Volume 1 | Waste : A Resource | An alternative approach to waste management in Mumbai

Waste: A Resource An alternative APPROACH to wastE management in MumbaI

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Viraj Joshi A (1636)

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APPROVAL SHEET Thesis Approval for Dissertation for B.Arch Thesis This thesis / dissertation / project report titled Waste: A Resource Viraj Joshi “___________________________________________” by ___________ is approved for the degree of Bachelors of Architecture.

Examiner 1 ----------------------------------Examiner 2 -----------------------------------

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acknowledgements_ acknowledgement_ Finally this semester has almost come to an end, for a person who pulls all nighters almost everyday in college, this semester has been the toughest staying at home. So as a start I would like to thank myself, for not giving up, for being able to push myself enough to produce work and for being content with it.

This year really showed us all a very different start to a thesis semester which I hope no one ever gets to experience as staying in college and working is the best experience of student life. So I would like to thank K.R.V.I.A and all of its student and faculty body for giving me the most memorable moments of my life. These were some photos of the college I found showing the barreness of the exciting spaces in the college without the people, here’s to hoping the college never sees a day like this again and hoping our college produces even brighter students with the help of the beloved faculty.

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Now I would be very selfish if I did not mention the numerous contributions of multiple people without whom this volume could not have been produced.

Firstly I would like to thank my guide, Shweta Wagh, who has constantly been an amazing guide throughout the semester, always pushing us to cross the limits and at the same time helping us to do so in a systematic way. I would also like to thank my panel for the guidance and contribution to the volume, Apurv Parikh, Vandana Ranjit Sinh, Vikram Pawar and Rutika Parulkar.

I would also like to thank the faculty who have had an impact on me in all these years of my college life, Shirish Joshi, Nikhil Khadilkar, George Jacob, Sonal Sundarajan, Hussain Indorewala, Kaushik Mukhopadhyay, Jamshid Bhiwandiwalla, Minal Yeramshetty,Kimaya Keluskar, Rohan Shivkumar, Jignesh Doshi, Zameer Basrai, Bhargav Kolapkar, Rajita Gopinath, Shreya Sen and many many more.

I would also like to thank Mr. Bhanudas Magdum, the AHS of SWM Department in T ward and one of the ward officer, Mr. Dinesh Heramb for always being there anytime I needed any information, and all the wonderful, cooperative people of T ward who really really helped me understand the problems with waste management in their lives which really gave a shape to my volume.

Next I would really like to thank my family who always cooperated during the online lectures and juries, accompanied me to my site visits, this volume really would not have been possible without Vihan my bro, Aishwarya Joshi, my mother, and Shripad Joshi my father.

Now coming to my life support during the pandemic, all my friends and batchmates.

I would like to thank the people without whom I could not have completed this volume, Divya, Manthan, Aman, Annuja, Nishi, Naitik, and Kashish, for always being being there whenever I need anything, Kajal, Rajmane, Bokade, Manthan, Vaibhav, Bansal, Sakshi, Saayli for always being there on discord with me, pulling all nighters as if we are sitting in college itself! I would also like to thank my thesis group, Rajmane, Rutuja, Jaee and Nishita, for those multiple internal video and audio calls for understanding each other and our respective thesi topics!

Special shoutout to Nityanand Kulboiz, Vaibhav, Bokade, Manthan, Narkar, Miraj, Meet, Shubankar, Saumil, Abhiraj, Ghorecha with whom I have shared innumberable moments at our most beloved Nityanand.

Waste: A Resource

I would also really like to thank Hero, Tejas and Meens for have interesting and entertaining conversations on video and audio calls during the lockdown,and Meeta and Oindri for understanding each other being from the same architecture background.

Eventhough the last year of college will happen out of college, Im excited for semester 10, all the experiences of college life combined with various invaluable learnings about the architectural profession culminating in the Volume 2!

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abstract_ Waste: A Resource

An alternative approach to waste management in Mumbai One person’s trash is their treasure As cities evolved, waste management became more and more unsustainable. As a result there is global waste crisis today and it is having dire consequences in contemporary cities.

This linear, centralized waste management continues to push away all the waste from the inner parts of the city to the outskirts despite the evident consequences.

To solve the waste crisis, multiple professionals from varying fields of study have engaged with waste by looking at very specific concerns which act as entry points to their work.

Using this framework, the thesis decides the specific concerns as to why: -Despite knowing the problem, the linear centralization of waste still continues today.

-Despite knowing the value of organic waste it is still dumped in the landfill.

-Despite knowing the process of turning organic waste to a resource, very few people in the city are practicing it.

To address the concerns, a ward level study is done in Mumbai, to understand the following: Research Questions 1) Why is the centralized linear process of organic waste management still persistent in the contemporary city?

2) What are the practical issues faced, that do not allow changes in the existing approach?

Research Intent To develop an alternative approach to waste management at the ward level of the city.

Keywords: Centralization, linear, Organic waste, Resource, Alternative Approach, Strategies, New Urban Realm Merriam-Webster defines the following: Resource (Noun) re·​source | \ ˈrē-ˌsȯrs a natural feature or phenomenon that enhances the quality of human life

To reimagine the city and its waste using this approach

Waste: A Resource

So the selected T ward is delayered on the basis of land use which majorly generates organic waste and various urban typologies are identified in each land use.

An ethnographic survey is done with informants in each of these typologies to gain general and specific insights regarding organic waste. The survey is concluded by various practical causes as to why organic waste is not being used as a resource and various types of unused spatialities revealed in the study.

Then cases in the city and the ward are selected which have broken this linear process of waste management and managed to overcome the issues to sustainably manage their waste.

After the analysis an inventory is prepared from all the learnings of this study and the research is concluded with the issues with the existing approach and what the new approach must aim for..

To address this, the role of architecture is understood and how can an architect deal with the problem of waste. The architect’s approach is applied to the T ward reimagining the city and its waste, In addition to this urban strategies are proposed as a manual proposed by authorities to make sure the alternative approach is strategically feasible and can be sustianed.

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table of contents_ Chapter 1 - City and its waste

1.1 Evolution of the contemporary city 1.2 Role of practitioners 1.3 Inferences 1.4 Research questions, objectives and intent

Chapter 2 - Current condition 2.1 Waste in Mumbai 2.2 Waste in T Ward 2.3 Lens: Land Use

Chapter 3 - Ethnographic Survey 3.1 Methodology

3.1.1 Residential Land Use (Formal) 3.1.2 Residential Land Use (Informal) 3.1.3 Open Space Land Use 3.1.4 Commercial Land Use 3.1.5 Social Amenities Land Use 3.1.6 Streets

3.2 Inferences

Chapter 4 - Unique existing approaches 4.1 Case Studies from T ward 4.2 Case Studies outside T ward 4.3 Inferences

fig 1_ A boy running in Deonar Dumping Ground as it burns

Chapter 5 - Learnings 5.1 Inventory 5.2 Conclusion

Chapter 6 - Eliminating the ‘Macro’ 6.1 Decentralization as a solution 6.2 Role of Architecture 6.3 Site for Demonstration 6.4 Programming Strategy

73% of waste in these dumping grounds is organic waste.

-Tambe B. 73% of city’s daily waste is organic, The Hindu, Mumbai, Sept 2017

Chapter 7 - Reimagining City and Its Waste 7.1 Reimagined City 7.2 Urban Strategies 7.3 Visualizing the Alternative approach

Epilogue List of Figures References Bibliography

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chapter 1_

city and its waste_

1.1 Evolution of the contemporary city

Why is there a huge waste crisis in contemporary cities?

Contemporary cities are facing a global waste crisis today. Various statistics will show us with the rate of population in cities today, waste generated is going to increase drastically.

Contemporary cities are an interwoven system of systems depending on environmental factors, socio-economic factors, governance, population consumerism, geographical area covered etc. A small element of change in any of these factors affects the cities in many ways. Historically, cities have evolved due to changes in these factors and as cities evolved, the way they dealt with their waste also started being affected by these factors. Hence cities throughout history kept evolving and the crisis of waste kept deterioating resulting in the contemporary unsustainable way of managing waste.

The chapter attempts to understand how these factors affected the waste in a city by looking at the evolution of different phases of urbanizations, this will help in understanding the waste crisis in the contemporary city.

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waste crisis in contemporary cities

fig 2_ The Turning Point by Steve Cutts

fig 3_ Waste Crisis in contemporary cities

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chapter 1_

city and its waste_

fig 4_ Effects of good government in the city and country, fresco by Lorenzetti A.,1338-1339

Ancient Cities

Preindustrial Cities

Ancient cities were small and the type of waste they generated was not too complex and since majority of waste generated was organic, there was no evident impact on the environment. Eventhough the cities were small, significant cities had a large influx of population which did increase the amount of waste generated. The city planning usually shows that the center of the city was politically important and these cities were surrounded by walls on the outskirts to stay protected. Since waste was never found appealing, most of it was usually dumped in sites away from the city, probably near these fortified walls. Social inequality was evident as the disposal and collection of waste was the reponsibility of the slaves or the other marginalized groups in the city. Some ancient cities also used organic waste as manure for agriculture, so the idea of reusing waste was very much prominent.

Cities started expanding during these times and they had a predominantly agricultural economy but as time went by trade also became very important.

There was no proper waste disposal and collection management in place but since the primary locations of the city had to be kept clean, the waste was being pushed to the outskirts of the city. The complexity of type of waste was low, the major organic waste was being generated by the citizens only, but as trade became important certain types of waste started being produced.These were dependent on man power instead of machines and were primarily fueled by wood thereby not affecting the environment adversely as they were organic materials. However the aspect of social inequality never left the city as the marginalized class was not only responsible for waste collection and disposal but the dumping spaces where this waste was collected starting increasing in size due to the increase in population in cities.

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chapter 1_

city and its waste_

Cities shifted from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy causing a change in consumption patterns which started changing the nature of waste generation.

Industrial Cities Post Industrial Revolution cities started changing drastically with respect to how people produced, consumed and generated waste. The industrial cities started depending on factories and machines for goods production which was primarily fueled by coal. This started having harmful effects on the environment.

The economy shifted from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy and because of this the people started using complex goods as household items, this started bringing in complex types of waste generated in cities. Shifting to an industrial economy also introduced artifical means of agricultural production like the fertilizer revolution which meant the organic waste in the cities was not used as manure anymore and thrown away in early dumpyards with the other types of waste being generated.

This was the age of inventions but it came in cities at a cost.

The social class dealing with waste also never saw a change, the same class, generations after generations were dealing with the collection and disposal of waste in industrial cities.

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fig 5_ Tate, Industrial Landscape, Lowry L. (1955)

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chapter 1_

city and its waste_ centralized process of waste management gave birth to enormous landfills which changed the outskirts of cities.

Contemporary City Contemporary cities started deteriorating post industrialization, cities started growing in size, population and they started getting more urbanized. They started getting more complicated as the complexity of the interwoven systems increased. As industrialization took over cities, complex waste started getting generated in cities along with the organic waste and people slowly stopped realising the amount of goods that were being consumed, which started generating huge amounts of waste.

The city had never dealt with this amount of waste but the idea of keeping the inner city clean was important as the dumpyard was never welcome in the city. This slowly led to the linear flow of waste to the dumpyard resulting in a centralized process. All the waste started getting piled up in the outskirts of the city. The governance of these cities also complied with out of sight and out of mind which resulted in the waste started piling up in these landfills.

As consumerism, industrialization and urbanization reached their peaks, by 1960s the significant impact was visible on the environment, the factories generating harmful air pollutants along the with carbon emissions from vehicles.

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The landfill also started releasing methane and other harmful pollutants since organic matter in the dump started decaying.

This started affecting the surrounding creeks, houses, and all the other spaces.

As population kept increasing the central areas of the cities started getting saturated and this began urban sprawl, slowly the people started settling on the outskirts of the city which included spaces near these dumps. Spaces near these landfills were affected with respect to the land prices.

The significant part of cities started having a high land price whereas the land price near these landfills started going down as the space was unhealthy, toxic because of the leachate from the landfill. Eventually as a part of the sprawl, many neighbourhoods started coming up near these dumps.

fig 6_ The New Landscapes of Yao Lu The shapes resembling oriental landscape paintings of waterfalls, cliffs and mountains are in fact landfills and mounds of derelict rubble

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chapter 1_

city and its waste_

As we saw throughout history social inequality never faded as someone had to clean up the trash of the cities, so the marginalized groups of the society continued the waste collection and disposal because they eventually started finding occupations because of this waste.

For the privileged citizens waste is still being disposed off as out of sight and out of mind but these waste collectors found waste to be a resource and started segregating waste and selling the recyclables to industries for recycling, but social inequality still prevailed as citizens never intervened with waste once they threw it in the trash can, even in cities whenever people look at garbage piled up on a street they tend to neglect it as it does not concern them.

This centralized linear process never stopped. Inspite of these factors affecting waste in such devastating ways, all the methods continued.

Today waste has become a huge crisis, but as we saw it has come to such a state because there was no intervening with waste and the people who looked it as a resource had no power to change anything in the society. In spite of becoming a huge crisis most of the cities have done nothing about it and still continue the linear centralization of waste and as population and urbanization is going to increase from here there are no concrete efforts being taken to once and for all manage waste.

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Food waste/ all types of organic waste is the type of waste mostly generated in India because of which India is sustainable to some extent with respect to consumerism, but the dire consequences of neglecting waste are visible as most of the dirtiest cities in the world are also in India.

The reason why cities are facing a huge crisis of waste is a complicated combination of all these factors which affect a city.

Now that we have understood how waste became a crisis in the contemporary city, post environmental crisis (1960-) many practitioners in the city started looking at this problem of waste. Practitioners from urban researchers, urban planners, architecture schools, architects and many more started understanding how this crisis of waste can be mitigated. Let us have a look at that.

fig 7_ How many earths do we need if the world’s population lived like...

fig 8_ Thomas M., Caste, greed, and unending need: the story of India’s waste crisis, 2018, Quartz, India

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city and its waste_

1.2 Spatial Engagement with Waste

To solve this crisis how have various professionals engaged with waste spatially?

They studied the existing network of waste in the city,

Why Spatial? _

As mentioned in the first chapter, contemporary cities are an interwoven system of systems and the global waste crisis is an issue that spans across all these systems.

So the professionals involved to solve the crisis come from multiple fields of study, from environmentalists, health professionals, to economists and even psychologists. Being an architectural dissertation the main focus of the chapter is on professionals that look at spatialities in a city with respect to waste (urban planners, urban designers, architects etc.) and tries to understand their framework to engage with waste.

The contemporary city and its centralized, linear process of waste management has dire impacts on the city where the waste is pushed to the edges.

Professionals from all backgrounds, urban researchers, urban planners, to architects, urban designers to landscape architects have historically had no role in intervening with waste (Muller J, 2018) but in the contemporary times as waste has become such a huge crisis these people have started interevening with waste very differently looking at specific spatial components to the waste management in the city.

These professionals have involved themselves in various projects across the world and showed how their approaches to engage with waste can help in solving this global waste crisis.

This chapter will discuss these framework of approaches through case studies and from this infer how to engage with waste for the dissertation.

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and proposed interventions to make waste management more efficient

1) Ecologies of food and waste: Student exchange program by IN:CH Studio and K.R.V.I.A, 2014 The student exchange program by IN:CH Studio and K.R.V.I.A looks at ecologies of waste in the city where they have looked at a systems level mapping of waste management in the city. The study looks at the ward level of Mumbai city and tries to understand the flow of waste from a specific land use of the ward and on studying we observe how all the waste ends up in the dumpyard.

(IN:CH Studio, K.R.V.I.A, 2014)

fig 9_ Typologies of waste generation P ward, Mumbai, Group 1, Ecologies of waste, IN:CH Studio + K.R.V.I.A Student Exchange Program.

Framework used: Concerns about specific aspects of the waste crisis that act as the entry point.

What can be done to address the unsustainable waste management in Mumbai?

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Methodology used to understand the spatialities and other aspects of waste Systemic mapping of existing network of waste in the city.

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Engagement with waste by proposals Proposals in the existing network to make waste management more sustainable and efficient

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city and its waste_

2) Struggles for everyday space: Scrap pickers in Ahmedabad: Urban planner Ravi Sannabhadti, 2019 As discussed in the first chapter the actors involved in waste management of a city have never been given importance.

Urban planner Ravi Sannabhadti’s study about the scrap pickers in Ahmedabad observes the lives of the scrap pickers closely by conducting series of surveys.

The study looks at 4 modes of waste collection in the city, 1) Door-to-door waste collection, 2) Scrap collection from roadsides, 3) Scrap collection from waste dumps or landfill sites, and 4) Itinerant scrap buyers (raddiwallahs/pithawallahs), “This study is an attempt to understand the negotiations and space-usage-related trade-offs made by these four kinds of households.” (Sannabhadti R.,2019)

4) Recycling Plant for Urban Waste: Architectural Firm: Abalos & Herreros, 2001 The objective of this facility is to reconstruct the hillside through the generation of compost from organic waste. The building’s function is greater than purely gathering waste from the surrounding region, but extends beyond to mend the scars of industrialization that the city has imposed on the landscape.

Framework used:

Framework used: Concerns about specific aspects of the waste crisis that act as the entry point.

Methodology used to understand the spatialities and other aspects of waste

The challenges and vulnerabilities in lives of the scrap pickers in Ahmedabad

Understanding negotiations and space usage related trade-offs made by 4 types of households in Ahmedabad

Architects, urban designers, and the other practitioners have started looking at various different ways of intervening with waste, recycling facilities, waste to energy infrastructures, landscape projects being some of them. The intervention built has always looked at waste in a unique way keeping in mind how spaces affiliated with waste, or waste as a whole can be looked at as resource.

3) Waste Disposal Installation: Architectural Firm: UNStudio, 1999 The architecture firm UNstudio decided on the technology for engaging with waste to be a recycling center, a compression facility, and a transfer station. They also built a “plateau”, an elevated platform for the public to view the river, below which all the waste processes are fig 10_ Waste Disposal Installation, Delft, envisioned. (UNStudio, 1999).

Netherlands, Source: UNStudio Framework used: Concerns about specific aspects of the waste crisis that act as the entry point.

Engagement with waste by proposals

To increase community engagement in waste processing facilities.

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fig 11_ Recycling Plant for Urban waste, Madrid, Spain, Source: Abalos & Herreros

Building an elevated platform and designing the building facade to inform the people of the process.

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Concerns about specific aspects of the waste crisis that act as the entry point.

Engagement with waste by proposals Recycling Plant for urban waste and incorporation of a museum and a route for visitors to watch the recycling process.

To improve social and environmental aspects regarding waste management.

Not only architects but interventions by landscape designers are also seen which use spaces affiliated with waste, ex.landfills and transform them to public spaces using technology, 5) Freshkills Park: Landscape Architect, Urban Design Firm: James Corner Field Operations, 2008 One of the most prominent examples of a landfill-to-park transformation is the Freshkills Park in Staten Island, New York.

Closed in 2001,this landfill was the major recipient of trash from all boroughs of New York and was the largest landfill in the world.

Designed by Corner/ Field Operations, the first phase of the park opened in 2008. Its uses include a variety of public spaces and facilities for recreation, wildlife habitat, energy production, art and culture, and education.(Muller J, 2018) Framework used: Concerns about specific aspects of the waste crisis that act as the entry point.

To revive a landfill for a public space in the city

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fig 12_ Plan of phases of Freshkills, New York, Source: James Corner Field Operations

Methodology used to understand the spatialities and other aspects of waste Understanding the landfill harmful areas and using technology to cap them.

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Engagement with waste by proposals

Building a park with multiple public spaces and facilties.

fig 13_ Varshney A., In a slum near Mumbai’s Deonar dumping ground, life is a constant health battle, Scroll.in, April 2019

concern_ -despite knowing the problem, the linear centralization of waste still continues today.

-despite knowing the value of organic waste it is still dumped in the landfill.

-despite knowing the process of organic waste to resource, very few people in the city are practicing it.

fig 14_ Photograph of compound wall of T ward office, Mulund, Source: Author

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fig 15_ Speculating community waste pickup points in 2050 Edited using photoshop, Base photo Source: Author

fig 16_ Speculating edges of cities in 2050 Edited using photoshop, Base photo Source: Snapshot from Youtube video, “For those who like to fly - airplane window view flying from Brazil to Miami over Bahamas sea” (1:05)

What happens if we continue neglecting waste?

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chapter 1_

city and its waste_

1.3 Inferences

fig 17_ Photo of road banner “Green Mumbai, Clean Mumbai” Source: Author

Framework:

It is very evident in our contemporary cities there is a significant waste crisis due to the linear centralized process of waste management. This is also affecting the citizens, as the notion of out of sight, out of mind continues hiding the real crisis.

Sustainable cities have solved this crisis by starting to understand the value of waste in our cities, this not only mitigates the crisis of waste but also uses it as a resource.

Many practitioners have dealt with waste, as seen earlier as everyone realises that waste crisis is a real problem but inspite of this, the linear process of waste management still continues today, hence the thesis aims to understand:

To zoom in at the ward level of a city

To delayer the ward on the basis of landuse that majorly generate organic waste.

To zoom into each landuse and identify urban typologies and conduct an ethnographic survey with informants.

To understand the practical problems faced by the informants to convert organic waste to resource.

Research Questions

Why is the centralized linear process of organic waste management still persistent in the contemporary city?

What are the practical issues faced, that do not allow changes in the existing approach?

To analyse case studies in the ward and city who are different from the rest and understand the value of waste.

To create an inventory with information from the entire study that helps in building the alternative approach.

Research Intent

To develop an alternative approach to waste management at the ward level of the city To reimagine the city and its waste using this approach

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Using decentralization as a solution understand the levels to intervene at the ward level with various strategies

Using the various strategies to reimagine the city and its waste by creating a new urban realm.

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chapter 2_

current condition_

2.1 Waste in Mumbai

Waste in Mumbai Population: 20 million people Total Waste generation= 7500 metric tonnes per day Solid Waste Management Authority in the city-

selected ward for the study

Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC)

Each ward has a Solid Waste Management (SWM) department.

R/N

Table 1.1 Physical Characteristics of Municipal Solid Wastes by Region (% weight)

R/C R/S p/N

t

p/s

S K/W

N H/E

L

m/W

g/N F/N G/s

35.72

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mulund landfill reached capacity in 2018 (now closed)

Paper and Cardboard

6.16

10.93

6.61

Plastics

4.23

4.87

5.47

Metal (ferrous)

0.85

0.65

1.42

neglected edge of the city

Glass

1.28

0.87

3.48

18.09

26.76

23.46

4.15

11.81

11.07

23.00

20.25

20.04

Sand and fine earth (Inert) Bio medical Others

Source: Mahadevia D. et al (2005) & Interview with Mr. Bhanudas Magdum, AHS of SWM department, T ward, Mumbai, United Nations- World Population Prospects.

F/S E

D C

B

western suburbs eastern suburbs Island city

A fig 18_ Map of Mumbai, Source: Author, Base map source: Google maps

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Western Suburbs

42.29

deonar dumping ground: 20% of the city’s garbage is dumped here

m/E

Eastern Suburbs

Organic Waste

kanjurmarg dumping ground: 80% of the city’s garbage is dumped Here

K/E

H/W

Island City

Category

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chapter 2_

current condition_

2.1 Waste in the Ward

Waste in T ward Population: 3.5 lakh (Fixed) + 1.5 Lakh (Floating) = 5 lakh Total Waste generation= 150-170 metric tonnes per day

36% waste generated in Organic: Total Organic waste generated per day in T ward= 60 metric tonnes To make the study easier the per capita waste generation for the citizens of T ward is not calculated as per the socio-economic groups (HIG, MIG, LIG), instead a constant average quantity is taken: Per capita waste generation= 0.63kg Per capita organic waste generation: 36% of 0.63 = 0.21kg

Urban Area of the ward

Source: Mahadevia D. et al (2005) & Interview with Mr. Bhanudas Magdum, AHS of SWM department, T ward, Mumbai

Tulsi Lake Mulund landfill (reached capacity in 2018)

Vihar lake

Bhandup pumping station

fig 19_ Map of T ward , Source: Author, Base map source: DP remarks 2034, Google earth Waste: A Resource

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chapter 2_

current condition_ Delayering T ward on the basis of Landuse

2.3 Lens: Land Use Delayering the ward on the basis of landuse that majorly generate organic waste.

1) Residential - Formal Residential - Informal Residential

2) Open Spaces - Park - Maidan - Garden - Outdoor Marriage Area

3) Industrial

(As it generates minimum organic waste)

4) Commercial - Restaurants - Hotels - Informal Markets

- Food hawkers - Flower markets - Meat markets - Fruit and Vegetable markets

- Banquet Halls - Nurseries

5) Social Amenities - Railway Station - Schools - Colleges - Malls (Food courts) - Religious Institutions 6) Streets (In the form of fallen leaves, dead animals, waste thrown on streets) Land uses which majorly generate organic Waste

fig 20_ Zoom in on urban area of ward, Rastered stiched map from Google Maps on AutoCAD 2018 Source: Author

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chapter 3_ 2_

ethnographic survey_ fig 21_ Photograph taken while interviewing informants Abhijeet Chauhan and Sachin Babar, Source: Author

3.1 Methodology

To consider waste as a resource it is very important to understand the value of waste and especially organic waste. Since as we saw earlier Mumbai generates around 70-75% organic waste (The Hindu), this should be seen as an opportunity where the organic waste can be converted into useful resources like compost, but there are a number of hurdles to this simple process which is why the contemporary society has found it easy to dump rather than use the waste.

To understand the reason behind this, a field survey is conducted in the ward to look at why the contemporary society does not look at waste as a resource.

A methodology is constructed to understand the problem and the opportunities.

Firstly the main land uses are identified in the ward that are mainly responsible for generating organic waste.

Next, urban typologies are selected from each land use and are further analyzed. Urban typologies in each land use are generating majority of organic waste in the ward. Different Urban typologies depict different conditions that are present in each land use.

Interviews are conducted to understand each typology and how different conditions affect the system of waste. The conclusion compiles all these land uses, the typologies and the different conditions which depict the problems, limitations and potential opportunities in the ward.

Each typology is understood by interviewing informants to gain input.

They are interviewed regarding with respect to the following things: 1) Generic Insight about the organic waste in the typology.

2) Specific insights about what they are doing with their organic waste in the typology.

Questions asked to the informants about both types of insights change with the type of landuse. This is done to understand the problems, limitations and potential oppurtunities in a better manner.

Limitations: 1) The primary focus of the survey was to gain inputs about waste in T ward, irrespective of gender of informants, hence the field survey has a lower number of female informants.

2) Amount of waste generated is approximated.

3) Instead of taking the per capita waste generation according to socio-economic groups the average per capita waste generation is considered.

4) The survey was conducted in October 2020, due to the COVID 19 situation, the survey consisted less numbers of residents as informants as they stayed at home.

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chapter 3_

ethnographic survey_ General Survey Typology 1 Total waste generation: Sai Symphony Per capita: 0.63 kg per 20 Floors Residential day (36% organic) building =0.21 kg=0.21 x350 Number of people: = 73.5 kg organic 350 people (HIG) waste generated daily.

Different types of (Approx.)+Leaf waste from users:Residents, compound Watchmen, Househelp, Building Committee, BMC Typology 2 Total waste generation: JBM Society Per capita: 0.63 kg per 10 buildings 3&4 floors day (36% organic) Number of people: = 0.21 kg=0.21 x640 640 people (MIG) = 224 kg organic Different types of waste generated daily. users:Residents, (Approx.)+Leaf waste from Watchmen, Househelp, compound Society Committee, BMC

3.1.1 Residential Land Use (Formal) Residential land use (formal) mapping done by on site observations and Google maps, Map Data, 2020

1

2

3

Typology 3 Total waste generation: Mangaldeep Per capita: 0.63 kg per 12 floors Residential day (36% organic) building = 0.21 kg=0.21 x200 Number of people: = 42 kg organic waste 200 people (MIG) generated daily.

Different types of (Approx.)+Leaf waste from users:Residents,Building compound Committee, Watchmen, Househelp,Waste Collection Supervisor ,BMC Total waste generation: Per capita: 0.63 kg per day (36% organic) = 0.21 kg=0.21 x480 = 100 kg organic waste generated daily.

(Approx.)+Leaf waste from compound

4

Typology 4 MHADA Colony 15 buildings, G+1 Society Number of people: 480 people (LIG) Different types of users:Residents, Watchmen, Househelp, Society Committee, BMC Typology 5 Sahayoh MHADA Colony 15 buildings,20 floors builders Number of people: 6000 people (MIG) Different types of users:Residents, Watchmen, Househelp, Society Committee, BMC Typology 6 Marathon Monte Vista 31 floors residential building Number of people: 480 people (HIG) Different types of users:Residents, Watchmen, Househelp, Society Committee, BMC

Total waste generation: Per capita: 0.63 kg per day (36% organic) = 0.21 kg=0.21x6000 = 1260 kg organic waste generated daily.

(Approx.)+Leaf waste from compound

Typology 7 City of Joy 18 floors buildings complex (One building considered) Number of people: 288 people (HIG) Different types of users:Residents, Watchmen, Househelp, Society Committee, BMC

Total waste generation: Per capita: 0.63 kg per day (36% organic) = 0.21 kg=0.21x288 = 60 kg organic waste generated daily.

(Approx.)+Leaf waste from compound

fig 22_ Delayered map of Formal Residential Landuse, Source: Author

The survey conducted involved 1-2 informants per typology and the questions asked are as follows: 1) Generic Insight An effort to understand the generic overview of organic waste in the residential typology is made by asking the informants the following: i) Typology name ii) Number of people living in the building/ residential typology iii) Different types of users iv) Amount of organic waste generated v) Types of organic waste generated vi) Network of waste.

Waste: A Resource

44

2) Specific Insight Specific questions are asked related to organic waste in the residential typology to understand why it is not being considered as a resource. The questions asked are catering to the residential typology specifically and they are: i) Why has waste become such a big problem today? ii) Who is responsible for it? iii) Does every household segregate waste? If not Why? iv) What can be done to solve the crisis? v) Can organic waste be used as a resource? Is your building doing it? vi) Can an alternate system be introduced in the building that looks at organic waste as a resource? vii) Will the building/ typology participate in the alternate system?

5

6

7

fig 23_ Photos 1-7 Source: Author [For all landuses]

Waste: A Resource

Total waste generation: Per capita: 0.63 kg per day (36% organic) = 0.21 kg=0.21x480 = 100 kg organic waste generated daily.

(Approx.)+Leaf waste from compound

45

Types of Organic waste: (Common for all)

Vegetable and Fruit Peels

Chai Patti/ Coffee grounds

Cooked Food

Animal bones, cartiledge etc. in food

Fallen leaves

Animal excrement

fig 24_ Types of Organic wastes generated by the landuse, Source: Author [For all landuses]

Network of Waste:

Door to Door Collection

Garbage Bin outside typology for collection of waste

BMC garbage truck collects the trash and goes to Kanjurmarg Dumping ground

fig 25_ Diagrams for Network of Waste, Source: Author [For all landuses]

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ethnographic survey_

Specific Survey

Common Responses from the specific survey

Informants

Typology 1 Sai Symphony

“We do not segregate as BMC waste pickers throws everything in the same truck.”

Observation: Exisiting composting equipment but in a derelict state.

Sunil, 42 Watchman

“Making compost is an expensive process, with the equipment and labour, we do not have the funds.”

Typology 2 JBM Society Observation: Ample space in the premises but no efforts taken.

“People are busy with their livelihoods, no one has the time to think about waste.”

Dilip, 30 Watchman Typology 3 Mangaldeep 12 floors Residential building Observation: No space in the premises for a composting setup

Sanjit, 33 Waste collection supervisor

Sitaramu, 40 Building compound sweeper

Typology 4 MHADA Colony 15 buildings, G+1 Society Observations: Society near Mulund Landfill (now closed), ample space in the premises

Surya,35 Resident

“ waste should be thrown in the landfill, no one will accept it in their residences.” “ We do not have the space for installing the equipment.”

Sanjay, 40 Site supervisor

“ we segregate waste, we do not know what happens to the waste after that.”

Typology 6 Marathon Monte Vista 31 floors residential building Observations: Residential building with Organic Waste Converter (OWC) in basement

“WE HAVE NO IDEA ABOUT WHAT HAPPENS TO OUR WASTE and do not segregate .”

Yogesh, 38 Maintainence Supervisor

Typology 7 City of Joy 18 floors buildings complex (One building considered) Observation: Composting pit present with a garden which uses manure from the same.

Waste: A Resource

“We have composting equipment but its unused as people have not taken any interest.”

“BMC is responsible for waste management, What can we do?”

Typology 5 Sahayoh MHADA Colony 15 buildings,20 floors builders Observations: Exisiting composting equipment but in a derelict state.

“We have ample space to set up composting equipment but people have a problem with the smell and efforts to maintain are too much.”

Afzhal, 40 Maintainence Supervisor 46

fig 26_ Different types of actors, Source: Author [For all Landuses]

“our committee/ builders had decided to do something about our organic waste and hence we practice composting.”

Root causes for not looking at organic waste as a resource (Derived from the responses)

Lack of Active Interest and participation No Maintainence

Lack of Active Interest and participation Lack of Awareness Low Economic Strength Will have to Maintain No interest by the society committee No space to set up Due to BMC putting all waste in the same truck no efforts for segregation are taken

No segregation of waste as no active interest and awareness with respect to waste Low Economic strength Being a neglected area no strong initiative taken by authority.

No awareness as to what happens to their waste.

Everything related to waste is BMC’s responsibility.

No active interest from any stakeholder Successfully practice composting due to builder initiative But still very less awareness and active participation by the residents

Successfully practice composting due to CHS initiative Residents are aware about the composting practice in the complex but no active participation

Waste: A Resource

Radar Chart Diagram showing the condition (M) Maintainence (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (A&P)Active Interest and

Participation (Sa) Space to Setup (G) BMC Efficiency (P) Participation of Builders & Committee (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength (L) Hiring Labour

M L

Participation (Sa) Space to Setup (G) BMC Efficiency (P) Participation of Builders & Committee (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength (L) Hiring Labour

Participation (Sa) Space to Setup (G) BMC Efficiency (P) Participation of Builders & Committee (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength (L) Hiring Labour

A

E

A&P

Ample space in the society but no efforts taken for segregation or composting because of low financial strength,maintainence issues, odour etc.

Sa

O P

G

M

S

L

A

E

A&P Sa

O

No space in the building, had started segregating but BMC started putting all waste in one truck, so efforts for segregating stopped.

G

P

S

M L

A

E

A&P Sa

O G

P M

S

L

A

E

A&P Sa

O

Society near Mulund Landfill (now closed), has ample space but living conditions make it difficult for residents to segregate waste, methods of composting and the idea of awareness are difficult to imagine.

The residential complex lacks active interest and do not segregate their waste inspite of having a composting equipment.

No participation from BMC and committee.

G

P

S

M L

A

E

A&P Sa

O

The residential building practices composting as this was a builder initiative and has hired workforce to maintain the same but the residents awareness and participation is not present.

G

P

S

M

(M) Maintainence (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (A&P)Active Interest and

Participation (Sa) Space to Setup (G) BMC Efficiency (P) Participation of Builders & Committee (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength (L) Hiring Labour

S

L

(M) Maintainence (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (A&P)Active Interest and

Ample space in the premises. presence of composting setup but due to lack of interest and participation the no maintainence the setup is unused.

G

M

(M) Maintainence (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (A&P)Active Interest and

Participation (Sa) Space to Setup (G) BMC Efficiency (P) Participation of Builders & Committee (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength (L) Hiring Labour

Sa P

(M) Maintainence (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (A&P)Active Interest and

Participation (Sa) Space to Setup (G) BMC Efficiency (P) Participation of Builders & Committee (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength (L) Hiring Labour

A&P O

(M) Maintainence (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (A&P)Active Interest and

Participation (Sa) Space to Setup (G) BMC Efficiency (P) Participation of Builders & Committee (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength (L) Hiring Labour

A

E

(M) Maintainence (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (A&P)Active Interest and

Typology Characteristic

S

L

A

E

A&P Sa

O G

P

47

The residential complex practices composting as a CHS committee initiative and the residents are aware of this but no active participation in the process. The compost is further used as a resource to grow vegetables

chapter 3_

ethnographic survey_

Key Inferences Site observations and inferences are represented by on site photographs.

Unused composting setup due to lack of active interest!

fig 27_ Photographs taken in Sai Symphony (1) and, Sahayog MHADA Colony (2), Mulund Source: Author

ACTIVELY USED COMPOSTING PIT fig 29_ Photo taken in City of Joy, Mulund, Source: Author

Waste: A Resource

48

fig 28_ Photographs taken in Sahayog MHADA Colony, Mulund, Source: Author

Waste: A Resource

49

chapter 3_

ethnographic survey_ fig 30_ Photo taken in Mangaldeep Building, Mulund, Source: Author

fig 31_ Photo taken in MHADA Colony, Mulund, Source: Author

lack of space for composting setup!

society has unused/ vacant space

Waste: A Resource

50

Waste: A Resource

51

chapter 3_

ethnographic survey_ Inferences The survey and observations help us to identify the issues and state them under broader interwoven aspects.

Economic Aspect Economic capacity Hiring labour Maintainence Social Aspect Poor Segregation of Waste Lack of Awareness Lack of Active Interest and participation

1

Spatial Aspect Lack of space to setup Governance Aspect BMC Efficiency Participation of Builders and Housing Committees

2

Psychological Aspect Odour and Stigma

3

The various stakeholders involved in the landuse: fig 32_ Photo taken in Sai Symphony, Mulund (W), Source: Author

Unused Green lawns

Citizens Residents Watchmen

4

Committees Building Committee 5

Waste supervisors & Workers Househelp Waste collection supervisor Compound Sweepers

fig 33_ Photo taken in Sahayog MHADA colony, Mulund (E), Source: Author

6

BMC Garbage collectors Types of spatialities: 1) Existing composting set up that has gone derelict.

2) Typologies with active composting pits.

3) Typologies with lack of space in the compound.

4) Typologies with vacant/ unused space.

-unused green lawns.

-excess parking spaces.

Overlay Radar Chart diagram: Maintainence (M) Hiring Labour (L)

Economic strength (E)

Odour and Stigma (O)

Huge parking spaces Waste: A Resource

Participation of Builders & Housing Committee (P)

52

Waste: A Resource

53

7 Segregation of waste (S) Awareness (A)

Active Interest & Participation (A&P)

Space to setup (Sa) BMC efficiency (G)

fig 34_ Overlay Radar Chart Diagram, Source: Author

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ethnographic survey_ General Survey

3.1.2 Residential Land Use (Informal) Residential land use (formal) mapping done by on site observations and Google maps, Map Data, 2020

1

2

3

Typology 1 Total waste generation: Nanepada Gaothan Per capita: 0.63 kg per Gaothan near nullah day (36% organic) Number of people: =0.21 kg=0.21 x275 275 people (HIG) = 58 kg organic waste Different types of users: generated daily. (Approx.)

Residents living in the informal settlements, BMC

Types of Organic waste:

Typology 2 Total waste generation: 1st Cross Lane Chawl Per capita: 0.63 kg per Three G+2 chawl, 10 day (36% organic) rooms on each floor = 0.21 kg=0.21 x450 Number of people: = 95 kg organic waste 450 people (MIG) generated daily. (Approx.)

Different types of users: Residents living in the chawl, BMC

Vegetable and Fruit Peels

Chai Patti/ Coffee grounds

Cooked Food

Animal bones, cartiledge etc. in food

Fallen leaves

Animal excrement

Typology 3 Total waste generation: Anand Nagar Rd Per capita: 0.63 kg per Informal settlements day (36% organic) near Mulund landfill = 0.21 kg=0.21 x2200 Number of people: = 462 kg organic waste 2200 people (LIG) generated daily. (Approx.)

Different types of users: Residents living in the informal settlements, BMC

(Common for all)

Existing Nullah condition (Typology 1)

Network of Waste:

fig 35_ Delayered map of Informal Residential Landuse, Source: Author

The survey conducted involved 1-2 informants per typology and the questions asked are as follows: 1) Generic Insight An effort to understand the generic overview of organic waste in the residential (informal) land use is made by asking the informants the following: i) Typology name ii) Number of people living in the building/ residential typology iii) Different types of users iv) Amount of organic waste generated v) Types of organic waste generated vi) Network of waste

Waste: A Resource

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People living in the settlements go to the garbage kundi closest to their homes and throw unsegregated waste in it

2) Specific Insight Specific questions are asked related to organic waste in the informal residential land use to understand why it is not being considered as a resource. The questions asked are catering to the informal residential land use specifically and they are: i) Why has waste become such a big problem today? ii) Does every household segregate waste? If not Why? iii) Who is responsible for the conditions of waste management in informal settlements? iv) Can an alternate system be introduced in the building that looks at organic waste as a resource? v) Will the informal settlement participate in the alternate system?

People living near the nullah throw waste directly in the nullah as it is convenient

Waste: A Resource

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BMC garbage truck collects the trash from the kundi and goes to Kanjurmarg Dumping ground

chapter 3_ Specific Survey Typology 1 Nanepada Gaothan Gaothan near nullah Observations: The Gaothan is near a nullah so majority of their waste is thrown in the nullah

ethnographic survey_ Common Responses from the specific survey

Informants

Sandeep, 40 Resident

Typology 2 1st Cross Lane Chawl Three G+2 chawl, 10 rooms on each floor Observations: Living conditions are compartively better but garbage kundi is far away from the chawl.

“It is easy to throw waste in the nullah as the kundi is dirty, UNDERSERVED AND FAR AWAY Markande, 60 Resident

Typology 3 Anand Nagar Rd Informal Settlements near Mulund landfill Observations: The informal settlements are near Mulund landfill Abhijeet, 34 Sachin, 36 (now closed), living Resident Resident conditions are poor because of neglection.

Waste: A Resource

“living conditions here are really bad so thinking about segregation and waste is not possible for majority of the people”

56

“Rich buildings have facilities for composting, informal settlements are neglected by the BMC” “no motivation to segregate because bmc mixes all waste in one truck”

Root causes for not looking at organic waste as a resource

Radar Chart Diagram showing the condition

Helplessness due to the living conditions results in no segregation of waste Lack of awareness Neglection by authority towards these areas As BMC puts all the waste from the kundi in the same truck no motivation for segregation Neglection by authority towards these areas Lack of space as it is taken by the underserved kundi Helplessness due to the living conditions results in no segregation of waste Neglection by authority towards this area specifically as it is close to the Mulund landfill (now closed).

Li

O

(Derived from the responses)

(Li) Living Conditions (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (Sa) Space to setup (G) BMC Neglection (O) Odour and Stigma

G

Sa (Li) Living Conditions (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (Sa) Space to setup (G) BMC Neglection (O) Odour and Stigma

S

The chawl does not segregate their waste as BMC throws all the waste in the same truck, there is a lack of awareness, people do not know where their waste goes and there is a lack of space in the area.

S

The informal settlements are negelcted as they are close to Mulund landfill (now closed) and due to the poor living conditions there is a lack of awareness and no segregation. There is also a lack fo space to practice composting.

Li

O

G

A Li

O

G

Sa

A

“no space for composting as the space around the kundi is dirty ”

Waste: A Resource

S

The goathan has poor living conditions hence the primary focus of the people is not on waste hence the awareness is also poor. BMC neglection is high as the garbage kundi area is underserved,

A

Sa (Li) Living Conditions (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (Sa) Space to setup (G) BMC Neglection (O) Odour and Stigma

Typology Characteristic

57

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ethnographic survey_ fig 37_ Photo taken in Anand Nagar Rd Informal Settlements, Mulund (E), Source: Author

Key Inferences Site observations and inferences are represented by on site photographs. fig 36_ Photo taken in Anand Nagar Rd Informal Settlements, Mulund (E), Source: Author

Difficult living conditions disallow the people to think about waste and also there is a lack of space

neglected spaces of garbage kundi

Waste: A Resource

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Waste: A Resource

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chapter 3_

ethnographic survey_ fig 38_ Photo taken in Nanepada Gaothan, Mulund (E), Source: Author

VACANT SPACES IN THE INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS USED BY CHILDREN TO PLAY

Waste: A Resource

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Waste: A Resource

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ethnographic survey_ fig 39_ Photo taken in Nanepada Gaothan, Anand Nagar Rd Informal Settlements, Mulund (E) Source: Author

Inferences The survey and observations help us to identify the issues and state them under broader interwoven aspects.

Governance Aspect BMC neglection

Psychological Aspect Odour and Stigma

Social Aspect Difficult Living Conditions Poor Segregation of Waste Awareness

Spatial Aspect Lack of space to setup

1

2

The various stakeholders involved in the landuse:

3

Citizens Residents living in the informal settlements BMC Garbage collectors mulund landfill (Now closed)

Types of spatialities: 1) Typologies with neglected spaces.

2) Typologies with lack of space 3) Typologies with vacant space.

4) Typologies with unused space.

Overlay Radar Chart diagram: Odour & Stigma (O)

BMC neglection (G)

Unused spaces in the informal settlements

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62

Space to Setup (S)

Living Conditions (Li)

Segregation of Waste (Sa)

Awareness (A)

fig 40_ Overlay Radar Chart Diagram for informal residential landuse, Source: Author

Waste: A Resource

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ethnographic survey_ General Survey

3.1.3 Open Space land use Open Spaces land use mapping done by on site observations and Google maps, Map Data, 2020

1

2

3

4

fig 41_ Delayered map of Open Spaces, Source: Author

The survey conducted involved 1-2 informants per typology and the questions asked are as follows: 1) Generic Insight An effort to understand the generic overview of organic waste in the open spaces land use is made by asking the informants the following: i) Typology name ii) Number of people visiting daily iii) Different types of stakeholders iv) Types of organic waste generated v) Network of waste

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Typology 1 Total waste generation: Dhingra Park Fallen leaves is the BMC Nana Nani Park organic waste that is Number of people majorly generated in the visiting daily: park.

50 people Different types of stakeholders: Park users, BMC hired sweeper, watchman and gardener

Types of Organic waste:

Typology 2 Total waste generation: Raje Sambhaji Maharaj Fallen leaves is the Ground organic waste that is BMC Maidan majorly generated in the Number of people park. visiting daily: 600 people Different types of stakeholders: Park Users, BMC hired contractor for park maintainence, watchmen, sweepers, gardeners

Fallen leaves

Waste: A Resource

Animal excrement

Typology 3 Total waste generation: Dr.Chintamani Fallen leaves is the Deshmukh Garden organic waste that is BMC Garden majorly generated in the Number of people park. visiting daily: 400 people Different types of stakeholders: Park Users, BMC hired contractor for park maintainence, watchmen, sweepers, gardeners Typology 4 Total waste generation: Dayanand Vidyalay 10-20% of the food Ground (Seasonal) quantity served at Outdoor Marriage ground weddings is waste.

Number of people (Source: NGO Feeding visiting per marriage: India) 1000 people Different types of stakeholders: School (that rents out the ground), Marriage attenders, Wedding planners Open spaces

2) Specific Insight Specific questions are asked related to organic waste in the open space land use to understand why it is not being considered as a resource.

Since this type of land use has adequate space to accomodate composting equipment, the survey also asks the informants whether certain part of the open space can be taken to build and process the waste incoming from other landuses. The questions asked are catering to the open space land use specifically and they are: i) Why has waste become such a big problem today? ii) Who is responsible for it? iii) What can be done to solve this crisis? iv) How do open spaces manage their waste? v) Can organic waste be used as a resource? vi) One of the main obstacles to using organic waste to make compost is the lack of space, can an alternate system be imagined where open spaces in the ward accomodate small composting equipment for other land uses in the neighbourhood?

(Common for all)

Cooked Food

Outdoor Marriage ground

Wet waste from the wedding area is collected by the BMC garbage collectors

All the leaf waste is sweeped and put in composting pit present in each open spaces.

65

BMC garbage truck collects the trash from the kundi and goes to Kanjurmarg Dumping ground

chapter 3_ Specific Survey Typology 1 Dhingra Park BMC Nana Nani Park Observation: The park processes its leaf waste in a composting pit

ethnographic survey_ Common Responses from the specific survey

Informants

Venkatesh, 42 Watchman Typology 2 Raje Sambhaji Maharaj Ground BMC Maidan Observation: The maidan processes its leaf waste in a composting pit along with vermicomposting.

Typology 3 Dr.Chintamani Deshmukh Garden BMC Garden Observation: The garden processes its leaf waste in a composting pit.

Typology 4 Dayanand Vidyalay Ground (Seasonal) Outdoor Marriage ground Observation: Majority food waste is generated and it is thrown in a garbage bin outside, BMC takes it to Kanjurmarg

“people come to open spaces to relax, or breathe fresh air, installing composting equipment with other wet waste will become a negative experience because of the odour” “People will stop coming to this open space once it is affiliated with waste”

Kanse, 60 Resident

“Even if there is space for composting infrastructure there will be SPACE REQUIRED FOR trucks and access” “This is a small park, it is not big enough to cater to community level waste intake”

Neeraj, 30 Watchman

“WHERE WILL We the funds to install a such a set up come from? ”

Root causes for not integrating composting setup with the open space

M

Lack of space for setup Stigma of waste and odour Efforts for maintainence

(M) Maintainence (Sa) Space to Setup (G) BMC permission (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength (C) Change in space usage

Small park, so lack of space for bigger composting setup.

C

G

E

O

M

Stigma of waste and odour Lack of space for access Economic capacity Efforts for maintainence

(M) Maintainence (Sa) Space to Setup (G) BMC permission (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength (C) Change in space usage

Sa

C

G

E

Lack of space for access Economic capacity Issue of permission Stigma of waste and odour

O

M (M) Maintainence (Sa) Space to Setup (G) BMC permission (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength (C) Change in space usage

Sa

C

G

E

Change in space usage

M (M) Maintainence (Sa) Space to Setup (G) BMC permission (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength (C) Change in space usage

66

Sa

C

G

E

Waste: A Resource

Large maidan with ample of space but cannot accomodate waste from other landuse because of the odour, low economic capacity and the efforts required for maintainence Large garden with ample space but cannot accomodate the setup as lack of space for access to the garden and authority permission required.

O

O

“the composting setup will not work in this space as the ground has a separate use”

Waste: A Resource

Typology Characteristic

Sa

(Derived from the responses)

“yes there is space and the idea seems good for this setup but we will need permissions from various bodies”

Parmar, 35 Supervisor

Radar Chart Diagram showing the condition

67

Seasonal space as playground turns into a wedding ground, so difficult to have a composting setup.

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ethnographic survey_

lack of space in smaller open spaces

TYPOLOGIES WITH AMPLE SPACE CANNOT BE USED DUE TO THE STIGMA AND ODOUR OF WASTE

fig 41_ Photo taken in Dhingra park, Mulund (W) Source: Author

Waste: A Resource

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Waste: A Resource

fig 42_ Photo taken in Raje Sambhaji Maharaj Ground, Mulund (E) Source: Author

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Key Inferences

Inferences

Site observations and inferences are represented by on site photographs.

From the survey it is clear that the open spaces cannot intake organic waste from other landuses as that will discourage people from using these open spaces. Overall for all the open spaces the participation is less and the location of these pits are generally in a secluded corner.

The radar chart diagrams for all the typologies are overlapped to understand how certain root causes have a consistently high intensity whereas some cater to the specific typology. The root causes are categorized under various aspects.

Economic Aspect Economic capacity Maintainence

open composting pits for leaf waste in most of the open spaces IS SECLUDED FROM THE MAIN AREA

Spatial Aspect Lack of space to setup Change in Space usage

1

2

Governance Aspect BMC permission Psychological Aspect Odour and Stigma

3

The various stakeholders involved in the landuse: Citizens Park Users Watchmen

4

Committees Contractors Waste supervisors & Workers Gardeners Sweepers Open space maintainence

Maintainence (M)

Space to Setup (Sa)

BMC Garbage collectors

Types of spatialities: 1) Smaller parks with lack of space 2) Typologies with larger space cannot be used 3) Spaces with composting pits are situated in neglected and secluded areas of the open spaces.

Change in Land usage (C)

Change in space usage (G)

Economic Strength (E)

70

Waste: A Resource

Odour and Stigma (O)

fig 44_ Overlay Radar Chart Diagram for open spaces, Source: Author

fig 43_ Photo taken in Raje Sambhaji Maharaj Ground, Mulund (E) Source: Author

Waste: A Resource

BMC Permission (G)

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ethnographic survey_ General Survey Typology 1 Total waste generation: Ruchi Veg. Restaurant Per capita: 0.63 kg per Number of people day (36% organic) visiting daily: =0.21 kg=0.21 x 52 40 people+ 12 staff = 11 kg organic waste Different types of generated daily. (Approx.) stakeholders: Restaurant owner, restaurant workers, AHAR, BMC

3.1.4 Commercial Land Use Commercial land use mapping done by on site observations and Google maps, Map Data, 2020

Types of Organic waste: (Common for all)

1

Typology 2 Total waste generation: Hotel Archana Per capita: 0.63 kg per Residency day (36% organic) Number of people =0.21 kg=0.21 x 78 visiting daily: = 16 kg organic waste 60 people + 18 staff generated daily. (Approx.)

Different types of stakeholders: Hotel owner, managers, workers, AHAR, BMC

2

Typology 4 Total waste generation: Informal food hawkers Varying by the size of the Informal Fish Market, informal stalls.

Informal vegetable, fruit and flower market Different types of stakeholders: Informal stall owners, BMC

3

Total waste generation: Typology 5 Per capita: 0.63 kg per Shagun Banquet Hall day (36% organic) Number of people =0.21 kg=0.21 x 1000 visiting per function: = 210 kg organic waste 1000 people generated daily. (Approx.)

Different types of stakeholders: Banquet Hall owner, workers, BMC

Vegetable and Fruit Peels

Chai Patti/ Coffee grounds

Cooked Food

Animal bones, cartiledge etc. in food

Fallen leaves

Animal excrement

Network of Waste: 4

Total waste generation: Typology 6 Varying by the leaf and Patil Nursery twigs waste Number of people working: 18 people Different types of stakeholders: Nursery owner, workers, BMC

fig 45_ Delayered map of commercial land use, Source: Author

The survey conducted involved 1-2 informants per typology and the questions asked are as follows: 1) Generic Insight An effort to understand the generic overview of organic waste in commercial land use is made by asking the informants the following: i) Typology name ii) Number of people visiting the typology everyday iii) Different types of users iv) Amount of organic waste generated v) Types of organic waste generated vi) Network of waste.

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2) Specific Insight Specific questions are asked related to organic waste in the commercial land use to understand why it is not being considered as a resource. The questions asked are catering to the commercial land use specifically and they are: i) Why has waste become such a big problem today? ii) Who is responsible for it? iii) What can be done to solve the crisis? iv) Since all the commercial land uses majorly generate organic waste, do you think it can used as a resource? v) Can an alternate system be introduced in the typology that looks at organic waste as a resource? vi) Will the typology participate in the alternate system?

All the waste is thrown in the trash bin at the collection point.

5

fig 0.5_ BMC truck collection the waste

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fig 0.5_ BMC truck collection the waste

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BMC garbage truck collects the trash from the collection point and goes to Kanjurmarg Dumping ground

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Specific Survey

Common Responses from the specific survey

Typology 1 Ruchi Veg. Restaurant Observation: The restaurant had started to practice composting but because of a number of issues they could not continue.

“We had set up a composting equipment in the back of our restaurant but it required training the labour and management was becoming difficult”

Shailesh, 40 Manager

Typology 2 Hotel Archana Residency Observation: The hotel has a restaurant and they do not practice composting.

“our informal setups do not have space for any COMPOSTING SETUP AS WE HAVE TEMPORARY SPACES, WE THROW OUR WASTE DIRECTLY IN THE BMC GARBAGE TRUCK ”

Ramesh, 35 Hotel manager Typology 3 Informal food hawkers Informal Fish Market, Informal vegetable, fruit and flower market Observation: Temporary installation of all informal setups.

“WE KEEP OUR WET WASTE SEGREGATED AND KEEP IT OUTSIDE IN THE GARBAGE BIN, THEN BMC TAKES IT, we do not know what happens after that”

Shanta, 45 Informal stall

Typology 4 Shagun Banquet Hall Observation: The banquet hall majorly generates wet waste during the festive season Allwyn, 30 Owner of the hall Typology 7 Patil Nursery Observation: The nursery generates majority of leaf waste which is transported to Nashik for composting.

“it is difficult to imagine a change as everyone has been following the same system since years, change has to started

by BMC” “ASSOCIATION HOTEL AND RESTAURANT (AHAR) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR COMING UP WITH INITIATIVES related to waste ” “The setup requires separate space and attention, it is difficult to dedicate the amount of time ”

Patil, 48 Owner

Root causes for not looking at organic waste as a resource (Derived from the responses)

Efforts for training Labour Efforts to maintain Lack of Participation of Authority(BMC) (AHAR)

Radar Chart Diagram showing the condition (M) Maintainence (A) Awareness (A&P)Active Interest and

Participation (Sa) Space to Setup (P) Participation of authority (E) Economic Strength (L) Training Labour

A&P

P

E

A

M

Efforts for training labour Lack of Participation of Authority(BMC) (AHAR) Lack of interest and participation Lack of space to setup

(M) Maintainence (A) Awareness (A&P)Active Interest and

Participation (Sa) Space to Setup (P) Participation of authority (E) Economic Strength (L) Training Labour

A&P

E

A

L

A&P

P

Participation

(Sa) Space to Setup (P) Participation of authority (E) Economic Strength (L) Training Labour

E

A

M Sa

Efforts for maintainence Lack of Interest and participation Lack of participation of authority (BMC) Efforts for training labour

(M) Maintainence (A) Awareness (A&P)Active Interest and

Participation (Sa) Space to Setup (P) Participation of authority (E) Economic Strength (L) Training Labour

A&P

P

E

A

M

Successfully practice composting Not composting in the city because lack of space Lack of Participation of authority

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The hall has ample of space but the cannot introduce the setup due to lack of interest and particpation, efforts for maintainence and training labour.

L Sa

(M) Maintainence (A) Awareness (A&P) Active Interest and

A&P

P

Participation

(Sa) Space to Setup (P) Participation of authority (E) Economic Strength (L) Training Labour

E

A

M

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The informal stalls have no space and as they have temporary spaces it is difficult for them to have a separate composting setup.

L

L

“Composting in the city IS A DIFFICULT TASK so we transport all the waste to another city and process it there and use the compost there”

Waste: A Resource

The hotel does not practice composting as the setup requires separate space and attention.

P

Sa (M) Maintainence (A) Awareness (A&P) Active Interest and

Restaurant had started composting but then due to training labour and maintainence issues the practice was stopped.

L Sa

M

No space to set up Lack of Awareness Lack of sense of participation Low Economic strength Lack of participation of Authority (BMC)

Typology Characteristic

Sa

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The nursery takes its leaf waste outside Mumbai due to lack of space issues and no participation by authority in the city.

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ethnographic survey_ fig 46_ Photo taken at 9:00 am on Tuesday of the Mulund fish market, Mulund (E) Source: Author

Key Inferences Site observations and inferences are represented by on site photographs.

Informal stalls are temporary spaces, so no space for separate composting equipment

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ethnographic survey_ Inferences From the survey it is clear that lack of space is a big problem especially for the informal stalls as they are temporary spaces.

The radar chart diagrams for all the typologies are overlapped to understand how certain root causes have a consistently high intensity whereas some cater to the specific typology. The root causes are categorized under various aspects.

Economic Aspect Economic capacity Hiring labour Maintainence

1

Spatial Aspect Lack of space to setup

2

Governance Aspect Participation of authority

Social Aspect Lack of Awareness Lack of Active Interest and participation

3

The various stakeholders involved in the landuse: Citizens Owners Workers Managers

4

Committees AHAR BMC Road Sweepers Garbage collectors

5

Space to Setup (Sa)

Types of spatialities: 1) Lack of space as temporary spaces for the informal setups 2) Neglected spaces formed due to the underserved collection points.

Active Interest and Participation (A&P)

Economic Strength (E)

Awareness (A)

Maintainence (M)

Neglected spaces as waste is thrown in these bins and BMc trucks collect it

Training Labour (L)

fig 48_ Overlay Radar Chart Diagram for commercial land use, Source: Author

fig 47_ Photo taken of waste collection point of informal market, Mulund (E) Source: Author Waste: A Resource

Participation of Authority (P)

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ethnographic survey_ General Survey Typology 1 Total waste generation: Mulund Railway Station Varying organic waste generated everyday.

Number of people visiting daily: 150,000 people Different types of stakeholders: BMC Sweepers, Commuters, Station food joint owners

3.1.6 Social Amenities Land Use Commercial land use mapping done by on site observations and Google maps, Map Data, 2020

Total waste generation: Typology 2 Per capita: 0.63 kg per IES School day (36% organic) Number of people =0.21 kg=0.21 x 600 visiting daily: = 126 kg organic waste 600 people generated daily. (Approx.)

Different types of stakeholders: Teaching faculty, Students, Non teaching faculty, Maintainence workers, Househelp Total waste generation: Typology 3 Per capita: 0.63 kg per Vaze College day (36% organic) Number of people =0.21 kg=0.21 x 6000 visiting daily: 6000 faculty + students = 1260 kg organic waste generated daily. (Approx.)

Different types of stakeholders: Teaching faculty, Students, Non teaching faculty, Maintainence workers, Househelp Typology 3 Total waste generation: Varying waste generated R Mall, Food Court based on people use Number of people visiting daily: 1000 people Different types of stakeholders: Mall Staff, Customers, Mall Manager, Fast food franchise staff, BMC

Types of Organic waste: (Common for all)

Vegetable and Fruit Peels

Chai Patti/ Coffee grounds

Cooked Food

Animal bones, cartiledge etc. in food

Fallen leaves

Network of Waste: Typology 4 Total waste generation: Religious institutions Majority waste generated (Temple in this case) is flowers and leaves from Number of people the compound. visiting daily: 20 people + 4 owners Different types of stakeholders: People visting, Pujari, helpers, sweepers, BMC

fig 49_ Delayered map of social amenity land use, Source: Author

The survey conducted involved 1-2 informants per typology and the questions asked are as follows: 1) Generic Insight An effort to understand the generic overview of organic waste in social amenities land use is made by asking the informants the following: i) Typology name ii) Number of people visiting the typology everyday iii) Different types of users iv) Amount of organic waste generated v) Types of organic waste generated vi) Network of waste.

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2) Specific Insight

All the waste is thrown in the trash bin at the collection point.

Specific questions are asked related to organic waste in the social amenities land use to understand why it is not being considered as a resource. The questions asked are catering to the social amenities land use specifically and they are: i) Why has waste become such a big problem today? ii) Who is responsible for it? iii) Does your typology segregate waste? If not Why? iv) What can be done to solve the crisis? v) Can organic waste be used as a resource? Is your building doing it? fig 0.5_ BMC truck collecting the waste

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BMC garbage truck collects the trash from the collection point and goes to Kanjurmarg Dumping ground

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Specific Survey Typology 1 Mulund Railway station, food stalls Observation: Very busy space in the city and very difficult to incorporate composting equipment in the station Typology 2 IES School Observation: Small Pre- primary and primary school.

Segregate waste and keep outside the school.

Typology 3 Vaze College Observation: Arts and Commerce college has a large campus with composting equipment at the backside of the campus.

Typology 4 R Mall, Food Court (MCD in this case) Observation: Two types of organic waste are generated, the one by customers which is majorly the waste generated the other is by the franchise.

Typology 5 Religious Institutions (Temple in this case) Observation: Ample space in the temple for a small open composting pit as majority waste generated is flowers and leaves.

Waste: A Resource

Common Responses from the specific survey

“This is a busy place, installing a composting equipment willl cause problems because of the smell.”

Anjali, 24 Commuter

“WE SEGREGATE WASTE AND KEEP IT OUTSIDE THE PREMISES, THEN BMC DOES WHAT THEY HAVE TO DO, we do not know what happens” “NO ORGANIC WASTE GOES OUTSIDE FROM OUR SIDE,WE COMPOST EVERYTHING”

Milind, 60 Watchman

“No space for such an equipment, also there will have to be people to maintain it & It is an expensive process ”

Suresh, 36 Non teaching staff

“People will not follow segregation while throwing their waste in the bins ” “cannot have a waste infrastructure next to a temple due to the odour”

Tejas, 35 Customer

Root causes for not looking at organic waste as a resource (Derived from the responses)

Issues of Odour and stigma Lack of Space Efforts for maintainence Lack of Awareness Difficulty in segregation Issues of Odour and stigma Lack of Space Efforts for maintainence Lack of Awareness Lack of economic strength

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E

A

O

Successful example of an institution that practices composting with no issues.

S

E

A

S

E

A

O

No segregation of waste as no active interest and awareness with respect to waste Low Economic strength Being a neglected area no strong initiative taken by authority.

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(M) Maintainence (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (Sa) Space to Setup (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength

Successful example of an institution that practices composting with no issues.

Sa S

M

E

A

O (M) Maintainence (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (Sa) Space to Setup (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength

Lack of space and economic strength in the school hence cannot install a composting setup as efforts required for maintainence

Sa

M (M) Maintainence (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (Sa) Space to Setup (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength

As it is a busy space installing equipment will cause problems because of smell and lack of space to setup.

Sa

M (M) Maintainence (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (Sa) Space to Setup (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength

Typology Characteristic

S

M

O

No segregation of waste as no active interest and awareness with respect to waste Lack of awareness as to what happens to the waste and cannot let waste in temple premises.

Prasad, 66 Pujari

Radar Chart Diagram showing the condition (M) Maintainence (S) Segregation of waste (A) Awareness (Sa) Space to Setup (O) Odour and Stigma (E) Economic Strength

Sa S

M

E

A

O

Sa

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Society near Mulund Landfill (now closed), has ample space but living conditions make it difficult for residents to segregate waste, methods of composting and the idea of awareness are difficult to imagine.

Society near Mulund Landfill (now closed), has ample space but living conditions make it difficult for residents to segregate waste,

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ethnographic survey_ Key Inferences Site observations and inferences are represented by on site photographs. fig 50_ Photo taken of temple in Mulund (W) Source: Author

prohibited space as nothing affiliated with waste can come next to a temple

fig 0.5_ BMC truck collection the waste

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fig 51_ Photo taken of a McDs’ outlet, Mulund(W), Source: Author

Inferences The radar chart diagrams for all the typologies are overlapped to understand how certain root causes have a consistently high intensity whereas some cater to the specific typology. The root causes are categorized under various aspects.

1

Spatial Aspect Lack of space to setup

Economic Aspect Economic capacity Maintainence

Governance Aspect BMC permission

Social Aspect Poor segregation of waste

2

Psychological Aspect Odour and Stigma

The various stakeholders involved in the landuse:

3

Citizens Students Faculty Working staff Commuters Pujari

4

Committees Mall owners Colleges and School authorities 5

Waste Supervisors and workers Maintenence workers Househelp Sweepers BMC Garbage collectors

no proper segregation of waste

Types of spatialities: 1) Prohibition to use the ample of space in religious institutions due to religious beliefs.

2) Lack of space in some typologies 3) Unused/ Vacant space in some typologies

Maintainence (M)

Segregation of waste (S)

Economic strength (E)

BMC Permission (G)

Odour and Stigma (O)

Space to Setup (Sa)

fig 52_ Overlay Radar Chart Diagram for social amenity land use, Source: Author Waste: A Resource

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3.1.7 Streets

The survey conducted involved 1-2 informants regarding the waste management of the streets and the questions asked are as follows: 1) Generic Insight An effort to understand the generic overview of organic waste on the streets is made by asking the informants the following: i) Waste management of the streets in the ward ii) Types of waste iii) Network of waste iv) Types of stakeholders

2) Specific Insight Specific questions are asked related to organic waste on the streets to understand why it is not being considered as a resource.: i) Why is the waste on the streets dumped? ii) As it has no foul smell can organic waste on streets be composted instead of throwing it away? iii) Can you imagine how streets can help us change our approach to waste management?

Types of stakeholders:

Types of Organic waste:

BMC sweepers and collectors, Chowki officers, Garbage collectors

Information gathered by: Interview with Mr.Bhanudas Magdum, AHS of the SWM department T ward

Fallen leaves

Waste management and the network of waste on the streets:

fig 54_ Diagrammatic plan of T ward, Source: Author

fig 55_ Photo of chowki in T ward, Source: Author

The streets are divided in beats represented by different colours. Usually a beat is about 700-900m long and has two sweepers assigned to each beat.

2-3 beats have one chowki which has the tools for the sweepers, (jhadu,katka etc.). Around 60-70 sweepers report everyday to the chowki at 7am in the morning.

After collecting the tools from the chowki the pair starts working. One sweeps and brings the waste near the trash bin and the other collects and puts it in the bin.

The trash bins are parked at a local community collection point and the leaf waste is taken to Bhandup pumping station.

dead street spaces with leaf litter

fig 53_ Photo taken of a street in Mulund (W) , Source: Author Waste: A Resource

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fig 56_ Photos of Street waste management, Source: Author 89

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ethnographic survey_ fig 57_ Photo taken of street level initiative, Happy Fridge, Mulund, Source: Author

Interviews with people doing involved in street activities : Street waste management workers

Subodh, 48 Waste collector

“leaf waste can be used to make compost but since it falls on the streets no one takes responsibility for it so it goes to the pumping station”

Jatish, 32 Garbage truck driver

Prema tai, 44 Sweeper

“leaf waste or any waste it should go to pumping station as there is no space in the city to do anything with it”

“there is no space on the streets, everyone has made it their parking.”

Case of different take to the use of streets

Inferences From the survey and on site observations we understand that huge amount of leaf waste is also a part of the centralized waste management eventhough it is highly compostable.

Different community initiatives have used streets in a very interesting way.

Happy Fridge Initiative: A community fridge which gives food to the needy twice a day. The moto of the initiative is to reduce food wastage. The initiative is taken at the community level and 7 families have volunteered to cook the food for the meals daily. Delicious dishes like pav bhaji, rajma chawal are made on some days.

Types of spatialities: 1) Streets with unused spaces: dead street spaces with leaf litter 2) Streets using space for community activities.

3) Streets encroached by parking Types of stakeholders: Pedestrians,BMC sweepers and collectors, Chowki officers, Garbage

Lalji Sir, 60 Founder of happy fridge initiative

“ the streets are a good space for this kind of initiative as the homeless can collect their food much more easily ”

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Street level community initiatives

fig 0.5_ BMC truck collection the waste

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3.2 Inferences Everyone today understands waste has become a crisis in contemporary society but many citizens still have the thought process that waste must be treated, but not in my backyard. In some cases this is because of the inability of the citizens or societies because of hurdles they are facing and in some cases it is clearly due to lack of interest.

The survey mainly helps in understanding why majority of the city does not treat their organic waste at the typology level by the various causes stated by the informants.

The informants are a part of the bigger stakeholder group in each typology and land use. A reimagination of the alternative approach will need a collective effort of all these stakeholders, hence the inferences show the entire compilation of the stakeholders involved for the survey.

There are various problems faced by informants some spatial and some non spatial.The practical issues arising are majorly due to the lack of space hence the inferences also show significant root causes stated by informants and the different types of unused spatialities in typologies.

stakeholders common root causes types of unused spatialities

fig 58_ Neglected waste collection point outside JBM Society, Mulund (W) Source: Author

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Table 1.1: Table of Inferences from the survey Landuse

Residential (Formal)

Residential (Informal)

Open Spaces - Park - Maidan - Garden - Outdoor Marriage Area

Commercial - Restaurants - Hotels - Informal Markets - Food hawkers - Flower markets - Meat markets - Fruit and Vegetable markets - Banquet Halls - Nurseries

Citizens Residents Watchmen Committees Building Committee Waste supervisors & Workers Househelp Waste collection supervisor Compound Sweepers BMC Garbage collectors

Types of unused spatialities

Root Causes Economic Aspect Economic capacity Hiring labour Maintainence Social Aspect Poor Segregation of Waste Lack of Awareness Lack of Active Interest and participation

Spatial Aspect Lack of space to setup Governance Aspect BMC Efficiency Participation of Builders and Housing Committees Psychological Aspect Odour and Stigma

Citizens Residents living in the informal settlements BMC Garbage collectors

Governance Aspect BMC neglection Social Aspect Difficult Living Conditions Poor Segregation of Waste Awareness

Psychological Aspect Odour and Stigma Spatial Aspect Lack of space to setup

Citizens Park Users Watchmen Committees Contractors Waste supervisors & Workers Gardeners Sweepers Open space maintainence BMC Garbage collectors

Economic Aspect Governance Aspect Economic capacity BMC permission Maintainence Spatial Aspect Psychological Aspect Lack of space to setup Odour and Stigma Change in Space usage

Citizens Owners Workers Managers Committees AHAR BMC Road Sweepers Garbage collectors

Economic Aspect Economic capacity Hiring labour Maintainence Social Aspect Lack of Awareness Lack of Active Interest and participation

Waste Supervisors and workers Maintenence workers Househelp Sweepers BMC Garbage collectors

Social Amenities - Railway Station - Schools - Colleges - Malls (Food courts) - Religious Institutions

Citizens Students Faculty Working staff Commuters Pujari Committees Mall owners Colleges and School authorities

Streets

Citizens Pedestrians BMC BMC sweepers and collectors Chowki officers Garbage collectors.

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stakeholders

Types of stakeholders

Economic Aspect Economic capacity Maintainence Social Aspect Poor segregation of waste

Spatial Aspect Lack of space to setup Governance Aspect Participation of authority

Spatial Aspect Lack of space to setup Governance Aspect BMC permission Psychological Aspect Odour and Stigma

1) “Leaf waste can be used to make compost but since it falls on the streets no one takes responosibility for it so it goes to the pumping station” 2) “Leaf waste or any waste it should go to pumping station as there is no space in the city to do anything with it” 3) “there is no space on the streets, everyone has made it their parking.”

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1) Existing composting set up that has gone derelict.

2) Typologies with vacant/ unused space.

-unused green lawns.

-excess parking spaces.

1) Typologies with neglected spaces.

2) Typologies with lack of space 3) Typologies with vacant/ unused space.

common root causes

Spaces with composting pits are situated in neglected and secluded areas of the open spaces.

Neglected spaces formed due to the underserved collection points.

1) Prohibition to use the ample of space in religious institutions due to religious beliefs.

2) Unused/ Vacant space in some typologies

types of spatialities

1) Streets with unused spaces: dead street spaces with leaf litter 2) Streets encroached by parking

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unique existing approaches_

4 Unique Existing Approaches Majority of people in the ward have lots of practical issues with respect to managing their waste sustainably but there are some people in the ward and outside that have managed to compost their organic waste.

This chapter tries to understand how these people have overcome managing the common root causes stated by number of informants and how they have managed to use different spatalities identified from the previous study and the different types of programs and funding methods they have used to execute this vision.

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fig 59_ Photo taken of Biogas Plant at Hiranandani Estate, Thane , Source: Author

How did they overcome the root causes?

How have they used spatialities?

What kind of programs have they used to break the linear process of waste management?

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unique existing approaches_

4.1 Case Studies from T ward Monte Vista 31 Floors Residential building Number of people: 880 people (HIG) Different types of users: Residents, Watchmen, Builders, Househelp Total waste generation: Per capita: 0.63 kg per day (36% organic)= 0.21kg =0.21x480= 100 kg organic waste generated daily.

(Approx.)+Leaf waste from compound

Yogesh, 38 Maintainence Supervisor

As the OWC is installed in the basement there is no visual connect for the residents hence many of them are unaware.

The residential complex practices composting as a CHS committee initiative and the residents are aware of this but no active participation in the process. The compost is further used as a resource to grow vegetables.

The residential building practices composting as this was a builder initiative and has hired workforce to maintain the same but the residents awareness and participation is not present.

Marathon Builders have funded for an Organic Waste Converter (OWC) and installed it in the basement and kept 2 people for its maintainence. fig 60, 61_ OWC in basement, Source: Author

Programs involved: Four 25 kg capacity OWCs installed in the basement

City of Joy 12 Floors Residential building complex Number of people: 192 people (HIG) Different types of users: Residents, Watchmen, Committee, Househelp Total waste generation: Per capita: 0.63 kg per day (36% organic) = 0.21 kg=0.21x288 = 60 kg organic waste generated daily.

(Approx.)+Leaf waste from compound

Typology characteristic:

Strategies to overcome the root causes: Economic Aspects: Maintainence: 2 people hired Funding Methods: Marathon builders have funded the OWCs and the maintainence.

Social Aspects: Segregation of waste: Segregation is compulsory for the residents and a fine is levied if not segregated.

Awareness and Participation: Resident awareness and participation is low. The residents only do their part by segregating their waste.

Typology characteristic: Organic waste processed on a daily basis, residents are aware of the composting but take no active part in it. The typology has series of programs that break the linear process, by Afzhal, 40 Maintainence composting, and using Supervisor the compost to grow vegetables.

Suresh, 36 Non teaching staff

Programs involved: -Composting Pits : Composting pits kept in the compound. Organic waste is put in everyday along with cocopeat powder to minimize fig 63_ Composting Pits in City of odour and 2 months later the Joy, Mulund (W),Source: Author waste is rotted.

-Drying Area at the podium: Wet Compost is taken to the podium to dry the compost.

-Urban Gardens at the podium: Compost is used to grow vegetables and fruits.

Strategies to overcome the root causes: Economic Aspects: Maintainence: 3 people hired Funding Methods: The housing committees hold meetings and collect money from residents as maintainence.

fig 62_ Diagram of OWC, Source: Author fig 65_ Diagram for flow of organic waste in the typology, Source: Author Waste: A Resource

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fig 64_ Urban Gardens in the complex grown by the compost, Source: Author

Social Aspects: Segregation of waste: Segregation is compulsory for the residents and a fine is levied if not segregated.

Awareness and Participation: Resident are aware as the composting pits are in front of the lobby but no active participation from the residents.

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unique existing approaches_

3.1 Case Studies - In T ward Happy Fridge Chandra Govindji Chowk

Typology 3 Vaze College Number of people visiting daily: 6000 faculty + students Different types of stakeholders: Teaching faculty, Students,Non teaching faculty, Maintainence workers, Househelp

Typology characteristic:

Number of people visiting daily: 400 people visit for each meal.

Families from neighbourhood cook food and bring it to the fridge or the area and its distributed twice a day, at lunch and dinner.

Street level Initiative to help the homeless by distributing food.

Total waste generation: Per capita: 0.63 kg per day (36% organic) =0.21 kg=0.21 x 6000 = 1260 kg organic waste generated daily. (Approx.)

Lalji Sir, 60 Founder of happy fridge initiative

A community fridge which gives food to the needy twice a day. The moto of the initiative is to reduce food wastage. The initiative is taken at the community level and 7 families have volunteered to cook the food for the meals daily. Delicious dishes like pav bhaji, rajma chawal are made on some days.

Strategies to overcome the root causes: Economic Aspects: Maintainence: 1 person is hired to look after the fridge.

Funding Methods: 7 families from the neighbourhood have come together to fund this initiative.

Waste: A Resource

Suresh, 36 Non teaching staff

Organic waste processed on a daily basis because of the collective effort of all the stakeholders of the college. The college also has awareness halls and workshops to increase awareness about segregation of waste.

Do not throw any wet waste from the institution in the landfill, practice composting at the institution level.

fig 66,67_ Happy Fridge street level initiative, Source: Author

Programs involved: A community fridge to store food and a compartment for distribution supplies.

Typology characteristic:

100

Social Aspects: Awareness and Participation: They have banners at the fridge talking about ‘Reducing food wastage’ for people to see.

Programs involved: -Composting Pits : Composting pits kept in the fig 68,69_ Awareness Programs arranged compound. Organic waste is by the college, Source: Author put in everyday and 2 months Strategies to overcome the root Social Aspects: later the waste is rotted. causes: Segregation of waste: -Drying Area at the podium: Segregation cannot be Wet Compost is taken to the Economic Aspects: Maintainence: maded compulsory so they podium to dry the compost.

6 people hired by the college work. promote it in awareness workshops and speeches.

-Urban Gardens at the podium: Compost is used to Funding Methods: The College has funded for this Awareness and Participation: grow vegetables and fruits.

Voluntary collective intiative. participation by students, -Auditorium/ Hall spaces for teachers and non teaching awareness speeches. faculty.

- Awareness workshops are also conducted to educate others.

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4.2 Case Studies outside T ward

Case of Hiranandani Estate, Thane A system where a gated community has made sure the entire amount of waste generated of 8 tonnes in the complex is processed to convert it to a resource.

The case study analyses the reason for the working of this system, to gain insights about how this model can be used at the ward level for T ward.

It can be observed that exclusive gated communities provide a provision for converting waste to a resource as they promise a better standard of living.

Present day Biogas Plant to convert waste to a compost and biogas

Initially the plant was inside the complex but with development, people started complaining about the smell and since waste generation also started increasing the plant had to be shifted. fig 70_ Plan of Hiranadani Estate, Source:Author

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fig 71_ Photo taken of Biogas Plant at Hiranandani Estate, Thane , Source: Author

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chapter 4_ Hiranandani Estate Vermicomposting

unique existing approaches_ Biogas

Plant

&

Amit, Supervisor

8 7

The survey is conducted with the supervisor of the plant.

Population: 30,000 people Total amount of organic waste generated in Hiranandani Estate: 8 - 10 metric tonnes daily Plant Capacity: 20-25 tonnes daily But plant receives only the waste from the gated complex.

Splits wet waste in biogas plant to generate electricity and the other half is coverted to compost.

Compost is used again for the open spaces in the complex and the the electricity is for the generator of the biogas plant and used by the labours living on site.

Programs involved: The biogas plant vermicomposting pits.

is

70x20m

5

4 3

6 2

with

1

Strategies to overcome the root causes: Economic Aspects: Maintainence: 18 workers work including the drivers who collect the waste in small trucks.

Funding Methods: Hiranandani Builders (directly) Indirectly funded by the maintainence paid by the residents Social Aspects: Segregation of waste: Segregation is compulsory for the residents and a fine is levied if not segregated.

Awareness and Participation: Resident are unaware as the plant is very far away from the complex.

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1- Entrance to the plant 2- Tipping Hall 6- Slurry flow 7- Biomethanation 8- Biogas storage

3- OWCs 4- Compost Shredder 5- Vermicomposting

fig 72_ Plan of the biogas plant with the components, Source:Author fig 73_ Photos from the biogas plant, Source:Author

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chapter 4_

unique existing approaches_

Additional case studies from the city

fig 74_ Sathaye College, Vile Parle, Source: Hamsaiyer

fig 75_ Green Gardens Apartments, Chembur, Source: Badri Chaterjee, Hindustan Times

fig 76_ Itsy Bitsy Food Festival, Source: Oshin Fernandes, The Free Press Journal

fig 77_ The Orchid Hotel, Source: STAAH, Hotel News Resource

Sathaye college Social Amenity Vile Parle The microbiology department at the college has been managing its biodegradable waste for seven years. The college uses vermicomposting bin. A 6 x 3ft bin using scrap material and the cover for the pit was used by old window. The compost as manure for the green cover in the campus.

Green Garden Apartments Residential (Formal) Chembur Spread across six acres in the suburb of Chembur in Mumbai, lies Green Garden Apartments, a gated community of 73 individual bungalows. These households once generated over 600 kg of waste per month, most of which would be picked up by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) van, to be dumped into the nearest landfill. No segregation, no processing. The residents now segregate organic waste in their homes and process it to produce about 100 kg of compost. This is used to enrich their green garden spaces.

High Street Phoenix Social Amenity Lower Parel High Street Phoenix introduced Itsy Bitsy festival, India’s first zero wastage food festival that had about 25 food stations that offered bite sized portions.

The festival collected all non-reusable material from each food station and donated it to Robin Hood Army, an organization that supplies surplus food from restaurants to the underprivileged, and Roti Bank team.

The Orchid Hotel Commercial Vile Parle “We segregate our solid waste in all the kitchens of the hotel. Four separate colour coded bins are used for storing the separated waste.

Black Bin- for the wet garbage like food waste Green Bin: for Paper waste like newspaper, cardboard cartons, paper napkin etc.

White Bin: for the Recyclable waste like empty mineral water bottles, tin cans, thick plastic bags, parcel packets, stirrers, soft drink cans/tins, etc.

Red Bin: Used for non-recyclable garbage like oil packets, soiled aluminium foil, cling wrap etc.

The food waste or wet waste is decomposed in the hotel premises. A Vermiculture area has been set up for converting this food waste into organic manure or ‘vermicompost’. This rich and fertile vermicompost is then used as a fertilizer for the gardens.”

Vermicomposting Bin

Food Festivals

Compsting Bins Urban Vegetable Gardens

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chapter 4_

unique existing approaches_

In conversation with...

There were conversations with various types of people regarding this crisis.

ALM Initiative in Mulund Mr. Rajan

a collective approach is required to look at this waste management problem, no one will think about it as everyone is so busy with their livlihoods.

in conversation with Mr.Bhanudas in the ward office

Waste Management Services Green India Eco service Mr.Sameer we collect waste from many parts of the city and convert it to compost here, we wish it can happen everywhere in the city but no one wants waste in their backyard.

AHS of SWM Department, T ward Mr. Bhanudas we have taken many initiatives to increase awareness for the citizens to segregate their waste, many people in the ward today are segregating. we all know what huge problem waste has become today, architecture students like you should do something about this.

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fig 78_ In an conversation with the AHS of SWM Department of T ward, Mr. Bhanudas , Source: Author

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unique existing approaches_

4.3 Inferences From the case studies we learn about the various programs and how they cater to certain amounts of waste. Not only this we also learnt about different ways of how to generate awareness and active interest of the citizens.

existing approaches have tried to break the linear process of waste management fig 79_ Photo of composting Bins in CIty of Joy, Mulund (W), Source: Author

fig 80_ Photo of vermicomposting pits in Hiranandani Estate, Thane, Source: Author Waste: A Resource

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fig 81_ Photo of urban gardens in city of joy, Mulund (W), Source: Author 111

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unique existing approaches_

Programs arranged to break the linear process of waste management

Table 1.2: Table of Inferences from the case studies

The programs listed in the inventory are to break the linear process of waste management hence they are arranged in a cyclic process.

Programs involved and their location

Characteristics of the typology

Ways they have dealt with Social Issues

Funding Methods

Organic waste converter (OWC) in the basement

Organic waste processed on a daily basis but no residents awareness or participation

Due to the stigma and odour of waste the OWC is kept in the basement, so many residents are unaware.

Builders initiative, hired labour and regular maintainence, funded by builders.

No visual connect for the residents of the setup hence lack of awareness.

City of Joy

-Composting pits in front of the lobby - Drying Area for the compost -Urban gardens for growing vegetables, both programs on the podium level.

Organic waste processed on a daily basis, residents are aware of the composting but take no active part in it.

The composting pits are kept in open and cocopeat powder is used to minimize smell. Residents become aware because of this.

Housing committee meeting decided to treat their wet waste so they collect funds from residents as maintainence.

Visual connect helps in raising awareness but all residents do not prefer to actively participate.

Happy fridge initiative

-Community Fridge on the street.

Street level Initiative to help the homeless by distributing food.

Banners put up to increase awareness and educate passersby.

7 families from the neighbourhood came to fund this initiative.

Putting banners and boards to increase awareness as a social strategy.

-Auditorium/ Hall spaces for awareness speeches.

- Awareness workshops are also conducted to educate others.

Organic waste processed on a daily basis.The college also has awareness halls and workshops to increase awareness about segregation of waste.

They promote it in awareness workshops and speeches.

Voluntary collective participation by students, teachers and non teaching faculty.

The College has funded for this intiative.

Awareness is as important as composting, making everyone aware and promoting a collective effort is important.

-Biogas plant with vermicomposting pits on the outskirts of the complex.

Neighbourhood level infrastructure to compost all the waste of the complex.

Only dealt with economic issues, and technology functioning, since the waste is taken outside no social issues are addressed.

Case Study Name Marathon Monte Vista Society

Vaze College

Hiranandani Estate

Hiranandani Builders have funded the infrastructure and hired the labours for maintainence.

fig 82_ Cyclic Programs convert the waste to a resource, Source: Author

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Key Inferences

Only treating the waste and funding does not solve the problem of centralization, social issues must be addressed.

chapter 5_

learnings_ 5 Learnings The learnings from the entire study help the thesis build an inventory and conclude the aim of the alternative approach.

fig 83_ Photo of compound wall from T ward, Mulund (W), Source: Author

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chapter 5_

learnings_

5.1 Inventory An inventory is prepared from the study done from chapter 3 and chapter 4 that concludes the study. The inventory can be used to help recommendations for the alternative approach to waste management. The inventory comprises of various stakeholders, programs, aspects of waste management discussed in the study.

Landuse

Types of stakeholders

Citizens -Residents -Watchmen Residential (Informal) -Residents residing in informal settlements Open Spaces -Park Users - Park -Pedestrians - Maidan -Owners - Garden -Workers - Outdoor Marriage -Managers Area -Students Commercial -Faculty - Restaurants -Working staff - Hotels -Commuters - Informal Markets -Pujari - Food hawkers Committees - Flower markets -Building Committee - Meat markets - Fruit and -Contractors Vegetable markets -AHAR - Banquet Halls -Institution Owners - Nurseries -Colleges and School authorities Social Amenities Waste supervisors & - Railway Station Workers - Schools -Househelp - Colleges -Waste collection - Malls supervisors (Food courts) -Compound - Religious Sweepers Institutions -Maintenence workers Streets -Sweepers -Garden Maintainence BMC -Garbage collectors -BMC sweepers and collectors -Chowki officers -Road Sweepers Residential (Formal)

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Common Root Causes

Types of unused spatialities

Spatial aspects -Lack of space to setup Social aspects - No segregation of waste - Stigma of waste and its odour - Lack of awareness/ participation.

Economic aspects - Economic funds - Maintainence - Hiring labour maintainence,labour Governance aspects - Governance issues

-Existing composting set up that has gone derelict.

-Typologies with vacant/ unused space.

-unused green lawns.

-excess parking spaces.

-Typologies with neglected spaces.

-Spaces with composting pits are situated in neglected and secluded areas of the open spaces.

-Prohibition to use the ample of space in religious institutions due to religious beliefs.

-Streets with unused spaces: dead street spaces with leaf litter -Streets encroached by parking

Types of spatialities used by case study projects Typologies using - Podiums - Compound - Terraces - Parks - Halls - Vacant spaces - Visible spaces - Larger Vacant/ Unused spaces

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Funding Methods

- Housing Committees taking maintainence from residents - Failing to segregate their waste, a waste tax is levied - Builders funding the infrastructure - Public Private Partnership (PPP) model - Societies collectively decide to fund an initiative - Authorities incharge make sure the funds are arranged.

- Patrons to waste management services

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Programs

-Composting pits -Vermicomposting -Organic Waste Converters (OWCs) -Biogas plant -Segregation Facilities -Urban gardens (fruits and vegetables) -Initiatives such as happy fridge -Food festivals -Nurseries -Cafes and Restaurants -Shops & farmers’ markets

Social Strategies

- Banners and Boards put up for awareness - Awareness programs and surveys - Visually visible composting - Promoting segregation and reducing food wastage by organising festivals and events

chapter 5_

learnings_

5.2 Conclusion The conclusions drawn are comparing the issues with the city, i.e the existing approach and the alternative approach, i.e the approach that is required. The aim is to use the inventory to devise strategies that demonstrate alternative approach.

The Alternative approach must do the following in order to sustainable manage waste in the city, to achieve the alternative approach an architectural approach is required.

What is wrong with the Existing Approach?

What is required of the Alternative Approach?

1) Centralization of waste is pushing all the waste to the edges of the city.

1) Decentralising and centralising waste such that all the waste is processed in the ward itself.

2) No collective approach, everyone wants their waste treated but not in their backyard.

2) Engaging all types of stakeholders for a collective approach.

3) To understand the value of waste, segregation is necessary, but inspite of initiatives taken no segregation seen.

3) Segregation of waste along with the common root causes must be addressed.

4) Existing cases just break the linear process of waste management but no community engagement present.

4) The aim is not just to process waste but to integrate the idea of community participation.

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eliminating the ‘macro’_

6.1 Decentralization and Centralizing as a solution The linear process of waste management must be avoided to sustainably manage waste. Instead the alternative approach must look at integrating the idea of waste management into the day to day activities of people. Decentralising waste in the ward is a potential solution to look at an alternative approach to waste management.

fig 84_ Centralization vs Decentralization , Source: Author

Decentralized waste management is about each community managing and processing their waste in their locality and not sending it all to a centralised large processing facility or often land fill.The earlier we can segregate and process the waste, the resource recovery is much better and transportation and processing costs come down.

We all need to take ownership of our waste, we cannot dump our waste in other people’s backyard and force them to bear the burden of our reckless consumption based lifestyle.

- Decentralised Waste Management, Saahas (Nothing is Waste), 2001, Bangalore

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eliminating the ‘macro’_

Decentralization of waste is considered at two levels in the ward, typology level and neighbourhood level eliminating the macro ward level and city level as these levels of space start turning into dumpyards promoting the linear process of waste management.

The aim of the alternative approach is to process all the organic waste in these tHREE levels of spaces in the ward thus creating a condition where no organic waste leaves the ward.

typology level

neighbourhood level

Ward level City level

fig 85_ Decentralized maps of spaces in the ward, Source: Author

Large dumping spaces at the edge that receive entire city’s waste. These spaces should be avoided for decentralisation.

Largest spaces in the ward can be used to recycle and treat the organic waste coming from the typolgies, these spaces will have heavy waste infrastructure so it should be addressed with caution.

Larger unused vacant spaces in the ward can be used to process larger amounts of organic waste. This level can be used for close typologies which cannot process their own waste due to some causes like lack of open space.

The typology levels that have space available, process their organic waste at this level.

This level is closest to the source and is encouraged if conditions are favorable.

fig 86_ Imagined activities in the levels, Source: Author

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eliminating the ‘macro’_

6.2 Role of Architecture Architecture is necessary, not just to break the linear process of waste management but also bringing the decentralized process to the eyes of the citizens, to make them aware of their waste.

Existing contemporary City

Decentralising waste making place for waste infrastructure programs by using the inventory.

No response

Placemaking for the waste infrastructure

VISUALIZING THE SERIES OF LANDMARKS SIMILAR TO THE FOLLIES OF PARC DE LA VILLETE Design strategies for combining community participation programs with waste infrastructure in the city.

Connected series of Architectural landmarks in the city processing waste, engaging the community and bringing the process of waste to the eyes of the citizens creating a new urban realm by the hybridized programs.

Architect’s reponse

Connected Series of Architectural Landmarks

fig 87_ Architectural Idea, Source: Author

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fig 88_ Aerial perspective of follies, Source: Parc de la Villette, Bernard Tschumi, MoMA

124

fig 89_ “Photographs of “maquettes combinatoires” (combinatorial models) of the Park La Villette‘s “Folies””, Source: Parc de la Villette, Bernard Tschumi, Autonomous Neutral Objects, SOCKS.

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chapter 6_

eliminating the ‘macro’_

Certain case studies are looked at to see how certain architects have worked on the above mentioned urban strategies for placemaking and design strategies to include other programs and ideas.

2) Waste Disposal Installation Location: Delft, Netherlands Site Area: 11,000 Sq.Mtr Architects: UNStudio “A plateau separates the delivery “up” from the removal “down”, while the shape of the hall represents the transfer movements taking place.” UNStudio, 1999

case study for strategies

1) “The ‘greenbelly’ project, led by the architect alex losada together with AVL studio and agriculture engineer camille lassale, converts residual spaces into productive centers for local residents, increasing the urban green surface and improving social cohesion. with a simple scaffolding structure, residents can grow food on the various horizontal platforms along the wall, where nothing is wasted. the nutritious fuel for the garden is free inputs available to any city — sun, rain, and compost from local organic waste.” designboom, DIY submissions

iconizing the facade as a strategy to show the waste flow. fig 91_ Waste Disposal Installation, Source: UNStudio

3) Sydhavns Recycling Center Location: Copenhagen, Denmark Site Area: 1500 Sq. Mtr Architects: BIG Architects “A public space rather than a piece of infrastructure.” BIG Architects

embedding around landscaping as a strategy to create more public spaces around waste infrastructure.

4) Amager Bakke Resource Center Size: 41,000 Sq.mtr Location: Copenhagen The project is a new breed of waste-to-energy plant topped with different social infrastructures.

USING ADJACENY AS A STRATEGY TO INTEGRATE ORGANIC WASTE AND URBAN GARDENS

fig 90_ Greenbelly, Source: Designboom Waste: A Resource

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fig 92_ Sydhavns Recycling Center, Source: BIG Architects

fig 93_ Amager Bakke Resource Center, Source: BIG Architects Waste: A Resource

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site specific or program specific design strategies must be used

chapter 6_

eliminating the ‘macro’_ reimagining architecture to club urban, community engaging programs with the idea of waste treatment

5) Architecture and Waste A (Re)planned Obsolescene Hanif Kara et al., Harvard University Graduate School of Design.

The case study is emphasizing on very specific aspects of the very comprehensive book. It looks at integrating waste infrastructure units with community engaging programs that are conventional programs in the contemporary city. This reimagination of architecture is necessary for the urban realm as this not only processes the waste and integrates it with an urban program but also educates the citizens around and creates many such pockets across the city.

fig 94_ Waste to Energy Design Lab speculation catalog, Source: Architecture and Waste

W2E Facility

+

Mosque, Madrasa

W2E Facility

+

Greenhouse, Wellness Center

W2E Facility

+

Stadium, E transit

W2E Facility

+

fig 95_ One of the speculations, Progressive Purification, Source: David Hamm and Snoweria Zhang, Architecture and Waste

Recycling Center, Parkspace

fig 96_ Different medium scale Design Strategies suggested by the book to integrate waste processes with community programs, Source: Architecture and Waste Waste: A Resource

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chapter 6_

eliminating the ‘macro’_ Types of Programs:

6.4 Programming Strategy

Waste Infrastructure programs Composting Pits

Types of spaces made in the city in different types of land use Placemaking in existing infrastructure in the city

Community Participation Programs Farmer’s Markets

Organic Waste Convertors(OWCs)

Libraries and Awareness Workshops

Vermicomposting

Nurseries

Placemaking in vacant lands imagining integration with reserved infrastructure also

Types of Design Strategies become the resulting architectural combinations Voyerism

Circulation through process

Adjacency

Segregation Facilities

Urban Gardens/ farms for vegetables

-Changing Rooms, -Seating Area -Washroooms -Storage

Landscaping

Cafes/ Canteens Embedding Biogas Plants - More Programs

hybridize_ not just one, but multiple programs can be integrated using the design strategies. interventions can also have multiple combined design strategies.

Recycling FacilitiesMore Programs

Public space gathering, amphitheatre etc.

Street level Food Festivals community fridges

Iconizing

Stacking

fig 97_ Diagrams for programming Strategy Source: Author Waste: A Resource

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Integrating

chapter 6_

eliminating the ‘macro’_

6.3 Site for demonstration

Existing BEST Bus facilities (ET 1.4)

Municipal Hospital (EH 1.2)

Recreation Ground (EOS 2.6)

1) Residential

2) Open Spaces

- Formal Residential - Informal Residential

3) Commercial 4) Social Amenities

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fig 98_ Selected Area for demonstration in the ward, Source: Author

Reservations Proposed Municipal School (RE 1.1) Proposed Playground (ROS 1.4) Proposed Garden/ Park (ROS 1.5)

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Rehabilitation (RR 2.1) fig 99_ Reservations on site, Source: DP Remarks 2034, MCGM Hospital (RH 1.2)

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chapter 7_

reimagining city and its waste_ The Urban Corridor_

7.1 Reimagined City

Neighbourhood Level intervention

Typology Level intervention

Ward Level intervention

fig 100_ Proposed masterplan of the site, Source: Author

Hybridized programs in the urban context Reserved programs are integrated with the hybridized programs fig 101_ Proposed plan of the urban corrdior, Source: Author

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chapter 7_

reimagining city and its waste_

typology level

typology level

NEIGHBOURHOOD LEVEL

WARD level

Using design strategies IN RESIDENTIAL LAND USE “ADJACENCY”, composting pits+ Urban gardens+ shops

Using design strategies IN RESIDENTIAL LAND USE “circulation through process”, composting pits+segregation area+ urban gardens

Using design strategies IN RESIDENTIAL LAND USE “voyerism”, nurseries+ food festivals

Using design strategies IN RESIDENTIAL LAND USE “iconizing the biogas storage”, recycling facility+urban farms+ farmer market

RESERVED HOSPITAL CAN BE DESIGNED WITH AWARENESS WORKSHOPS AND URBAN GARDENS!

LEAF LITTER FROM THE STREETS CAN BE TREATED IN EXISTING OPEN SPACES COMPOST PITS ALONG WITH HYBRID PROGRAMS!

URBAN CORRIDOR CAN BE USED

BY CITIZENS AND STUDENTS COMING TO THE RESERVED SCHOOL!

fig 102_ 3 D of the proposed corridor, with pulled out details Source: Author Waste: A Resource

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chapter 7_

reimagining city and its waste_

7.2 Urban Strategies Urban strategies are proposed for the typology level and neighbourhood level spaces. These strategies basically look at reimagining urbanism for waste infrastructure in a city.

The strategies are proposed intend to change the nature of typology level and neighbourhood level spaces in the city for waste infrastructure.

fig 103_ Potential typology level spaces, Source: Author

methodology_ Since the research method exlpored the ward at the ground level the strategies proposed are imagined as a user manual for the informants, as they can decide what type of strategies they require according to their typology.

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fig 104_ Manual of Urban Strategies, Source: Author

typology level

the manual of URBAN STRATEGIES ees, The manual designed by the authorities, committ BMC and the state! nomic Here are some decided social, spatial and eco ge, strategies decided by the authorities in char able, typologies can decide what option is best suit according to their condition.

OKAY, 1) FIRSTLY, IDENTIFY the PLACE in the city. (please tick the choice)

Residential (Formal) Residential (Informal) Open Spaces - Park - Maidan - Garden - Outdoor Marriage Area Commercial - Restaurants - Hotels - Informal Markets - Food hawkers - Flower markets - Meat markets - Fruit and Vegetable markets - Banquet Halls - Nurseries Social Amenities - Railway Station - Schools - Colleges - Malls (Food courts) - Religious Institutions

2) Identify the types of stakeholders involved with the space. (please tick the choice) Citizens -Residents -Watchmen -Residents residing in informal settlements -Park Users -Pedestrians -Owners -Workers -Managers -Students -Faculty -Working staff -Commuters -Pujari

Waste supervisors & Workers -Househelp -Waste collection supervisors -Compound Sweepers -Maintenence workers -Sweepers -Garden Maintainence BMC -Garbage collectors -BMC sweepers and collectors -Chowki officers -Road Sweepers

Committees -Building Committee -Contractors -AHAR -Institution Owners -Colleges and School authorities

3) identify the root causes as to why com posting is not happening in your TYPOLOGY (please tick the choice)

Spatial aspects -Lack of space to setup Social aspects - No segregation of waste - Stigma of waste and its odour - Lack of awareness/ participation.

Economic aspects - Economic funds - Maintainence - Hiring labour maintainence,labour Governance aspects - Governance issues

Streets 1 Waste: A Resource

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2 Waste: A Resource

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es and here are some preferable strategi overcome these issues: (please tick the choice)

to

if you have no space in your typology then try using these spatial strategies and club them with your desired economic and social strategies :

(please tick the choice)

economic options - Visually visible composting

- Housing Committees taking maintainence from residents - Failing to segregate their waste, a waste tax is levied - Builders funding the infrastructure - Societies collectively decide to fund an initiative - Authorities incharge make sure the funds are arranged.

- Using cocopeat to minimize odour

1 : check to see if you have any unsed spatialities in your typology, it can be any of these: - podiums, terraces, excess parking, compoun d area, green lawns.

Spatial-Social Strategies - Banners and Boards put up for awareness -Awareness centers

program Strategies decided by the architect based on the site conditions and responses

2 : check to see if you have any vacant spatialities near your typology:

4

3 Waste: A Resource

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especially 3 : check to see if there are any neglected spaces, is. in informal settlements near the garbage kund

4 : bond with your neighbours!

es with your this strategy lets you create shared spac een. betw neighbours to have community spaces in

5: don’t have space for a garden? need not worry! this strategy creates public spaces on the streets, pedestrianizing. Make your compost, use it to grow your food!

6 : sharing is caring!

This strategy encourages typologies with space to accomodate waste of others!

6

5 Waste: A Resource

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neighbourhood level and Ward level

economic options - Failing to segregate their waste, a waste tax is levied - Builders funding the infrastructure

7 : vacant lands near your typology can be used if none of the above strategies work! and they can be designed integrating it with the reserved program on that site.

Social Strategies - Visually visible infrastructure - Using odour minimization technology or design strategy

- PPP model to fund this level project

Spatial-Social Strategies

- Authorities incharge make sure the funds are arranged.

- Banners and Boards put up for awareness -Awareness centers

- ALM initiatives for funds

- Auditorium, large public space for skits, plays inform people

program Strategies decided by the architect based on the site conditions and responses

8 : urban level reusing strategy

checkout your neighbourhood for a bigger composting setup, this strategy imagines waste going from a typology with no space to these typologies with ample space and capacity.

8

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chapter 7_

reimagining city and its waste_

7.3 Visualizing the alternative approach The ward level is selected as a way forward. To reimagine the city is to really understand how waste processing can become a part of our urban realm today, as we saw in the case studies the idea is to integrate it with our conventional daily programs .

Types of Programs: Waste Infrastructure programs

Community Participation Programs Farmer’s Markets

Types of Design Strategies become the resulting architectural combinations Voyerism

Composting Pits

Organic Waste Convertors(OWCs)

Libraries and Awareness Workshops

Circulation through process

Nurseries Vermicomposting

Segregation Facilities -Changing Rooms, -Seating Area -Washroooms -Storage

Adjacency

Urban Gardens/ farms for vegetables Landscaping

Cafes/ Canteens Embedding

Biogas Plants - More Programs

Recycling FacilitiesMore Programs

fig 105_ The Site, Source: Author

Public space gathering, amphitheatre etc.

Iconizing

Food Festivals Street level community fridges

Stacking

Integrating

Program Idea: Reserved School Integarted with a waste management Facility, in an effort to educate the younger generation about waste management.

To reimagine the school and the waste management facility to change the way we think with respect to city and its waste Waste: A Resource

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epilogue_

reimagining the city and its waste has become important in contemporary times especially organic waste as it has great potential to change the way we live,but to see that the maximum percentage of waste going in landfill today is organic is alarming, its time the city starts turning all the organic waste into a resource. the thesis intends to show how this can be done by collective approach, along with strategies for reusing unused spatialities and aiming for programs to be arranged such that instead of a linear process a cyclic process takes place to use waste as a resource.

fig 106_ Sketch showing an industrial building from a park, Source: Author

fig 107_ Photos taken of textures of compost, Source: Author

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list of figures_ List of Figures fig 1_ A boy running in Deonar Dumping Ground as it burns, Source: Modak S., Mumbai, June 24, 2016, The Indian Express Chapter 1 fig 2_ The Turning Point by Steve Cutts fig 3_ Waste Crisis in contemporary cities fig 4_ Effects of good government in the city and country, fresco by Lorenzetti A.,1338-1339 fig 5_ Tate, Industrial Landscape, Lowry L. (1955) fig 6_ The New Landscapes of Yao Lu The shapes resembling oriental landscape paintings of waterfalls, cliffs and mountains are in fact landfills and mounds of derelict rubble fig 7_ How many earths do we need if the world’s population lived like... Source: Global Footprint Network National Footprint Accounts 2016 fig 8_ Thomas M., Caste, greed, and unending need: the story of India’s waste crisis, 2018, Quartz, India fig 9_ Typologies of waste generation P ward, Mumbai, Group 1, Ecologies of waste, IN:CH Studio + K.R.V.I.A Student Exchange Program. fig 10_ Waste Disposal Installation, Delft, Netherlands, Source: UNStudio fig 11_ Recycling Plant for Urban waste, Madrid, Spain, Source: Abalos & Herreros fig 12_ Plan of phases of Freshkills, New York, Source: James Corner Field Operations fig 13_ Varshney A., In a slum near Mumbai’s Deonar dumping ground, life is a constant health battle, Scroll.in, April 2019 fig 14_ Photograph of compound wall of T ward office, Mulund, Source: Author fig 15_ Speculating community waste pickup points in 2050 Edited using photoshop, Source: Author

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fig 16_ Speculating edges of cities in 2050 Edited using photoshop, Base photo Source: Snapshot from Youtube video, “For those who like to fly - airplane window view flying from Brazil to Miami over Bahamas sea” (1:05)

fig 31_ Photo taken in MHADA Colony, Mulund (E), Source: Author

fig 51_ Photo taken of a McDs’ outlet, Mulund(W), Source: Author

fig 32_ Photo taken in Sai Symphony, Mulund (W), Source: Author

fig 52_ Overlay Radar Chart Diagram for social amenity land use, Source: Author

fig 17_ Photo of road banner “Green Mumbai, Clean Mumbai” Source: Author

fig 33_ Photo taken in Sahayog MHADA colony, Mulund (E), Source: Author

fig 53_ Photo taken of a street in Mulund (W) , Source: Author

Chapter 2

fig 34_ Overlay Radar Chart Diagram for formal residential land use, Source: Author

fig 54_ Diagrammatic plan of T ward, Source: Author

fig 35_ Delayered map of Informal Residential Landuse, Source: Author

fig 55_ Photo of chowki in T ward, Source: Author

fig 36,37_ Photographs taken in Anand Nagar Rd Informal Settlements, Mulund (E), Source: Author

fig 56_ Photos of Street waste management, Source: Author

fig 18_ Map of Mumbai, Source: Author, Base map source: Google maps fig 19_ Map of T ward Source: Author, Base map source: DP remarks 2034, Google earth fig 20_ Zoom in on urban area of ward, Rastered stiched map from Google Maps on AutoCAD 2018, Source: Author Chapter 3 fig 21_ Photograph taken while interviewing informants Abhijeet Chauhan and Sachin Babar, Source: Author fig 22_ Delayered map of Formal Residential Landuse, Source: Author fig 23_ Photos 1-7 Source: Photos taken on Site, Source; Author [For all landuses] fig 24_ Types of Organic wastes, generated by the landuse, Sketch on photoshop, Source: Author [For all landuses] fig 25_ Diagrams for Network of Waste, Sketch on photoshop, Source: Author [For all landuses] fig 26_ Different types of actors, Sketch on photoshop, Source: Author [For all landuses]

fig 38_ Photographs taken in Nanepada Gaothan, Mulund (E), Source: Author fig 39_ Photo taken in Nanepada Gaothan, Anand Nagar Rd Informal Settlements, Mulund (E) Source: Author fig 40_ Overlay Radar Chart Diagram for informal residential landuse, Source: Author

fig 57_ Photo taken of street level initiative, Happy Fridge, Mulund, Source: Author fig 58_ Neglected waste collection point outside JBM Society, Mulund (W), Source: Author Chapter 4 fig 59_ Photo taken of Biogas Plant at Hiranandani Estate, Thane , Source: Author

fig 41_ Photo taken in Dhingra park, Mulund (W) Source: Author

fig 60, 61_ OWC in basement, Source: Author

fig 42,43_ Photo taken in Raje Sambhaji Maharaj Ground, Mulund (E) Source: Author

fig 62_ Diagram of OWC, Sketch on photoshop, Source: Author

fig 44_ Overlay Radar Chart Diagram for open spaces, Source: Author

fig 63_ Composting Pits in City of Joy, Mulund (W),Source: Author

fig 45_ Delayered map of commercial land use, Source: Author

fig 64_ Urban Gardens in the complex grown by the compost ,Source: Author

fig 46_ Photo taken at 9:00 am on Tuesday of the Mulund fish market, Mulund (E) Source: Author

fig 65_ Diagram for flow of organic waste in the typology, Source: Author fig 66,67_ Happy Fridge street level initiative, Source: Author

fig 27_ Photographs taken in Sai Symphony (1) and, Sahayog MHADA Colony (2), Mulund Source: Author

fig 47_ Photo taken of waste collection point of informal market, Mulund (E) Source: Author

fig 28_ Photographs taken in Sahayog MHADA Colony, Mulund (E) Source: Author

fig 48_ Overlay Radar Chart Diagram for commercial land use, Source: Author

fig 29_ Photographs taken in City of Joy, Mulund (W), Source: Author

fig 49_ Delayered map of social amenity land use, Source: Author

fig 70_ Plan of Hiranadani Estate, Rastered Plan from Google Maps using AutoCAD 2018,.

Source:Author

fig 30_ Photo taken in Mangaldeep Building, Mulund (E), Source: Author

fig 50_ Photo taken of temple in Mulund (W) Source: Author

fig 71_ Photo taken of Biogas Plant at Hiranandani Estate, Thane ,Source: Author

Waste: A Resource

fig 68,69_ Awareness Programs arranged by the college, Source: Author

153

list of figures_ fig 72_ Plan of the biogas plant with the components, Sketch on photoshop, Source:Author fig 73_ Photos from the biogas plant, Source:Author fig 74_ Sathaye College, Vile Parle, Case Study of Mumbai: Decentralised Solid Waste Management, Source: Hamsaiyer, 5IconSWM 2015 fig 75_ Green Gardens Apartments, Chembur, Source: Badri Chaterjee, Hindustan Times, Aug 2019 fig 76_ Itsy Bitsy Food Festival, Source: Oshin Fernandes, The Free Press Journal fig 77_ The Orchid Hotel, Source: STAAH, Hotel News Resource, Jan 2019 fig 78_ In an conversation with the AHS of SWM Department of T ward, Mr. Bhanudas , Source: Author

fig 88_ Aerial perspective of follies, Source: Parc de la Villette, Bernard Tschumi, MoMA fig 89_ “Photographs of “maquettes combinatoires” (combinatorial models) of the Park La Villette‘s “Folies””, Source: Parc de la Villette, Bernard Tschumi, Autonomous Neutral Objects, SOCKS.

fig 93_ Amager Bakke Resource Center, Source: BIG Architects fig 94_ Waste to Energy Design Lab speculation catalog, Source: Architecture and Waste fig 95_ One of the speculations, Progressive Purification, Source: David Hamm and Snoweria Zhang, Architecture and Waste

fig 80_ Photo of vermicomposting pits in Hiranandani Estate, Thane, Source: Author

fig 97_ Diagrams for programming Strategy Source: Author

fig 81_ Photo of urban gardens in city of joy, Mulund (W), Source: Author

fig 98_ Selected Area for demonstration in the ward, Source: Author

fig 82_ Cyclic Programs convert the waste to a resource, Source: Author

fig 99_ Reservations on site, Source: DP Remarks 2034, MCGM

Chapter 5

fig 100_ Proposed masterplan of the site, Source: Author

fig 84_ Centralization vs Decentralization , Source: Author fig 85_ Decentralized maps of spaces in the ward, Source: Author fig 86_ Imagined activities in the levels, Sketching on photoshop Source: Author

fig 107_ Photos taken of textures of compost Source: Author

fig 91_ Waste Disposal Installation, Source: UNStudio

fig 79_ Photo of composting Bins in CIty of Joy, Mulund (W), Source: Author

Chapter 6

fig 106_ Sketch showing an industrial building from a park, Source: Author

fig 90_ Greenbelly, Source: Designboom

fig 96_ Different medium scale Design Strategies suggested by the book to integrate waste processes with community programs Source: Architecture and Waste

fig 83_ Photo of compound wall from T ward, Mulund (W), Source: Author

fig 105_ Reimagining the site, Source: Author

fig 101_ Proposed plan of the urban corrdior, Source: Author fig 102_ 3 D of the proposed corridor, with pulled out details Source: Author fig 103_ Potential typology level spaces, Source: Author fig 104_ Manual of Urban Strategies, Source: Author

fig 87_ Architectural Idea, Drawing on AutoCAD 2018 and photoshop render, Source: Author Waste: A Resource

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references_

bibliography_

References

Bibliography

1) Tambe B. 73% of city’s daily waste is organic, The Hindu, Mumbai, Sept 2017

Chapter 1

Chapter 1

1) De Carlo G, ‘Architecture’s Public’, in Architecture and Participation, ed. by Peter Blundell Jones, Doina Petrescu and Jeremy Till (Abingdon: Spon Press, 2007), pp. 3-22.

2) IN:CH studio and KRVIA, Ecologies of waste, Exchange program, Group 1 documentation 3) Muller J., The Architecture of Waste Designing New Avenues for Public Engagement withTrash, University of Maryland School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Firenze University Press, 2018, pg 39,40,41,42

2) Illich I., Dirt of the Cities, Aura of the Cities, Smell of the Dead, Utopia of the Odorless city from H2O and the waters of forgetfulness, The Dallas Institute of Humanities and Culture, 1985

4) Plan of phases of Freshkills, New York, Source: James Corner Field Operations

3) Jorgensen D., What to do with waste? The challenges of waste disposal in two late medieval towns, in Living cities: An anthology in urban environmental history, ed. Matthias Legnér and Sven Lilja (Stockholm: Forskningsrådet Formas, 2010), 34–55.

5) Recycling Plant for Urban waste, Madrid, Spain, Abalos & Herreros

4) Mumford L., The Culture of the Cities, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,INC., Florida,1938

6) Sannabhadti R., Case Study : Struggles for everyday space:scrap pickers in ahmedabad, BINUCOM: Building Inclusive Urban Communities, CEPT University, Erasmus +, 2019

5) Mumford L., The City in History, Its origins, Its Transformations, and its Prospects, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,INC., New York, 1961

7) Waste Disposal Installation, Delft, Netherlands, UNStudio homepage

6) Mumford L., Architectural Record: What is a city? 1937, The City Cultures Reader ,The Routledge Urban Reader Series, Editors: Richard T. LeGates and Frederic Stout, 2004

Chapter 2 8) Mahadevia D et al., New Practice of Waste Management- Case of Mumbai, School of Planning & CEPT University, Kasturbhai Lalbhai Campus (2005), Pg 2,3,4,5 Chapter 4 9) Chatterjee B., Chembur housing society treats 90% of its trash at source, Hindustan TImes, Aug 2019 10) Fernandes O., Itsy Bitsy: A Foodie Paradise Miniature Size! ,The Free Press Journal, March 2016 11) Hamsaiyer, Case Study of Mumbai : Decentralised Solid Waste Management, International Conference on Solid waste Management, 5IconSM2015, pg 103 12) STAAH, Orchid Mumbai - Earth-friendly and Growing Strong, Hotel News Resource, Jan 2019 Chapter 6 13) BIG Architects, Sydhavns Recycling Center, Amager Bakke Resource Center

7) Murdock G. The Common Denominator of Cultures in The Science of Man in the World Crisis, edited by Ralph Linton, New York: Columbia University Press; 1945: 123-142 8) Oatman- Stanford H A Filthy History: When New Yorkers Lived Knee-Deep in Trash, Collector’s Weekly, Jun 2013 9) Pounds N., The Medieval City, Greenwood Guides to Historic Events of the Medieval World Jane Chance, Series Editor, Greenwood Press , 2005 10)Riesman D., Some Observations on Lewis Mumford’s “The City in History”, Volume 1962 Issue 3 Symposium: The City in History by Lewis Mumford, Washington University Law Review, 1962 11) Sjoberg G., The Preindustrial City: Past and Present, The free press, New york, 1960 12) SOW, The past, present, and future of solid waste disposal, posted by dmguoin, 2017 13) Storey, G. The population of ancient Rome. Antiquity, 71(274), 966-978. Cambridge University Press. (1997) 14) Lim WSW, Have you been Shanghaied? Culture and Glocalized Shanghai, 2004

14) Designboom, Greenbelly project uses sun, rain, and organic waste to grow vegetable gardens on blind city walls , Greenbelly 15) Hanif Kara et al., Architecture and Waste : A (Re)Planned Obsolescence, Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Actar Publishers, 2017

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Waste: A Resource An alternative APPROACH to wastE management in MumbaI

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