Symposium - Fire and Biodiversity in Victoria

Symposium Fire & Biodiversity in Victoria Exploring the relationships between biodiversity, bushfires and planned burning in Victoria.

2011

Near Mt Cobbler, Alpine National Park.

Photo: Richard Hughes

OCTOBER 24-25

Mallee Emu Wren. Photo: Chris Tzaros

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Gang-gang Cockatoo.

Photo: Jenny Barnett

This symposium is being held as a tribute to three couples who enriched our understanding of the biological sciences and, more generally, the lives of those who knew them.

Richard and Eileen Zann Richard Zann, who died with his wife Eileen and daughter Eva in the Kinglake fires on Black Saturday (7 February 2009), was a highly respected teacher and ornithologist with an international reputation for his work on bird behaviour. His string of research papers in leading journals led to a monograph on the Zebra Finch published by Oxford University Press. More recently he extended his research interests into the sound repertoire of the lyrebird. Richard was also a key figure in setting up and developing the La Trobe Wildlife Sanctuary, a key teaching and research facility for the university at which he worked. He was ably supported in his work by Eileen, a gentle-natured dancer, teacher and artist.

Leigh and Charmian Ahern Leigh Ahern was a biologist with an unusual breadth of interests. Working at various times for the Museum of Victoria, the Arthur Rylah Institute (Department of Sustainability and Environment) and privately, Leigh contributed to threatened species projects for many birds, mammals and invertebrates. He was active in fauna surveys, forward thinking in biodiversity planning and habitat conservation, and a valued member of the Environment Minister’s Science Advisory Committee. Leigh and his wife Charmian, who held a doctorate in botany, made important and well-informed contributions to conservation in Victoria before falling victim to the Black Saturday fires at Steels Creek.

Jenny and John Barnett Jenny and John Barnett spent active lives dedicated to nature conservation generally, and animal welfare in particular.

Working with the Victorian National Parks Association, Jenny was a tireless and highly successful campaigner on many biodiversity protection issues. Her highly analytical approach made her a formidable protagonist. Her husband John became internationally recognised in the field of animal welfare, working with Agriculture Victoria, the Department of Primary Industries and, most recently, as a Principal Research Fellow in Animal Welfare at the University of Melbourne. They both made a lifelong contribution to wildlife biology through their commitment to on-ground research, particularly with the Mammal Survey Group of Victoria. Close neighbours of the Aherns, Jenny and John also died on Black Saturday.

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Symposium Fire & Biodiversity in Victoria

Symposium Fire & Biodiversity in Victoria Held on 24 & 25 October 2011, at the Royal Society of Victoria, corner of La Trobe Street and Exhibition Street, Melbourne.

The symposium will build on the information garnered by the 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission, and is in response to the statement in the Commission’s Final Report: “The Commission notes that the decline in the health of Victoria’s ecosystems – which has not been helped by the decline in the quality and maintenance of biological information – is having a deleterious impact on planning for community safety.”

(Vol. II Part two, page 297)

The symposium will aim to resolve three questions: • What do we know about fire and biodiversity in Victoria?

• How should we design management burn prescriptions for biodiversity?

• How do we design research and monitoring programs to improve management of fire and biodiversity?

Symposium program Day one (Monday Oct 24)

Day two (Tuesday Oct 25)

Discussion Facilitator: Ary Hoffmann (FAA, Dept. Genetics & Dept.

Zoology, University of Melbourne)

Discussion Facilitator: Prof Andrew Bennett (School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University)

Morning 8.30 Registration, tea and coffee 9.00 Acknowledgement of country 9.05 Opening: Craig Lapsley, Fire Services Commissioner, Victoria 9.10 Tribute: Lynne Selwood, President of the Royal Society of Victoria 9.15 Fire and biodiversity in Victoria: Malcolm Gill (Fenner School, Australian National University) 9.45 Discussion 9.55 Vertebrates and fire: Richard Loyn (Arthur Rylah Institute, Department of Sustainability and Environment) 10.15 Discussion 10.25 Invertebrates and fire: Alan York (Forest and Ecosystem Science, University of Melbourne) 10.45 Discussion led by Tim New (Dept. Zoology, La Trobe University) 10.55 Morning tea

Morning 9.00 Welcome back 9.05 Plants and flora: David Cheal (Arthur Rylah Institute, DSE) 9.25 Discussion led by Neville Walsh (Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne) 9.35 Outline of DSE’s fire monitoring program: Stephen Platt/ Shannon Treloar (Biodiversity and Fire, DSE) 9.55 Questions 10.05 The Wombat State Forest: Kevin Tolhurst (Forest and Ecosystem Science, University of Melbourne) 10.25 Discussion 10.35 Morning tea

11.25 F ungi and fire: Sapphire McMullan-Fisher (Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Tasmania) 11.45 Discussion led by Tom May (Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne) 11.55 Victoria’s prescribed burning program: Liam Fogarty (DSE) 12.05 Questions 12.15 Lunch Afternoon 1.15 The long-term history of fire in Australia: Scott Mooney (School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences), University of NSW) 1.35 Discussion 1.45 Indigenous burning and the evolution of ecosystem diversity: Beth Gott (School of Biological Sciences, Monash University) 2.05 Discussion 2.15 The Mallee: Mike Clarke (Dept. Zoology, La Trobe University) 2.35 Discussion led by David Morgan (Dept. Zoology, University of Melbourne) 2.45 Afternoon tea 3.15 The alpine region: Dick Williams (Ecosystem Sciences, CSIRO) 3.35 Discussion led by David Bowman, University of Tasmania 3.45 Box and ironbark forests: Andrew Bennett (School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University) 4.05 Discussion led by David Bowman (University of Tasmania) 4.15 The tall forests: Michael McCarthy (School of Botany, University of Melbourne) 4.35 Discussion and summation: Ary Hoffmann 5.00 Close Symposium Fire & Biodiversity in Victoria

11.05 F ire in stressed ecosystems (Grampians): Mike Stevens (Parks Victoria) 11.25 Peri-urban and fragmented ecosystems: Charles Meredith (Biosis Research) 11.45 Discussion 12.00 Introduction to following sessions 12.05 Discussion A: Current knowledge, and current knowledge gaps, for fire and biodiversity in Victoria.

Discussion led by Andrew Bennett 12.45 Lunch Afternoon 1.45 Discussion B: Designing planned burn prescriptions and targets for supporting biodiversity in Victoria. Discussion led by Mike Clarke (Dept. Zoology, La Trobe University) 2.35 Afternoon tea iscussion C: Research programs and long-term D monitoring necessary for refinement of fire management and planned burning in Victoria. Discussion led by Ralph McNally (School of Biological Sciences, Monash University) 3.50 Summation: Andrew Bennett 4.00 Matt Ruchel, Executive Director, Victorian National Parks Association 3.05

Symposium Dinner at Café Italia 56-66 University Street, Carlton Drinks 6.00-6.45pm, dinner 6.45pm onwards After dinner address: Associate Professor Emeritus Michael Feller, University of British Columbia, talks on “Fire and biodiversity: trends in western North America”.

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Symposium Program & Presentation Summaries Day one – Monday October 24 Discussion Facilitator: Ary Hoffmann (FAA, Dept. Genetics & Dept. Zoology, University of Melbourne) Morning 8.30 Registration, tea and coffee 9.00 Acknowledgement of country 9.05 Opening: Craig Lapsley, Fire Services Commissioner, Victoria 9.10 Tribute: Lynne Selwood, President of the Royal Society of Victoria

9.15 FIRE REGIMES, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND PRESCRIBED BURNING PROGRAMS Dr Malcolm Gill Visiting Fellow, Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT Malcolm has been a full-time researcher in the areas of fire ecology, and fire management for biodiversity and other assets, for a number of decades. His research has been in forests, woodlands, mallee, heaths and grasslands. He has been an author or co-author of many papers with Australian and overseas collaborators.

Summary Prescribed burning for biodiversity conservation is the focus.

Emphasis will be given to: the need to consider prescribed burning programs as part of fire regimes – in terms of intervals, seasons, intensities and type of fires (above or below ground); the calculation of ‘targets’, if needed, as emergent properties of programs designed to reach ultimate objectives; the assessment of programs in the light of assumptions made in designing them – such as the use of vascular plants as indicators of all organism responses and the use of fire interval, only, for the effects of regimes; and the trend to the use of synthetic fire regimes in ‘novel ecosystems’.

9.45 Discussion

9.55 EFFECTS OF FIRE REGIMES ON VERTEBRATE FAUNA IN FOOTHILL FORESTS Richard Loyn Principal Research Scientist, Community Ecology, Arthur Rylah Institute, Department of Sustainability and Environment Richard manages the Community Ecology Section at ARI, running programs on forests, fire, woodlands, wetlands and spatial modelling. He has special interests in fauna habitat interactions and management applied to conservation and land use, often collaborating with non-government organisations.

Summary Fires shape understorey in foothill forests, and may defoliate canopy trees, though most eucalypt trees survive and recover rapidly. Vertebrate fauna respond to these changes in habitat through mortality, survival, mobility and predation. There have been few detailed studies. Current DSE research takes a retrospective approach to examine effects of fire regimes on birds, mammals and their habitats. It examines effects of time since fire, and fire frequency, severity and patchiness. It shows that some species favour early or late successional stages, and a mix of management strategies is needed to meet their needs while managing risk to human interests.

10.15 Discussion

10.25 INVERTEBRATES AND FIRE Associate Professor Alan York. Research Leader, Fire and Biodiversity Program, Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, University of Melbourne 4

Alan has been involved in applied fire ecology research for over 30 years, working primarily in universities and state research agencies.

His research group is currently investigating how fire regimes alter the nature and spatial pattern of resources, and how plants and animals respond to these changes.

Summary Fire has shaped the composition, structure and distribution of plant and animal communities of many Australian ecosystems. In coming years these environments are likely to experience more frequent and severe wildfires and more frequent prescribed fire as a likely management response. Invertebrates constitute a major proportion of our biological diversity and play an essential role in primary production, nutrient cycling and uptake, population and community level interactions, as well as in energy storage and transfer. The impacts of altered fire regimes on invertebrate communities are, however, poorly understood. Here I discuss some of the available information on invertebrate interactions with fire.

10.45 Discussion led by Tim New (Department of Zoology, La Trobe University) 10.55 Morning tea

11.25 FUNGI AND FIRE Dr Sapphire McMullan-Fisher Cryptogam Specialist – Conservation Consultant Sapphire is a conservation ecologist with particular expertise in the cryptogams, primarily fungi. This includes the effects of fire on fungi, and other issues around fire and fungi in Australian ecosystems.

She is also an advocate for cryptogam conservation, and is active in community engagement programs.

Summary Fungi are critical for healthy ecosystems but are often overlooked by land managers. The fungal kingdom is mega-diverse, with a range of vital ecological roles and high interdependency with other organisms.

Fungi are essential components of all ecosystems – as symbiotic partners, decomposers, nutrient cyclers and sources of food for vertebrates and invertebrates. The limited number of Australian studies reveal that the effects of fire are complex, with interactions which are often mediated by fungi. The often heterogeneous effects of fire may include changes in soil structure, nutrient availability and cycles. Fire may also impact on the fungal biotic elements such as the decomposer and mycorrhizal fungi.

11.45 Discussion led by Tom May (Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne)

11.55 VICTORIA’S PRESCRIBED BURNING PROGRAM Liam Fogarty Assistant Chief Officer, Planning and Knowledge, Fire, Department of Sustainability and Environment 12.05 Questions 12.15 Lunch Afternoon

1.15 THE LONG-TERM HISTORY OF FIRE IN AUSTRALIA Dr Scott Mooney Senior Lecturer, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of NSW Scott is a physical geographer who uses palaeoenvironmental Symposium Fire & Biodiversity in Victoria

techniques to derive longer temporal perspectives on issues relevant to natural resource management. For the last decade he has concentrated on the prehistory/history of fire, using charcoal analysis of accumulating anoxic sediments (lakes and swamps).

Summary The presentation will discuss a recent compilation of charcoal records from around Australasia (using over 220 sites). This synthesis suggests that climate is the dominant driver of fire in the Australasian region. The presentation will also show that there is no relationship between the archaeological record and fire, and that changes in fire activity in the post-European period were the largest of the analysed record (70,000 years). The talk will finish with a discussion of the implications of this research.

1.35 Discussion

Australia. He has worked in the Victorian Alps for over 30 years and has published widely on fire ecology.

Summary Fire is rare in alpine systems world-wide. However, Australian alpine systems do burn occasionally, primarily during times when drought and severe fire weather coincide. When alpine vegetation does burn, there is considerable variation in the landscape flammability and fire severity. The notion that grazing by cattle can mitigate fire occurrence and severity in alpine vegetation in Victoria is not supported by scientific evidence. There is considerable resilience to variation in fire severity in Victorian alpine vegetation. Natural regeneration following extensive fires of 2003 and 2006-07 across the Bogong High Plains is progressing, and there is no scientific evidence that these fires had ‘disastrous’ biodiversity consequences.

3.35 Discussion led by David Bowman, University of Tasmania.

1.45 INDIGENOUS BURNING AND THE EVOLUTION OF ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY

3.45 BOX AND IRONBARK FORESTS

Dr Beth Gott Honorary Research Fellow, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria

Professor Andrew Bennett School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria

Beth specialises in Indigenous Ethnobotany: the use and management of plants by the south-eastern peoples of Australia.

Andrew Bennett has more than 30 years research experience in wildlife ecology and conservation biology. He is particularly interested in landscape structure, function and change, and how human landuse affects ecological processes and the conservation of native wildlife.

Summary When Europeans arrived in Australia they found people who had inhabited the continent for at least 40,000 years. Early reports describe them as healthy and well-fed. Vegetable food occupied about half the diet, and fire was the management tool used to maintain it as a resource. Consequently food-providing areas, chiefly grasslands and open woodlands, were subject to selective factors which resulted in the evolution of ecosystems adapted to burning at certain seasons and frequencies. The benchmarks for their biodiversity are not pristine, but a product of Indigenous management.

2.05 Discussion

Summary Box and Ironbark forests extend across a broad swathe of northern Victoria and support a distinctive suite of plants and animals.

Historical fire regimes are largely unknown, and a recent review highlighted the lack of knowledge of the effects of fire on plant and animal taxa. Here, I consider the potential effects of planned fire in the context of major ecological drivers in this system: 1) climate; 2) landform and spatial heterogeneity; 3) historical land clearing and land-use; and 4) ground-layer landscape function. A current research project, based on experimental application of mosaic burns, offers the potential for new insights in this system.

2.15 THE MALLEE

4.05 Discussion

Professor Mike Clarke (Head, School of Life Sciences and Head, Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria

4.15 THE TALL FORESTS

Mike has a long-standing interest in the impact of fire upon fauna.

He leads research, along with his colleague Prof Andrew Bennett, into the impact of fire in the Mallee, the Box-Ironbark forests, the Central Highlands and Wilsons Promontory. He also maintains an ongoing research interest in threatened species.

Summary This talk will present an overview of the recent history of fire in the tree mallee habitats of the Murray Mallee region and examine what is known about the responses of fauna and flora to fire. Mike will examine the rates at which key habitat elements recover after fire, and the implications for fauna of applying the Royal Commission’s recommendations for increased burning frequency in the tree mallee.

2.35 Discussion led by David Morgan (Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne) 2.45 Afternoon tea

3.15 THE ALPINE REGION Dr Dick Williams Senior Principal Research Scientist, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Darwin Dick Williams is a plant ecologist with expertise in the ecology and management of fire regimes in the alpine and savanna regions of

Symposium Fire & Biodiversity in Victoria

Assoc Professor Michael McCarthy School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria Michael specialises in quantitative ecology and environmental science. He has a Bachelor of Forest Science degree, and a PhD in stochastic population ecology. His research spans many areas including detection of invasive and rare species, population dynamics, fire ecology, synthesis of ecological data, ecological indices, and environmental risk assessment. He is the Deputy Director of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions.

Summary This presentation (co-authored with Dr Patrick Baker, Monash University) will describe the importance of variability in the fire regimes of Victorian ash forests, and also the importance of variability in the ecological response to fire. The prescribed silvicultural management of clearfall harvesting followed by regeneration of seedlings at high density reflects one end of a continuum of response to fire in these forests. The natural variability in response to fire presents opportunities for re-thinking silvicultural management of these forests.

4.35 Discussion and summation: Ary Hoffmann 5.00 Close

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Symposium Program & Presentation Summaries Day two – Tuesday October 25 Discussion Facilitator: Prof Andrew Bennett (School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University) Morning 9.00 Welcome back

9.05 PLANTS AND FIRE

monitoring program, which is a targeted program to strengthen the science base for planning the burning program. The presentation will also touch on some of the research being implemented to support these monitoring programs, and how some of the data collected is being used to support fire planning.

David Cheal Principal scientist in Flora Ecology, Arthur Rylah Institute, Department of Sustainability and Environment

9.55 Questions

David is a biologist with wide-ranging interests and expertise in the biological sciences. He has a strong background in ecology (both synecology and autecology; primarily in vascular plant ecology, but also in mammalogy and landscape ecology).

10.05 THE WOMBAT STATE FOREST FIRE EFFECTS STUDY

His current major project is devising, populating and maintaining Victoria’s main biological database backing up ecologically-driven fire management (such that fire plans can be driven, in part, by ecological requirements of vegetation and species), further development of the support documentation and publication of a user manual for ecological fire management, including monitoring.

Summary Fires in Victoria have shaped the vegetation for many millennia.

Anthropogenic fires have been used to manage the landscape, initially as an agricultural tool, latterly for ecological reasons and as a means of minimising the damage done by wildfires. The characteristics of fire are introduced and discussed, as are the essential characteristics of plants and vegetation types. Working together, these determine the fire responses of plants and the communities they comprise, and are a major driver of wildfire régimes. Research enables us to understand past fire régimes and hence the current habitat patterns. It also enables informed management of a fire-prone and fire-dependent landscape.

Constraints on existing (fire) management are discussed and directions for future research and on-going management considered, including the holes in our current knowledge base.

9.25 Discussion led by Neville Walsh (Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne)

9.35 OUTLINE OF DSE’S FIRE MONITORING PROGRAM Stephen Platt and Shannon Treloar Biodiversity and Fire, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Division, Department of Sustainability and Environment

Dr Kevin Tolhurst Senior Lecturer, Fire Ecology and Management, Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of Melbourne Kevin’s current research activities are centred around developing a national bushfire risk management decision support system, as part of the Bushfire CRC program. Other research interests include: wildfire behaviour prediction, development of prescribed burning techniques and guidelines, landscape scale fire ecology management, fire risk management and ecological impacts of repeated fires.

Summary A multidisciplinary fire ecology study was established in the Wombat State Forest in 1984. This is a replicated experiment spanning about 30,000 ha of mixed species eucalypt foothill forest. The study has specifically aimed to investigate the long-term impact of repeated low-intensity fires in spring and autumn on a nominal 3-year and 10-year cycle, as well as a long-unburnt treatment. Some of the results of this experiment have been instrumental in the ways fuels are assessed and prescribed burning is managed in Victoria.

One significant finding has been the importance of antecedent and subsequent weather as a driving factor in recovery after fire.

Another finding has been that the cumulative effects of fire are not simply additive. These findings have important implications for fire management generally, but particularly for the planned use of fire.

10.25 Discussion 10.35 Morning tea

11.05 FIRE IN STRESSED ECOSYSTEMS (GRAMPIANS) Mike Stevens Manager, Landscape-scale Conservation, Parks Victoria

Stephen leads a team working on fire recovery, fire ecology and biodiversity monitoring. He established Project HawkEye, which monitors the impact of fire on biodiversity. He was the inaugural Statewide Coordinator for Land for Wildlife before moving into developing policy and programs, particularly in relation to pest plant and animals, and fire.

Mike’s career in conservation, land and fire management has combined with research of native small mammals and habitats in the Grampians National Park. Over the past decade Mike has collaborated on reintroductions and led research into small mammal response to large-scale fox control and severe, large-scale wildfire during prolonged drought.

Shannon’s role as the Landscape Monitoring Officer – Fire and Environment is to coordinate and set the strategic direction for the Fire Division’s monitoring program, which includes both biodiversity and fuel hazard monitoring, and to work with other divisions and agencies to develop fire ecology policy.

Summary Wildfires are predicted to increase in size, severity and frequency with prolonged droughts associated with climate change. The impacts of this on fauna and habitats, and their associated recovery, are poorly understood. The presentation focuses on the early successional response of native small mammals and habitats to severe, large-scale wildfire during prolonged drought, using the post-2006 wildfire landscape of Grampians National Park, Victoria, Australia as a case study. A ‘habitat vacancy’ model is introduced where post-wildfire recolonisation of habitat by native small mammals requires the consideration of whole populations when applying management actions.

Summary The presentation will outline the Fire Ecology program including the policy drivers and framework under which we work, and detail the two separate but related fire and biodiversity monitoring programs being implemented by DSE – the Landscape Fire and Environmental Program, which aims to provide a basis for reporting on the biodiversity impacts of the burning program, and the HawkEye

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Symposium Fire & Biodiversity in Victoria

Hakea pods release their seeds after the Wilsons Promontory 2009 fires.

11.25 PERI-URBAN AND FRAGMENTED ECOSYSTEMS Dr Charles Meredith environmental consultant, previously CEO of Biosis Research Pty Ltd Once a practising fire ecologist (he studied fire ecology in the mallee and coastal heathlands many years ago), Charles has had a long interest in fragmented and peri-urban landscapes. His consulting work has been concentrated in such areas, where the issue of fire impact and fire management arises time and time again.

Summary Charles’ talk will address the issues of (a) fire impact and fire management in highly fragmented landscapes and (b) ecological and practical issues with fire management in peri-urban areas. He will provide a brief overview of each topic, then illustrate these with real examples from Victoria.

11.45 Discussion 12.00 Introduction to following sessions

12.05 Discussion A: Current knowledge, and current knowledge gaps, for fire and biodiversity in Victoria.

Discussion led by Andrew Bennett, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University 12.45 Lunch Afternoon

1.45 Discussion B: Designing planned burn prescriptions and targets for supporting biodiversity in Victoria.

Discussion led by Mike Clarke, Dept. Zoology, La Trobe University 2.35 Afternoon tea

3.05 Discussion C: Research programs and longterm monitoring necessary for refinement of fire management and planned burning in Victoria.

Discussion led by Ralph McNally, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University 3.50 Summation: Andrew Bennett 4.00 Close: Matt Ruchel, Executive Director, Victorian National Parks Association Symposium Fire & Biodiversity in Victoria

The relationship of fire to most cryptogams is not well understood.

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Lilly Pilly car park, Wilsons Promontory National Park, 2009.

Royal Society of Victoria 9 Victoria Street Melbourne, Vic. 3000 (entrance La Trobe Street) Ph: (03) 9663 5259 Fax: (03) 9663 2301 Email: rsv@sciencevictoria.org.au www.sciencevictoria.org.au

Photo: Parks Victoria

Victorian National Parks Association Level 3, 60 Leicester Street Carlton, Vic. 3053 Ph: (03) 9347 5188 Fax: (03) 9347 5199 Email: vnpa@vnpa.org.au www.vnpa.org.au

This Fire & Biodiversity in Victoria Symposium is supported by the VNPA Jenny Barnett Tribute Campaign, the Poola Foundation (Tom Kantor Fund) and individual donors to the VNPA Poola Foundation challenge grant.

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