertical Forest consists of two towers of 80 and 112 metres, hosting 480 large and medium trees, 300 small trees, 11,000 perennial and covering plants and 5,000 shrubs. The equivalent - over an urban surface of 1,500 m2 – of 20,000 m2 of forest and undergrowth.

The Vertical Forest is an architectural concept which replaces traditional materials on urban surfaces using the changing polychromy of leaves for its walls. The biological architect relies on a screen of vegetation, needing to create a suitable micro climate and filter sunlight, and rejecting the narrow technological and mechanical approach to environmental sustainability.

8.4

Roof Gardens

The Kanchenjunga Apartments are a direct response to the present culture, the escalating urbanization, and the climatic conditions for the region. They pay homage to the vernacular architecture that once stood on the site before the development in a number of ways.

Correa pushed his capacity for ingenious cellular planning to the limit, as is evident from the interlock of four different apartment typologies varying from 3 to 6 bedrooms each.

The building is a 32 story reinforced concrete structure with 6.3m cantilevered open terraces.

“I lived in Hong Kong for 15 years -- you take the elevator, go up, walk through the corridor and go into your apartment. The interaction with neighbors is very limited,” says Kwong, who designed the project alongside Kevin Lamyuktseung and Alison Von Glinow, with whom he co-founded the US-based architecture firm Kwong Von Glinow.“(Apartment blocks) aren’t places that you can hang out in. So we wanted to provide public space that people can enjoy -- where they can communicate and play around each other.” 8.6

Maximizing existing space

The lack of available land suitable for building on, coupled with notoriously restrictive building regulations, means that unorthodox architectural visions are rarely realized in Hong Kong. The firm offers space-efficient renovations that help residents maximize the size of their homes using sliding walls, hidden storage and folding appliances.

While he says it’s “rare” for people to prioritize renovations over buying a few extra square feet in the property market, demand is growing.

Pixel Facade , Biophilia

Oliver thomas and keyan rahimzadeh’s ‘pixel facade’ takes a progressive attitude to create an adaptive, scalable, repeatable building system that can be configured to create multiple solutions applicable to multiple building typologies whilst also creating variability in design.

This concept has driven the idea behind the team’s flexible modular system allowing the tenants a unique flexibility to configure the balance and layout of the spaces in order to suit the individual needs pixel facade takes advantage of innovations in the construction industry such as generative design, BIM, prefabrication, and timber frame construction to create a more streamlined, economic and sustainable approach to the typical design and building process.

8.8

Sou Fujimoto

Measuring 17,000 square meters, the project comprises four towers each densely populated with trees and other vegetation.

Private balconies become larger as the building ascends, providing more room for greenery and plantation. this culminates in four rooftop gardens, each with their own distinct atmosphere. the terraces are connected with the remainder of the scheme horizontally, as well as vertically, allowing users to navigate between gardens and towers.

What sets this project apart is the proposal for a collection of themed rooftop gardens connected by walkways.

Particular attention has been paid to delivering quality shared spaces, both on the fringes of the site with the terrace gardens, or at the heart of the development with the green oasis.

Drawings by Tamas Fisher Drawings by Morph

Fig.

Mindspace Parkside Retirement , Bangalore

However the uniqueness of the project lies in reinterpreting the idea of a single club house. Instead of housing all the activities in one place, it is distributed across the floor for easy access and to have a lively atmosphere and encourage interaction across the building. Each of the floors has one activity center which is visually connected across different levels through a central atrium with a skylight.

The facade is articulated with overlapping double height volumes accentuated with colors to visually scale down the ten floor facade. The spaces in Parkside allow the end users to engage the vibrancy of a close-knit community life.

Shared Spaces Technology and MaterialsPrecast Modules

Safdie explored the possibilities of prefabricated modular units to reduce housing costs and allow for a new housing typology that could integrate the qualities of a suburban home into an urban high-rise.

Conclusion

Old neighborhoods have been an essential part of the architectural history of the city. These neighborhoods have had a distinct architectural typology which has allowed for a specific way of life. The recent development control regulations DCR is not sensitive to the already existing typology which fits perfectly well in the surrounding and the residents. It has a globalised approach for redevelopment throughoout the city. However, a person’s way of life changes from locality to locality and it is not ethical to impose a specific way of life on the people.

Similar is the case with Dadar Parsi Colony. Being the first town planning scheme of the city, it still functions perfectly at the urban level. However what is at risk is the typology of buildings which is going under drastic transformation and ruining the town-scape as well as the way people are accustomed to live in. Greenery has always been integrated within their building designs and the semi-open spaces have housed most of their activities and important celebrations. The gardens and compounds have allowed for the informalities and created human scale spaces which encouraged interactions.

JVPD another neighborhood has already seen the transformation and lost its earlier identity. From being an ideal example of a neighborhood in the city, it has now become and indifferent part of the city. Hiranandani an ideal example of a neighborhood works perfectly well for its residents, but is contradictory to the way people in Parsi Colony have always lived.

Parsi Colony, where the redevelopment spree has just started is beginning to lose its identity and becoming another JVPD of Mumbai. The buildings being proposed after the new DCR have taken away their way of life. People are forced to live in isolation. There is no longer any connect with the street, with the outside or with the people.

The design intent of the thesis is to develop a new typology for the redevelopment in Parsi Colony. This typology would be specific to Dadar Parsi Colony and the way its residents have been living and would want to live in the future.

However, there is no specific way of redevelopment and thus the thesis will approach and demonstrate the 3 types of redevlopments being practiced in the city - Individual Plot Redevelopment, a cluster of 2-3 Buildings and a road to road cluster

Dadar Parsi Colony at an urban level has distinct zones which have modified the building offsets and the kind of openings as well as connections with the outside. The 3 sites selected lie in each of these zones where additional regulations would control the offsets, kinds of opening and height of buildings.

At the building level, it would be necessary to retain certain aspects which have contributed greatly to distinct character of Dadar Parsi Colony. These aspects would be controlled by the regulations. 25% shared common spaces would be necessary. Semi - open spaces would be excluded from the FSI the way it was earlier. 25% Green cover is necessary and should be integrated within the building and not just stay as an aesthetic feature.

While we still abide by the DCR, the additional regulations would help in retaining the important aspects of the neighborhood and still allow for redevlopment. A new typology, more sensitive to the neighborhood and its residents would be developed

DRAWBACK :

Cost of construction is higher.

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

:

1) Precast construction which reduces the construction time by atleast 50%.

2) Common Resources which would help reduce construction cost.

Eg: Common underground parking instead of having seperate floors of parking in every building. This allows for more area, reduces height of buildings, and reduces construction cost.

3) Better attractive features would attract more buyers for the flat.

Surevy - Builders

Would you be ready to invest 2-5% more in order to give better quality living, greenery and shared community spaces?

GIVING KRISHNAN MUTHUKUMAR ( Tridhatu )

Yes, it should be promoted by the government for more superior and safe construction. instead of escalating fsi prices which directly goes to the government from builders.

Surevy - Buyers

Would you be ready to invest 2-5% more for a better quality living, greenery , balconies and shared community spaces?

SANDEEP ZAVERI

Of course. Why not?

MAYUR GANATRA ( Satguru Lifespaces )

Yes. I would invest

NABIL PATEL ( DB Reality )

Yes, we would consider spending 10% more if the said investment pays me back in terms of overall profitability becoming better.

ABHAY KOTHARI ( Yashodhan Builders )

If it will help me give facilities to buyers and attract them, then I would.

UMANG KUWADIA ( Happy Homes )

5% is too high. Green spaces/ shared spaces arise as a virtue of design and generally looked after by the architects. Investing 1-2% could help you achieve optimal green space planning.

ASHISH POPAT

If I am getting more greenery in the heart of the city, then definitely I will.

AJIT GAJENDRAGADKAR

Definitely I would. Everyone wants these facilities.

Of course

GHATALIA

Only if I am getting better facilities and more community interaction spaces.

PARESH

HETAN SHAH

Bibliography

Books

1) Pattern Language by Christopher Alexander

2) Iyer,Kamu.Growing up in a Planned neighborhood; Boombay , From Precincts To Sprawl.

3) Iyer,Kamu.Apartment; Boombay , From Precincts To Sprawl.

4) House, but No Garden: Apartment Living in Bombay’s Suburbs, 1898-1964 , Kamu Iyer.

5) History and its changing context, Design Cell : Dadar Parsi Colony. n.d. Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute of Architecture.

6) Design Cell : Inner City. n.d. Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute of Architecture.

7) Singh, Binti, and Manoj Parmar. n.d. Trends And Issues In Housing In Asia. Unraveling redevelopment in the mega city context of India : The case of Mumbai

8) District Control Regulations 2034

Documents

1) Mittal Builders

2) How-can-neighbourhoods-be-understood-anddefined. [ebook] The young Foundation. Available at: https://youngfoundation.org/wp-content/ uploads/2012/11/How-can-neighbourhoods-beunderstood-and-defined-August-2010.pdf

Websites

1) ”Top-Down And Bottom-Up Design”. 2018. En.Wikipedia.Org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topdown_and_bottom-up_design.

2) “MVRDV Breaks Ground On Mixed-Use “Valley” To Inject Life Into Amsterdam’s Business District”. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/879113/ mvrdv-breaks-ground-on-mixed-use-valley-to-injectlife-into-amsterdams-business-district.

3) “Summertime Housing / Search”. Archdaily. https:// www.archdaily.com/893509/summertime-housingsearch?ad_medium=gallery.

4) “Bosco Verticale / Boeri Studio”. Archdaily. https:// www.archdaily.com/777498/bosco-verticalestefano-boeri-architetti?ad_medium=gallery

5) “Kanchenjunga Apartments”. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/151844/ad-classicskanchanjunga-apartments-charles-correa

6) “Hong Kong Vertical Village”. Archdaily. http:// edition.cnn.com/style/article/hong-kong-pixelhome-competition/index.html

7) Colman, Michelle, and Michelle Colman. 2018. “’Pixel Facade’ Concept Creates Flexible, Green Office Towers Designed For Millennials | 6Sqft”. 6Sqft. https://www.6sqft.com/pixel-facade-conceptcreates-flexible-green-office-towers-designed-formillennials/.

8) “Pixel Facade, A Flexible Biophilic Facade System For Future Offices”Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine. https://www.designboom.com/ architecture/pixel-facade-biophilic-facade-systemnext-generation-offices-04-03-2018/.

9) “Mindspace Parkside Retirement Homes”. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/901829/ parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace/?ad_ source=myarchdaily&ad_medium=bookmarkshow&ad_content=current-user

10) “Innovations In Building Construction In India - India’s First Newsportal On Projects”.India’s First Newsportal On Projects. http://www.projectsmonitor. com/guest-articles/innovations-in-buildingconstruction-in-india/.

11) “Habitat 67 / Safdie Architects”. Archdaily. https:// www.archdaily.com/404803/ad-classics-habitat-67moshe-safdie?ad_medium=gallery

12) “RENTAL HOUSING: SOLUTION FOR HOUSING URBAN POOR? – IAAC Blog”. 2018. IAAC Blog. http:// www.iaacblog.com/programs/rental-housingsolution-for-housing-urban-poor/.

13) “Castle Rock By Hiranandani By Hiranandani Developers | 2 BHK Flats For Sale In Powai”. 2018. Urbanplace.In. https://urbanplace.in/projects/ castle-rock-hiranandani-powai-2bhk-apartments.

14) “Three Bidders Show Interest in Buying Dawood Ibrahim’s Bhendi Bazaar Property.” Dna. August 04, 2018. Accessed November 24, 2018. https://www. dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-3-bidders-show-

interest-in-buying-dawood-ibrahim-s-bhendi-bazaarproperty-2645354.

15) “Dave & Co Horniman Circle -Mumbai.” Dave & Co Horniman Circle -Mumbai. Accessed November 24, 2018. http://davelawfirm.com/.

16) Printable-physical-map-of-india. https:// kitchendecor.club/files/printable-physical-map-ofindia.html.

17) “Detailed Hi-res Maps of Bombay for Download or Print.” Traditions, Festivals & Events in Madeira | Habits, Mentality and Lifestyle of Locals. Accessed November 24, 2018. http://www.orangesmile.com/ travelguide/bombay/high-resolution-maps.htm.

References

1. Introduction to Neighborhoods

1. What is a Neighborhood?

- How-can-neighbourhoods-be-understood-and-defined. [ebook] The young Foundation. Available at: https:// youngfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/How-canneighbourhoods-be-understood-and-defined-August-2010.pdf -”Top-Down And Bottom-Up Design”. 2018. En.Wikipedia.Org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design.

2. Types of Neighborhoods in the city

- How-can-neighbourhoods-be-understood-and-defined. [ebook] The young Foundation. Available at: https://youngfoundation. org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/How-can-neighbourhoods-beunderstood-and-defined-August-2010.pdf

3. Importance of Parsi Colony to the city

- How-can-neighbourhoods-be-understood-and-defined. [ebook] The young Foundation. Available at: https:// youngfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/How-canneighbourhoods-be-understood-and-defined-August-2010.pdf

2. Parsi Colony - From then to now.

1. History of Parsi Colony

- How-can-neighbourhoods-be-understood-and-defined. [ebook] The young Foundation. Available at: https://

youngfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/How-canneighbourhoods-be-understood-and-defined-August-2010.pdf

2. Planning and Regulations

- Iyer,Kamu.Growing up in a Planned neighborhood; Boombay , From Precincts To Sprawl.

- Iyer,Kamu.Apartment; Boombay , From Precincts To Sprawl.

- House, but No Garden: Apartment Living in Bombay’s Suburbs, 1898-1964 , Kamu Iyer.

3. Birth of a New Architectural Style

- Iyer,Kamu.Growing up in a Planned neighborhood; Boombay , From Precincts To Sprawl.

- Iyer,Kamu.Apartment; Boombay , From Precincts To Sprawl.

- House, but No Garden: Apartment Living in Bombay’s Suburbs, 1898-1964 , Kamu Iyer.

- History and its changing context, Design Cell : Dadar Parsi Colony. n.d. Kamla Raheja Vidyanidhi Institute of Architecture.

5.

Redevelopment in Parsi Colony

1. Redevelopment as a tool to make profit

- Singh, Binti, and Manoj Parmar. n.d. Trends And Issues In Housing In Asia. Unraveling redevelopment in the mega city context of India : The case of Mumbai

- District Control Regulations 2034

2. Analysis and Implications of DCR

- District Control Regulations 2034; Part IV; Requirement of Site and Layout; Pg. 73

- District Control Regulations 2034; Part IV; (27.)Recreational Open Space in plots; Pg. 79

- District Control Regulations 2034; Part VIII; General Requirements of a building; (37.) Requirements of parts of building; Pg. 228

8. Case Studies and Material

1. MVRDV - Mixed Use Valley

“MVRDV Breaks Ground On Mixed-Use “Valley” To Inject Life Into Amsterdam’s Business District”. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily. com/879113/mvrdv-breaks-ground-on-mixed-use-valley-to-injectlife-into-amsterdams-business-district.

2. SeARCH - Summertime Housing

“Summertime Housing / Search”. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/893509/summertime-housing-search?ad_medium=gallery.

3. Boeri Studio - Bosco Verticale

“Bosco Verticale / Boeri Studio”. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/777498/bosco-verticale-stefano-boeri-architetti?ad_medium=gallery

4. Kanchenjunga Apartments

“Kanchenjunga Apartments”. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily. com/151844/ad-classics-kanchanjunga-apartments-charles-correa

5. Hong Kong Vertical Village Competition Entry 1

“Hong Kong Vertical Village”. Archdaily. http://edition.cnn.com/ style/article/hong-kong-pixel-home-competition/index.html

6. Hong Kong Vertical Village Competition Entry 2

“Hong Kong Vertical Village”. Archdaily. http://edition.cnn.com/ style/article/hong-kong-pixel-home-competition/index.html

7. Pixel Facade , Biophelia

Colman, Michelle, and Michelle Colman. 2018. “’Pixel Facade’ Concept Creates Flexible, Green Office Towers Designed For Millennials | 6Sqft”. 6Sqft. https://www.6sqft.com/pixel-facade-concept-creates-flexible-green-office-towers-designed-for-millennials/.

“Pixel Facade, A Flexible Biophilic Facade System For Future Offices”Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine. https:// www.designboom.com/architecture/pixel-facade-biophilic-facade-system-next-generation-offices-04-03-2018/.

8. Sou Fujimoto

Tamas Fisher Morph

9. Mindspace Parkside Retirement

“Mindspace Parkside Retirement Homes”. Archdaily. https:// www.archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace/?ad_source=myarchdaily&ad_medium=bookmark-show&ad_content=current-user

10. Technology and Material

“Innovations In Building Construction In India - India’s First Newsportal On Projects”.India’s First Newsportal On Projects. http:// www.projectsmonitor.com/guest-articles/innovations-in-building-construction-in-india/.

“Habitat 67 / Safdie Architects”. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/404803/ad-classics-habitat-67-moshe-safdie?ad_medium=gallery

List of Figures

1. Introduction to Neighborhoods

1. What is a Neighborhood?

Fig No. 1.1.1 -

Memory Map of Murmur neighborhood , Toronto ; Source : http:// murmurtoronto.ca/grange/

Fig No. 1.1.2Memory Map of neighborhood for Masumi Nagrecha Source : Author

Fig No. 1.1.3 -

Memory Map of neighborhood for Janvi Ghatalia Source : Author

Fig No. 1.1.4 -

Memory Map of neighborhood for Dwiti Ganatra ; Source : Author

Fig No. 1.1.5Neighborhoods for the government ; Source : http://www.bmcelections.com/wp-content/ uploads/2016/10/mumbai-new-ward-map-2017.jpg

2. Types of Neighborhoods in the city

Fig No. 1.2.1 -

Satellite Image of Dadar Parsi Colony ; Source - Google Earth

Fig No. 1.2.2 -

Satellite Image of JVPD Scheme, Juhu ; Source - Google Earth

Fig No. 1.2.3Satellite Image of Juhu ; Source - Google Earth

Fig No. 1.2.4 -

Satellite Image of Bandra Kurla Complex ; Source - Google Earth

Fig No. 1.2.5 -

Satellite Image of Bhindi Bazaar, Inner City ; Source - Google Earth

Fig No. 1.2.6 -

Source : http://www.iaacblog.com/programs/rental-housingsolution-for-housing-urban-poor/

Fig No. 1.2.7Source : https://urbanplace.in/projects/castle-rock-hiranandanipowai-2bhk-apartments

Fig No. 1.2.8 -

Source : https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-3-biddersshow-interest-in-buying-dawood-ibrahim-s-bhendi-bazaarproperty-2645354

Fig No. 1.2.9Source : http://davelawfirm.com/

3. Importance of neighborhoods to the city

Fig No. 1.3 - Source : Author ; Base : Google Earth

4. Importance of Parsi Colony to the city

Fig No. 1.4 - Source : Author ; Base : Google Earth

2. Parsi Colony - From then to now.

1. History of Parsi Colony

Fig No. 2.1.1 - History of Parsi Colony - Source : Author

Fig No. 2.1.2 - Location of Dadar in the city context. (1880)

Source : Author.

Fig No. 2.1.3 - Location of Dadar in the city context. (1930)

Source : Author.

Fig No. 2.1.4 - Location of Dadar in the city context. (2018)

Source : Author.

Fig No. 2.1.2,3,4 - Source : Author Works referred :

- History and its changing context, Design Cell (KRVIA) Research on Dadar Parsi Colony

- https://kitchendecor.club/files/printable-physical-map-of-india.

html

- http://www.orangesmile.com/travelguide/bombay/highresolution-maps.htm

2.

Planning and Regulations

Fig No.2.2.1 - Establishment of Roads ; Source : Author Works Reffered :

1) Growing up in a Planned neighborhood , Boombay From precincts to sprawl , Kamu Iyer.

2) House, but No Garden: Apartment Living in Bombay’s Suburbs, 1898-1964 , Kamu Iyer.

3) History and its changing context, Design Cell (KRVIA) Research on Dadar Parsi Colony

Fig No.2.2.2 - Distribution of Plots ; Source Author Works Reffered :

1) Growing up in a Planned neighborhood , Boombay From precincts to sprawl , Kamu Iyer.

2) House, but No Garden: Apartment Living in Bombay’s Suburbs, 1898-1964 , Kamu Iyer.

3) History and its changing context, Design Cell (KRVIA) Research on Dadar Parsi Colony

3. Birth of a New Architectural Style

Fig No. 2.3.1 - User Groups in the precinct ; Source : Author

Base Drawing : History and its changing context, Design Cell (KRVIA) Research on Dadar Parsi Colony

Fig No. 2.3.2 - Diagram of the 63.5 Degree Rule Source : Author

Fig No. 2.3.3 - Idea of Compound ; Source : Author

Fig No. 2.3.5 - Apartment Typologies ; Source Author

4. Current Architectural Style

Fig No. 2.4.1 - Original Structure ; Source : Author

Fig No. 2.4.2 - Modified Structure ; Source : Author Fig No. 2.4.3Redeveloped Structure ; Source : Author

Fig No. 2.4.4 - Original Structure General Regulations ; Source : Author

Fig No. 2.4.5 - Modified Structure General Regulations ; Source : Author

Fig No. 2.4.6 - Redeveloped Structure General Regulations

Source : Author

Table No. 2.4.1 - Original Structure General Regulations ; Source : Author

Table No. 2.4.2 - Modified Structure General Regulations Source : Author

Table No. 2.4.3 - New Structure General Regulations ; Source : Author

3. Parsi Colony - Unique in itself

Fig No. 3 - Parsi Colony Source : Author

1. Hierarchy of Streets

Fig No. 3.1.1 - Hierarchy of streets in Parsi Colony Source : Author

Fig No. 3.1.2 - Street Typology 1 ; Source Author

Fig No. 3.1.3 - Street Typology 1 ; Source Author

Fig No. 3.1.4 - Street Typology 2 ; Source Author

Fig No. 3.1.5 - Street Typology 2 ; Source Author

Fig No. 3.1.6 - Street Typology 3 ; Source Author

Fig No. 3.1.7 - Street Typology 3 ; Source Author

Table No. 3.1.1 - Street Typology 1 ; Source : Author

Table No. 3.1.2 - Street Typology 2 ; Source : Author

Table No. 3.1.3 - Street Typology 3 ; Source : Author

2. Greenery

Fig No. 3.2 - Greenery in Parsi Colony ; Source : Author

Case 1

Fig No. 3.2.1.1-12 - Greenery in old buildings Source : Author

Fig No. 3.2.1.13 - Greenery in old buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.2.1.14 - Greenery in old buildings ; Source : Author

Case 2

Fig No. 3.2.2.1-6 - Greenery in modified buildings ; Source Author

Fig No. 3.2.2.7 - Greenery in modified buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.2.2.8 - Greenery in modified buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.2.2.9 - Greenery in modified buildings ; Source : Author

Case 3

Fig No. 3.2.3.1-6 - Greenery in modified buildings ; Source Author

Fig No. 3.2.3.8 - Greenery in new buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.2.3.9 - Greenery in new buildings ; Source : Author

3. Building Density

Fig No. 3.3 - Building Density of Parsi Colony ; Source : Author Case 1

Fig No. 3.3.1.1 - Open and Closed spaces in old buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.3.1.2 - Open and Closed spaces in old buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.3.1.3 - Open and Closed spaces in old buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.3.3.4 - Open and Closed spaces in new buildings Source : Author Table No. 3.3.1 - Open and Closed spaces in old buildings

: Author

Case 2

Fig No. 3.3.2.1 - Open and Closed spaces in old buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.3.2.2 - Open and Closed spaces in modified buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.3.2.3 - Open and Closed spaces in modified buildings ;

Source : Author

Fig No. 3.3.3.4 - Open and Closed spaces in modified buildings ; Source : Author

Table No. 3.3.2 - Open and Closed spaces in modified buildings ; Source : Author Case 3

3.3.3

4. Informal Corners

Fig No. 3.2 - Greenery in Parsi Colony ;

Case 1

Fig

3.4.1.15 -

3.4.1.16 -

3.4.1.17

Fig No. 3.4.1.18 - Gradual Transition in old buildings ;

Fig No. 2 - Parsi Colony Agyari Source : Author

List of Figures

Case 2

Fig No. 3.4.2.1-12 - Informal spaces in modified buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.4.2.7 - Informal spaces in modified buildings Source : Author

Fig No. 3.4.2.8 - Informal spaces in modified buildings Source : Author

Fig No. 3.4.2.9 - Informal spaces in modified buildings Source : Author

Fig No. 3.4.2.10 - Informal spaces in modified buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.4.2.11 - Gradual Transition in modified buildings ; Source : Author

Case 3

Fig No. 3.4.3.1-6 - Informal spaces in new buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.4.3.7 - Informal spaces in new buildings Source : Author

Fig No. 3.4.3.8 - Informal spaces in new buildings Source : Author

Fig No. 3.4.3.9 - Informal spaces in new buildings Source : Author

Fig No. 3.4.2.10 - Gradual Transition in new buildings ; Source : Author

5. Scale

Fig No. 3.5.1.1 - Visual Connection in old buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.5.1.2 - Interaction between residents in old buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.5.1.3 - Cross interaction in old buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.5.2.1 - Visual Connection in modified buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.5.2.2 - Interaction between residents in modified buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.5.3.1 - Visual Connection in new buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.5.3.2 - Interaction between residents in new buildings ; Source : Author

6. Light and Ventilation

Fig No. 3.5.1.1 - Light conditions in old buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.5.1.2 - Ventilation conditions in old buildings Source : Author

Fig No. 3.5.2.1 - Light conditions in modified buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.5.2.2 - Ventilation conditions in modified buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.5.3.1 - Light conditions in new buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.5.3.2 - Ventilation conditions in new buildings ; Source : Author

7. Route of Movement

Fig No. 3.7.1 - Route of movement in old buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.7.2 - Route of movement in modified buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 3.7.3 - Route of movement in new buildings ; Source : Author

8. Narratives

Fig No. 3.8.1-8 - Daily routine of people in Parsi Colony ; Source : Author

4. Mumbai Case Studies

Fig No. 4.1. - JVPD ; Source : Author

1. JVPD

A. Hierarchy of Streets

Fig No. 4.1.a.1. - Hierarchy of streets ; Source : Author

B. Greenery

Fig No. 4.1.b - Greenery ; Source Author

Fig No. 4.1.b.1.1 - Greenery in old buildings Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.b.1.2 - Greenery in old buildings Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.b.2.1 - Greenery in new buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.b.2.2 - Greenery in new buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.b.2.3 - Greenery in old buildings; Source : Author

C. Building Density

Fig No. 4.1.c - Built Density ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.c.1.1 - Open and closed spaces in old buildings ; Source

: Author

Fig No. 4.1.c.1.2 - Open and closed spaces in old buildings ; Source

: Author

Fig No. 4.1.c.1.3 - Open and closed spaces in old buildings ; Source

: Author

Fig No. 4.1.c.2.1 - Open and closed spaces in new buildings ;

Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.c.2.2 - Open and closed spaces in new buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.c.2.3 - Open and closed spaces in new buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.c.2.4 - Open and closed spaces in old buildings ; Source

: Author

D. Informal Corners

Fig No. 4.1.d.1.1 - Gradual Transition in old buildings ; Source :

Author

Fig No. 4.1.d.1.2-13 - Informal spaces in old buildings ; Source :

Author

Fig No. 4.1.d.2.1 - Gradual Transition in new buildings ; Source :

Author

Fig No. 4.1.d.2.2-7 - Informal spaces in old buildings Source :

Author

E. Scale

Fig No. 4.1.e.1 - Light and shadow in new buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.e.2 - Light and shadow in new buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.e.3 - Interaction between residents in old buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.e.4 - Interaction between residents in new buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.e.5 - Visual Connection in old buildings Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.e.6 - Visual Connection in new buildings ; Source : Author

F. Light and Ventilation

Fig No. 4.1.f.1 - Light Conditions in old buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.f.2 - Light Conditions in new buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.f.3 - Ventilation Conditions in old buildings ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.1.f.4 - Ventilation Conditions in new buildings ; Source : Author

2. Hiranandani Gardens, Powai

Fig No. 4.2. - Hiranandani ; Source : Author

A. Hierarchy of Streets

Fig No. 4.2.a - Hierarchy of Streets ; Source : Author

B. Greenery

Fig No. 4.2.b.1 - Greenery ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.2.b.2 - Greenery ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.2.b.3 - Greenery ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.2.b.4 - Greenery ; Source : Author

C. Building Density

Fig No. 4.2.b.1 - Built Density ; Source Author

Fig No. 4.2.c.1 - Open and Closed Spaces Source : Author

Fig No. 4.2.c.2 - Open and Closed Spaces Source : Author

Fig No. 4.2.c.3 - Open and Closed Spaces Source : Author

Fig No. 4.2.c.4 - Open and Closed Spaces Source : Author

D. Informal Corners

Fig No. 4.2.d.1 - Gradual Transition ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.2.d.2-13 - Informal spaces ; Source : Author

E. Scale

Fig No. 4.2.e.1 - Light and Shadow ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.2.e.2 - Interaction between residents ; Source : Author

Fig No. 4.2.e.3 - Visual Connection Source : Author

F. Light and Ventilation

Fig No. 4.2.f.1-4 - Light Condition Source : Author

5. Redevelopment in the City

Fig. No. 5 - Redevelopment in the city; Source - Author

1. Redevelopment as a tool to make profit

Fig. No. 5.1.1 - 4 - Source - Author

2. Analysis and Implications of DCR

1. Height of building to Road Width Ratio

Table No. 5.2.1 - Height of building to width of street ratio

Fig. No. 5.2.1.1 - Comparison of height regulations

1- District Control Regulations 2034

Fig. No. 5.2.1.1 - Comparison of height regulations ; Source - Author

Table No. : 5.2.1 - Height of building to width of street ratio Source - Author ; Reference - District Control Regulations 2034

2. Recreational Open Spaces

Table No. 5.2.2 - Recreational Open Spaces

Fig. No. 5.2.2.1 - Recreational Open Spaces as permitted by the BIT Fig. No. 5.2.2.2 - Recreational Open Spaces as permitted by the DCR

Fig. No. 5.2.2.1-2 - Comparison of height regulations ; Source - Author

Table No. : 5.2.2 - Height of building to width of street ratio Source - Author ; Reference - District Control Regulations 2034

11. Boundary Wall

Fig. No. : 5.2.11 - Setbacks and Boundary Walls; Source - Author ; Reference - District Control Regulations 2034

12. Light, Ventilation and Open Space within the plots

Table No. : 5.2.12 - Setbacks ; Source - Author ; Reference - District Control Regulations 2034

3. Redevelopment in Parsi Colony after DCR 2034

Fig No. : 5.3.1.1 - 3D Analysis ; Source - Author ; Base Drawing - Sky Residences , Mittal Builders

Fig No. : 5.3.1.2 - 3D Analysis ; Source - Author ; Base Drawing - Sky Residences , Mittal Builders

Fig No. : 5.3.1.3 - Ground Level Analysis ; Source - Author ; Base Drawing - Sky Residences , Mittal Builders

Fig No. : 5.3.1.4 - Sectional Analysis ; Source - Author ; Base Drawing - Sky Residences , Mittal Builders

Fig No. : 5.3.1.5 - Podium Level Analysis ; Source - Author ; Base Drawing - Sky Residences , Mittal Builders

Fig No. : 5.3.1.6 - Floor Level Analysis ; Source - Author ; Base Drawing - Sky Residences , Mittal Builders

List of Figures

Fig No. : 5.3.2.1 - 3D Analysis Source - Author ; Base Drawing - Sky Residences , Mittal Builders

Fig No. : 5.3.2.2 - Ground Level Analysis ; Source - Author ; Base Drawing - Sky Residences , Mittal Builders

Fig No. : 5.3.2.3 - Podium Level Analysis ; Source - Author ; Base Drawing - Sky Residences , Mittal Builders

Fig No. : 5.3.2.4 - Floor Level Analysis ; Source - Author ; Base Drawing - Sky Residences , Mittal Builders

6. Inference

Fig. No. : 6.1 - Historic Elevational Analysis ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 6.2 - Map showing condition of buildings ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 6.3 - Development Model of 1930 ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 6.4 - Development Model of 2018 ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 6.5 - Possible development Model of 2030 ; Source - Author

Table No. 6 - Inference ; Source - Author

7. Site and Strategies

Fig No. 7 - Juxtaposition of old vs new construction in Parsi Colony Source : Author

1. Urban Study

Fig. No. : 7.1.1 - Map showing Land Use Pattern ; Source - Author ; Reference - Design Cell Research of Inner City

Fig. No. 7.1.2 - Map showing Ownership Pattern ; Source - Author ; Reference - Design Cell Research of Inner City

Fig. No. : 7.1.3 - Map showing Building Condition ; Source - Author ; Reference - Design Cell Research of Inner City

Fig. No. : 7.1.4 - Map showing Building Heights ; Source - Author ; Reference - Design Cell Research of Inner City

Fig. No. : 7.1.5 - Urban Strategies ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.1.6 - 9 - Zonal Strategies ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.1.10 - Possible Future Scenario ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.1.11 - Imagined Future Scenario ; Source - Author

2. Site 1

Fig. No. : 7.2.1 - Site Plan 1 ; Source - Author

Table No. : 7.2.1 - Site Statistics ; Source - Author ;

Fig. No. : 7.2.2 - Ground Floor Plan of Samarth ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.2.2 - Statistics of Samarth ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.2.3 - 6th Floor Plan of Samarth ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.2.3 - Statistics Type 1 House ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.2.4 - 2nd Floor Plan of Samarth ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.2.4 - Statistics of Type 2 House ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.2.5 - Site Analysis ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.2.6 - Section 1 ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.2.7 - Section 2 ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.2.3 - Site 1 Area Statement; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.2.8 - Strategies ; Source - Author

3. Site 2

Ekta Invictus

Fig. No. : 7.3.1- Site Plan 1 Source - Author

Table No. : 7.3.1 - Site Statistics ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.3.2 - Ground Floor Plan of Ekta Invictus ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.3.2 - Statistics of Ekta Invictus ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.3.3 - 2nd Floor Plan of Ekta Invictus Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.3.3 - Statistics Regular House ; Source - Author

Pitru Chayya

Fig. No. : 7.3.4 - Ground Floor Plan of Pitru Chayya ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.3.4 - Statistics of Pitru Chayya ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.3.6 - 1st Floor Plan of Pitru Chayya ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.3.6 - Statistics of Type 2 House ; Source - Author

Strategies

Fig. No. : 7.3.7 - Site Analysis ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.3.8 - Section 1 ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.3.9 - Section 2 ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.3.7 - Site 1 Area Statement; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.3.10 - Strategies ; Source - Author

4. Site 3

Blossom and Bliss

Table No. : 7.4.1- Site Statistics ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.1 - Site Plan 3 ; Source - Author

Fig. No. 7.4.2 - Ground Floor Plan of Blossom and Bliss ; SourceAuthor

Table. No. : 7.4.2 - Statistics of Blossom and Bliss Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.3 - 1st Floor Plan of Blossom and Bliss ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.3 - Statistics of Typical House ; Source - Author

Mithoo Villa

Fig. No. : 7.4.4 - Ground Floor Plan of Mithoo Villa ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.4 - Statistics of Pitru Mithoo Villa ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.5 - 1st Floor Plan of Mithoo Villa Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.5 - Statistics of Typical House ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.6.1 - 4th Floor Plan of Mithoo Villa ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.6.2 - 5th Floor Plan of Mithoo Villa ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.6 - Statistics of Typical House ; Source - Author

Grande Vista

Fig. No. : 7.4.7 - Ground Floor Plan of Grande Vista Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.7 - Statistics of Grande Vista ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.8 - 2nd Floor Plan of Grande Vista ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.8 - Statistics of Type 1 House ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.9 - 5th Floor Plan of Grande Vista ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.9 - Statistics of Type 2 House ; Source - Author

Rekha Sadan

Fig. No. : 7.4.10 - Ground Floor Plan of Rekha Sadan ; SourceAuthor

Table. No. : 7.4.10 - Statistics of Rekha Sadan ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.11 - 1st Floor Plan ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.11 - Statistics of Type 1 House ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.12 - 1st Floor Plan ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.12 - Statistics of Type 1 House ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.13 - 1st Floor Plan ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.14 - Statistics of Type 1 House ; Source - Author

Fig.No. : 7.4.15 - 6th Floor Plan ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.15 - Statistics of Type 5 House ; Source - Author

Shrinivas

Fig. No. : 7.4.16 - Ground Floor Plan of Shrinivas ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.16 - Statistics of Shrinivas ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.17 - 1st Floor Plan of Shrinivas ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.17 - Statistics of Type 1 House ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.18 - 5th Floor Plan of Shrinivas Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.18 - Statistics of Type 2 House ; Source - Author

Shri Ram Bhuvan

Fig. No. : 7.4.19 - Ground Floor Plan of Shri Ram Bhuvan Source -

Author

Table. No. : 7.4.19 - Statistics of Shri Ram Bhuvan ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.20 - 5th Floor Plan of Shri Ram Bhuvan ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.20 - Statistics of Type 1 House ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.21 - 5th Floor Plan of Shri Ram Bhuvan ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.21 - Statistics of Type 1 House ; Source - Author

Shree Bhuvan

Fig. No. 7.4.22 - Ground Floor Plan of Shree Bhuvan ; SourceAuthor

Table. No. : 7.4.22 - Statistics of Shree Bhuvan ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.23 - 1st Floor Plan of Shree Bhuvan ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.23 - Statistics of Typical House Source - Author

Strategies

Fig. No. : 7.4.24 - Site Analysis ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.25 - Section 1 ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.26 - Section 2 ; Source - Author

Table. No. : 7.4.24 - Site 1 Area Statement; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.27 - Possible Strategy ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.28 - Possible Strategy ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.29 - Possible Strategy ; Source - Author

Fig. No. : 7.4.30 - Possible Strategy ; Source - Author

8. Case Studies and Technology

1. MVRDV - Mixed Use Valley

Fig. No. 8.1.1-7https://www.archdaily.com/879113/mvrdv-breaks-ground-onmixed-use-valley-to-inject-life-into-amsterdams-business-district

2. SeARCH - Summertime Housing

Fig. No. 8.2.1-14https://www.archdaily.com/893509/summertime-housingsearch?ad_medium=gallery

3. Boeri Studio - Bosco Verticale

Fig. No. 8.3.1-5https://www.archdaily.com/777498/bosco-verticale-stefanoboeri-architetti?ad_medium=gallery

4. Kanchenjunga Apartments

Fig. No. 8.4.1-4https://www.archdaily.com/151844/ad-classics-kanchanjungaapartments-charles-correa

5. Hong Kong Vertical Village Competition Entry 1

Fig. No. 8.5.1-6http://edition.cnn.com/style/article/hong-kong-pixel-homecompetition/index.html

6. Hong Kong Vertical Village Competition Entry 2

Fig. No. 8.6.1-3http://edition.cnn.com/style/article/hong-kong-pixel-home-competition/index.html

7. Pixel Facade , Biophelia

Fig. No. 8.7.1-5 -

- https://www.6sqft.com/pixel-facade-concept-creates-flexible-green-office-towers-designed-for-millennials/ - https://www.google.co.in/search?q=pixel+facade&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&tbs=simg - https://www.designboom.com/architecture/pixel-facade-biophilic-facade-system-next-generation-offices-04-03-2018/

8. Sou Fujimoto

Fig. No. 8.8.1-5Tamas Fisher Morph

9. Mindspace Parkside Retirement

Fig. No. 8.9.1-12https://www.archdaily.com/901829/parkside-retirement-homes-mindspace/?ad_source=myarchdaily&ad_medium=bookmark-show&ad_content=current-user

10. Technology and Material

Fig. No. 8.10.1-6http://www.projectsmonitor.com/guest-articles/innovations-in-building-construction-in-india/ https://www.archdaily.com/404803/ad-classics-habitat-67moshe-safdie?ad_medium=gallery