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UM K HONTO WE CA R M ODI FI CA TI ONS A FRI K A

What are car modifications?

What modifications can i make to my car?

Is it worth modifying my car?

I N THI S I SSUE

I N THI S I SSUE Af r ican ar t descr ibes t h e m oder n an d h ist or ical pain t in gs, scu lpt u r es, in st allat ion s, an d ot h er visu al cu lt u r e f r om n at ive or in digen ou sAf r ican san d t h eAf r ican con t in en t . ...Af r ican ar t in clu des an cien t ar t , Islam icar t of West Af r ica, t h e Ch r ist ian ar t of East Af r ica, an d t h e r it u alist icar t of t h ese an d ot h er r egion s

CAR M ODIFICATIONS

Simply put alterations and/orm odif icat ion scan be described as bringing about changes to the originalveh icleparameter standards with a view, largely of enhancing aveh icle'sperformance in fuel consumption, load capacity, cosmetic trim, 0 - 100km/h or top speed runs

Af r ican ar t descr ibes t h e m oder n an d h ist or ical pain t in gs, scu lpt u r es, in st allat ion s, an d ot h er visu al cu lt u r e f r om n at ive or in digen ou sAf r ican san d t h e Af r ican con t in en t . Th e def in it ion m ay also in clu de t h e ar t of t h eAf r ican diaspor as, su ch asAf r ican Am er ican ,Car ibbeanor ar t in Sou t h Am er ican societ ies in spir ed by Af r ican t r adit ion s. Despit e t h is diver sit y, t h er e ar e u n if yin g ar t ist ic t h em es pr esen t , w h en con sider in g t h e t ot alit y of t h evisu al cu lt u r ef r om t h e con t in en t of Af r ica.[1] M asqu er ade, m et alw or k , scu lpt u r e, ar ch it ect u r e, f iber ar t , an d dan ce ar e im por t an t ar t f or m s acr oss Af r ica an d m ay be in clu ded in t h e st u dy of Af r ican ar t . Th e t er m "Af r ican ar t " does n ot u su ally in clu de t h e ar t of t h eNor t h Af r icanar eas alon g t h eM edit er r an ean coast , as su ch ar eas h ad lon g been par t of dif f er en t t r adit ion s. For m or e t h an a m illen n iu m , t h e ar t of su ch ar eas h ad f or m ed par t of Ber ber or Islam ic ar t , alt h ou gh w it h m an y par t icu lar local ch ar act er ist ics. Th ear t of Et h iopia, w it h a lon gCh r ist ian t r adit ion , is also dif f er en t f r om t h at of m ost of Af r ica, w h er et r adit ion al Af r ican r eligion(w it h Islam in t h e n or t h ) w as dom in an t u n t il r elat ively r ecen t ly.[2] Af r ican ar t in clu des an cien t ar t , Islam ic ar t of West Af r ica, t h e Ch r ist ian ar t of East Af r ica, an d t h e r it u alist ic ar t of t h ese an d ot h er r egion s. M ost Af r ican scu lpt u r ew as h ist or ically in w ood an d ot h er n at u r al m at er ials t h at h ave n ot su r vived f r om ear lier t h an , at m ost , a f ew cen t u r ies ago; older pot t er yf igu r es can be f ou n d f r om a n u m ber of ar eas.[3] M ask sar e im por t an t elem en t s in t h e ar t of m an y

CONTENTS THEM ATIC ELEM ENTS SCOPE M ATERIALS Tr adit it on al Af r ican Religion s Hist or y

THEM ATIC ELEM ENTS Ar t i st i c cr eat i v i t y or Ex pr essi v e i n di v i du al i sm : In West er n Af r i can ar t i n par t i cu l ar , t h er e i s a w i despr ead em ph asi s on ex pr essi v e i n di v i du al i sm w h i l e si m u l t an eou sl y bei n g i n f l u en ced by t h e w or k of pr edecessor s. An ex am pl e w ou l d be Dan ar t i st r y as w el l as i t s pr esen ce i n t h e West er n Af r i can di aspor a Em ph asi s on t h e h u m an f i gu r e: Th e h u m an f i gu r e h as al w ay s been t h e pr i m ar y su bj ect m at t er f or m ost Af r i can ar t , an d t h i s em ph asi s ev en i n f l u en ced cer t ai n Eu r opean t r adi t i on s.[6] For ex am pl e, i n t h e f i f t een t h cen t u r y Por t u gal t r aded w i t h t h e Sapi cu l t u r e n ear Iv or y Coast i n West Af r i ca, w h o cr eat ed el abor at e i v or y sal t cel l ar s t h at w er e h y br i ds of Af r i can an d Eu r opean desi gn s, m ost n ot abl y i n t h e addi t i on of t h e h u m an f i gu r e (t h e h u m an f i gu r e t y pi cal l y di d n ot appear i n Por t u gu ese sal t cel l ar s).

Th e h u m an f i gu r e m ay sy m bol i ze t h e l i v i n g or t h e dead, m ay r ef er en ce ch i ef s, dan cer s, or v ar i ou s t r ades su ch as dr u m m er s or h u n t er s, or ev en m ay be an an t h r opom or ph i c r epr esen t at i on of a god or h av e ot h er v ot i v e f u n ct i on . An ot h er com m on t h em e i s t h e i n t er -m or ph osi s of h u m an an d an i m al

SCOPE Th e st u dy of Af r i can ar t u n t i l r ecen t l y f ocu sed on t h e t r adi t i on al ar t of cer t ai n w el l -k n ow n gr ou ps on t h e con t i n en t , w i t h a par t i cu l ar em ph asi s on t r adi t i on al scu l pt u r e, m ask s an d ot h er v i su al cu l t u r e f r om n on -Isl am i c West Af r i ca, Cen t r al Af r i ca, an d Sou t h er n Af r i ca w i t h a par t i cu l ar em ph asi s on t h e 19t h an d 20t h cen t u r i es. Recen t l y , h ow ev er , t h er e h as been a m ov em en t am on g Af r i can ar t h i st or i an s an d ot h er sch ol ar s t o i n cl u de t h e v i su al cu l t u r e of ot h er r egi on s an d t i m e per i ods. Th e n ot i on i s t h at by i n cl u di n g al l Af r i can cu l t u r es an d t h ei r v i su al cu l t u r e ov er t i m e i n Af r i can ar t , t h er e w i l l be a gr eat er u n der st an di n g of t h e con t i n en t 's v i su al aest h et i cs acr oss t i m e. Fi n al l y , t h e ar t s of t h e peopl e of t h eAf r i can di aspor a, i n Br azi l ,

M ATERIALS Af r i can ar t t ak es m an y f or m s an d i s m ade f r om m an y di f f er en t m at er i al s. M ost Af r i can ar t w or k s ar e w ood scu l pt u r es, pr obabl y becau se w ood i s a v er y w i despr ead m at er i al . Jew el r y i s a popu l ar ar t f or m an d i s u sed t o i n di cat e r an k , af f i l i at i on w i t h a gr ou p, or pu r el y f or aest h et i cs.[13] Af r i can j ew el r y i s m ade f r om su ch di v er se m at er i al s as Ti ger 's ey e st on e, h aem at i t e, si sal , cocon u t sh el l , beads an d ebon y w ood. Scu l pt u r es can be w ooden , cer am i c or car v ed ou t of st on e l i k e t h e f am ou s Sh on a scu l pt u r es, [14] an d decor at ed or scu l pt ed pot t er y com es f r om m an y r egi on s.

Var i ou s f or m s of t ex t i l es ar e m ade i n cl u di n g ch i t en ge, m u d cl ot h an dk en t ecl ot h . M osai cs m ade of bu t t er f l y w i n gs or col or ed san d ar e popu l ar i n w est Af r i ca. Ear l y Af r i can scu l pt u r es can be i den t i f i ed as bei n g m ade of t er r acot t a an d br on ze.

TRADITIONAL AFRICAN RELIGIONS

Tr adi t i on al Af r i can r el i gi on s h av e been ex t r em el y i n f l u en t i al on Af r i can ar t f or m s acr oss t h e con t i n en t .

Af r i can ar t of t en st em s f r om t h e t h em es of r el i gi ou s sy m bol i sm , f u n ct i on al i sm an d u t i l i t ar i an i sm , an d m an y pi eces of ar t ar e cr eat ed f or spi r i t u al r at h er t h an pu r el y cr eat i v e pu r poses. M an y Af r i can cu l t u r es em ph asi ze t h e i m por t an ce of an cest or s as i n t er m edi ar i es bet w een t h e l i v i n g, t h e gods, an d t h e su pr em e cr eat or , an d ar t i s seen as a w ay t o con t act t h ese spi r i t s of an cest or s. Ar t m ay al so be u sed t o depi ct gods, an d i s v al u ed f or i t s f u n ct i on al pu r poses.How ev er , i t i s i m por t an t t o n ot e t h at t h e ar r i v al of bot h Ch r i st i an i t y an d Isl am h av e al so gr eat l y i n f l u en ced ar t of t h e Af r i can con t i n en t , an d t r adi t i on s of bot h h av e been i n t egr at ed w i t h i n i n t h e bel i ef s an d ar t w or k of t r adi t i on al Af r i can r el i gi on .

HISTORY Th e or i gi n s of Af r i can ar t l i e l on g bef or e r ecor ded h i st or y. Af r i can r ock ar t i n t h eSah ar ai n N i ger pr eser v es 6000-y ear -ol d car v i n gs.[17]Al on g w i t h su b-Sah ar an Af r i ca, t h e w est er n cu l t u r al ar t s,an ci en t Egy pt i an pai n t i n gs an d ar t i f act s, an d i n di gen ou s sou t h er n cr af t s al so con t r i bu t ed gr eat l y t o Af r i can ar t . Of t en depi ct i n g t h e abu n dan ce of su r r ou n di n g n at u r e, t h e ar t w as of t en abst r act i n t er pr et at i on s of an i m al s, pl an t l i f e, or n at u r al desi gn s an d sh apes.

Th eN u bi an Ki n gdom of Ku sh i n m oder n Su dan w as i n cl ose an d of t en h ost i l e con t act w i t h Egy pt , an d pr odu ced m on u m en t al scu l pt u r e m ost l y der i v at i v e of st y l es t h at di d n ot l ead t o t h e n or t h . In West Af r i ca, t h e ear l i est k n ow n scu l pt u r es ar e f r om t h e N ok cu l t u r ew h i ch t h r i v ed bet w een 1,500 BC an d 500 AD i n m oder n N i ger i a, w i t h cl ay f i gu r es t y pi cal l y w i t h el on gat ed bodi es an d an gu l ar sh apes

CA R M ODI FI CA TI ONS SIMPLY PUT ALTERATIONS AND/ORMODIFICATIONSCAN BE DESCRIBED AS BRINGING ABOUT CHANGES TO THE ORIGINALVEHICLEPARAMETER STANDARDS WITH A VIEW, LARGELY OF ENHANCING AVEHICLE'SPERFORMANCE IN FUEL CONSUMPTION, LOAD CAPACITY, COSMETIC TRIM, 0 100KM/H OR TOP SPEED RUNS

CONTENTS WHA T IS M ODI FYI NG A CA R?

WHA T M ODI FI CA TI ONS CA N I M A K E TO M Y CA R?

I S I T WORTH M ODI FYI NG M Y CA R?

DOES TUNI NG A CA R DA M A GE I T?

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WHA T I S M ODI FYI NG A CA R? Ca r t uni ng i s t he m odi fi ca t i on of a ca r t o opt i m i se i t for a di ffer ent set of per for m a nce r equi r em ent s fr om t hose i t wa s or i gi na lly desi gned t o m eet . M ost com m only t hi s i s hi gher engi ne per for m a nce a nd dyna m i c ha ndli ng cha r a ct er i st i cs but ca r sm a y a lso be a lt er ed t o pr ovi de bet t er fuel econom y, or sm oot her r esponse

WHA T M ODI FI CA TI ONS CA N I M A K E TO M Y CA R? SUSPENSI ON UPGRA DES. A S LONG A S YOU STA Y WI THI N YOUR STA TE'S LI M I TS FOR RI DE HEI GHT A DJUSTM ENTS, A N A FTERM A RK ET SUSPENSI ON SYSTEM I S TOTA LLY LEGA L. ...

TURBOCHA RGERS A ND SUPERCHA RGERS. ...

SPORT SEA TS. ...

PA I NT JOBS. ...

WI NDOW TI NT. ...

NI TROUS OX I DE. ...

UNDERBODY NEON LI GHTS. ...

RA CI NG HA RNESSES.EA DI NGS

I S I T WORTH M ODI FYI NG M Y CA R? To put th i ngs pl ai nl y, i t's saf e to say th at some car mods arew orth i t, w h i l e oth ers of f er l i ttl e i f any adv antage to car perf ormance. You mi gh t w ant to gi v e your car a bi t of a boost (pun uni ntended), but at th e same ti me, you mi gh t not w ant to turn your v eh i cl e i nto a cop magnet

DOES TUNI NG A CA R DA M A GE I T? Tu n i n g does n ot r u i n y ou r car en gi n e i f y ou h av e t h e w or k don e pr of essi on al l y an d f ol l ow t h e i n st r u ct i on s an d adv i ce of y ou r t u n er . We h av e h ad a cou pl e of ou r car s m odi f i ed by t u n er s. Th e or i gi n al ou t pu t of t h e car w as appr ox i m at el y 300 h or sepow er .

THE END.