Evidence-Based Design: UIUC LA 537 Studio - 2021 Fall

LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

2021 LA 537 | Graduate Landscape Plan & Design Studio University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE 1

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LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

INSTRUCTORS

STUDIO PARTICIPANTS

Yijun Zeng

Junyi Zhu

Ph.D. Student, Landscape Architecture Researcher, LEAM Modeling Systems Laboratory yijunz4@illinois.edu

Dr. Brian Deal

Professor, Landscape Architecture Director, LEAM Modeling Systems Laboratory deal@illinois.edu

Landscape Architecture yk23@illinois.edu

Isyanamanova, Adele Landscape Architecture adelyai2@illinois.edu

Lee Daeun

Landscape Architecture daeunl2@illinois.edu

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STUDIO INTRODUCTION Dynamic interactions between the patterns of human and natural/urban landscapes require ever more sophisticated solutions from both scientists and designers. This class explores such solutions through the lens of landscape architecture by integrating analytic (scientific) approaches with design and calls for ‘Evidence-based Design.’

This studio explores complex urban systems that are nonlinear, uncertain, and unpredictable and how landscape designers might deal with these progressively more complex problems.

This studio pursues a variety of approaches (environmental resilience, sustainable development goals, ecological design, etc.) to facilitate cross-scaled and cross-disciplinary design processes in support of contemporary landscape architecture. This studio aims to integrate both scale (larger scale to smaller) and evidenced base design (scientific analyses with design creations) in to studio design outcomes.

This studio will roughly follow the process and approaches of Geodesign. Geodesign is an emerging concept to facilitate the negotiation/collaboration between geospatial analysts and designers and to develop advanced decisions by forecasting possible futures (designs) and assessing real-time impacts.

This studio looks for beyond-areas of Geodesign. Your learning will not be limited to Geodesign’s negotiation process but be extended to theories, methods, and techniques for urban system science though lectures, discussions of readings, lab sessions, analyses, and design practices. Through systemic analysis and collaborative design, the essence of the studio is to rethink creative design processes and how to “remake” our world through evidence-based design within the context of a rapidly changing urban environment.

Photo by: Susan Ask

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LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS Module 1 and Module 2

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Page 7

Developing Design Philosophy: Learn theories of urban resilience and equip the related geospatial techniques

Module 3

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Module 4

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Module 5

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Comprehensive Regional Analysis and Assessment: Apply the techniques to regional explorations. Assess and model contextual resilience scientifically.

Scaling Down to the Local: Find specific goals and issues based on analytic results and objective evidence. Develop design schematics with scenario-based approaches.

Performing Systemic Design: Develop “evidence-based” master plan reflecting the systemic findings (philosophies, evidence, and methods).

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LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

MODULE 1 + MODULE 2 Developing Design Philosophy Date: Aug 23 - Oct 8

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Design Philosophy Adele Isyanamanova This design philosophy diagram reflects fundamental values and the design process that is used to achieve most desirable results.

In its core, it is based on the triple bottom line concept (People-Profit-Planet) with the main focus on People as idea generators, creators, users, and judges of the design. Within this part of the framework, we consider such values as equity, health, sense of place, community, and pleasure - measurable factors that are necessary for a successful design. The other two critical parts of the framework, Planet and Profit, reflect the necessity for always considering the environment and taking into account potentials for economic development.

Once the framework is established, the first step of the design process is identifying the main problem of the site. From here, we can develop a clear design goal, or multiple goals. The first tangible step of the process after that is observation, which includes research and intuition - collecting information about the site and our own impressions, emotional response from it. Observation will lead to the development of the design concept, which will guide further process. Analysis and synthesis are necessary steps that will help us come up with the design solution in the end. It is critical to conduct multiple rounds of assessment - it will inevitably result in informing a new direction for research which will lead to the development of the best design outcome possible. Once we are close to finalizing design, we must go back to our original design goal and assess whether we were able to achieve it.

Triple bottom line model https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Triple-Bottom-LineSustainable-as-the-union-of-Bearable-Equitable-and-Viable_ fig3_338469548

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LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

Analysis

1.For the temperature comfort factor, we chose to use campus tree inventory and calculate shade area using buffer tools. Each tree was assigned a DBH value and using this DBH value with a buffer tool we found the shade area from trees and applied it to the study area.

2.It was decided that following factors would be considered: aesthetic value and temperature comfort.

To analyze the aesthetic value component, we used georeferencing tools to locate the most notable and aesthetically valuable building on campus. The dataset included photos, names of the buildings and their address, and this data was matched with the study area in ArcMap.100ft visibility buffer was applied and the result turned into raster.

3.Suitability analysis was applied to calculate a raster showing the most suitable areas for designing a walking path.

4.Manually, we determined the location of the walking paths considering our analysis results and the spatial restrictions (buildings, existing paths) within the study area.

Sketch Problem In this sketch problem, a location of a new walking path system on the UIUC campus was developed by the methods of geodesign. The process is illustrated on a simplified version of a design philosophy diagram that excludes the assessment and concept parts since the task of determining a location is relatively uncomplicated.

First of all, the problem was identified, which is a lack of walking paths on the campus overall.

The goal of the design is not simply to create a new walking path system, but add a quality component: make the process of walking this path a visually pleasing, comfortable experience that would encourage students to take the path.

Workflow diagram

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Design Philosophy Daeun Lee This design philosophy diagram shows flexible design process is available for problem solving projects. From the skecth diaram attached blow, the strategy considered the relationship between human and evnrionment as the most important factors in design. Science analysis and simultation with scenario setting enables evidence based design.

The first step of the design process according to the philosophy diagram is idea generation, with open brainstorming. General goal setting of the site before the data collection provides the opportunity to draw flexible and more innovative solution, which could be developed or discarded as further stepps are proceeded. Data collection, which is the next step, considers drivers in the scenario who affects the simulation. Once design is developed after the simulation, deeping the goal and conducting higher level of research is inevitable. Based on the results of the simulation, planners should go back to the data collection for different story setting if required. Flexible design philosophy could seem more work to do, but it will enable to draw more innovative ideas for the solution.

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LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

Analysis

First of all, calculating vegetated area on campus to locate green surroundings was conducted by using NDVI map. Higher value of dark color on the NDVI map means higher vegetation, which is more important to consider to include in walkpath. The next step was assigning scores on art projects on campus depending on the accessibility for pedestrians, since some of them are inside of the building, not visible or insignificant. Visible statues and art installations were scored high, which were used to determine the paths. Network analysis tool was used to draw the most suitable path, based on the length of minutes, from 1 minute to 3 minutes around the arts and green area. The final step of design was overlapping network analysis map to choose walkt paths inside the darkest area, which means higher vegetation and closer to the art installation.

Sketch Problem Sketch problem topic in this module is creating a new walkway on the UIUC campus, based on geodesign method. Based on the designed workflow diagram, there are mainly four steps used to determine the new walkpath. The goal of this project was to provide users walkways with the most shade provided, and to introduce them to the historical art on campus.

Workflow diagram

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Dog-walking Path Design Philosophy

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

During the analysis, I use the weighted variables, including NDVI, Intersection and Accessibility.

The reason why I choose these three factors was that the dog-walking route need to avoid major intersection as much as possible for the safety concerns and choose more planted areas where dogs like to run over the grass when people enjoy the good vegetated views; And considering the large number of residential area within and around the campus, which have targeted people who raise dogs, we also need to know the distance for people walk to the open green spaces.

Junyi Zhu Through the design philosophy, I came to think about what I can be during the design?

There are diferent consierations when I have different perspectives. As a landscape architect student, when I on the campus, I always ask myself the questions like “Have you ever concerned the annual need for turf ?”, “Would you like to redesign the sitting area?”, “Do you have experience of water logging within the campus?”, “Have you imagined about future transportation on the campus?”...Finally, I want to design a dog-walking path on the campus, which will meets the needs of the residential and pets.

DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

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ANALYSIS Green space

NDVI

Main intersections

Walking serveice area

LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

DESIGN The tools in the Arcmaps I used to fullfill my analysis map are illustrated as followed.

NDVI was created by the raster calculator, using remoting sensing: NIR/RED band data, and then use Zonal statistics tool to assign the NDVI data into footways layer, and scoring based on three classification, with the higher one presenting better vegetated area.Accessibility Index was to calculate the time spend on each road based on the pedestrian’s speed, then creating the service area using network analysis tool, and breaking the time into 3/5/10 minutes walk to open green space, and similarly scoring them into 1,2,3.

Intersection was creating the kernel density map of the main intersections. I scored primary, secondary and tertiary roads as 3,2,1, and calculate the overall score of each intersection.

The overall suitability map was to equally plus all three layers’ scores and have the results of the footways conditions, through the map, we can see the darker area is more suitable for dog-walking.

Therefore, I created a route along with the suitable areas and connecting main open green space, which cover most of residence.

Path plan based on the suitability map

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MODULE 5 Performing Systemic Design Date: Nov 4 - Dec 9

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LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

MODULE 3 Regional Analysis and Assessment Date: Oct 11 - Oct 22

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Demographics, Water, Culture Adele Isyanamanova Chicago is the third largest city and metropolitan area in the United States by population. In 2020, it was estimated that over 2.7 million people reside in Chicago, and over 9.6 million people in the Chicago metropolitan area.

According to the 2019 US Census Data, 20.9% of the city population were under the age of 18, 6.3% were under 5 years old, 12.4% were persons 65 years and over.

There were 51.4% of female persons.

In 2019, median household income in Chicago was $58,247, and per capita income for 12 months was $37,103. 18.4% of the city population were in poverty in 2019.

According to the Census Data, 33.3% of Chicago population in 2019 identified themselves as White (not Hispanic or Latino), 29.6% as Black of African American, 28.8% as Hispanic or Latino, 6.6% as Asian, and less than 4% as other races.

DEMOGRAPHICS From these maps, we can see that not only minority groups tend to be densely concentrated together, but also population groups that are vulnerable due to other factors such as income and age.

This could signal an important socioeconomic problem - unequal access to goods, services, and the lack of general diversity.

Diversity of Chicago racial makeup is demonstrated in Fig. 1. From this map, it is also clear that different racial groups are mostly congregated together. In a small area towards the city center, we can see more of a mix of White and Black people, but other neighborhoods are distinctly White, Black, or Hispanic. As we go farther away from the city towards the suburbs, the population becomes predominantly White. The South side of Chicago is populated mostly by Black people, West and Central Chicago is a mix between Black and Latino, and North Chicago is almost exclusively White. Here, we can see the correlation between cost of living and racial makeup. Chicago suburbs and Northern part are known to be expensive areas, while the West and South side are much less so.

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LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

Demographic data was also used to determine three different social vulnerability areas that are demonstrated on figures 2, 3, and 4. The indexes were determined using following factors: ● Socioeconomic Vulnerability ○ Persons Below Poverty ○ Unemployed ○ No High School Diploma ● Household Composition & Disability Vulnerability ○ Aged 65 or Older ○ Aged 17 or Younger ○ Civilian with a Disability ○ Single-Parent Households ● Minority Status & Language ○ Minority ○ Aged 5 or Older who Speaks English “Less than Well”.

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WATER

Another pressing water issue of the city of Chicago is water pollution. In order to start investigating this problem, an inventory of known city water pollutants was done for each pollution monitoring station along the Chicago waterways, and a general pollution index was developed. The table shows the range of water pollution values for monitoring stations within the city. Even though pollution levels for the stations outside of the city were not visualized, the pollution levels are even higher there, which shows significant water quality issues with the water flowing downstream.

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The city of Chicago experienced various water problems ever since it became a permanent settlement in 1794. These water problems were dictated by Chicago’s unique location, topography and geology. Initial settlers saw the potential of Chicago to be a connector of the Great Lakes and Mississippi river which would be a tremendous opportunity for commerce. The first water problem of Chicago imposed by urbanization was drainage, which was due to Chicago topography - it initially was a flat and marshy plain. Further growth of the city caused another big problem - environmental protection of Lake Michigan. In order to protect it from pollution, the flow of two rivers was reversed by the construction of a system of canals. The reversal and consequent chain of legal proceedings imposed limitations on the amount of water that could be taken by the city from Lake Michigan. Due to these limitations and growing population, Chigago’s water pollution became not only environmental but a huge public health problem. Chicago has experienced and currently experiencing extremely rapid rates of urbanization, which are causing another problem - flooding and stormwater runoff. Today, urban flooding and pollution are still pressing problems in the city of Chicago, the entire city of Chicago is classified as extremely susceptible to flooding.

The reason for that is mostly topography - the city is predominantly flat with negligible amount of topographic features, and rainwater does not have a natural way of flowing outside of flood areas.

CULTURE Chicago is known as one of the most culturally diverse cities of the entire world.

One of the main factors contributing to that is the diversity of the city’s population.

Chicago is a home to dozens of ethnic groups, many of which have converged into distinct enthic enclaves that have later formed ethnic neighborhoods. The main ethnic groups in Chicago include Irish, German, Italian, Mexican, Arab, Bangladeshi, Jews, English, Bosnian, Croathion, Bulgarian, Czech, Greek, Black, Korean, Chinese, Indian, Filipino, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Albanian, Pakistani, Polish, Hungarian, Romanian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Swedish, Ukrainian, Dutch, Belgian, Cuban, Vietnamese, and Puerto Rican.

Some of the most culturally rich ethnic neighborhoods in Chicago include Lincoln Square (German), Greek Town (Greek), Pilsen (Mexican), Chinatown (Chinese), West Town (Polish), Little Italy (Italian), Ukrainian Village (Ukrainian), and others.

LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

Ethical and cultural diversity of Chicago greatly enriches the artistic scene of the city. The map shows how the Chicago area is compared to other regions in terms of Art Vibrancy Score developed by the SMU DataArts. We can see that the Art Vibrancy Score of Chicago is one of the highest in the country, which only shows one of the many aspects of its rich culture.

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Transportation, Economy, Health Facilities

ECONOMY

Daeun Lee Chicago, on south west part of Lake Michigan in Illinois, is among the largest cities in the U.S. Famed for its bold architecture, it has a skyline punctuated by skyscrapers and various transportation system. Transportation and Infrastructure are one of the most important living conditions especially in the city, being interdependent with each other. I used site survey and data as the basis for the analysis of Chicago City, and further research on Chicago government’s economic opportunity plan regarding railroads around the region to research the existing infrastructure and future plan, and to find the potential problem.

Chicago area has variety of characters of people with different income and primary transportation for commute. The goal of this paper is to understand Chicago city through study and draw possible improvement to the city with more efficient design.

Average House Value in Cook County and Poverty in Chicago Information in economy could identify variable of values in the study area. Housing price, unemployment and poverty data was used in analyzing economic character in Chicago area. In the city, poverty value is higher outside of downtown Chicago area, especially west to south part of the region, whereas in the center of Chicago and north part of the region has lower value of poverty. (Fig2) Housing value data indicates the price of the houses in the neighborhood and it could be the important factor to interrelate with city infrastructure and transportation.

Unemployment rate per neighborhood align along the poverty value in Chicago neighborhood.

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LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

Average House Value in Cook County

Unemployment Rate in Chicago neighborhood

According to the map on the left, house values in Chicago varies but generally higher in downtown area and around the stations as it gets far from the city. The neighborhood that has higher unemployment listed below, matches the lower house vaue and poverty map. South part of Chicago, where has higher poverty level, shows the lower house value in the neighborhood as well.

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HEALTH FACILITIES

Total national health expenditures, US $ Billions, 1970-2019

Total national health expenditures as a percent of Gross Domestic Product, 1970-2019

Living in the neighborhood which is close to the good healthcare facilities is one of the important factors for residents as well. However, people who can’t afford insurance in the US are having a hard time getting health benefits. Furthermore, people with low income tend to have higher risk in social and biological condition. Poverty and low-income status are associated with various adverse health outcomes, including shorter life expectancy, higher infant mortality rates, and higher death rates for the 14 leading causes of death. Increasing amount of health expenditures for last decades in the US clearly causes inequity in healthcare system, since people with poverty couldn’t afford what higher income group people could.

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Public healthcare facilities offer basic care system and the benefits are programmed to take care of lower income people in the city with lower price. As you see in figure 9, Public healthcare facilities are located along the higher value of poverty areas in Chicago. Community service center represents a place, structure, or other facility used for and providing religious, fraternal, social, and/or recreational programs generally open to the public and designed to accommodate and serve various segments of the community. The program from the community center includes various activities for everyone in the community with lower price than private institute or sometimes free. Community service centers are also located in the middle of higher poverty value area.

TRANSPORTATION

Figure 1 : Rail transportation system in Cook County

LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

Figure 2 : Bike Routes and Rail stations in Cook County

Transportation in the city generally means the movement of human and goods from one point to another point. From observing transportation system, the linkage between people and land use is detectable. By layering multiple transportation data on the geographical map, distribution of the infrastructure could be easily recognized. In Chicago region and its neighborhood have noticeable transportation layout in figure 1 and figure 2. The number of the railroad and the rail stations are significantly higher as it gets closer to the downtown Chicago and they spread out to the north, west and south part of Cook county. There are gaps between different railroads where the railroad stations don’t exist at all in suburban area. To analyze the relationship between bicycle users who don’t live in walking distance from the subway stations, I overlapped the bike route data with rail stations. It is clearly showing the disparity of transportation accessibility in Chicago region in figure 2, as the connection between bike routes and the stations are the weakest in south-west part of Chicago. The density of station location is also unbalanced overall, with higher number per distance in north part of the neighborhood.

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Ecology, Landuse & Climate

As defined in North American ecoregions, Cook county is in Central Corn Belt Plains and Eastern Corn Belt plains. However, in the United States, the classification has level I, II, III, and IV ecoregions, ranging from general to more detailed.

Junyi Zhu Chicago is in northeastern Illinois along the shores of Lake Michigan, which is also the principal city in the Chicago metropolitan area.

To study the comprehensive condition on ecology, land use, and climate, I will expand the study area to the southwestern shores of Lake Michigan and tell how these factors form the urban forest in Chicago.

ECOREGION

Global terrestrial ecoregions (Olson et al., 2001)

Ecology is an ecological and geographical term, which is not defined by municipal boundaries.

Therefore, when studying the Chicago, ecoregion is the zones that share a similar ecosystem in the type, quality, and quantity of environmental resources, like biotic, abiotic, terrestrial, and aquatic ecosystem components with humans.

From the global perspective, the ecoregions mainly include 15 types based on the overall consideration of climate, hydrology, landform, plants, wildlife, land use, and soil types, etc.

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Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States

Within 182 zones of level IV ecoregions, Cook County mainly includes Chicago Lake Plain, Valparaiso-Wheaton Morainal Complex, and Illinois Prairies. The immense U around the Lake Michigan basin formed by recessional moraine shapes this area with high, hilly terrain and flat plains.

Moreover, Chicago is within Chicago wilderness areas, which is suggested as a regional nature reserve with more than 225,000 acres of protected natural areas from southeast Wisconsin through northeast Illinois and into northwest Indiana. The region has a mosaic of a transition from the hardwood forests, oak savannas to the tallgrass prairies.

Chicago Wilderness Areas

Cook county’s ecoregion based on Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States

LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE Urban development replaced the vegetated land cover was replaced by urban development, with limited water bodies and surrounding green space remaining. In the south of Chicago, the agricultural land grew cultivated crops beginning in the nineteenth century, becoming the main cash crop in America’s central plain.

Therefore, the original ecosystem reduced dramatically, together with the transition of plants species. Moreover, the continuing wilderness area becomes small and fragmentized pieces.

Land cover of the Continental United States

After Euro-American settlement, open oak ecosystem savannas and woodlands were gradually turned into agricultural lands, like cultivated crops, which are now occupied chiefly by urbanization lands.

Land cover (left) and Core ecosystem and vegetation cover (right)for the Cook county.

Distribution of natural community types across the Chicago Wilderness region before Euro-American settlement and the current period.

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Ecology, Landuse & Climate

RESIDENTIAL

COMMERCIAL

INDUSTRY

AGRICULTURE

Junyi Zhu

Ecology, land use, and climate are three significant elements in forming Chicago and influencing each other. To study the urban forest, we also need to explore how climate change, directly and indirectly, forms green space. We can make Chicago more resilient with the multiple strategies combining ecology, land use, and climate.

LANDUSE The study towards land use of Chicago is expanded to most of Cook county, and the data is based on a land-use inventory map from CMAP (Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning). The main catalogs include residential, commercial, industrial, and agricultural land use types.

Chicago is a coastal city which born in the lake of Michigan. The rise of cities depends on water sources, which provide people with clean water sources and shipping trade. Therefore, the urban fabric of Chicago radiates from the east side close to Lake Michigan to the other three directions, and there is a more developed commercial area on the east side. The industrial areas in the Chicago area are mainly developed along rivers, and most of them are located at the borders of cities. However, agriculture is not distributed in Chicago, mainly in rural areas.

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Source or Figure title

LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

CLIMATE Chicago is typically continental with cold winters and warm summers. The temperature fluctuates 60-80 degrees in summer and 20-30 degrees in winter. The precipitation is higher in summer, with thunderstorms and snow in January and February.

The wind direction is from the southwest in June and from the west in December.

The heat island effect is defined as higher temperatures (3-10 degrees) in urban areas and lower temperatures in rural areas during heat absorption and retention, plant transpiration, and water evaporation from the soil. It can be experienced in metropolitan Chicago through the land surface temperature during the summer.

The developed areas are higher temperature, and lower temperature areas are along the river and vegetated surfaces. However, most Chicago is suffering the heat island.

Heat island effect of Chicago

With the rapid development of urbanization and greenhouse gas emissions from resource consumption, the global warming trend will continue in the future. The climate in Chicago is changed over the century, and the temperature is projected to be warmer 1 degree all seasons. The precipitation will increase in winter and spring, and predictions on summer and fall are less precise.

Moreover, heavy precipitation events and extreme droughts will happen; the latter will probably raise the risks of the flooding issue.

Climate data: temperature, precipitation, snow, and wind of Chicago

Precipitation and Temperature of Chicago from 1901-2011

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LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

MODULE 4 Specifying Desgin Methods Date: Oct 25 - Nov 12

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CASE STUDY Junyi Zhu More than 15 years ago, Mayor Richard M. Daley began to transform Chicago into the most environmentally friendly city in the nation.

As cities grapple with a changing climate and the potential for more extreme weather events, smart approaches to stormwater management are needed to address flood risk.

The use of green infrastructure, which incorporates natural landscaping and permeable surfaces that mimic the natural water cycle, allows stormwater to slowly absorb into the ground right where it falls, keeping it out of the sewer system during peak storms.

Without green space to absorb rainfall, the sewer system is required to handle large volumes of stormwater. All of our used water and stormwater flow through the same pipes to a reclamation facility where the water is cleaned before being returned to the waterways.

Chicago City Hall Green Roof -Building Constructed: 1911 -Team: The City of Chicago Departments of -Environment and General Services -Roof type: Semi-intensive, test/research -Size: 20,300 sqft -Year Installed: 2001 -Goal: to “study and quantify alternative ways of -reducing the heat island effect” -Roof Slope: 1.5%

Perspective

GREENROOF

Green roof diagram

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Urban surface temperature before and after the green roof

Top view

LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

GREEN SCHOOLYARDS

Permeable pavement Reduces the rate and quantity of stormwater runoff; Reduces stress on the sewer system; Recharges ground water; Filters silt, pollutants and debris.

Before and after

GREEN ALLEY

Melody Elementary in West Garfield Park

In many of Chicago’s Black and Latinx communities, such as West Garfield Park, there is a dearth of safe, restorative, nature-focused outdoor spaces.

Community-designed public spaces — like Space to Grow schoolyards — are a driving force to change that.

Green technologies

Before and after

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GARFIELD PARK NEIGHBORHOOD

CASE STUDY

Adele Isyanamanova, Daeun Lee

After analyzing Garfield Park and it’s neighborhood, case study was conducted to plan infrastructure that could offer economical, biological and social benefits to residents and neighbors. Synthetic analysis indicated potential design figure, provide evidences to support development goals and creating scenarios for Garfield Park neighborhood.

Singapore “Ring Concept” with public transportation

Denmark “Cycle Superhighways”

With a growing population and over 14 million journeys per day by 2020, Singapore has anticipated the future transport challenges and through innovative use of technology and policy decisions has planned to ensure that the small city state meets the needs of the population and that the infrastructure is fit for purpose.

Denmark rates high all-around, with great quality of roads, and lots of them. For those who prefer to pedal rather than drive, biking in Denmark is easy, with nearly 7,500 miles of bike routes.

SYNTHETIC ANALYSIS Garfield Park neighborhood development was unbalanced, with larger area of vacant land on the east side and more commrcial areas on the west side of the park. Shades are not provided for pedestrians around vacant land, casuing higher risk of flooding. Barren areas increase as it gets farther from the Garfield Park, which has good resource for the neighborhood.

Land Use in Garfield Park Neighborhood

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LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

PRIMARY GOALS

There are a few primary goals after analyzing site. Reducing urban heat is the most important goal of the site, providing better infrastructure to neighbors around. Solving trash problem and creating more inviting spaces that are well maintained to reduce crime rate were also important issue to focus on.

SCENARIO SETTING 1. Decrease of urban heat island effect > more green space 2. Decrease urban runoff > green stormwater infrastructure 3. Reduce Loitering > more inviting space 4. Creating sense of place > bringing good history back 5. Engage Conservatory programs with community around 6. More people outside - less crime

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Connect existing green spaces with underdeveloped areas on the East

Urban basins with green space on the lower part on contour level

Expanding protected bike ways to connect the Garfield Park neighborhood to downtown Chicago

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Synthetic Analysis

ANALYSIS

Junyi Zhu Regional analysis towards the Garfield community includes the landuse, landcover and socioeconomic factors. This chapter zooms in from the whole Chicago scale to the community scale.

Land cover

The land cover layer is downloaded from the NLCD data, which indicates the diferent types of land types. It shows that the site is mainly highly and medium intensity developed areas. Together with the NDVI analysis based on Band4 satellite imagies, the maps shows that the site have hardscape and grasslands. The landuse map is divided into several layers, iincluding residential, commercial, industrial, opan space and vacant lands, which shows the existing land use conditions. The vacant lands are the opportunities to explore during the design. The land surface temperature map reflects the urban heat land island effect. It also relates to the land cover.

The vegetation will be helpful to cool the surface temprature. The existing site is heated, so the micro-climate is also an opportunity to develope.

Land use

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LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

Population by Census tract

Land surface temperature

Median value ($) by Census tract

Poverty rate by Census tract

The social data is helpful to know the Garfield community throughly. The data based on the census tract reflects the details. We can see that the community suffers high poverty. However, a large number of pople living there, which can be an opportunity to give a rebirth towards the community.

NDVI

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LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

MODULE 5 Performing Systemic Design Date: Nov 15 - Dec 17

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URBAN WATER HYACINTH

GOALS AND ISSUES rainwater:

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­

­

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+ Stepped walkway

+ Bike path

elevated road

parian plants

retention basin

retention basin

ecosystem services:

+ Pier over pond

Garfield Park Conservatory is a critical cultural asset of the city of Chicago. Along with Humboldt, Columbus, and Douglas parks, this open space is a “hot spot” of culture and ecological knowlege. From the center to the periphery, we create a gradient of design interventions that demonstrate different levels of intensity of human-nature interaction - from hard to soft, from ‘cultured’ to ‘uncultured’.

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stairs

shade trees

LST:

Inspired by Water Hyacinth which can bear any kind of condition while absorbing minerals and inorganic substance from sewage becoming organic fertilizer, the Urban Water Hyacinth functions as a positive intervention in the Garfield park neighborhood to purify problems and create useful and healthy environments.

New open areas are designed layering over the unmaintained open area, which will decrease urban heat effect and change the area to inviting and lively public pace that anyone could use safely. Parks with basins are located on the lower contour line which is expected to function as water storage for the town while providing variety of activities. To encourage environmentally friendly way to commute and explore the city, all roads are designed with protected bike lanes with pedestrian paths.

Even though the Garfield park neighborhood is located not far from downtown Chicago, it has a number of issues. Many public spaces there are poorly maintained or uncared for, abandoned properties and parking lots cause unnecessary heat island effect around the neighborhood. The community attempted to improve neighborhood by involving artists to various campaigns; however, unmaintained local projects only cause the neighborhood to look unsafe and unwelcoming. Garfield park has a good source of green infrastructure and open space that could improve the community quality remarkably; however, lack of neighborhood infrastructure only exacerbates the gap between unbalanced neighborhoods of the East and West. Barren neighborhood with no vegetation Bioswale with starts a block away from riparian plantsthe Garfield park, where the majority of residents are poor and have low education level, and are surrounded by high crime rate.

flood risk:

Adele Isyanamanova, Da Eun Lee

ANALYSIS

rban WATER HYACINTH

d by Water Hyacinth an bear any kind of on while absorbing s and inorganic ce from sewage becoming fertilizer, the Urban yacinth functions as a e intervention in the d park neighborhood to

problems and create and healthy ments. New open areas igned layering over the ained open area, which crease urban heat and change the area to g and lively public at anyone could use Parks with basins are on the lower contour ich is expected to n as water storage for n while providing of activities. To ge environmentally y way to commute and the city, all roads igned with protected nes with pedestrian

LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

DESIGN STRATEGY

To achieve the goals, we come up with design strategies distrubution of population access to transportation social equity transportation facilities from regional scale to site scale. Firstly, in regional scale, we survey activities access to facilities create tworecreation main corridorsoutside to connect the neighborhood with access to grees spaces locations of grees spaces health & safety unbalanced infrastructure, north and south, and west and adequate street lighting street lighting east, to mitigate the existing injustice access environmental to jobs travel time to jobs and even employment diversity the economic gap. In sitejobscale, we focusedracial ondistribution providing green pollutant levels infrastructure to the users with protected corridor and urban purifying plants water pollution purifying capacity of plants water storage. surface type surface permeability flood reduction

project goals:

W FRANKLIN BLVD

Humboldt Park

N CICERO AVE

ough the Garfield park rhood is located not m downtown Chicago, it umber of issues. Many spaces there are poorly ned or uncared for, ed properties and lots cause unnecessary land effect around the rhood. The community ed to improve rhood by involving to various campaigns; , unmaintained local s only cause the rhood to look unsafe elcoming. Garfield park ood source of green ructure and open space uld improve the ty quality remarkably; , lack of neighborhood ructure only ates the gap between ced neighborhoods of t and West. Barren rhood with no ion starts a block away e Garfield park, where ority of residents are d have low education and are surrounded by ime rate.

curve number

heat island effect

W LAKE ST

W LAKE ST

Garfield Park

land surface temperatures

tree canopy land use type

DEPAVE

290

Columbus Park

CONNECT

Douglas Park

Bike & Walk Path Open Area Basin Area Water Gathering Spot Waterflow Above Ground Train Under ground Train Neighborhood Connection Series of Dryness

BRIGHTEN

The most important public green spaces of the city will be connected by green corridors not only for social benefits but to provide ecological eve the goals, we come benefits as well. The design strategies from l scale to site scale. connections will facilitate , in regional scale, we two main corridors to wildlife movement the neighborhood with ced infrastructure, throughout the city, nd south, and west and o mitigate the existing reduce urban heat mental injustice and e economic gap. In site we focused on providing island, and stormwater nfrastructure to the ith protected corridor runoff. Bioremediation an water storage. techniques used in planting will reduce water pollution loads and help with air pollution as well.

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r

­

social equity

access to transportation

recreation

outside activities

survey access to facilities

access to grees spaces

locations of grees spaces

health & safety employment

transportation facilities

street lighting

adequate street lighting

access to jobs

travel time to jobs

job diversity

racial distribution

Garfield Park Conservatory is a critical cultural asset of the city of Chicago. Along with Humboldt, Columbus, and Douglas Parks, this open space is a ¨hot spot¨of culture and ecological knowledge. From the center to the periphery, we create a gradient of different design interventions that demostrate different levels of intensity of human-nature interaction - from hart to soft, from “cultured” to “uncultured”.

pollutant levels

water pollution

purifying plants

flood reduction

surface permeability

heat island effect

land surface temperatures

purifying capacity of plants

KE ST

LST:

project goals:

DESIGN STRATEGY distrubution of population

surface type

curve number tree canopy land use type

DEPAVE

290

Bioswale with riparian plants

CONNECT

lk Path

a

flood risk:

Spot

+ Stepped walkway

und Train und Train ood Connection Dryness

BRIGHTEN

+ Pier over pond

Garfield Park Conservatory is a critical cultural asset of the city of Chicago. Along with Humboldt, Columbus, and Douglas parks, this open space is a “hot spot” of culture and ecological knowlege. From the center to the periphery, we create a gradient of design interventions that demonstrate different levels of intensity of human-nature interaction - from hard to soft, from ‘cultured’ to ‘uncultured’.

+ Bike path

elevated road

pier/overlook

retention basin

retention basin

artificial pond

shade trees shade trees

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riparian plants

stairs riparian plants

rainwater:

LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

­

­

LST:

­

­

Bioswale with riparian plants

flood risk:

IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Garfield Park Conservatory is a critical cultural asset of the city of Chicago. Along with Humboldt, Columbus, and Douglas parks, this open space is a “hot spot” of culture and ecological knowlege. From the center to the periphery, we create a gradient of design interventions that demonstrate different levels of intensity of human-nature interaction - from hard to soft, from ‘cultured’ to ‘uncultured’.

DESIGN OUTCOMES

+ Bike path

On a smaller scale, the design reflects implementation of multiple micro-spaces that contain different programming for different levels of human engagement. The organization of these micro-spaces ensures safety, aesthetic pleasure, temperature comfort in all seasons and environmental benefit. The design achieves multuple measurable goals: it considerably decreases heat island effect with the help of tree placement and decrease of impermeably paved areas, increases time spent outdoors by introducing different programming and placement of protected bike lanes. elevated road

retention basin

retention basin

artificial pond

shade trees

riparian plants

ecosystem services:

+ Pier over pond

shade trees

pier/overlook

+ Stepped walkway

stairs

riparian plants

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FROM SEEDS TO TABLE

SUITABILITY CRITERIAS FOR NEW PLANTING AREA Runoff

35355 RESIDENTS

GOALS AND ISSUES The existing garfield community is experiencing the waste of lands. The abandoned area are covered by weeds, gabage and unpermeable asphalt. These vacant lands make the site look unsafe and chaos, and have water logging issue when raining. Therefore, the potential urban farm will redesign the whole community’s fabric, making the public participate into the harvest.

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Topography

41 inch

Junyi Zhu The garfield park is located in the west of the City of Chicago, including east garfield park and west garfield park. The garfield park is in the middle of the community, as a public open green space.

My desin is focus on garfield park community’s economic growth and green space accessibility, trying to create more storamwater management strategies and emplyees opportunities by designing a vital urban farm by feeding the community fresh and organic food.

How much precipitation turn into runoff per year

Residential

8 inch Population density based on household

Lower

Commercial

High density

Accessibility

Low density Time cost (1,3,5min) on walking to the open space

High point and low point

Higher Kernel Density on commercial areas

High density

Community Gardens

Low density Kernel Density on community gardens

1min

High density

5min

Low density

The suitability analysis is focus on the series of suitability criterias for the locations of new urban farming areas. The consideration towards planting mainly includes economic, agricultural, accessibility and environmental factors. The commercial map indicates where the commercial activities gather; The residential map indicates the population gathering ;The community garden map shows the locations of existing community garden projects; The walking serve areas are accessibility within 3,5,10 min; The topography map and runoff map tells the basic landcover and geographic information of the site.

SUITABILITY FOR NEW PLANTING AREA

More suitable

LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE

DESIGN CONCEPT

Less suitable

The design idea is dividing the site into several big blocks, by maintaining original commercial fabric and plan a central planting area. The urban farm are placed in the east of the community as the suitability analysis suggested. Theis area has multiple functions as local harvest, agricutural tourism, conservatory and stormwater management technologies. The surrounded commercial area focus on transit-oriented develop-ment, with professional training. center for new farmers, farmers mackets and agricultural hub for the loccal residents. The residential area are planned as high density with apartments and mix-use buildings, and low density with houses and community gardens.

MASTER PLAN

Source or Figure title

The master plan map preserve the existing garfield park area; and the buildings are placed based on the original roads network; The two density residential buildings have different housing footprint to fit more green space and privacy. The new planting area have paths for people to travel.

1:240000

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DIAGRAMS The new community have specially considered green space improvement, stormwater treatment and community engagements.

The sections include three small scences, of low-density housing area, agricultural hubs plazz and planting area closed to the commercial area.

These three locations area representive to show how people’s daily life and surrounded environments are promoted after design.

VISIONS

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PLANTING AREA OPPORTUNITIES

LA 537 SUSTAINABILITY: OVER, UNDER, AROUND, and THROUGH EVIDENCE The planting area will be the cneter of the whole community, providing food, jobs and tourism directly. The final goal of the design is to create an internal circulation system on a community scale: from seeds to table. The rest-rauts use the produce growed and storaged locally; and residents can buy or sell the harvest in agricutural hub and farmers mackets. People can eat fresh and organic food. Also, potential workers can get professional training in training center if they want to be farmers as career. This agricutural site gives the community lots of opportunitiesof employees.

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