Building science 2 report

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [BLD61303] PROJECT 1: Lighting and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design of __________________________________________________

Lantern Hotel

GROUP MEMBERS: CHEAH TECK WEI NICOLE HOOI YI TIEN RICKY WONG YII TAN KAI CHONG TSANG HAO REN VICKY LEE WEI KEE

TUTOR : Mr. Edwin Chan

0315215 0313611 0313785 0314223 0315753 0313317

TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0

INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 1.1 1.2

2.0

METHODOLOGY ------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 2.1

3.0

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

Introduction to lighting 3.1.1 Natural lighting 3.1.2 Artificial Lighting 3.1.3 Materials Precedent Study 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Analysis 3.2.3 Conclusion Site Lighting 3.3.1 Spatial Quality of Light – Natural Lighting 3.3.2 Spatial Quality of Light – Artificial Lighting 3.3.3 Tabulation of Data 3.3.4 Interpretation of Data Light Analysis 3.4.1 Reception/Cafeteria - Daylight Factor Calculation - Lumen Method - Room Index Calculation 3.4.2 Atrium - Daylight Factor Calculation - Lumen Method - Room Index Calculation 3.4.3 Room - Daylight Factor Calculation - Lumen Method - Room Index Calculation 3.4.4 Staircase - Daylight Factor Calculation - Lumen Method - Room Index Calculation Conclusion of Lighting Evaluation in Lantern Hotel

ACOUSTIC STUDY ------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 4.1

2

Sequence of working

LIGHTING STUDY ----------------------------------------------------------------- 12 3.1

4.0

Aim and Objective Site Study 1.2.1 Introduction 1.2.2 Selection Criteria 1.2.3 Architectural Drawings 1.2.4 Zoning of Spaces

Introduction to acoustic 4.1.1 Literature Review 4.1.2 Architecture Acoustics

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4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.1.3 Material Absorbent Precedent Study 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Analysis Site Acoustics 4.3.1 Outdoor Noise Sources 4.3.2 Indoor Noise Sources 4.3.3 Equipment Location 4.3.4 Equipment Specification 4.3.5 Data Tabulation and analysis Acoustic Analysis 4.4.1 Reverberation Time - Zone 1: Cafeteria Bar / Reception - Zone 2: Cafeteria Dining Area / Corridor (Atrium) - Zone 3: Room Type 1 - Zone 4: Room Type 2 - Zone 5: Room Type 3 4.4.2 Sound Intensity Level - Zone 1: Cafeteria Bar / Reception - Zone 2: Cafeteria Dining Area / Corridor (Atrium) - Zone 3: Room Type 1 - Zone 4: Room Type 2 - Zone 5: Room Type 3 - Zone 6: Corridor 4.4.3 Sound Reduction Index - Wall 1: Café Reception / Bar Area - Wall 2: Room Type 3 (Room with Fixed Glass) - Wall 3: Room Type 3 ( Room with Glass Box) Conclusion of Acoustic Evaluation in Lantern Hotel

BIBILOGRAPHY --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88

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ABSTRACT This report contains of our observation and data collection of lighting and acoustic performances of Lantern Hotel, Petaling Street.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aim and Objective By observing and analyzing the lighting and acoustic performances in Lantern Hotel, we aim to have a better understanding on the characteristic of a space on how the design approaches affect the lighting and acoustic performances of the space, and how different types of lighting and different types of sound sources influence the performances and also user experience. We also provide suggestions for better lighting and acoustic quality in the case study space.

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1.2 Site Study 1.2.1 Introduction of site In a stylish renovated four-storey old building, with an industrial-meets-tropical design touch, Lantern Hotel is a budget hotel located at the heart of ever busy Petaling street of China town in Kuala Lumpur. Lantern Hotel occupies the second, third and fourth floor of the building above an existing bank on the first floor. The hotel consists of 49 rooms such as glass box room, room with verandah and normal room, an atrium, a cafeteria and a deck. With its dark brown clay bricks facade design (Figure1 ) that aims to melt harmoniously with hustle and bustle of the surroundings, Lantern Hotel became one of the modern landmarks of the street.

Figure 1: Faรงade design of Lantern Hotel

1.2.2 Selection criteria Being surrounded by variety of activities happening in Petaling street, the sound of people bargain on the street market in front, hawkers cooking behind and vehicles moving nearby the street contribute to the study of acoustic of the hotel.

The design of the facade and the atrium at the centre of the building layout allows natural lighting in the building , this has contributed to the study of natural lighting. Designed as such, most of the spaces of the hotel do not require artificial lighting during day time. However, during night time the hotel is fairly brighten up with dim artificial lighting due to the theme and essence of the concept of Lantern Hotel.

Figure2: Surrounding environment of Lantern Hotel

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1.2.3 Architectural Drawings

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1.2.4 Zoning of Spaces

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2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Sequence of working Precedent Studies Document and study precedent studies on lighting and acoustic analysis similar to hotel case study that we choose. Analyze and compare the data collected in conjunction with other criteria of lighting and acoustic design such as spaces, environment and location.

Evaluation and critique on the existing building design based on selected precedent studies as reference.

Drawings Preparation Plans, section and elevation drawings were drawn and prepared in AutoCAD. Grid lines were arranged 2 meters apart for data collection and analysis.

Figure 3: second floor and fourth plan with 2m grids for data collection purposes

Site Visit Due to similarity of spatial arrangement across all the floors, we decided to scale down the area of research only on the 2nd and 4th floor which accomodate the main spaces such as reception, cafĂŠ and hotel rooms. Moreover 4th floor is furthest from street level but closer to the atrium which will affect the lighting and acoustic performances .

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Data Collection Lighting analysis was conducted using the Lux Meter, readings were taken at 2 meter intervals at different position of 1 meter and 1.5-meter height. On the other hand, acoustic level readings were recorded using a sound meter. We picked two significant rooms from each floor due to similar layout, differences can be identified through the position of hotel rooms where 2nd floor rooms with lanai faced the street while 4th floor room with and without glass box faced the internal courtyard.

Figure 4: Lutron digital lux meter LX-101

Figure 5: Lutron digital sound meter

Tabulation of data and diagramming Light and sound contour diagram were prepared using Ecotect 2011 which provides better understanding towards concentration of noise and lightings for different hotel zones.

Calculations Lighting analysis carried further through calculations using formulas for daylight factor, room index and illuminance level. On the other hand, acoustic level readings were analysed by using the formula of reverberation time and sound intensity level.

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3.0 LIGHTING STUDY 3.1 Introduction to Lighting 3. 1.1 Literature Review Light is an energy manifesting itself as electromagnetic radiation. Visible light is an electromagnetic radiation with wavelength in the range of 400-700 nanometres (nm). It is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight. Light helps humans to gain vision by using the human eye that has the ability to gain information through light entering the eye. Light illuminates an area, the more intense the light, the brighter the area becomes.

3.1.2 Architecture Lighting In architecture, lighting of an area is controlled to create an easy-to-see and amusing luminous environment for interior and exterior of buildings. Lighting affects a space psychologically, it can bring many benefits if utilise properly. In architecture, designers can use light to create circulation, navigation around a space, creating visual emphasis and most importantly, creating a comfortable environment for the human eye to perform. To investigate and review the lighting of an area, a photometer is need to measure the luminance unit known as, Lux. Different spaces require difference luminance, depending on the function of the space. For example, most office work can be comfortably done at 250 to 500 lux, while supermarket usually requires it to be at 750 to 1000 lux. This is ensure to create the perfect luminous environment for the users.

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3.2 Precedent Study 3.2.1 Introduction Baia Bursa Hotel, Turkey The Baia Bursa Hotel is one of the establishments of the Sรถnmez Industry holding A.ล . It is located in the city centre of Bursa. As a luxurious hotel in the city, Baia Bursa Hotel comes with luxurious rooms in various choices, bars, restaurants, spa, swimming pool, meeting and conference room that is designed offering an unparalleled experience of elegant, contemporary luxury with highly attentive personal service. The interior of the hotel adapts a calm and tranquil ambient with a modern approach to the design.

Figure 6 : Baia Bursa Hotel exterior

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3.2.2 Analysis The hotel lobby is a space that serves an important function as it is the first impression for the hotel guest when they first enter the hotel building. The guest enters the main lobby through a vestibule and make their way to the front desk and check in area.

The hotel lobby is designed to create an inviting feeling by using transparent glass panel that introduces light into the lobby. The selection of material of the hotel lobby is more towards a brownish scheme that gives a more relaxing feeling.

More than that, the hotel lobby designed with simplicity comes in prior as heavy ornamentation does not feel as comfortable and relaxing.

Activities | Tasks: - Check in/check out at Reception area - VDTs at the front desk for employees - Lounge areas for reading and waiting.

The hotel lobby uses glass panel at the entrance and vestibule to promote light diffuse into the lobby hall during daytime. (As shown in Figure7) This has effectively lighten up the space and also given the guest a sense of openness. During night time, the lobby is only lighten up by using artificial light source such as accent light (purple) and pendant light(white) hence the whole lobby space is in a dim light condition. This is specially designed to create a relaxing feeling for the guest in the lobby. The red box represents the direct light created by the pendant light that focused on the decoration on the center of the lobby. (As shown in Figure 8)

Figure7 : Baia Bursa Hotel lobby

Figure 8 : Table light at lobby of Baia Bursa Hotel lobby

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The reception area, restaurant and bar area are also decorated by accent lighting and pendant lights. Due to the function of reception area, more pendant lights are used to create more direct light towards the table for guest’s visibility while checking in or out. (As shown in Figure 9 ) The hotel lobby restaurant and bar whereas functioning more towards a relaxing and comfortable space needed lesser lighting, hence more accent lighting are used compared to direct lighting to create the relaxing ambience. (As shown in Figure 10 )

The guest lounge is a space for the guest to have a seat while waiting, rest and read. On the wall of the lounge is decorated by using art pieces with down lights, creating an accent while lighting up the art piece. (As shown in Figure 11)

Figure 9: Table light at lobby of Baia Bursa Hotel lobby

3.2.3 Conclusion The Baia Bursa hotel has a dimmer brightness level within the lobby; however it makes up for it with a relaxing feel to the general space. There is a accent lighting element in the center of the lobby created by using direct lighting on a piece of decoration, it acts as the major lighting fixture within the space and adds to the aesthetics of the lobby, there are also task lighting elements above the reception area. Accent lighting methods are used to wall wash and light up pieces of artwork. The wall colors and color renderings of the lighting elements create a harmony between the design and the general lighting of the space.

The circulation of this lobby may be undefined; however the main areas within the lobby are accented as a point of interest. Overall the consideration of lighting design has been focused on at a certain level.

Figure 10 : Lobby restaurant and bar of Baia Bursa Hotel lobby

Figure 11: Guest lounge of Baia Bursa Hotel lobby

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3.3 Site Lighting 3.3.1 Spatial Quality of Light – Natural Lighting

Lantern Hotel relies heavily on natural lighting to lit up the space during the day . In order to allow more light into the building, Lantern Hotel features an acrylic roof above the triple volume atrium (As shown in Figure 12), allowing sunlight to penetrates and light up most of the public spaces especially the atrium that provides seats for guests. (As shown in Figure xx 14 ) The design of triple volume atrium that allows penetration of sunlight is sufficient to lit up the whole building throughout the four floors. The rooms on the floors above are mostly lit up by sunlight as well through windows or glass box design. (As shown in Figure 13)

Figure 12 : Arcylic roof above atrium

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Figure13 : Glass box design of rooms above

Figure 14 : Seats providd for guests at atrium

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Figure 14: Section and plan showing natural light enter from atrium and facade

To further increase the penetration of natural light into the building, the faรงade is designed as porous bricks facade to allow natural light to enter through the gaps in between the bricks from both sides of the building, the building does not merely depend on the natural light entering from the atrium at the core of the building . (As shown in Figure14).

However, the faรงade of Lantern Hotel is not entirely designed as porous bricks. Some parts of the faรงade are of louvers shutter windows to control the amount of light entering the building by opening or closing the louvers windows. (As shown in Figure 16) The natural light covered most part of the public area .This passive design strategy is functional and aesthetical as well, fitting well with the concept of the building.

Figure15: Lantern hotel facade

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Figure16: Louvered windows at the faรงade

Figure17: Porous bricks faรงade that allow light to penetrate

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Figure xx : Plan showing natural light enter the rooms through balcony or glass window and glass box

The passive design strategy not only light up the public areas, some of the hotel rooms of Lantern Hotel can also be lit only by natural sunlight during the day.

Rooms attached to the facade, have a room created similarly as a balcony but more enclosed (As shown in Figure 18). The balcony has louvers windows that allow hotel guests to open or close the window based on the desired environment they want in the room.

Meanwhile rooms isolated in the middle of 3rd and 4th floor not attached to the faรงade but instead have corridors as buffer, are designed to have glass boxes or fixed windows facing the atrium that captures natural light into the room. (As shown in Figure 19)

Figure18: Louvered window at the balcony

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Figure19: Light enter through fixed window and glass box

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3.3.2 Spatial Quality of Light – Artificial Lighting

Despite the good utilization of natural lighting, it could not cover all building areas even during the day, since some places are meant to be enclosed thus natural light is not sufficient in those areas. ( As shown in Figrue xx) This is why artificial lighting is essential.

Logically, places that natural light can’t enter require the use of artificial lighting, normally the inner part of the building.

Figure20 : Plans showing shaded area in the building

Despite the good utilization of natural lighting, it could not cover all building areas because some spaces are meant to be enclosed thus natural light is not sufficient in some areas. This is why artificial lighting is essential in these areas.

Spaces that natural light can’t enter require the use of artificial lighting to light up the space, normally the inner part of the building. In Lantern hotel, all the rooms,inner corridor, toilet, and stairs require the use of artificial lighting. The artificial lightings in Lantern hotel are mostly used for safety purpose during the day at spaces such as stairs and inner corridor .

Figure 21 : Stairs leading to the entrance

Figure22: Corridor at the reception with accent lightings

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Figure23: Cafeteria with task lightings during day time

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With such reliance to the natural light, the brightness of the building drop drastically during the night. Artificial lighting is used to rectify this problem.

Instead of ambient lightings which provide general lighting, Lantern Hotel uses all accent lightings which are dim and warm yellow or orange. (As shown in Figure24) The different lightings of Lantern Hotel at night are more for ambient and atmosphere .

This is also used to match the concept of the building, a lantern hotel, thus a lot of lights can be found enclosed in a hollow object, similarly to a lantern.

During the night, when the interior is brighter than exterior, the building will seem as in it is glowing, like a lantern.

Figure25: Exterior with artificial lighting lit up the building

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Figure24: Section with artificial lightings

Figure 26 : Artificial lightings at the atrium

Figure 27 : Artificial lightings at the cafeteria

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3.3.3 Tabulation of Data

Figure 28 : Table of morning time lux

Figure 28: Table of morning time lux

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Figure 29: Table of night time lux

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3.3.4 Interpretation of Data

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Cafeteria

Figure30 : Plan showing position of incandescent globe lamp at cafeteria

The cafeteria is one of the most well-lit area in the hotel. It is located at the entrance of second floor. It serves as both the reception, a counter and part of the cafĂŠ. A number of activities are being carried out at the cafeteria area such as grinding of coffee, ordering, preparing food and etc. Therefore, there are a total 16 incandescent globe lamp installed to provide enough illuminance for task lighting to increase the efficiency of work. (As shown in Figure 31)

Figure31 : High illumincace of task lighting at the cafeteria

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Figure32: Lighting specification diagram of cafeteria

Figure 33: Materiality diagram of cafeteria

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Atrium

Figure34: Plans showing artificial lightings positions at atrium

The atrium is a triple volume space located in the middle of the building. The atrium starts from the 2nd floor reaching all the way to the roof. The floor is used as cafeteria, common space and a walkway. The massive void was intended to allow natural lighting into the building, making artificial unnecessary during the day.

However, during the night, a lot of light is required to illuminate the area. Lantern Hotel use multiple Spiral CFL lamp as signage lighting to lit up the area as well as guidance lighting to guide customers to their room. The fluorescent tube mounted on beam also helps lit up the space while also working as accent lighting that adds a bit drama to the space by mimicking the image of a lantern. (As shown in Figure 35)

Figure35: Fluorescent tube hidden in the gaps of beams Spiral CFL Lamps by the door as signage lighting

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Figure36: Materiality diagram of atrium

Figure37: Lighting specification diagram of atrium

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Room

Figure38 : Plan showing positions of fluorescent tube in the room

Rooms are private area in the hotel which are typically more enclosed. Even so, they are still able to allow natural lighting to the rooms. The rooms we would focus on are the two types located on the 3rd and 4th floor. The rooms there have either a glass window or glass block connected to the atrium to let natural lighting in. Typically, the rooms are fitted with 3 fluorescent tube (2 in the room, 1 in the toilet) and a spiral CFL lamp.

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Figure39: Lighting specifications of room

Figure 40: Lighting specifications of room

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Staircase

Figure xx : Lighting specification diagram of atrium

Figure 41: Plan showing position of fluorescent tube at cafeteria

The staircase leads to the main entrance to the hotel. It can access all floors of the hotel by using the stairs or the elevator. Thus, the usage of the stairs are very frequent by guests, visitors and workers. However, the staircase is dimly lit with only a fluorescent tube in front of the elevator and gaps are designed on the faรงade to allow slight penetration of natural light and ventilation on each floor. Thus, the natural sunlight is not enough to provide light to the dim space for safety purpose. Therefore, fluorescent tubes are used to lit up the dim space even with the help of natural lighting

Figure 42: Lighting specifications of staircase area

Figure 43: A fluorescent at the entrance

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Figure 44 : Gaps at the faรงade allow slight peneteration of sunlight

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Figure45: Materiality diagram of staircase area

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3.4 Light Analysis 3.4.1 Reception Area Daylight Factor Time

Weather

Luminance Average Luminance at Average at 1m height 1.5m height 12-3pm Cloudy 30-201 115.5 20-270 145 6-7pm Raining 2-186 94 2-85 43.5 Table 1 indicates the reading of reception and courtyard area Average Lux Reading 12-3pm 6-8pm 1m 115.5 94 1.5m 145 43.5 Average lux value 130.25 137.5 Table 2 indicates the average lux value of reception and courtyard area Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 20,000 lux 1000 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000 lux 400 lux <200 lux 40 lux <1 lux

Date and Time Average lux value reading (đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; ) Daylight Factor Calculation Formula

Standard direct sunlight (đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; ) Calculation

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Sunrise or Sunset on a clear day (Ambient illumination) Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunset and sunrise 9th April 2016 137.5 đ??ˇ đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; = đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; 20,000 lux đ??ˇ =

=

đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; 130.25 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 20000

= 0.65 %

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Discussion Daylight Factor, % >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Very bright with thermal & glare problem Bright Average Dark

The average lux value during after 12pm-3pm is 712.5 lux, whereas at night, 6pm-8pm, the average lux value is 137.5 lux. There is a great change in lux.

According to table provided in MS1525, the 0.65% daylight factor of reception area is categorized under the dark category. This is due to the existing canopy roof of Petaling Street right in front of the reception area. The opening of reception area are facing west, therefore, it only received maximum natural lighting during sunset, while most of the day time hour, the reception area will still need to lightened up using artificial lighting.

Lumen Method Location Dimension, m Area, đ?&#x2018;&#x161;2 Height of ceiling, m Height of work level Type of light Luminous flux of lighting, F/lm Height of luminaires, m Height of Working Plane, m Mounting Height,â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; Number of existing light bulb/ n x N Reflectance Value, %

Reception Area L = 3.5, W = 8 28 3.6 1.2 Incandescent Pendent Globe Light Bulb 900 lm 2.0 1.0 2.0 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1.0 = 1.0 16 Ceiling White Plaster Ceiling 85 Wall Black Chalkboard 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 10 White Painted wall 85 Window Timber Shutter 25 Windows Floor Light Walnut Timber 25 Plank

Room Index

(đ??ż đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) (đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) đ?&#x2018;Ľ â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;

=

Utilization Factor Maintenance Factor/ MF MS1525 Standard Luminance

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(3.5 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 8) (3.5 +8) đ?&#x2018;Ľ 1

= 2.43 0.56 (based on utilization factor table) 0.8 (standard) 200

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Illuminance level required, E, lux

E=

đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ??´ 16 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 900 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.56 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.8

= = 230.4

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According to MS1525 standard for reception area is sufficient Number of fittings required, N

đ??¸đ?&#x2018;Ľđ??´

đ?&#x2018; = đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

200 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 28

= 900 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.56 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.8 = 14

Number of lightings are sufficient and meet the standard illuminance requirement for the reception area

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3.4.2 Atrium Daylight Factor Time

Weather

Luminance Average Luminance at Average at 1m height 1.5m height 12-3pm Cloudy 30-1320 675 20 - 1600 810 6-7pm Raining 10-166 83 10 - 85 52.5 Table 1 indicates the reading of reception and courtyard area Average Lux Reading 12-3pm 6-8pm 1m 675 83 1.5m 810 52.5 Average lux value 742.5 67.75 Table 2 indicates the average lux value of reception and courtyard area Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 20,000 lux 1000 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000 lux 400 lux <200 lux 40 lux <1 lux

Date and Time Average lux value reading (đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; ) Daylight Factor Calculation Formula

Standard direct sunlight (đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; ) Calculation

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Sunrise or Sunset on a clear day (Ambient illumination) Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunset and sunrise 9th April 2016 742.5 đ??ˇ đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; = đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; 20,000 lux đ??ˇ =

=

đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; 742.5 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 20000

= 3.7%

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Discussion Daylight Factor, % >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Very bright with thermal & glare problem Bright Average Dark

The average lux value during 12pm-3pm is 742.5 lux, whereas at night, 6pm-8pm, the average lux value is 67.75 lux. There is a great difference because the space is a long atrium with skylight. During daytime, the natural lighting directly penetrates through the transparent skylight into the space. Whereas, the space are lighten up using artificial lighting, therefore the lux level is lower.

According to table provided in MS1525, the 3.6% daylight factor of atrium is categorized under the bright category. Daylight play an important role in the atrium because it act as a main gathering space for the hotel guests, lighting is sufficient for non-working purposes.

Lumen Method Location Dimension, m Area, đ?&#x2018;&#x161;2 Height of ceiling, m Height of work level Type of light Luminous flux of lighting, F/lm Height of luminaires, m Height of Working Plane, m Mounting Height,â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; Number of existing light bulb/ n x N Reflectance Value, %

Central Atrium/Dining Area L = 20, W = 2.8 60.4 11.5 1.2 Fluorescent tube 1200 3,6,9 0.8 5.2(average) 18 Ceiling Wall

Acrylic Skylight Concrete block with white plaster Light Walnut Timber Plank

Floor Room Index

(đ??ż đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) (đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) đ?&#x2018;Ľ â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;

=

Utilization Factor Maintenance Factor/ MF MS1525 Standard Luminance

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Spiral CFL lamp 1550 2.6 0.8 1.8 12

(20 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 2.8) (20 + 2.8) đ?&#x2018;Ľ 5.2

0 85 25

(đ??ż đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) (đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) đ?&#x2018;Ľ â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;

=

(20 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 2.8) (20 + 2.8) đ?&#x2018;Ľ 1.8

= 0.47 = 1.36 0.35 (based on utilization factor table) 0.8 (standard) 200

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Illuminance level required, E, lux

E=

đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

+

đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;2 đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

đ??´ 18 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 1200 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.35 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.8

= 60.4 = 186.20

+

đ??´ 12 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 1550 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.35 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.8 60.4

According to MS1525 standard for dining area requires additional of 13.8 lux Number of fittings required, N

đ??¸đ?&#x2018;Ľđ??´

đ?&#x2018; = đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

200 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 60.4

= 1200 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.35 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.8 = 33 Fluorescent

đ??¸đ?&#x2018;Ľđ??´

đ?&#x2018; = đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

200 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 60.4

= 1550 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.35đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.8 = 27 Spiral CFL Lamp

In order to achieve the Standard MS1525 luminance requirement of a dinning area, the space requires 33 fluorescent or 27 spiral CFL lamp in order to fullfill the requirement for MS1525

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Daylight Factor Time

Weather

Luminance Average Luminance at Average at 1m height 1.5m height 12-3pm Cloudy 113-306 210 151-314 233 6-7pm Raining 20-75 47.5 20-94 57 Table 1 indicates the reading of reception and courtyard area Average Lux Reading 12-3pm 6-8pm 1m 210 47.5 1.5m 233 57 Average lux value 221.5 52.25 Table 2 indicates the average lux value of reception and courtyard area Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 20,000 lux 1000 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000 lux 400 lux <200 lux 40 lux <1 lux

Date and Time Average lux value reading (đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; ) Daylight Factor Calculation Formula

Standard direct sunlight (đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; ) Calculation

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Sunrise or Sunset on a clear day (Ambient illumination) Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunset and sunrise 9th April 2016 221.5 đ??ˇ đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; = đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; 20,000 lux đ??ˇ =

=

đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; 221.5 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 20000

= 1.15 %

Discussion

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Daylight Factor, % >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Very bright with thermal & glare problem Bright Average Dark

The average lux value during 12pm-3pm is 221.5 lux, whereas during evening, 6-8pm, lux value recorded is 52.25 lux. The lux greatly reduced overtime, therefore artificial lighting is required to light up the space during evening. According to table provided in MS1525, the 1.15% daylight factor of room is categorized under the average category.

Lumen Method Location Dimension, m Area, đ?&#x2018;&#x161;2 Height of ceiling, m Height of work level Type of light Luminous flux of lighting, F/lm Height of luminaires, m Height of Working Plane, m Mounting Height,â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; Number of existing light bulb/ n x N Reflectance Value, %

Hotel Rooms, 3rd Floor L = 2.7, W = 2.8 7.84 2.6 0.8 Fluorescent tube 1200 2.6 0.8 1.8 1 Ceiling Wall

White Painted Concrete block with white plaster Glass Terazo tiles

Window Floor Room Index

(đ??ż đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) (đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) đ?&#x2018;Ľ â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;

=

Utilization Factor Maintenance Factor/ MF MS1525 Standard Luminance Illuminance level required, E, lux

Spiral CFL lamp 1550 1.5 0.8 0.7 11 85 85 4 80

(đ??ż đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) (đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) đ?&#x2018;Ľ â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;

(2.7 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 2.8) (2.7+ 2.8) đ?&#x2018;Ľ 1.8

=

(2.7 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 2.8) (2..7 + 2.8) đ?&#x2018;Ľ 0.7

= 0.76 = 1.96 0.47 (based on utilization factor table) 0.8 (standard) 150 E=

đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

+

đ??´ 1 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 1200 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.47 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.8

= 7.56 = 136.71

đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;2 đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

+

đ??´ 1 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 1550 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.47 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.8 7.56

According to MS1525 standard for bedroom requires

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additional of 13.29 lux

Number of fittings required, N

đ??¸đ?&#x2018;Ľđ??´

đ?&#x2018; = đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

150 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 7.84

= 1200 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.47 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.8 = 2 Fluorescent

đ??¸đ?&#x2018;Ľđ??´

đ?&#x2018; = đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

150 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 7.84

= 1550 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.47 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.8 = 2 Spiral CFL Lamp

In order to achieve the Standard MS1525 luminance requirement of a bedroom, the space requires 2 fluorescent or 2 spiral CFL lamp in order to fullfill the requirement for MS1525

3.3.4 Staircase 40

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Daylight Factor Time

Weather

Luminance Average Luminance at Average at 1m height 1.5m height 12-3pm Cloudy 3 - 30 16.5 3-40 21.5 6-7pm Raining 3-15 9 3-18 10.5 Table 1 indicates the reading of reception and courtyard area Average Lux Reading 12-3pm 6-8pm 1m 16.5 9 1.5m 21.5 10.5 Average lux value 19 9.75 Table 2 indicates the average lux value of reception and courtyard area Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 20,000 lux 1000 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000 lux 400 lux <200 lux 40 lux <1 lux

Date and Time Average lux value reading (đ??¸đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; ) Daylight Factor Calculation Formula

Standard direct sunlight (đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; ) Calculation

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday Typical overcast day, midday Sunrise or Sunset on a clear day (Ambient illumination) Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunset and sunrise 9th April 2016 19 lux đ??ˇ đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; = đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; 20,000 lux đ??ˇ =

=

đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% đ??¸ đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;Ľđ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2122; 19 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 100% 20000

= 0.1 %

Discussion

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Daylight Factor, % >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Very bright with thermal & glare problem Bright Average Dark

The average lux value during 12pm-3pm is 19 lux, whereas during evening, the lux value reduced by half to 9 lux. According to table provided in MS1525, the 0.1% daylight factor of staircase is categorized under the dark category. The presence of window doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t lid up the space to sufficient level because most of the time, the window are closed throughout the day due to accessibility.

Lumen Method Location Dimension, m Area, đ?&#x2018;&#x161;2 Height of ceiling, m Height of work level Type of light Luminous flux of lighting, F/lm Height of luminaires, m Height of Working Plane, m Mounting Height,â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x161; Number of existing light bulb/ n x N Reflectance Value, %

Staircase L = 3, W = 7.6 23.4 3.6 0.8 Florescent light 1200lm 2.7 0.8 1.9 2 Ceiling Wall

Window Floor Room Index

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85 85

Ceramic Tiles Timber Shutter Windows Porcelain Tiles

70 25

25

40

(đ??ż đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) (đ??ż + đ?&#x2018;&#x160;) đ?&#x2018;Ľ â&#x201E;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x161;

=

Utilization Factor Maintenance Factor/ MF MS1525 Standard Luminance

White Painted Concrete block with white plaster Exposed Brick

(3 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 7.6) (3+7.6) đ?&#x2018;Ľ 1.9

= 0.51 0.27 (based on utilization factor table) 0.8 (standard) 150

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Illuminance level required, E, lux

E=

đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ??š đ?&#x2018;Ľ đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š đ??´ 2 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 1200 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.27 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.8

= 23.4 = 22.15 According to MS1525 standard for bedroom requires additional of 77.85 lux Number of fittings required, N

đ??¸đ?&#x2018;Ľđ??´

đ?&#x2018; = đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x2C6;đ??š đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; đ?&#x2018;&#x20AC;đ??š

100 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 23.4

= 1200 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.27 đ?&#x2018;&#x2039; 0.8 = 14

In order to achieve the Standard MS1525 luminance requirement of a staircase, the space requires 14 fluorescent or to fulfil the requirement for MS1525

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3.5 Conclusion of Lighting Evaluation in Lantern Hotel

Based on our evaluation and data collection, we can conclude that lantern hotel has a dim environment, due to absence of sufficient ambient lighting. During day time, most of the spaces receives sufficient day lighting with the aid of acrylic skylight, perforated faรงade and operable windows. Due to the fact that lantern hotel is located at a corner lot, maximizing daylighting is the main priority. On the other hand, lantern hotel primarily using accent lighting to light up the interior spaces which result in a general dim environment. The selection of light creates great atmosphere and comfortable environment. However, it is not suitable for working activities such as reading. Based on our evaluation ambient lighting is much required for better lighting properties, however working environment can be subjective to people, while based on the standard MS1525, lantern hotel does need to change their lighting method to have better lighting efficacy and energy conservation.

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4.0 ACOUSTIC STUDY 4.1 Introduction to Acoustic 4.1.1 Literature Review Acoustics is the science of sound. It deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids and solids. Sound can be defined as vibration in an elastic medium which are gases, liquids and gasses or air, water and any physical objects that still return to its normal state after being deflected. Sound can be reflected, absorbed, transmitted and diffracted. Sound and noise are two distinctive terms that people most of the time treat as the same.

However, sound is desirable whereas noise is unwanted sound. Even though noise is not desirable but some noise could be beneficial too such as fire alarms and music. Other than that, it also has effect to communication and performance which interrupt occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; activities and cause problem if it is not being controlled.

4.1.2 Architecture Acoustic Architecture acoustic is the science of controlling sound in a space which might include the design of spaces, structures and mechanical systems that meet the hearing needs for instance concert halls, classrooms and etc. Building acoustics is vital in attaining sound quality that is appropriate for a space. Pleasing sound quality and safe sound level are very important for creating suitable mood and safety in a space but it is hard to be achieved without proper design effort. The acoustic mood created in a space is highly affected by the buffer from the building exterior outdoor noise and building interior design and indoor noise.

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4.2 Precedent Study 4.2.1 Introduction Best Western Eurohotel

Best Western Eurohotel is a three-star hotel with facilities such as a cafeteria, covered swimming pool, restaurant, fitness gym and conference hall located in the central area of city of Baia Mare, Maremures, Romania. The building was built in 1964 hosted for the headquarters of a computer centre. Between 2004 and 2005, the building was consolidated and refurbished. They had extended horizontally and vertically for some new units of facilities.

As a hotel located in the center of the city, the key acoustic challenge of the hotel is to provide sufficient acoustic absorption at the faรงade of the hotel that absorbs the noise from the outside streets and hotel rooms.

Acoustic measurements were performed in the hotel to check the insulation levels of partition walls and of the faรงade at airborne noise and of the floors to the impact noise.

Figure46: Exterior of Best Western Eurohotel

The acoustic level affects the experience of the users in the hotel. There are a few key acoustic factors which is: a. Room Insulation b. Airborne Noise Level c. Impact Sound Levels

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4.2.2 Analysis Determination of Airborne Noise Level in Current Floors To determine the Airborne Noise Level in the hotel rooms, frequency intervals between 20 and 20,000 Hz are used.

The partition walls of the hotel from the first and second floor are made of 12cm thickness of full brick masonry and 3cm thick of lime cement mortar on both side, with dimensions of 5.45m length and 3.00m height.

Figure47: Detail of partition wall at the 1st and 2nd floor

Figure48: Dimensions of the partition wall

Two hotel rooms, room 104 and 105 are chosen to be measured. The noise level of surrounding spaces such as the reception, central hall from the first floor of hotel, neighbouring rooms are measured from a height of 1.30m as they affect the noise level inside the room as well.

Figure49: Rooms 104 and 105 from the first floor

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The in situ sound attenuation indices, were determined according to the norms related to sound protection with relationship

where: L1, L2 are noise levels in the emission space, respectively in the reception space, [dB]; S – the wall surface, [m2]; A – the equivalent absorption area, in the receptive room, [m2].

The Reverberation time, T is measured and calculated using the formula

where: V is the volume of the room, [m3]; A – the equivalent absorption area, [m2]

Figure50: The curve of the acoustic damping coeffecients R(f) and the reference curve

The surface of the partition wall between the emission room and the receptive room is S = 5.50 × 3.00 = 16.50 m2 and the volume of the receptive room is V = 48.91 m3.The rating of airborne sound was done according to existent standards. The airborne sound reduction index for the partition wall, noted 'w R , is defined with the method presented in the standards, by comparing the curve of the acoustic damping coefficients ( ) ' i R f , obtained in 1/3 octave bands over the range 100 Hz to 3,150 Hz and the reference (calibrated) curve of the sound damping coefficients . The curve ( ) ' i R f and the reference (calibrated) curve are presented.

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The method through which the two curves are compared consists in displacing the reference curve (calibrated curve) with 1 dB steps, versus the measured and calculated curve, ( ) ' i R f , until the sum of the negative deviations reaches the highest value, but does not exceed 32.0. The deviation is seen as negative, at a certain frequency, if the measured or calculated value is lower than the reference value. Only negative deviations are considered. If the movement follows the mentioned procedure, the value of the reference curve, expressed in dB at 500 Hz, is 'w R . In our case we have According to Norms related to sound protection the admissible value of the airborne sound reduction index for the inner partition walls in a hotel is 51 dB. It yields that Therefore the wall does not ensures the insulation against the airborne sound. A comparison of the curves of acoustic attenuation indices, ( ) ' i R f , with the curve Cz 30 was also made. This comparison is given in the normatives as the admitted limit of the inner airborne sound in dwelling rooms or sleeping rooms in a hotel (Fig. 7).

Figure51: Noise levels compared with admissible noise curve limits Cz30

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Comparing the noise level in room 105 with the reference curve Cz 30, one notices that, at higher frequencies (250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, 8,000 Hz), the admitted values are exceeded by 0.98, 3.32, 0.89, 3.25, 7.81 and, respectively, 8.77 dB. Conclusion As a conclusion, from the point of view of the acoustic measurements, the partition wall between rooms 104 and 105 do not provide the sound insulation level required. This means that measures should be installed for additional sound insulation. A rehabilitation solution, from an acoustic point of view would have been the plating of the initial wall with a metallic skeleton, mineral wool of minimum 5 cm thickness, inserted in the metallic skeleton and over the profiles gypsum plaster plates, on both sides of the existing wall.

Impact Sound level in the Rooms Impact sound level in one of the main key factor that affects the acoustic level in a room . In the study of this hotel, the impact sound level of the roomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s floor is measured by using frequency intervals between 20Hz to 20,000Hz. An impact hammer is used to measure the 12cm thick reinforced concrete with 3cm thick fire-free-wall-to-wall carpet.

Figure52: Current floor floring

The rating of impact sound is calculated using the formula:

L= sound level in the reception room.(room 105) (dB) A = equivalent area for acoustic absorption in the reception space (m2) A0= Calculated function of the reverberation time measured in room 105 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; equivalent area of reference for acoustic absorption (a0 = 10m2)

Figure53: Rating index

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The curve of the normalized levels, Ln(f), which corresponds to the constructive unit made up of the reinforced concrete + flooring, was calculated with relationship (4); the curve Ln(f) was compared to the reference curve from Fig. 14 and Table 3. A reference flooring is taken (12 cm thick reinforced concrete flooring), where the values of the normalised impact noise, Ln,r,o , and the impact sound insulation index, Ln,r,o,w = 78 dB, are known. The reference curve is displaced up and down so that the sum of detrimental deviations nears as much as possible to the value of 32 dB, but does not exceed it; the impact sound insulation index (Ln,r,w) represents the value found at 500 Hz on the reference curve (moved with 2 dB), to overlap curve Ln(f). The index regarding the improvement of the impact sound insulation (ΔLw) for the single reinforced concrete flooring is calculated with the relationship

In our case we have ΔLw = 78 – 62 = 16 dB. According to Norms related to sound protection, the condition for a flooring to provide impact sound insulation is given by

Conclusion Calculations show, by comparing curve Ln(f) with the reference curve, that the floor between rooms 105 and 205 provides the necessary impact sound insulation, at minimum level. In brief, considering measurements, the impact sound insulation of the flooring needs not improvement.

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4.3 Site Acoustic 4.3.1 Outdoor Noise Sources

Located in the heart of Petaling Street Market which is a popular tourist attraction spot, Lantern Hotel has its own challenges in overcoming the noise level produced by the street. The market vibrant lifestyle attracting large crowds especially at night create certain noise level which is higher as sound travels upwards and eventually become weaker. (As shown in Figure 54) The porous bricks faรงade of Lantern Hotel facing towards the market has minimal effect in reducing noise level within the buildings as gaps are designed in between the bricks faรงade which easily allows the direct transmission of noise. Thus, most of the spaces within the building are affected by outdoor noise produced on the street .

Figure 54: Section showing outdoor noise source

Figure55: Plan showing outdoor street noise source at second floor

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4.3.2 Indoor Noise Sources

Figure56: Section showing indoor noise sources

Indoor Noise sources in Lantern Hotel are speakers, air circulators and human activities. As shown in Figure xx, indoor noise level is higher on the second floor and gradually decreases as it travels upwards to third and fourth floor. Second floor has the highest noise level compared to other floors above as second floor comprises of primary public spaces such as reception, cafeteria, terrace and atrium that provide seats for guests. Thus, speakers, air circulators and human activities occur more on the second floor compared to floors above where the hotel rooms are allocated.

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Figure57: Plans showing noise of human activiites

Apart from outdoor human activities in Petaling street, human activities in the building are also one of the main factors that contribute to the high noise decibel reading especially during peak hour. However, some of the hotel rooms are fairly affected by the indoor human activities.

On the second floor, primary human activities mainly occur in spaces that are nearer to the outdoor , reception, cafeteria and outdoor deck. These spaces are mainly where light refreshments are provided for hotel guests. However, secondary activities mainly occur at the atrium where seats are provided.

On the fourth floor, there are less human activities compared to second floor as fourth floor mainly comprises of hotel rooms. The two mini lounge areas are where the primary human activities occur. ( As shown in Figure 57 )

Figure58: Human activiites at cafeteria, reception,and atrium

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Figure59 : Second floor plan showing positions of speakers

The speakers are placed at the reception area and the sound is transmitted throughout the cafeteria and corridor as well as the open deck. The sound of music is either being directed, reflected or refracted depending on the reflectance of material surface. The purpose of placing speakers at the reception area is to create a welcoming atmosphere when guests walk in. The music emitted in the direction of terrace is being blocked by the stairs and thus, another speaker is placed at the open deck. The speakers only blare during the peak hour to liven up the mood when hotel guests are spending their night at the terrace drinking and hanging out.

Figure 60: Speakers placed at terrace

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Figure 61: Plans showing position of ventilitators

Lantern Hotel promotes natural ventilation by using porous bricks faรงade to allow smooth flow of outside air into the building. However, air circulators like ceiling fans and air conditioners are still used in Lantern Hotel to further improve human thermal comfort being in this context that has hot and humid weather most of the time.

Corridors are ventilated using ceiling fans to minimize energy consumption and promote energy efficiency in the building by using less air-conditioner. Ceiling fans are only switched on during the peak period when the space has more users. Along the corridor, ceiling fans installed clatter against steel service piping running along ceilings (As shown in Figure 62), it causes the production of unwanted noise along the corridor.

Only the reception and cafeteria are cooled using ceiling cassette air conditioner (As shown in Figure 64 ) to provide guests a pleasant welcoming space. Thus,the air conditioner is used from day to night. This has contributed to the higher decibel reading of the area during both non-peak hour and peak hour. Air conditioners are also used in all the hotel rooms where there are less natural ventilation allowed.

The AHU system is located at the rooftop where the noise produced has minimal effect to the rooms directly below it.

Figure62: Ceiling fans installed against service pipes at the corridor

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Figure63: A row of ceiling fans at the Atrium

Figure64: Ceiling cassette air conditioner at the Cafeteria

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4.3.3 Equipment Location

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4.3.4 Equipment Specification

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4.3.5 Data Collection and analysis

›

Figure65: Acoustic performance of atrium/cafeteria during non- peak hour

›

Figure66: Acoustic performance of atrium/cafeteria during peak hour

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Based on the two diagrams above, atrium has lower decibel reading compared to cafeteria during both peak period and non-peak period. The decibel reading gradually increases from the back of the space to the front of the space due to the location of Petaling street market where the front is facing directly to it. However, at the atrium decibel reading is lower as the atrium is in between two rows of rooms on both sides to cater their guests, thus outside noise source can be hardly detected unless there are movements of guests and contribution of equipment noise â&#x20AC;&#x201C; ceiling fan during peak period.

During non-peak period, decibel reading is highest at E3, reception of Lantern Hotel . The production of workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; noise during non-peak hour contribute to the high decibel reading at point E3. Electrical appliances such as fans and coffee grinder are not switched on and being used during non-peak hour thus the overall decibel reading is lower due to the decrease in noise contribution of interior noise source.

During peak period, the noise level is highest at point E3 and F5 , reception of Lantern Hotel and mini bar at the cafeteria. Outdoor noise and indoor noise sources both contribute to the overall high decibel reading of the atrium and cafeteria. The area becomes merrier as the night approaches because of night market at Petaling street and the blaring music from the speakers placed at the outdoor deck to liven up the mood of the hotel at night when guests start to return from outside.

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Figure67: Acoustic performance of corridor during non- peak hour

Figure68: Acoustic performance of corridor during peak hour

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Based on the two diagrams above, the corridor on the fourth floor of Lantern Hotel receive less noise from the outside compared to atrium and cafeteria on the second floor. The high decibel reading is contributed by outdoor noise source due to the direct sound transmission through the porous bricks façade and indoor noise source – ventilation equipment. Decible reading is higher at the locations of electrical fans also where the fenestrations of the façade are. Decibel reading is constantly high starting from point O10 because of the outdoor noise produced from the kitchen of the food court behind Lantern Hotel.

The decibel reading for both peak and non-peak period are similar in pattern but different in decibel reading values. Thus, the overall noise level of the corridor is constant during peak and non-peak hours and less affected due to the higher floor level compared to atrium and cafeteria also less human movements on the higher floor level where the rooms are located.

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Figure69: Acoustic performance of room type 2&3 during non- peak hour

Figure70: Acoustic performance of room type 2&3 during peak hour

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Based on the two diagrams above, rooms facing the outside has higher decibel reading than rooms facing the corridor inside as rooms outside receive more outdoor noise source. The rooms should have low noise level in order to provide guests a comfortable environment to rest. Therefore, the corridor acts as a buffer of the rooms facing outside from the outdoor noise. The decibel reading of the corridor in figure xx and xx are relatively higher than the decibel readings of corridor above.

Similar to the decibel reading of corridor, the pattern of decibel reading for rooms are the same but different in decibel reading value. The room has the overall lowest decibel reading compared to the other two studied space â&#x20AC;&#x201C; atrium & cafeteria due to the arrangement of plan as strategy to reduce noise level in the rooms. Some of the rooms of room type 2 are not affected at all, however all of the rooms of room type 3 are affected by outdoor noise as the decibel reading is higher when points are near to the outside compared to points near the atrium.

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Figure71: Acoustic performance of room type 1 during non- peak hour

Figure72: Acoustic performance of room type 1 during peak hour

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Based on the two diagrams above, Room type 1 is greatly affected by both the indoor noise sources and outdoor noise. Compared to decibel readings of Room type 2&3 (As shown in Figure xx and xx), Room type 1 located on the second floor has higher decibel readings.

As the room layout of Room type 1 has lanai or verandah that is attached to the faรงade.

This has made the room to be directly connected to the outside through the verandah when the louvered window is opened. Thus, the decibel reading of verandah is higher compared to room space during non-peak hour.

During peak hour, the decibel readings in the room are constantly high because of the outdoor activities of Petaling street also the indoor human activities occur at the atrium when hotel guests return to the hotel at night contribute to the high decibel reading of the room.

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4.4 Acoustic Analysis 4.4.1 Reverberation Time Reverberation Time (RT) at 500 Hz The reverberation time of a space refers to the time taken for sound energy to dissipate.

Reverberation in an enclosed space is made up multiple â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;echoesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; or â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;reflectionsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

Reverberation time is calculated to determine how well a space can function for its intended use and to analyse if the absorption coefficient of the material is efficient enough within a space. In fact, different material has different acoustic absorption coefficient in different frequencies. Acoustical absorption of materials in 500 Hz frequency are taken as reference to calculate reverberation time. Table below shows the total sound absorption at 500 Hz during peak and non-peak hour.

The reverberation time of a room is linked to the the surfaces that enclose it and the volume of the room by the Sabine equation: A = đ?&#x2018;şđ?&#x;? đ?&#x2019;&#x201A;đ?&#x;? + đ?&#x2018;şđ?&#x;? đ?&#x2019;&#x201A;đ?&#x;? + đ?&#x2018;şđ?&#x;&#x2018; đ?&#x2019;&#x201A;đ?&#x;&#x2018; + đ?&#x2018;şđ?&#x;&#x2019; đ?&#x2019;&#x201A;đ?&#x;&#x2019; + â&#x2039;Ż . đ?&#x2018;şđ?&#x2019;? đ?&#x2019;&#x201A;đ?&#x2019;?

S= Surface area of material, A = Absorption Coefficient of Material RT

=

đ?&#x2018;ťđ?&#x2019;&#x2122;đ?&#x2018;˝ đ?&#x2018;¨

T = Reverberation Time in seconds = 0.16 V = Volume of Space, A = Total Room Absorption

Internal Space Private Office Open Plan Office Secondary School Classroom Hotel Rooms Coffee bar Atrium Restaurant

Reverberation Time, s 0.6 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 0.8 0.8 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1.2 < 0.8 0.4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 0.6 < 1.0 1.5 -2.0 0.8 - 1.2

Recommended Reverberation Time for Indicative Spaces Source: http://clarkesaunders.com/reverberation-time

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i.

Zoning of Spaces The reverberation time of main interior spaces of Lantern Hotel is calculated. The spaces include: Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

ii.

68

Cafeteria Bar & Reception Cafeteria Dining Area//Corridor (Atrium) Room Type 1 (Room facing outside at 2nd Floor) Room Type 2 (Room facing outside at 4th Floor) Room Type 3 (Room facing inside at 4th Floor)

Volume of main interior spaces, V

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= Zone 1 + Zone 2 + Zone 3 +Zone 4 + Zone 5 = 114.4 m3 + 710.66 m3 + 62.72 m3 + 26.4 m3+ 34.88 m3 = 949.06 m3

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Zone 1 Calculation: Cafeteria Bar & Reception

Building Element Ceiling Wall

Area (m2) 41.4 7.6 42.8 10.95 33.6 7.8 11.7 5.5 20.6 0.75 4.95 41.4

Absorption Coefficient 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.11 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.07 0.14 0.03 0.01

Sa 0.828 0.228 0.856 1.2045 2.352 0.156 0.351 0.11 1.442 0.105 0.1485 0.414 6.842

Human Total Absorption (Peak Hour)

7

0.42 per person

2.8 9.642

Human Total Absorption (Non-Peak Hour)

2

0.42 per person

0.84 7.682

Floor Window Furniture

Surface Material, Color & Description White Plaster Standard Brickwork Painted Plaster Surface on Masonry Wall Slate Chalkboard Light Walnut Parquet fixed on concrete Smooth Polished Concrete Light Walnut Timber Shutter Polished Concrete Light Walnut Plywood Plank Counter & Surface Metal Stool Porous Brick Counter Stand

Air Total Material Absorption Value

Non-Peak Hour

Peak Hour RT

= =

0.16 x V A 0.16 x 114.4 9.642

RT

=

0.16 x V

=

0.16 x 114.4

A 7.682

= 2.38 s = 1.89 s The reverberation time for Zone 1 in 500 Hz of absorption is 1.89 s and 2.38 s during peak and non-peak hour respectively when the timber shutters are shut. According to the standard comfort of reverberation time for restaurants is less than 1.0 s. The reverberation time of the case study on 500 Hz has exceeded this standard range. This space with longer reverberation time shows that the noises within the space created by the coffee machines which will affect the level of comfort of guests when dining in that particular area.

However, the problem is solved when the timber shutter windows are open so that the reverberation time within the space is lower.

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Zone 2 Calculation: Cafeteria Dining Area//Corridor (Atrium)

Building Element Ceiling Wall

Surface Material Acrylic Skylight Standard Brickwork Concrete Block painted white Porous Concrete Block Floor Light Walnut Parquet fixed on concrete Beam White Plaster Concrete Furniture Light Walnut Timber Chairs and Tables Total Material Absorption Value

Area 66.9 5.54 356.4 2.49 66.9 24.78 0.9

Absorption Coefficient 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.02 0.07

Sa 1.338 0.1662 21.384 0.1245 4.683 0.4956 0.063 28.2543

Human Total Absorption (Peak Hour)

8

0.42 per person

3.36 31.6143

Human Total Absorption (Non-Peak Hour)

2

0.42 per person

0.84 29.0943

Peak Hour RT

= =

Non-Peak Hour

0.16 x V A 0.16 x710.66 31.6143

RT

=

0.16 x V

=

0.16 x 710.66

A 29.0943

= 3.59 s = 3.91 s The reverberation time for Zone 2 in 500 Hz of absorption is 3.59s and 3.91s during peak and non-peak hour respectively. According to the standard comfort of reverberation time for atrium is between 1.5-2.0s. The reverberation time of the case study on 500 Hz has exceeded this standard range. This space with longer reverberation time shows that the noises within the space causes build-up noise level within the dining area itself as well as creating loud noise source to the adjacent hotel rooms along the corridor which will affect the level of comfort of guests. The prolongation of the sound in that space is caused by continued multiple reflections and dispersion of sound at the corners of the beams across the atrium.

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Zone 3 Calculation: Room Type 1 (Room facing outside at 2nd Floor)

Building Element Ceiling Floor

Wall Door Window Human Air Total Absorption, A

RT

= =

Surface Material Cement Board Ceiling Terrazzo Tiles Porous Brick Wall Painted Concrete Block Standard Brickwork Solid Timber Door Light Walnut Timber Shutter

Area 25.2 25.2 4.32 45.4 16.9 1.8 11.1 6 25.2

Absorption Coefficient 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.42 per person 0.01

Sa 1.008 0.252 0.1296 2.724 0.507 0.108 0.333 2.52 0.252 7.8336

0.16 x V A 0.16 x 62.72 7.8336

= 1.28 s The reverberation time for Zone 3 which is the worker rest room, in 500 Hz of absorption is 1.28s. According to the standard comfort of reverberation time is between 0.4 - 0.6s. The reverberation time of the case study on 500 Hz has exceeded this standard range. This space with longer reverberation time shows that both the noises within the space and noise intrusion from external street creates loud noise source to the adjacent hotel rooms along the corridor which will affect the level of comfort of guests.

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Zone 4 Calculation: Room Type 2 (Room facing outside at 4th Floor)

Building Element Ceiling Floor Wall Door Window Human Air Total Absorption, A

RT

= =

Surface Material Cement Board Ceiling Terrazzo Tiles Painted Concrete Block Solid Timber Door 6mm Glass

Area 8.25 8.25 34.96 1.8 2.45 2 8.25

Absorption Coefficient 0.04 0.015 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.42 per person 0.01

Sa 0.33 0.12375 2.0976 0.108 0.098 0.84 0.0825 3.58185

0.16 x V A 0.16 x 26.4 3.5819

= 1.18 s

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Zone 5 :Calculation: Room Type 3 (Room facing inside at 4th Floor)

Building Element Ceiling Floor

Surface Material Cement Board Ceiling Terrazzo Tiles Painted Concrete Block 6 mm Glass Solid Timber Door Ordinary window glass

Wall Door Glass box Human Air Total Absorption, A

RT

= =

Area 10.9 10.9 42.56 9.288 1.8 9.288 2 10.9

Absorption Coefficient 0.04 0.015 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.42 per person 0.01

Sa 0.436 0.1635 2.5536 0.37152 0.108 0.37152 0.82 0.109 4.56162

0.16 x V A 0.16 x 34.88 4.56162

= 1.22 s The reverberation time for Zone 4 and 5 which is room with window and room with reverberation glass box, in 500 Hz of absorption is 1.18s and 1.22. According to the standard comfort of reverberation time is between 0.4 - 0.6s. The reverberation time of the case study on 500 Hz has exceeded this standard range. The build-up noise level within the room can be reduced by implementing surface treatment like using carpet for floors etc.

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4.4.2 Sound Intensity Level (SIL) Intensity is defined as the sound power per unit area. The usual context is the measurement of sound intensity in the air at a listener's location. The basic units are watts/m2 or watts/cm2.

SPL/SIL = 10 log10

đ??&#x2C6;

, where SIL = Sound Intensity Level, Iref = 1 x 10-2

đ?&#x2018;°đ?&#x2019;&#x201C;đ?&#x2019;&#x2020;đ?&#x2019;&#x2021;

Zone 1 Calculation: Cafeteria Bar & Reception Non-peak Hour: Reading 1 = 75 dB SIL

= 10 log10

75 dB

= 10 log10

log-1 7.5 Iđ??ť Reading 2

=

Iđ??ť

Iđ??ť đ??źđ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; Iđ??ť 1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;12

1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;12

= (3.162 x 107) x (1x 10-12) = 3.162 x 10-5 = 65 dB

SIL

= 10 log10

65 dB

= 10 log10 Iđ??ż

Iđ??ż đ??źđ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; Iđ??ż 1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;12

log-1 7.5

=

Iđ??ť

= (3.162 x 106) x (1x 10-12) = 3.162 x 10-6

1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;12

Sum of all the points, I 1+ 2 + n (Provided n = Iđ??ż value at remaining points Combined SIL

= 10 log10

= (3.162 x 10-5) + (3.162x 10-6) + (n) = 3.478 x 10-5+ n

Iđ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ??´đ??ż

đ??źđ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; 3.478 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;5 +đ?&#x2018;&#x203A;

= 10 log10

1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;12

Following calculation included in the table provided below Peak Hour: Reading 1 SIL

= 10 log10

81 dB

= 10 log10 Iđ??ť

Iđ??ť đ??źđ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; Iđ??ť 1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;12

log-1 8.1

=

Iđ??ť

= (1.259 x 108) x (1x 10-12) = 1.259 x 10-4 = 72 dB

Reading 2

74

= 81 dB

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1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;12

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SIL

= 10 log10

72 dB

= 10 log10 Iđ??ż

Iđ??ż đ??źđ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; Iđ??ż 1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;12

log-1 7.2

=

Iđ??ť

= (1.584 x 107) x (1x 10-12) = 1.584 x 10-5

1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;12

Total Intensities, I TOTAL = (1.259 x 10-4) + (1.584x 10-5) +n (Provided n = Iđ??ż value at remaining points) = 1.4174 x 10-4 + n Combined SPL

= 10 log10

= 10 log10

Iđ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x201A;đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ??´đ??ż

đ??źđ?&#x2018;&#x;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x201C; 1.4174 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;4 +đ?&#x2018;&#x203A; 1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;12

Following calculation included in the table provided below Cafeteria (Non Peak) Sound Intensity I value (dB) 75 3.16 x10-5 67 5.01 x10-6 68 6.31 x10-6 69 7.94 x10-6 69 7.94 x10-6 66 3.98 x10-6 65 3.16 x10-6 66 3.98 x10-6 Total 7.01 x10-5 Combined SPL

78.45 dB

Cafeteria (Peak) Sound Intensity(dB) I value 81 74 73 74 76 78 86 72 Total

1.26 x10-4 2.51 x10-5 2.00 x10-5 2.51 x10-5 3.98 x10-5 6.31 x10-5 3.98 x10-4 1.58 x10-5 7.13 x10-5

Combined SPL

88.53 dB

The average sound intensity level at the cafeteria is the highest because itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s located at the entrance of the hotel. The main noise sources are generally contributed by visitors and workers. On the other hand, the sound intensity level fluctuate around 70dB to 80dB during the operation hours of the sound system and coffee machine installed at the reception/cafeteria area.

However during non-peak hours, noise level remains highest among other spaces in lantern hotel. This is due to the application of perforated façade and operable window which would likely to allow transmittance of noise from the busy street market and AHU across the street. Perforated façade and operable window may provide aesthetic but results in poor sound insulation properties of the space.

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Zone 2 Calculation : Cafeteria Dining Area // Corridor (Atrium) Atrium (Non Peak) Sound Intensity (Db) 66 62 56 55 52 52 51 52 51 51 56 58 Total Combined SPL

3.98 x10-6 1.58 x10-6 3.98 x10-7 3.16 x10-7 1.58 x10-7 1.58 x10-7 1.25 x10-7 1.58 x10-7 1.25 x10-7 1.25 x10-7 7.13 x10-6 6.31 x10-7 1.49 x10-5

Atrium (Peak) Sound Intensity (Db) 72 78 62 61 58 58 57 58 57 57 62 64 Total

1.58 x10-5 6.31 x10-5 1.58 x10-6 1.26 x10-6 6.30 x10-7 6.30 x10-7 5.01 x10-7 6.31 x10-7 5.01 x10-7 5.01 x10-7 1.58 x10-6 2.51 x10-6 8.93 x10-5

71.73 dB

Combined SPL

79.51 dB

I value

I value

The average sound intensity level is generally higher at the central atrium because it’s the heart of the hotel and holds most of the public activities during the peak hour.

However, the noise level still remains around 71dB during non-peak hours, noise level was generally contributed from the street level due to openness of the perforated façade and operable louvered windows. Masking noise generated from the air conditioner creates a sound barrier, allowed the street noises to be hardly noticeable.

The application of masking noise improves acoustic experience, allowed the user to appreciate the spaces without disruption from external noise.

‘

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Zone 3 Calculation: Room Type 1 (Room facing outside at 2nd Floor) Room Type 1 (Non peak) Sound Intensity (dB) I Value 62 1.58 x10-6 60 1.00 x10-6 65 3.16 x10-6 63 2.00 x10-6 60 1.00 x10-7 65 3.16 x10-6 50 1.00 x10-7 51 1.26 x10-7 55 3.16 x10-7 50 1.00 x10-7 50 1.00 x10-7 55 3.16 x10-7 Total 1.30 x10-5 Combined SPL

71.13 dB

Room Type 1(Peak) Sound Intensity (dB) I Value 65 3.16 x10-6 65 3.16 x10-6 68 6.31 x10-6 65 3.16 x10-6 64 2.51 x10-6 68 6.31 x10-6 55 3.16 x10-7 54 2.51 x10-7 58 6.31 x10-7 55 3.16 x10-7 55 3.16 x10-7 59 7.94 x10-7 Total 2.72 x10-5 Combined SPL

74.35 dB

Zone 4 Calculation: Room Type 2 (Room facing outside at 4th Floor)

Room Type 2 (Non peak) Sound Intensity (dB) I Value 46 3.98 x10-7 40 1.00 x10-8 45 3.16 x10-8 40 1.00 x10-8 43 2.00 x10-8 45 3.16 x10-8 43 2.00 x10-8 46 3.98 x10-8 43 2.00 x10-8 45 3.16 x10-8 46 3.98 x10-8 45 3.16 x10-8 46 3.98 x10-8 44 2.51 x10-8 Total 3.97 x10-7 Combined SPL

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55.91dB

Room Type 2 (Peak) Sound Intensity (dB) I Value 51 1.26 x10-7 47 5.01 x10-8 50 1.00 x10-7 47 5.01 x10-8 45 3.16 x10-8 50 1.00 x10-7 45 3.16 x10-8 50 1.00 x10-7 46 3.98 x10-8 52 1.58 x10-7 46 3.98 x10-8 51 1.26 x10-7 53 2.00 x10-7 49 7.94 x10-7 Total 1.23 10-6 Combined SPL

60.91dB

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Zone 5 :Calculation: Room Type 3 (Room facing inside at 4th Floor) Room Type 3 (Non peak) Sound Intensity 38 6.31 x10-7 43 2.00 x10-8 38 6.31 x10-7 45 3.16 x10-8 43 2.00 x10-8 45 3.16 x10-8 43 2.00 x10-8 46 3.98 x10-8 43 2.00 x10-8 45 3.16 x10-8 46 3.98 x10-8 45 3.16 x10-8 46 3.98 x10-8 44 2.51 x10-8 3.63 x10-7 Combined SPL 55.60dB

Room Type 3 (Peak) Sound intensity 51 1.25 x10-7 47 5.01 x10-8 50 1.00 x10-7 47 5.01 x10-8 45 3.16 x10-8 50 1.00 x10-7 45 3.16 x10-8 50 1.00 x10-7 46 3.98 x10-8 52 1.58 x10-7 46 3.98 x10-8 51 1.25 x10-7 53 2.00 x10-7 49 7.94 x10-8 1.23 x10-6 Combined SPL 60.90dB

Zone 6 : Corridor ( 4th Floor) Corridor (Non Peak) Sound Intensity (dB) I Value 49 50 48 51 51 53 54 55 55 53 56 58 54 56

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7.94 x10-7 1.00 x10-7 6.31 x10-7 1.25 x10-7 1.26 x10-7 2.00 x10-7 2.51 x10-7 3.16 x10-7 3.16 x10-7 2.00 x10-7 3.98 x10-7 6.31 x10-7 2.51 x10-7 3.98 x10-7

Corridor (Peak) Sound Intensity (dB) I Value 59 62 59 60 63 61 61 65 65 63 65 66 63 66

7.94 x10-7 1.58 x10-7 7.94 x10-7 1.00 x10-6 2.00 x10-6 1.26 x10-6 1.26 x10-6 3.16 x10-6 3.16 x10-6 2.00 x10-6 3.16 x10-6 3.98 x10-6 2.00 x10-6 3.98 x10-6

LIGHTING & ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE LANTERN HOTEL

56 54 53 58 59 60 Total

3.98 x10-7 2.51 x10-7 2.00 x10-7 6.31 x10-7 7.94 x10-7 1.00 x10-6 6.73 x10-6

66 64 63 65 65 67 Total

3.98 x10-6 2.51 x10-6 2.00 x10-7 3.16 x10-6 3.16 x10-6 5.01 x10-6 5.00 x10-5

Combined SIL

68.28dB

Combined SIL

76.99 dB

Corridor reduces noise level as it provides a buffering zone and sound barrier towards the hotel rooms. The results shown in the table indicates significant lower sound intensity level recorded in Room type 2 and Room type 3 due to the presence of corridor. On the other hand, the results shown that Room type 1 receive higher noise level from the street market, which is believed to be transmitted directly from the street through street facing balcony in Room type 1.

Other than that, manipulating distance between noise sources plays an important role in reducing noise level. The tabulated data proves that corridor, room 2 and 3 located at the 4th floor of the hotel typically receive less noise when itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s further apart from the street. Generally the position and layout of the room ominously affects the acoustic quality of the room.

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4.4.3 Sound Transmission Loss (TL) Sound Transmission Loss (TL) analysis is conducted to analyse the reduction of sound from external space to the internal space. For this case study, the transmission loss or reduction in decibels (dB) is determined as sound waves passed through a particular material of different wall surfaces of the cafĂŠ and its corridor area at second floor.

Calculation of transmission loss on materials is based on the formulae as stated below: SRI = TL = 10 log10

đ?&#x;? đ?&#x2018;ťđ?&#x2019;&#x201A;đ?&#x2019;&#x2014;

,

Where, Tav = Average transmission coefficient of materials SRIn = 10 log10

đ?&#x;? ,

đ?&#x2018;ťđ?&#x2019;? (đ?&#x2018;şđ?&#x;? đ?&#x2019;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;ťđ?&#x2019;&#x201E;đ?&#x;? ) + (đ?&#x2018;şđ?&#x;? đ?&#x2019;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;ťđ?&#x2019;&#x201E;đ?&#x;? ) + â&#x20AC;Ś.(đ?&#x2018;şđ?&#x2019;? đ?&#x2019;&#x2122; đ?&#x2018;ťđ?&#x2019;&#x201E;đ?&#x2019;? )

Tav =

đ?&#x2018;ťđ?&#x2019;?đ?&#x2019;&#x2022;đ?&#x2019;&#x201A;đ?&#x2019;? đ?&#x2018;şđ?&#x2019;&#x2013;đ?&#x2019;&#x201C;đ?&#x2019;&#x2021;đ?&#x2019;&#x201A;đ?&#x2019;&#x201E;đ?&#x2019;&#x2020; đ?&#x2018;¨đ?&#x2019;&#x201C;đ?&#x2019;&#x2020;đ?&#x2019;&#x201A;

Where, Sn = Surface Area of Material Tcn = Transmission Coefficient of Material

Building Component Wall 1 Wall 2 Wall 3

80

Building Element 5 Timber Shutter Windows Unfinished Brick Wall 100mm Concrete Blockwall Painted White Fixed Window Concrete Blockwall Painted White Fixed Glass Wall

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Material Timber Brick Paint Glass Paint Glass

Surface Area, S (m2) 8.4 8.6 7.6 2.2 5.1 11.7

SRI (dB) 10 39 45 35 45 35

Transmission Coefficient (T) 0.1 1.259 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10 4 3.1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10 5 3.1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10 4 3.1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10 5 3.1 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10 4

Sn x Tcn .4 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10 1 1.0 2 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10 3 1.009 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10 4 1.43 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10 3 4.5 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10 1 2.405 đ?&#x2018;Ľ 10 3

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Wall 1 Overall Sound Energy Transmission Coefficient (CafĂŠ Reception & Bar Area)

Windows SRI SRI Timber 10

Unfinished Brick Wall 100mm 1 SRI = 10 log10 T SRI Brick = 39 1 39 = 10 log10 T

1

= 10 log10 T = 10 1 = 10 log10 T 1

log-1 1 =T Transmission Coefficient of Timber, TTimber = 0.1 Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials Tav

= =

=

0.1 x 8.4 + (1.259 x 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;4 ) đ?&#x2018;Ľ 8.6 8.4+8.6 0.84+(1.082 x 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;3 ) 0.841 17

17

= 4.947 x 10

1

log-1 3.9 =T Transmission Coefficient of Brick, TBrick = 1.259 x 10-4 Overall SRI of Wall 1 SRI

= 10 log10

SRI Wall 1

= 10 log10 = 13dB

1 đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ł

1

4.947 x 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;2

2

BS8233 Guidance Noise Levels

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Standard Internal Noise Control for Hotel Bar & Reception Required Transmission Coefficient

Daytime – 30 dB to 45 dB Night Time – 25 dB to 35 dB Daytime: 40 log-1 4

1

= 10 log10 T 1

=T = 1 x 10-4

Night Time: 30 = 10 l og10 log-1 3

1

1 T

=T = 1 x 10-3

Table shows Comparison with Standard Noise Rating (NR) Value and required TL

Noise Level in reception and coffee bar of Lantern Hotel after transmission loss: Peak Hour Non-peak Hour

Street Noise 83 dB 78 dB

Overall TL of wall 13 dB 13 dB

Noticeable Noise 70 dB 65 dB

As shown in the calculation above, wall 1 experienced only 13 dB overall transmission loss where 65dB to 70 dB is the noticeable noise within the cafeteria. It exceeds the standard noise rating value (40dB during day time and 30 dB during night time) of a reception and coffee bar as well as its required transmission coefficient. Thus the SRI/TL of the hotel rooms is not efficient enough to maintain the human comfort level due to its perforated brick facade.

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Wall 2 Overall Sound Energy Transmission Coefficient for Room Type 3 (Room with Fixed Glass)

Concrete Blockwall Painted White 1 SRI = 10 log10 T SRI Timber = 10 1 45 = 10 log10 T

Fixed Window 1 SRI = 10 log10 T SRI Brick = 35 1 35 = 10 log10 T

log-1 4.5 =T Transmission Coefficient of Timber, TTimber = 3.16 x 10-5

log-1 3.5 =T Transmission Coefficient of Brick, TBrick = 3.16 x 10-4

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials

Overall SRI of Wall 1

1

Tav

= =

3.16 x 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;5

+ (3.16 x 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;4 )

9.8 3.476 x 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;4 9.8

= 3.547 x đ?&#x;?đ?&#x;&#x17D;

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đ?&#x;&#x201C;

1

SRI

= 10 log10

SRI Wall 1

= 10 log10 = 40.2 dB

1 đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ł

1

9.54 x 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;5

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Wall 3 Overall Sound Energy Transmission Coefficient for Room Type 3 (Room with Glass Box)

Concrete Blockwall Painted White 1 SRI = 10 log10 T SRI Timber = 10 1 45 = 10 log10 T

Fixed Glass Wall 1 SRI = 10 log10 T SRI Brick = 35 1 35 = 10 log10 T

log-1 4.5 =T Transmission Coefficient of Timber, TTimber = 3.16 x 10-5

log-1 3.5 =T Transmission Coefficient of Brick, TBrick = 3.16 x 10-4

Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials

Overall SRI of Wall 1

1

Tav

= =

3.16 x 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;5 + (3.16 x 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;4 ) 5.1+11.7 3.476 x 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;4 16.8

1

SRI

= 10 log10

SRI Wall 1

= 10 log10

1 đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;Ł

1

2.3x 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;4

= 36.38 dB

đ?&#x;&#x2019;

= 2.3 x đ?&#x;?đ?&#x;&#x17D; Standard Internal Noise Control for Hotel Rooms Standard Internal Noise Control for Hotel Daytime â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 25 dB Rooms Night Time â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 20 dB Required Transmission Coefficient Daytime: 1 25 = 10 log10 log-1 2.5

1

T

=T = 3.1622 x 10-3

Night Time: 1 20 = 10 log10 T log-1 2

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1

=T = 1 x 10-2

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Noise Level in hotel rooms of Lantern Hotel after transmission loss: Room with Fixed Glass Peak Hour Non-peak Hour

Noise from Atrium 60 dB 51 dB

Overall TL of wall 36.38 dB 36.38 dB

Noticeable Noise 23.62 dB 14.62 dB

Noise from Atrium 60 dB 51 dB

Overall TL of wall 40.2 dB 40.2 dB

Noticeable Noise 19.8 dB 10.8 dB

Room with Glass Box Peak Hour Non-peak Hour

As shown in the table above, wall 2 at 3 walls experienced 36 to 40 dB overall transmission loss for hotel rooms where 10 to 24 dB are the noticeable noise within the hotel rooms However, it does not exceed the standard noise rating value (25 dB during day time and 20 dB during night time) of a hotel room as well as its required transmission coefficient. Thus the SRI/TL of the hotel rooms meet the requirement of an appropriate internal noise level for a hotel to maintain the human comfort level.

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4.5 Conclusion of Acoustic Evalution in Lantern Hotel Sound Intensity Level High sound intensity levels are recorded near the atrium, cafeteria and reception during peak hour. Noise sources generally contributed by noisy street market, users and appliances. According to MS 1525 standards, the suitable sound intensity level in a public dining area is 48dB to 52Db. The sound intensity level ranges from 60dB to 80Db, which clearly exceeds the required standards. On the other hand, SIL recorded in hotel rooms in lantern hotel ranges from 40dB to 60Db which also exceeds MS1525 standards of 30- 40dB standard. Measures can be taken towards selection of sound absorbent materials to ensure better insulation properties.

Reverberation Time Reverberation time recorded at the atrium is the highest among the space due the high ceiling structure and absence of sound absorbent materials. Loudest noise sources come from the cafeteria area. Hence, sound absorbing materials such as fabric on panels and partition are recommended in the cafeteria area, to prevent noises from cafeteria to transmit towards the hotel room and corridor area. The designer made a good effort by introducing perforated façade and operable window to achieve lower reverberation time.

From the table can be seen that for most of the zones the reverberation time is far from ideal.

Sound Reduction Index The SRI/TL of the hotel rooms is not efficient enough to maintain the human comfort level due to its perforated brick façade. It can be concluded that although that although sound levels are still acceptable, lack of proper acoustical treatments result in high sound intensity level. Over the time the impact of noise disruption on customer are viable, therefore proper steps must be taken to improve the acoustic condition of the café.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Brandi, U., & Geissmar, C. (2001). Lightbook. Basel: Birkhäuser.

2. Descottes, H., & Ramos, C. (2011). Architectural lighting. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

3. Egan, M. (2007). Architectural acoustics. [Ft. Lauderdale, FL]: J. Ross Pub. 4. Gordon, G. (2003). Interior lighting for designers. New York: Wiley.

5. Pritchard, D. (1969). Lighting. New York: American Elsevier Pub. Co. 6. Winchip, S. (2008). Fundamentals of lighting. New York: Fairchild Publications

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