Brain and behavior an introduction to behavioral neuroscience 4th edition garrett test bank

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Chapter 7: The Biology of Sex and Gender Multiple Choice 1. Sex is considered to be a form of ___ behavior. a. chaotic b. motivated (*) c. learned d. innate 2. Penile and clitoral erection first occurs in the ___ phase of the sexual response. a. excitement (*) b. plateau c. orgasm d. resolution 3. The four phases of sexual arousal in order are: a. Plateau, excitement, orgasm, refractory b. Excitement, plateau, orgasm, refractory c. Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution (*) d. Orgasm, resolution, refractory, excitement 4. Name two researchers who pioneered human sexual research in the 1960’s. a. Masters and Coolidge b. Masters and Johnson (*) c. Johnson and Johnson d. Johnson and Coolidge 5. The ___ effect involves the male's refractory period, in a way that is similar to sensory-specific satiety. a. Masters b. Johnson c. Coolidge (*) d. Kinsey 6. Males usually have a sexual ___ period while females do not. a. resolution b. post orgasmic c. pheromone sensitive d. refractory (*) 7. Why does most of what we know about sexual behavior come from studies of other species like rats? a. Research on sexual behavior in humans has been considered “off limits” for years and hence hard to get funded. b. Male rats copulate many more times than humans, up to 20 times a day! c. Researchers can alter the hormonal control of animals, which would be unethical in humans. d. All of the above (*) 8. Which statement best describes the effects of castration on sexual behavior in humans? a. We are more affected by castration than other animals b. Males eventually lose the ability to copulate; females do not

c. The ability of males to have erections is maintained, but sex drive is low; little if any changes occur in the females d. Sexual behavior declines but is still present because the adrenals secrete enough hormones to maintain sexual desire (*) 9. Anti-androgen drugs, such as those given to some individuals convicted of sexually-based crimes, are ___ in treating deviant sexual behavior. a. minimally effective b. highly effective (*) c. inconsistent and unpredictable d. are not as popular as surgical castration, because they don’t work very well 10. All of the following statements about testosterone are true except: a. The relationship between sexual activity and testosterone levels could be explained by the fact that sexual activity itself increases testosterone levels b. Males with low testosterone levels can be as sexually active as other males, indicating that minimal testosterone is required for typical sexual behavior c. Castration of aggressive human prisoners is a common procedure that is effective in about 50% of cases (*) d. The effect of castration on sexual behavior takes longer in humans than in rats, although there is some variability 11. Females of most species are willing to engage in sex only during their ___ period, whereas female humans and some primates ___. a. estrus; are not willing to engage in sex except outside their estrus cycle b. menstrual; are willing to engage in sex anytime during their estrus cycle c. estrus; are willing to engage in sex anytime during their reproductive cycle (*) d. menstrual; are only likely to engage in sex during their estrus cycle 12. Which of the following statements supports a relationship between the menstrual cycle and female sexual activity? a. Couples are more likely to have intercourse when the woman is actively menstruating only in the winter months due to low levels of estrogen b. Couples exhibit a spontaneous decrease in sexual activity during the middle of their menstrual cycle when the woman is most likely to get pregnant c. Women are more likely to initiate sex during the middle of their reproductive cycle when the woman is most likely to get pregnant (*) d. Women on birth control pills exhibit a peak in sexual activity for only a few days after menstruation occurs 13. What evidence suggests that testosterone plays a role in female sexual behavior? a. Sexual behavior of women decreases at menopause when testosterone levels decline b. Testosterone levels peak at mid-cycle when women are more likely to initiate sexual activity c. Testosterone treatment given to women with their ovaries removed increases sexual arousal and behavior d. All of the above (*) 14. Which brain area is most important for sexual responses of both sexes? a. central amygdala b. ventromedial hypothalamus c. sexually dimorphic nucleus

d. medial preoptic area (*) 15. What role does the medial amygdala play in sexual behavior? a. It is active while rats copulate. b. If stimulated, dopamine is released in the MPOA, which is known to be important in sexual behavior. c. Its role is to respond to sexually exciting stimuli, such as potential partners. d. All of the above (*) 16. Which brain area is not involved in male sexual behavior? a. ventromedial hypothalamus (*) b. medial preoptic area c. sexually dimorphic nucleus d. paraventricular nucleus 17. Which of the following brain areas seems to be involved in sexual activity in female, but not male, rats? a. Medial preoptic area b. Medial amygdala c. Sexually dimorphic nucleus d. Ventromedial nucleus (*) 18. Which of the following neurotransmitters increases in the nucleus accumbens during sexual activity? a. Dopamine (*) b. Serotonin c. Norepinephrine d. Endorphin 19. The level of sexual activity in male rats is related to the size of their ___, which itself is a function of ___. a. MPOA; prenatal exposure to stress hormones b. ventromedial hypothalamus; prenatal exposure to testosterone c. SDN; prenatal exposure to estrogen d. SDN; prenatal exposure to testosterone (*) 20. Stimulation of the ___ results in release of dopamine in the ___. a. medial preoptic area; medial amygdala b. medial amygdala; medial preoptic area (*) c. sexually dimorphic nucleus; medial amygdala d. medial amygdala; sexually dimorphic nucleus 21. The ___ is 5 times larger in male rats than in females. a. medial amygdala b. medial preoptic area c. sexually dimorphic nucleus (*) d. ventromedial hypothalamus 22. The brain area that is specifically important for female sexual behavior is the: a. medial amygdala b. medial preoptic area c. sexually dimorphic nucleus d. ventromedial hypothalamus (*)

23. Which of the following areas plays a role in integrating sensory and hormonal information, as well as coordinating physiological responses involved in sexual behavior? a. ventromedial hypothalamus b. medial preoptic area c. sexually dimorphic nucleus (*) d. medial amygdala 24. The amygdala is involved in: a. sexual behavior in both males and females b. aggression c. emotions d. all of the above (*) 25. Which type of drug does not interfere with sexual activity? a. serotonin reuptake blockers b. anti-anxiety drugs c. dopamine agonists (*) d. anti-depressants 26. As referenced in Chapter 5, the neurotransmitter ___ is released in the male ___ during sexual activity; this mirrors behavior during the Coolidge effect. a. serotonin; medial preoptic area b. dopamine; sexually dimorphic nucleus c. dopamine; nucleus accumbens (*) d. naloxone, nucleus accumbens 27. Which of the following is true about the role of the autonomic nervous system in sexual behavior in males? a. Small amounts of dopamine stimulate D2 receptors to activate the parasympathetic nervous system b. Serotonin effects on the autonomic nervous system are responsible for the shift from sympathetic to parasympathetic activity c. Stimulation of D1 receptors activates the parasympathetic nervous system, which increases motivation and erection (*) d. Serotonin stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, causing ejaculation.

28. When Bob turned 40, he realized he couldn’t remember things as well as he used to. He went for his annual check up, and his doctor tested him for various memory disorders. Sadly, he was diagnosed with ___, a degenerative memory and movement disease, and was placed on L-DOPA therapy to help with his symptoms. To his surprise, he also noticed an increase in sexual activity as well. a. Alzheimer’s disease b. Parkinson’s disease (*) c. Epilepsy d. Huntington’s disease 29. Women rated the body odor of men as being more attractive when the men differed from them in terms of ___. a. major histocompatibility complex (*) b. pheromone levels c. dopamine levels d. All of the above

30. A woman would be inclined to find a male with a different ___ as more attractive because it would signal genetic ___ and presumably improved immune system functioning in the children. a. MHC; dissimilarity (*) b. MPC; similarity c. MHC; similarity d. MPC; dissimilarity 31. A ___ is a chemical that is released by one animal to affect the physiology and or behavior of another member of (usually) the same species. a. neurotransmitter b. neurochemical c. hormone d. pheromone (*) 32. All of the following are true about the olfactory system except: a. It responds to airborne materials that dissolve in the nasal mucosa b. Odorants stimulate receptors that are underneath the nasal mucosa c. The olfactory nerves travel to the olfactory cortex found in the temporal lobe d. Olfactory stimuli act on receptors on axons found in the olfactory nerve (*) 33. Humans can recognize approximately ___ odors. a. 1,000 b. 10,000 (*) c. 100,000 d. 1,000,000 34. Humans have ___ active odor receptor genes than rats and mice. a. four times as many b. fewer (*) c. the same number of d. twice as many 35. The evolution and later reliance on our ___ system has been suggested as the reason why humans are not as sensitive to pheromones as other mammals. a. gustatory b. somatosensory c. auditory d. color vision (*) 36. The vomeronasal organ a. has evolved to a diminished size in humans b. may not be required for detecting pheromones c. sends signals to the hypothalamus and amygdala d. all of the above (*) 37. When your dog “knows” that the poodle down the street is “in heat,” most of the pheromones are detected by the ___ but some are detected by ___. a. vomeronasal organ; gustatory receptors b. olfactory receptors; vomeronasal organ c. vomeronasal organ; olfactory receptors (*)

d. vomeronasal organ; MPOA 38. Earlier reports found that underarm secretions of both sexes have been shown to alter menstrual cycles, probably due to effects on a woman's ___, but they have been questioned on methodological grounds. a. pheromones b. menstrual hormones c. luteinizing hormone (*) d. oxytocin levels 39. Research suggests that exposure to a chemical found in human underarm sweat will: a. desynchronize the length of menstrual cycles b. result in increased sexual intercourse in males and females (*) c. increase the social interaction of female subjects with men d. suppress testosterone secretion in males 40. Research shows that men find the scent of women’s T-shirts more attractive: a. at the end of the menstrual cycle b. at the beginning of the menstrual cycle c. during ovulation (*) d. throughout the winter months 41. Research suggests that exposure to pheromones from women’s T-shirts will be rated most attractive by males: a. During ovulation in women not taking birth control pills (*) b. In mid-cycle in women on birth control pills c. During ovulation in both women on and off birth control pills d. None of the above 42. Which of the following statements is true about pheromones and human behavior? a. Pheromones only affect sexual behavior b. Pheromones affect behavior in animals but not humans c. Pheromones operate in fear-provoking situations (*) d. Pheromones are produced when people engage in strenuous physical activity 43. The bonding process in prairie voles involves all of the following except: a. activation of the AVPR1A gene b. release of oxytocin c. the presence of vasopressin d. release of serotonin during mating (*) 44. Meadow voles differ from prairie voles (the subject of the Application) in that they a. are not monogamous (*) b. show preference for a single partner if the AVPR1A gene is blocked c. release vasopressin but not oxytocin d. release oxytocin but not vasopressin 45. In humans, oxytocin is involved in all of the following except: a. bonding b. muscle contractions involved in lactation and orgasm c. memory for safe environments (*) d. social recognition

46. When humans are classified as male or female based on their biological characteristics, researchers are referring to their: a. sex (*) b. gender c. gender role d. gender identity 47. The set of behaviors that are considered appropriate for males but not for females and vice versa in a given society is referred to as: a. sex b. gender c. gender role (*) d. gender identity 48. If you are going to have a blind date with someone named Sam, and your friend says that Sam had testicles, what do you know about Sam that is male? a. sex b. gender c. gender identity d. all the above (*) 49. The best way to identify a person as male or female is by the person’s: a. chromosomes b. gender c. gender role d. none of the above because the topic is too complex (*) 50. Charles, who is a man, is colorblind. As you will learn later in the book, this trait is due to a defective gene found on the X chromosome. Based on this, which parent gave him the defective gene? a. mom (*) b. dad c. one of his grandfathers on either side d. all of the above is possible 51. Chuck and Diane have been trying to have a child since they got married three years ago, but have been unsuccessful. Upon genetic testing, they learn that Chuck has a defective gene on his Y chromosome that is to blame, which prevents his testes from making sperm cells. Which parent gave him that gene? a. mom b. dad (*) c. one of his grandmothers on either side d. all of the above is possible 52. The penis in males and the ___ in females develop from the same embryonic tissue. a. vagina b. labia c. uterus d. clitoris (*) 53. The Müllerian ducts are precursors to the: a. Ovaries

b. Testes c. Female internal sex organs (*) d. Male internal sex organs 54. The Wolffian ducts are the precursor for the: a. Ovaries b. Testes c. Female internal sex organs d. Male internal sex organs (*) 55. What causes the undifferentiated (or indifferent) gonads to become the testes? a. Müllerian-determining factor b. Ovarian-inhibiting substance c. A protein made from the SRY gene (*) d. A neurotransmitter released from the inactive X in an XX-fertilized ovum 56. The development of gonads into a male or female pattern depends on: a. Whether the gonads have been exposed to estrogen b. Whether the fetus has a single X chromosome or not c. The chromosomal sex (*) d. The presence of the SRY gene on the X chromosome 57. In the absence of the SRY gene, the undifferentiated (indifferent) gonads: a. Develop a difference in sexual development (DSD) pattern b. Develop into ovaries (*) c. Develop into testes d. Disappear 58. Which of the following is not part of the female internal genitalia? a. clitoris (*) b. uterus c. inner vagina d. fallopian tubes 59. Which of the following is part of the male internal genitalia? a. penis b. scrotum c. testes d. vas deferens (*) 60. All of the following are external genitalia except: a. clitoris b. seminal vesicles (*) c. scrotum d. labia 61. Which hormone promotes the development of the external male genitalia? a. estrogen b. dihydrotestosterone (*) c. progesterone d. testosterone

62. Androgens are produced by the: a. testes b. adrenal glands c. ovaries d. all of the above (*) 63. Which hormonal stimulus is required for an XX fetus to develop labia, a clitoris, and a vagina? a. Exposure to androgens b. Exposure to estrogens c. Exposure to progesterone d. None (*) 64. An important difference between the organizing and activating effects of hormones is that organizing effects: a. are temporary b. are usually but not always reversible c. occur only during and after puberty d. mainly occur prenatally or shortly after birth (*) 65. An important difference between the organizing and activating effects of hormones is that activating effects: a. are always temporary b. are permanent c. occur anytime in the individual's lifetime (*) d. usually occur early in development 66. An important difference between the organizing and activating effects of hormones is that organizing effects: a. are temporary b. are lifelong in effect c. occur only after puberty d. occur only prenatally (*) 67. An important difference between the organizing and activating effects of hormones is that activating effects: a. are always lifelong in effect b. are reversible (*) c. occur only after puberty d. occur early in development 68. Which of the following is a result of an activating effect? a. muscle increases in a male b. beard growth in a male c. breast development in a female d. all of the above (*) 69. Which of the following is not an organizing effect? a. Maturation of the genitals b. Changes in stature c. Development of the clitoris

d. Increase in sexual interest (*) 70. During which time period do hormones usually exert organizing effects? a. Early in development (*) b. Puberty c. When sexual interest occurs d. Adulthood 71. The arching of the back exhibited by a female rat during copulation is known as: a. lordosis (*) b. receptivity c. pronation d. attractiveness 72. If a female rat is given an injection of testosterone during critical brain development, as an adult it will: a. have normal female sex behaviors b. have no sexual behavior c. be more likely to mount other female rats (*) d. be more likely to mount male rats 73. If a male rat is castrated shortly after birth or given a chemical that blocks androgen's effects, as an adult it will: a. have normal male sex behaviors b. be likely to accept male rats mounting it (*) c. be more likely to mount other female rats d. be more likely to mount male rats 74. The feminization of the brain is now known to require more than an absence of ___ but also the influence of ___. a. testosterone; aromatization b. estradiol; testosterone c. testosterone; estradiol (*) d. aromatase; estradiol 75. Which of the following is involved in masculinization of the brain? a. estradiol b. testosterone c. aromatization d. all of the above (*) 76. All of the following make it difficult to determine if there are gender-related differences in behavior and cognition except: a. the results show evidence for strong differences, but people don’t want to accept them (*) b. different researchers tend measure the same characteristic in different ways c. the differences that exist are relatively small d. people tend to talk to children dressed as boys or girls in different, subtle ways 77. Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) concluded that boys and girls differed in their abilities in what areas? a. Girls have greater verbal abilities. (*) b. Girls have lesser verbal abilities. c. Girls have greater mathematical abilities.

d. Girls have greater visual-spatial abilities.

78. Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) concluded that boys and girls differed in their abilities in what areas? a. Boys have greater verbal abilities. b. Boys have lesser visual-spatial abilities. c. Boys have lesser mathematical abilities. d. Boys have greater visual-spatial abilities. (*) 79. Which of the following statements is true regarding gender differences in cognitive performance? a. There is a great deal of overlap between males and females in these characteristics. b. The differences that do exist are task specific; that is, females do not excel on all verbal tasks. c. Males are better than females on tasks requiring mental rotation of 3-D objects, but less so on other spatial tasks. d. All of the above (*) 80. Why are researchers less convinced that gender-related differences in cognition and behavior have a physiological basis? a. These differences have increased over time, due to changes in gender roles b. Murder rates are the same in different countries, showing that males are generally more aggressive than females c. Males and females no longer differ much in mathematical abilities, although boys are still overrepresented at the lower and higher extremes (*) d. All of the above 81. The conclusion that homicide rates vary dramatically from one culture to another points to a: a. Biological basis for aggression b. Environmental influence on aggression (*) c. Conclusion that both males and females are highly aggressive d. Flaw in studies of homicide as aggression 82. Male to female transsexuals, who frequently take supplemental estrogen to look more feminine, score higher on measures of ___ than males with normal levels of estrogen. a. verbal ability (*) b. mathematical ability c. visual-spatial ability d. aggression 83. Which of the following represents an activating effect of a hormone? a. Maturation of the genitals at puberty b. The enlargement of the SDN in male rats c. Growth of breasts at puberty. d. Masculinization of the genitals during prenatal development (*) 84. Which hormone may be linked to enhanced spatial skills? a. Testosterone (*) b. Estrogen c. Progesterone d. Dihydrotestosterone 85. Males, who produce low levels of testosterone early in development, score poorer on measures of ___ but older men given ___ can increase their performance on measures of spatial tasks.

a. visual-spatial ability; testosterone (*) b. mathematical ability; estrogen c. visual-spatial ability; estrogen d. verbal fluency; testosterone 86. Female transsexuals taking testosterone show: a. Increases in certain measures of verbal ability b. Increases in certain measures of spatial ability (*) c. Decreases in certain measures of spatial ability d. No changes in any measure of verbal or spatial ability 87. What is the relationship between testosterone and aggression? a. Testosterone causes aggression b. Aggression causes testosterone levels to increase c. Both A and B are true d. A and B are related, but researchers do not fully understand the source of aggression (*) 88. Which of the following is true about brain areas that might be involved in gender differences in cognition and behavior? a. On an fMRI task, males processed a language task primarily in the left temporal area, whereas females engaged both temporal lobes equally (*) b. Men use frontal lobes to process spatial tasks, while females use the parietal lobes. c. There is a correlation between the amount of tissue in the surface of the temporal lobe and scores on a spatial rotation task. d. All of the above 89. All of the following are true about male-female differences except: a. Males are more genetically resistant to pain than females b. Men are less affected by stress than women c. Females are more likely to be affected by Tourette’s syndrome (*) d. Males are more susceptible to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

90. What is a reasonable approach to interpreting sex differences in cognition and behavior, according to the textbook? a. The behavioral and cognitive differences are small, and do not justify differential treatment of individuals based on their sex b. There are small but real differences in some areas, such as strength and possibly aggressiveness c. It is best to use the term other sex rather than opposite sex to reflect the fact that we are more alike than we are different d. All of the above (*) 91. Jimmy believes he was accidentally born into the wrong sex. He has known all his life that he should have been a girl, and when he was able to he began dressing like a woman and eventually plans to get gender reassignment surgery to make his body more feminine. Jimmy therefore is a a. homosexual b. bisexual c. transsexual (*) d. asexual 92. A woman who feels more like a man than a woman has a ___ that does not match her sex. a. gender role

b. gender identity (*) c. sexual orientation d. All of the above 93. Which of the following statements regarding sexual orientation is true? a. Gay men are more likely to be bisexual than lesbians. b. Lesbians make up a larger proportion of the population than do gay men. c. Gay men and lesbians are bisexual to a certain degree. d. Many more people engage in homosexual behavior than are considered homosexual. (*) 94. One reason suggested for why a boy can have normal, functioning male sex organs but still believe he should be a girl is that a. testosterone always triggers female patterns of behavior b. the genitals and brain develop at different times (*) c. estrogen plays a key role in both male and female development d. none of the above.

95. Which of the following is not true with respect to transsexual individuals a. There are brain differences between transsexuals and heterosexuals b. Male-to-female transsexuals are more plentiful than female-to-male transsexuals c. Transsexuals differ from heterosexuals in their responses to the pheromones EST and AND. d. Transsexuals are always homosexual before gender reassignment surgery (*) 96. One brain area that seems to differ between transsexuals and all other individuals is the a. central bed of the stria terminalis (*) b. medial amygdala c. hippocampus d. ventromedial hypothalamus 97. A person with ambiguous internal and external sex organs but whose gonads are consistent with her or his chromosomes would be referred to as a(n): a. Hermaphrodite or Hph b. Difference in sexual development or DSD(*) c. Intersexual male d. Intersexual female 98. A person with 46 XY DSD can result from a deficiency in an enzyme that converts ___ into ___. a. testosterone; dihydrotestosterone b. dihydrotestosterone; testosterone (*) c. androgen; estradiol d. estradiol; estrogen 99. A person with 46 XY DSD can result from a deficiency in ___ that masculinizes the external genitalia. a. 17-beta reductase b. 5-alpha reductase (*) c. aromatase d. estradiol 100. A group of individuals with 46 XY DSD studied in the Dominican Republic: a. had a deficiency in 5-alpha reductase b. had a genetic defect that could be a result of frequent intermarriage among relatives

c. switched from a female to a male gender identity after puberty d. all of the above (*) 101. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is: a. caused by a deactivation of testosterone receptors during puberty b. due to a lack of testes c. characterized by an XY genotype (*) d. the result of an enzyme deficiency 102. Which of the following causes an individual with AIS (Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome) to develop female characteristics and appearance? a. Müllerian inhibiting hormone is not active b. Estrogen released from the testes and adrenal glands feminizes the body (*) c. Menstruation occurs because testosterone receptors are not activated d. Individuals with AIS are XXY, so they have additional female hormones released at puberty 103. All of the following are characteristics of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) except: a. Breast growth at puberty b. Descended testes (*) c. Female external genitalia d. Male gonads 104. People with androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) will have: a. no Müllerian-inhibiting substance b. no androgen receptors (*) c. male external genitals d. increased secretion of dihydrotestosterone 105. An undiagnosed androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) child will most likely: a. not be feminized at puberty b. be fertile as an adult c. prefer a female sexual partner d. be raised as a female (*) 106. Surprisingly, a large number of androgen-insensitive males are frequently found to be a. female professional wrestlers b. female pilots c. female fashion models (*) d. female lawyers or politicians 107. AIS individuals: a. are similar to females in terms of having higher verbal ability and lower spatial performance (*) b. have higher spatial abilities than that of other males c. are often described as being “tomboyish” d. usually adopt a male gender identity 108. CAH syndrome in females is characterized by a. androgenization of the internal sex organs b. masculinization of the external sex organs (*) c. a lack of androgen receptors d. an XO chromosome pattern (missing one sex chromosome)

109. An individual with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) will a. have normal external genitals but atypical internal genitals b. be asexual as an adult c. have normal internal and external genitals d. be raised as a female or as a male depending on the extent of the masculinization (*) 110. All of the following are true about CAH syndrome except: a. Less than 50% of CAH women reared as girls accept a female identity (*) b. CAH individuals often choose male-dominated careers and are interested in rough sports c. Some evidence shows that CAH individuals have better spatial performance than females without CAH d. Almost 40% of CAH women identify as homosexual or bisexual 111. The case of the athlete Caster Semenya showed that a. transsexuals cannot compete in the wrong-sex gender category, since they do not meet the requirements of competition (XX for women’s events, XY for men’s) b. she had AIS, based on chromosome analysis c. we should suspect gender misrepresentation if a female like Semenya turns in a strong performance at an athletic event d. athletic organizations that oversee events such as the World Championships and Olympics have not adequately defined gender in their rules or gender verification policies (*) 112. Some researchers recommend that multiple categories between female and male be referred to as: a. intersexes (*) b. disordered gender c. hermaphrodites d. none of the above 113. Individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH): a. Typically do not receive hormone treatments b. Should receive male genitalia reconstructive surgery because of the androgen exposure c. Have normal internal and external genitals d. Have an enzyme defect that alters sex hormone levels in the prenatal period (*) 114. The drug DES a. had an androgen-like effect on the brain, but not the genitals (*) b. affected sexual behavior but not sexual orientation c. was originally used as a pain killer d. all of the above 115. The “neutral at birth” theorists argue that a. one's sexual genotype and phenotype always coincide b. rearing has no effect on one's sexual phenotype c. one's genitals determine one's sexual phenotype d. one's sexual genotype is largely irrelevant to one's sexual phenotype (*) 116. Diamond’s “sexuality-at-birth” position argues that a. chromosomes are most important in determining gender identity. b. the appearance of the genitals at birth is important in determining gender identity, because it reflects prenatal hormone exposure. (*)

c. rearing is the most influential variable in determining gender identity, no matter what the genitals look like. d. it doesn’t matter how children are reared as long as the parents are comfortable with the gender assigned to their child.

117. In the most famous case of Ablatio penis, where a young boy with XY chromosomes had his penis destroyed during a circumcision, a. the child (Bruce) was born as a hermaphrodite and the decision was made to rear him as a girl (Brenda) b. Money counseled the parents that by rearing the child (Bruce) as a girl, “she” (Brenda) would accept a female gender identity (*) c. the child lost both testicles, which was the source for all of the male-specific hormones in “her” body d. Money showed that the “neutral-at-birth” position was in fact correct 118. Regarding the case of “Bruce-Brenda-David,” which of the following is true? a. Brenda chose to live as a boy before learning her true sex. b. Brenda was comfortable with her feminine role until adolescence. c. Brenda's mother had no problem making the switch from male to female. d. This case clearly demonstrated that the “neutral-at-birth” position is incorrect. (*) 119. All of the following are true about the Ablatio penis cases, including Bruce/Brenda/David, except a. one was described as a tomboy and preferred playing with her brother’s toys. b. one was teased in school and referred to as a “caveman.” c. none doubted their sexual identities until after puberty (*) d. the parents consented to reconstructive surgery and reared the child as a girl 120. How did the story of Ablatio penis involving Bruce/Brenda unfold? a. At age 14 Brenda decided to switch to living as a male, and change her/his name to David. b. Brenda underwent extensive surgery and hormonal treatments to become male. c. Although David was accepted as a male and eventually married, his life ended in suicide. d. All of the above (*) 121. A category of sexual preference termed asexual was defined as including individuals: a. who express a strong revulsion to sex b. who express no interest in sex (*) c. who lost their interest in sex after a bad experience d. who have ambiguous feelings about their sexual orientation 122. With respect to sexual orientation, a. bisexuality is more common among males than among females b. homosexual individuals tend to have many more sexual partners than heterosexuals c. researchers now believe that there is little need to understand heterosexuality, seeing at it is considered the “base” sexual orientation d. a large proportion of individuals have at least one homosexual experiences are relatively common, especially in adolescence (*) 123. Which of the following is the best predictor of homosexuality? a. Early homosexual feelings and experiences (*) b. Strict upbringing by a single opposite-sex parent c. Strict upbringing by a single same-sex parent

d. Early exposure to a homosexual adult or sibling 124. During childhood, homosexuals often show a high degree of ___, by engaging in activities and mannerisms usually preferred by the opposite sex, along with a preference for opposite-sex playmates. a. gender nonconformity (*) b. gender negative conformity c. atypical gender conformity d. gender conformity 125. Which of the following approaches has provided the most documented and consistent evidence for a biological basis for sexual orientation? a. Hormonal level studies b. Brain structure size studies c. Twin and family studies (*) d. Social learning studies 126. Homosexual men have been found to have more homosexual relatives: a. on their father's side of the family b. on their mother's side of the family (*) c. who were adopted at birth d. with a specific genetic similarity on the Y chromosome 127. Early studies by Hamer and colleagues found ___ among homosexual men who are genetically related. a. a genetic similarity on the X chromosome (*) b. a genetic similarity on the Y chromosome c. no genetic similarities d. a genetic similarity on the 21st, 9th, and the X chromosome 128. Twin studies for sexual orientation: a. have shown no clear difference in concordance rates between identical and fraternal twins b. can be biased by the “volunteer effect” (*) c. are relatively easy to conduct, due to the large number of twins who are homosexual d. have found similar identical twin concordance rates for homosexual males and females 129. Some researchers suggest the homosexuality may sometimes occur through a epigenetic process called: a. reverse skewing b. imprinting (*) c. stasis d. noncoherence 130. Research has shown that women who have homosexual offspring also tended to inactivate the same X chromosome (of the pair) in most of the cells in their bodies. This epigenetic process is called a. selective transfer b. imprinting (*) c. masculinization d. the “gay” chromosome 131. Which of the following statements is true with respect to studies of sexual orientation in animals?

a. Early hormonal manipulation of testosterone results in same sex-preference later in life in several species b. Naturally occurring homosexual behavior has been observed in numerous animal species, such as sheep and gulls c. Animals engage in homosexual behavior, even when in mixed-sex groups d. All of the above (*) 132. A research team in the U.S. and Sweden recently found that testosterone ___ found in a parent can potentially be passed on to his/her children, significantly affecting that child’s sexual and gender development. a. levels b. sensitivity (*) c. receptors d. gametes 133. A now-discounted theory, the ___ hypothesis, suggested that homosexuality is learned, and arises due to early exposure to homosexuality. The major problem with this hypothesis is that homosexual individuals ____. a. Social Influence; are simply continuing earlier homosexual feeling and behaviors (*) b. Genetic Fixation; have too many genes that differ from heterosexual individuals c. Soma; work with what their bodies want to do when they have erotic feelings d. Sexual Youth; seem to be exposed to sex later in life than thirty years ago when the research was done 134. One mechanism for why homosexuality persists, despite same-sex individuals not being able to reproduce, is the recent finding that genes linked to homosexuality also increase a. birth rate in women b. attraction to men c. both a and b (*) d. neither a nor b 135. Which of the following findings supports the argument that homosexual men are the result of the maternal immunity hypothesis? a. Mothers, after having multiple male children, make antibodies against male-specific proteins, reducing their effects in subsequent males (*) b. The testosterone levels in mothers increase after every male child, flooding the subsequent male’s bodies with more and more hormones. c. Male homosexuals tend to have more younger brothers than male heterosexuals, indicating that their mother must have high testosterone levels in her uterus. d. Antibodies in the prenatal period result in the increase of androgens in the womb, causing affected individuals to become homosexual.

136. Three brain areas that can differ in size between homosexual and heterosexual men are the a. anterior commissure, medial amygdala, and the third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus b. medial amygdala, medial preoptic area, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus c. sexually dimorphic nucleus, interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus d. third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the anterior commissure (*)

137. Which of the following is true with respect to brain areas implicated in homosexuality? a. The INAH3 is four times larger in male heterosexuals than in male homosexuals b. The SCN secretes more vasopressin in heterosexual males than in homosexual males c. The anterior commissure is smaller in homosexual men compared to heterosexual men d. The SCN is larger in homosexual men than heterosexual men (*) 138. Male-to-female transsexuals: a. resemble females more than males in the size of the INAH3 (*) b. have brain activation patterns to erotic videos that are similar to males c. have a larger central bed nucleus of the stria terminalis than heterosexual males d. all of the above 139. Which of the following statements is true concerning the effects of pheromones on brain areas in heterosexuals and homosexuals? a. AND activates the preoptic area in both heterosexual men and heterosexual women, but not homosexual men b. EST activates hypothalamic areas in heterosexual males, but not homosexual males or women (*) c. Homosexual women reacted to ACT and EST just as homosexual men did d. Homosexual men showed brain activation to both AND and EST 140. Overall, the brains of homosexual woman have: a. shown little evidence of masculinization (*) b. shown profound evidence of masculinization c. been exposed to unusual levels of testosterone d. been exposed to unusual levels of estrogen 141. Two characteristics that may distinguish homosexual from heterosexual women are the: a. size of the person’s breasts and response to high-frequency sounds b. size of the jaw relative to the skull and the index-to-ring finger ratio c. response magnitude of the evoked otoacoustic emission and the index-to-ring finger ratio (*) d. Index-to-ring finger ratio and the reaction to the pheromone EST. 142. Individuals supporting GLBTQ rights support the biological model of homosexuality because a. they feel it will increase the public acceptance of homosexuality (*) b. they hope it will make people look at homosexuality as a treatable disease c. they believe that it will encourage homosexuals to seek psychotherapy d. heterosexuality is in reality the abnormal sexual orientation for humans 143. The percentage of U.S. citizens that support same-sex marriage was around ___ in 2004. In less than 10 years, that percentage has changed to ___ in 2013. a. 40%; 90% b. 10%; 53% c. 71%; 38% d. 40%; 53% (*)

Essay 144. Describe the four phases of the human sexual response and point out differences between men and women.

145. Discuss the effects of castration and anti-androgen drugs on sexual behavior in males.

146. Give evidence that shows testosterone plays a role in female sexual behavior.

147. Identify four regions of the brain that play an important role in sexual behavior. Which of these are more important for male sexual behavior? For female sexual behavior?

148. List and discuss which neurotransmitters are implicated in sexual behavior. How does the autonomic nervous system interact with these neurotransmitters during the phases of the sexual response?

149. Describe the general olfactory system in humans. How do pheromones act in the body/brain? Give two examples that show pheromones affect sexual behavior in humans.

150. Describe the role of oxytocin in animals and humans.

151. Distinguish between the following terms: sex, gender, gender role, and gender identity.

152. Describe the prenatal development of gonads, internal genitals, and external genitals. Be sure to include the role of hormones in this process.

153. Compare and contrast the organizing versus the activating effects of hormones. Give examples of each.

154. Describe differences in human male and female cognitive abilities. Relate this to exposure to hormones.

155. Describe the causes and characteristics of 46 XY DSD, such as AIS, and 46 XX DSD, such as CAH. 156. Discuss what is known about the short- and long-term outcomes of individuals who have undergone ablatio penis. Focus on the case of Bruce-Brenda-David.

157. Compare and contrast the “neutral-at-birth” position versus the “sexuality-at-birth” position.

158. Provide support for the following statement: “The best evidence supporting a biological basis for sexual orientation comes from genetic studies.”

159. List and discuss the role of brain areas possibly implicated in sexual orientation.

160. What are the advantages and disadvantages of viewing sexual orientation as having a biological basis?

In other words, describe the social implications of this view.

True/False 161. Humans are more affected by castration than are other animals. (F)

162. The effects of castration are very consistent across individuals. (F) 163. Increases in testosterone may be the result of sexual activity rather than the cause. (T) 164. Men with slightly lower testosterone levels are less active sexually than men with higher levels. (F) 165. Women typically have sex more frequently at ovulation than at other times in their reproductive cycle.

(T) 166. In women who have had their ovaries removed, testosterone therapy increases sexual arousal, fantasizing, or frequency of intercourse. (T) 167. In laboratory animals the control of sexual behavior involves the same brain structures for females and males. (F) 168. In laboratory animals, the medial preoptic area is a primary brain region involved in male sexual behaviors. (T) 169. In nonhumans, the sexually dimorphic nucleus is a primary brain region involved in female sexual behaviors. (F) 170. In nonhumans, the ventromedial nucleus is a primary brain region involved in female sexual behaviors. (T) 171. In nonhumans, the sexually dimorphic nucleus is larger in males than in females. (T) 172. Release of endorphins in the nucleus accumbens parallels the Coolidge effect. (F) 173. Human males who have the same major histocompatibility complex as a female are rated by the female as having a more pleasant body odor. (F) 174. The existence of a human sex pheromone has been firmly established. (F) 175. The vomeronasal organ has not been found in humans. (F) 176. The receptors in the human VNO respond to pheromone compounds. (T) 177. A chemical that is released by one animal that affects the behavior of another of its species is a pheromone. (T) 178. Men prefer the scent of women’s T-shirts worn at the time of ovulation. (T) 179. During the earliest stages of fetal development, the internal sex organs are male. (F) 180. One's genetic sex is determined by the mother's ovum. (F) 181. The gender of a person's external genitalia is determined by the presence or absence of androgens. (T) 182. The precursor of the internal female sex organs is called the Wolffian system. (F) 183. The precursor of the internal male sex organs is called the Müllerian system. (F)

184. Testosterone causes the Müllerian system to degenerate. (F) 185. Testosterone causes the Wolffian system to degenerate. (F) 186. Nature's default is to produce a male body in humans. (F) 187. Activating effects of hormones can occur after development is complete. (T) 188. Hormones can exert organizing effects in adulthood. (T) 189. An example of an activating hormone effect is when male sexual behavior is facilitated by testosterone treatment. (T) 190. Boys typically excel in verbal ability while girls do better in mathematics. (F) 191. Females are better at solving spatial rotation tasks than males. (F) 192. There is considerable overlap in the cognitive abilities of males and females. (T) 193. The cognitive differences between male and females have increased over time. (F) 194. While biology may play some role in sex differences in aggression, cultural factors are also important.

(T) 195. Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a condition resulting from excessive secretion of androgens from the pituitary gland. (F) 196. Androgen insensitivity syndrome individuals frequently appear as female professional wrestlers. (F) 197. Androgen insensitivity syndrome individuals frequently appear as female fashion models. (T) 198. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a condition resulting from excessive secretion of androgens from the adrenal glands. (T) 199. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is a condition resulting from excessive secretion of estrogen. (F) 200. Androgen insensitive males typically have better verbal ability than other males. (T) 201. Sexual reassignment in infancy and the individual's adjustment to his or her new gender will apparently be successful even if not accomplished until well after the first birthday. (F) 202. The “neutral-at-birth” theorists argue that sexual reassignment in infancy has a definite time window for success that must be observed. (T) 203. The International Association of Athletics Federation has a clear definition for gender in its rules and policies. (F) 204. Semenya is an athlete who was questioned about her gender because of her physical appearance and strong athletic performance. (T)

205. The third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus is a brain area implicated in sexual orientation. (T) 206. Parenting style results in homosexuality. (F)