Maatschappelijke afvalinitiatieven in beeld

SUPPORTING LOCAL WASTE INITIATIVES -Through ‘NME’ perspectives-

In urban, semi-urban and rural areas in the Netherlands

By: Student at: Bachelor: Thesis internship at

Bruno Lauteslager (950531001) Van Hall Larenstein Rural Development and Innovation Gemeenten voor Duurzame ontwikkeling

Figure 1: Djanko 30/06/16

Areas differ from one another, which means that waste management should differ between areas too. Rather than enforced from above, waste management should be focussed low, on-ground, together with stakeholders from the area. National programs, networks and structures should be complemented with knowledge and practices from below, which differ per area. NME centres have an important job to fulfil by engaging citizen waste initiatives, and linking these to one another, themselves, and already existing waste structures and programs. Players such as GDO, Greenwish, Kracht in Nederland, Transition Towns, DuurzaamDoor, but also national programs such as the VANG program should combine their forces and work together on the waste issue, rather than working on it individually.

30th of June 2016: gathering of citizen waste initiatives, municipalities, NME centres, and national sustainability parties - organised by GDO.

Figure 2: Djanko 30/06/16

-2-

Abstract This research has taken place in the areas Amsterdam, Arnhem, Amstelland-Meerlanden and Rivierenland. In these respective areas, research has been done on citizen waste initiatives: the amount, reason of existence, and possibility of support. The four areas were expected to provide a representative image for urban large, urban semi-large, semi-urban and rural areas around the Netherlands. The following initiatives have been found in such areas: Area

Amsterdam

Rivierenland

Arnhem

2

AmstellandMeerlanden 3

Second hand initiatives by local association / community centre Repair Cafés Green / compost Litter pick-ups Other Total

4

18 9 2 7 40

2 0 3 3 10

6 1 2 0 12

3 1 2 4 11

1

Table 1: Number of different initiatives of the four areas

Eventually, 73 initiatives have been found in these four areas, as the table above shows. Of this amount, a selection of 56 had been expected to be professional enough for being interested in this research. A considerable amount of these have eventually replied: 40 initiatives. Thanks to these replies, the following conclusions of the four areas could be drawn.

Urban, highly dense areas are way better represented by citizen waste initiatives than the other three. There are more initiatives present in high-dense areas, and the initiatives present are more innovative. Initiatives in urban areas seem to target waste-services which are not provided by local government. Striking to see is that the outskirts of Amsterdam show a similar activity as Amstelland-Meerlanden: there is some activity, but the number of initiatives is very low. Semi-urban areas seem to have the lowest serious activity of active citizens around waste, compared to the amount of people living in such an area. Community centre activity appears to be present and the areas know many repair-cafés. Small cities (urban) seem to have a quit low amount of citizen waste initiatives, but high amount of active communities. Individually seen there is less activity, but community-wise loads happens. Last but not least are lowly dense, rural areas. These score very low on small-scaled citizen waste initiatives. Society seem to rather focus towards the bigger picture, as lots of freelance initiatives seem to target companies and sectors.

The previous paragraph sketches the activity which is expected to be found in urban large, urban semi-large, semi-urban and rural areas. However, also within similar areas in The Netherlands differences are expected to be found. This is due to local waste management. In Amsterdam, Amstelland-Meerlanden, Rivierenland and Arnhem, citizen waste activity can largely be explained looking at the local waste management of the areas.

Amsterdam has lots of initiatives focussed on producing compost out of organic waste: a waste management aspect on which the local government is not focussing on yet. AmstellandMeerlanden knows a local government which clearly communicates, ánd implements. The little amount of initiatives can be explained simply because the local government is managing very well.

Arnhem is the only area of this research which works according to the ‘conversely collection system’.

This system gives ‘power’ to citizens: they are able to separate waste, which is supported by a system provided by the local government. Good behaviour is also financial beneficial, as residual ‘waste -3-

charge’ decreases when separation increases. This collection system also is the reason why no initiatives are found which specifically focus on certain waste varieties. Rivierenland knows a monopoly of municipal waste collection and processing which is given to the waste management company AVRI. Space for small-scaled initiatives is removed since these are simply not allowed to focus on municipal waste. This is a reason why Rivierenland has an enormous amount of freelancers which initiate large-scale projects which focus on e.g. companies, and sector level, instead of smallscaled initiatives which focus on municipal waste.

Besides these indirect influences, citizen waste initiatives are directly influenced by resources. This research has focussed on these resources of initiatives situated in the four areas mentioned before. From page 61 onwards, discussed is how the respective NME centres can support the initiatives found in their areas according to these resources. From page 71 of this report onwards, described is how citizen waste initiatives of the four areas can support each other within their area.

Overall, supporting citizen waste initiatives can best be done via the use of an actual program. In order for NME centres to create sustainability in their relation to citizen waste initiatives, these are recommended to work according to a supporting program, as is being done by NMCX Haarlemmermeer and NME Haarlem already. These NME centres carry out similar programs, which exist out of a strategy and a tactic. The strategy is the ‘encouraging’ part of the program, which motivates and activates peoples’ innovative resourcefulness on the subject waste. The strategy carries a name which refers to ‘clean’, through which the right message is transferred to the public.

Activities can be carried out under this name, civil society can be invited to brainstorm on (waste) questions, and a network of already existing waste initiatives (ambassadors) can be collected. The strategy thus makes people ‘think’, but eventual goal is to have people ‘act’. Citizens whom introduce good ideas can implement these, and will be supported by the NME centre via the use of its tactic.

The tactic is the ‘direct supporting’ part of this program. Support can exist out of resources on which this research has been focused: '‘financial, volunteers / employees, working place, materials / tools, knowledge / advice, and emotional / connection’. However, resources should be offered up to the NME’s own potential. Via support, a sustainable connection between NME centres and initiatives can be generated. In this relation, initiatives can be utilised for educational purposes of the NME centres.

-4-

Overzicht Dit onderzoek heeft plaatsgevonden in de gebieden Amsterdam, Arnhem, AmstellandMeerlanden, en Rivierenland. In deze gebieden is er gezocht naar (maatschappelijke) burger afvalinitiatieven, zodat er een representatief beeld kon worden ontwikkeld van burger activiteit rond afval in urbane - groot, urbane - middelgroot, semi-urbane en rurale gebieden in Nederland. De volgende bevindingen zijn gedaan.

Gebied

Amsterdam

Arnhem

Rivierenland

1

AmstellandMeerlanden 3

Tweedehands initiatief door lokale vereniging / buurthuis Repair Café’s Compost initiatieven Onderhoud initiatieven Andere initiatieven Totaal

4 18 9 2 7 40

3 1 2 4 11

6 1 2 0 12

2 0 3 3 10

2

Tabel 2: Aantal initiatieven gevonden in de vier gebieden

Uiteindelijk zijn er 73 initiatieven in deze vier gebieden gevonden, zoals de tabel hierboven aangeeft. Van dit aantal is een selectie van 56 gemaakt die professioneel geacht werden om geïnteresseerd in dit onderzoek te zijn. Van dit aantal zijn uiteindelijk 40 antwoorden gekomen, wat een aanzienlijk gedeelte van de selectie is. Dankzij deze antwoorden konden de volgende conclusies over de vier gebieden getrokken worden.

Grote urbane, dichtbevolkte gebieden, blijken het best gerepresenteerd te zijn door maatschappelijke afvalinitiatieven. Deze gebieden omvatten meer in kwantiteit, en meer innovatieve initiatieven. Echter, hoe verder van het centrum af, en meer naar de buitenwijken toe, hoe minder afvalinitiatieven er gevonden zullen worden. De buitenwijken van deze urbane gebieden vertonen dezelfde activiteit als semi-urbane gebieden. Semi-urbane gebieden omvatten de minst serieuze afval activiteiten, vergeleken met het aantal mensen wat er woont. Deze gebieden kennen activiteit in de zin van repair cafés, en activiteit aangestuurd door buurtcentra. Innovatieve initiatieven zijn nauwelijks te vinden in semi-urbane gebieden. Dit is ongeveer gelijk in middelgrote urbane gebieden, waar enkele maatschappelijke afvalinitiatieven te vinden zijn, maar vooral een relatief groot aantal duurzaam gerichte activiteit op wijkniveau. Individueel gezien zetten burgers dus minder snel activiteit op, maar in groepen blijkt dit dus wel te gebeuren. Rurale gebieden kennen erg weinig initiatieven op kleine schaal, maar juist erg veel initiatieven die zich richten op een grotere plaatje (zoals bedrijfsniveau).

De vorige alinea laat in grote lijnen zien welke activiteit er verwacht kan worden in grote urbane, middelgrote urbane, semi-urbane en rurale gebieden in Nederland. Echter zullen er ook binnen dezelfde gebieden in Nederland verschillen worden gevonden. Dit wordt veroorzaakt door lokale afval wetgeving. In Amsterdam, Amstelland-Meerlanden, Rivierenland en Arnhem kan namelijk grotendeels verklaard worden waarom deze activiteit gevonden is.

Amsterdam heeft ontzettend veel initiatieven die zich focussen op het produceren van compost uit biologisch afval: dat waar de lokale overheid zich (tot nu toe) niet op focust. AmstellandMeerlanden kent een lokale overheid die duidelijk communiceert én uitvoert. Het kleine aantal initiatieven kan verklaard worden doordat er simpelweg weinig is wat burgers graag veranderd zien.

Arnhem werkt aan de hand van ‘omgekeerd inzamelen’. Dit systeem geeft al ‘kracht’ aan burgers: zij kunnen zelf scheiden, wat ondersteunt wordt door de lokale overheid. Bovendien is dit financieel -5-

gunstig voor henzelf. Ook is dit scheidingssysteem de reden dat er geen initiatieven te vinden zijn die zich specifiek focussen op specifieke soorten afval. Rivierenland kent een monopoly van het inzamelen en verwerken van huishoudelijk afval. Deze is gegeven aan onder andere het afvalbedrijf AVRI. De ruimte voor kleinschalige initiatieven wordt grotendeels ontnomen, gezien dat een initiatief niet bevoegd is om zich op huishoudelijke afval te richten. Dit is een reden waarom Rivierenland een groot aantal freelancers kent welke grootschalige projecten ontwikkelen die zich focussen op bijvoorbeeld bedrijven, en amper kleinere initiatieven.

Hiernaast is dit onderzoek vooral gericht op hoe NME centra de initiatieven in hun directe gebied kunnen ondersteunen, en hoe initiatieven elkaar kunnen ondersteunen. Dit is gedaan aan de hand van een aantal interne middelen. Voor specifieke informatie hoe NME centra in de casestudy gebieden hun initiatieven kunnen ondersteunen wordt de lezer doorverwezen naar pagina 61 Voor specifieke informatie hoe initiatieven in de casestudy gebieden elkaar kunnen ondersteunen wordt de lezer doorverwezen naar pagina 71.

Een aantal NME centra is al actief met betrekking tot ondersteuningsprogramma’s voor initiatieven in hun gebied. Voor dit onderzoek zijn de ondersteuningsprogramma’s van NME centrum NMCX Haarlemmermeer en NME Haarlem met elkaar vergeleken. Deze programma’s hebben overeen dat ze bestaan uit een strategie en een tactiek. De strategie dient als het ‘aanwakkerende onderdeel’ wat burgers aan het denken zet. De strategie draagt een naam welke refereert naar schoonhouden, en op deze manier het juiste bericht doorgeeft. Feitelijk dient dit als platform voor mensen om zich bij aan te sluiten. Onder deze naam kunnen activiteiten georganiseerd worden, kan de maatschappij worden uitgenodigd om mee te denken over (afval) vraagstukken, en kan een netwerk van reeds bestaande initiatieven (ambassadeurs) worden verzameld. Deze strategie zet mensen dus aan het denken, maar probeert dit vooral om te zetten in activiteit. Wanneer mensen een goed idee inbrengen kunnen zij dit zelf uitvoeren. Deze jonge ‘initiatieven’ kunnen vanaf dit punt ondersteunt worden door de tactiek. Deze tactiek bestaat uit ondersteuning aan de hand van de hulpmiddelen waar dit onderzoek zich op gefocust heeft: ‘financiën’, ‘werknemers’, ‘plek om te werken’, ‘materialen’, ‘kennis’, en ‘connectie’. Zo kan er een blijvend proces door / met initiatieven gecreëerd worden. In zo een relatie, initiatieven kunnen weer door het NME centrum gebruikt worden voor educatieve doeleinden.

-6-

Table of contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... - 3 Foreword ............................................................................................................................................. - 9 1.

Introduction................................................................................................................................. - 9 1.1

Background information ..................................................................................................... - 9 -

1.2

Problem statement............................................................................................................ - 11 -

1.3

Research Objective ............................................................................................................ - 11 -

1.3.1.

2.

3.

4.

Side note research objective ..................................................................................... - 12 -

1.4

Main research question..................................................................................................... - 12 -

1.5

Sub-research questions ..................................................................................................... - 12 -

Literature Review ...................................................................................................................... - 13 2.1

Waste characteristics ........................................................................................................ - 13 -

2.2

Sources of waste ............................................................................................................... - 13 -

2.3

Waste by sectors in The Netherlands................................................................................ - 13 -

2.4

Clarification: ‘waste is resource’ and ‘waste as resource’ ................................................ - 15 -

Methodology ............................................................................................................................. - 18 3.1.

Research design ................................................................................................................. - 18 -

3.2.

Data collection................................................................................................................... - 20 -

3.3.

Data processing ................................................................................................................. - 24 -

According to which characteristics can local waste initiatives be defined? ............................. - 26 4.1.

Municipal solid waste ........................................................................................................ - 26 -

4.2.

Local waste initiatives ....................................................................................................... - 26 -

4.3.

Strategies for local waste initiatives.................................................................................. - 28 -

4.4.

The benefits of waste ........................................................................................................ - 30 -

4.5.

Local waste initiatives, resource support .......................................................................... - 31 -

Concluding: characteristics which define local waste initiatives .................................................. - 32 5. Which local waste initiatives are present in the areas of the NME centres ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland-Meerlanden’, and what are their characteristics.......... - 33 5.1.

ANMEC: NME centre Amsterdam (urban: large city) ........................................................ - 33 -

5.2.

NME Amstelland-Meerlanden (semi-urban) ......................................................................... 46

5.3.

Rivierenland (rural: low-densed area)................................................................................... 49

5.4.

Arnhem (urban: semi-large city) ........................................................................................... 52

5.5.

Conclusions citizen waste initiatives activity in case study areas ......................................... 55

Conclusions of citizen waste initiative activity in urban ‘large city’, urban ‘small city’, semi-urban and rural areas............................................................................................................................... 59 Conclusion waste initiative variety: external offers & needs ........................................................ 59

-7-

6. In what way can the local waste initiatives in the areas of the NME centres ‘Amsterdam’, ‘Amstelland-Meerlanden’, ‘Rivierenland’ and ‘Arnhem’ be supported by the nearby situated NME centres according to their characteristics? ........................................................................................... 61 6.1.

Case studies ........................................................................................................................... 61

6.1.1.

Case study Amsterdam .................................................................................................. 61

6.1.2.

Case study Amstelland-Meerlanden ............................................................................. 64

6.1.3.

Case study Rivierenland ................................................................................................ 65

5.2.4.

Case study Arnhem........................................................................................................ 66

6.2.

Example case-studies ............................................................................................................ 67

6.2.1.

Example case-study: NME Haarlemmermeer ............................................................... 67

6.2.2.

Example case-study NME Haarlem ............................................................................... 68

6.2.3.

Conclusion example case studies .................................................................................. 69

7. In what way can the local waste initiatives in the areas of the NME centres ‘Amsterdam’, ‘Amstelland-Meerlanden’, ‘Rivierenland’ and ‘Arnhem’ support each other according to their characteristics?...................................................................................................................................... 71 7.1. Case study Amsterdam ............................................................................................................... 71 7.2.

Case study Amstelland-Meerlanden ..................................................................................... 78

7.3.

Case study Rivierenland ........................................................................................................ 79

7.4.

Case study Arnhem................................................................................................................ 81

8. Which local waste initiatives are present in the areas of the NME centres ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland-Meerlanden’, and which supporting opportunities can be found according to their characteristics?.............................................................................................. 82 9.

Discussion of findings .................................................................................................................... 84

10.

Conclusions................................................................................................................................ 87

12.

Appendices ................................................................................................................................ 92

Appendix 1: Further info on local waste initiatives Amsterdam ....................................................... 94 Appendix 2: Further info on local waste initiatives Amstelland-Meerlanden ................................ 119 Appendix 3: Further info on local waste initiatives Rivierenland ................................................... 127 Appendix 4: Further info on local waste initiatives Arnhem ........................................................... 131 Appendix 5: Background information supporting initiatives by case study NME centres .............. 137 Appendix 6: Background information support initiatives by initiatives .......................................... 147 Appendix 7: Questionnaires (Dutch) local waste initiatives ........................................................... 159 Appendix 8: Questionnaire (Dutch) case studies: example active NME centres ............................ 163 Appendix 9: Questionnaire (Dutch) case studies: NME centres ..................................................... 166 References ........................................................................................................................................... 168 Research proposal ............................................................................................................................... 171

-8-

Foreword The content in this research, the conclusions drawn, and consultancy delivered have all been based upon information submitted through questionnaires by citizens: people themselves. They have answered questions on their initiatives provided by this research up to their own believes. Therefore the results of this research are rather subjective. The quality of the content of the information which is given and conclusions which are drawn in this report has not been ratified by this fact, rather this has been strengthened. ~Eventually this report comes down to one simple question: ‘how can citizen waste initiatives be supported in order to increase their effectiveness?’ In order to answer this question, the initiatives found have been asked how they felt resources are supporting or holding them back in the work they carry out. If an initiative has scored low on several resources, this does not mean the initiative is carrying out a bad job. It means that the people carrying out the initiative have the feeling that the effectiveness of the work they execute could be increased, just by receiving the right support.~ For this reason subjectivity gives quality to the research.

1. Introduction This is the report of thesis research on local waste initiatives in the areas of Amsterdam, Amstelland-Meerlanden, Rivierenland and Arnhem. The research has been carried out by Bruno Lauteslager, fourth year’s student Rural Development and Innovation (Van Hall Larenstein), with further focus (minor) towards Climate Change. The research has been performed for the organisation ‘Gemeenten voor Duurzame Ontwikkeling’, further on abbreviated by ‘GDO’. GDO basically is a nature and environment educational network focussing on sustainable development on local level in cooperation with citizens, civil organisations and business communities. GDO affiliates with societal, sustainable trends and tries to support these by connecting and inspiring via communication, education and participation. The organisation’s overarching theme of the year 2016 is ‘Garbage?

Resource!’, out of which this research has been derived. Even though GDO is a Dutch organisation, this thesis research report and research proposal (which can be found at the very end of this document) have been written in English. A Dutch summary is included, and can be found at the beginning of this report.

1.1 Background information Domestic solid waste in The Netherlands Dutch household waste produce has strongly increased during the 80s and 90s (Compendium, 2015). In general, increase of household waste is a direct consequence of increase in consumption (Milieuloket, 2016), which has thus started to increase around the 90s. In this same time period, 14 million kilograms of garbage was landfilled every year. However, separation of the household waste started to become the standard, which process started with separate collection of biological waste (Milieuloket, 2016). Between 2000 and 2007 the growth of waste produce slowed down, and even started to decrease after 2007 (Compendium, 2015). Especially the change of collection meant positive change for the eventual waste procession. In 2008, ‘only’ 1.7 million kilograms of waste was landfilled, which was 0.6 percent of the total amount. 84 percent of the waste was recycled in this same year. Compendium (2015) describes that since 2014, more than half of the domestic solid waste is collected separately every year.

Nowadays the Dutch produce around 500 kilograms of waste per person every year (Milieu Centraal, 2016). Of this garbage, 51% is segregated whilst 49% ends up in the residual waste. Of this residual waste, Milieu Centraal (2016) argues that 60% could have been segregated, and 40% is the actual useless garbage. Milieu Centraal (2016) describes that a better segregation of waste -and a decline of this 60% of the residual waste- can be achieved through more segregation of waste, improving waste segregation itself, and through prevention of the ‘produce’ of waste. Improvement -9-

of the segregation of waste would be favourable for reducing raw material use, but also for lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

Waste and greenhouse gas emissions EPA (2016) describes the link between greenhouse gas emissions (prominent cause of climate change) and waste by the hand of the life cycle of products. First of all 1) ‘materials extraction’ argues that the energy that is used for extraction of these materials result in greenhouse gas emissions. Second comes 2) ‘manufacturing’, under which the greenhouse gas emissions emitted during the creation process of the product are described. Thirdly comes 3) ‘distribution’, under which EPA (2016) describes emissions from transportation to warehouses, distribution centres, shops, or homes of the consumer. The fourth stage is described as 4) ‘usage’, which implies the way products are used, and how much energy is used with it. Last but not least comes 5) ‘end-of-life management, which describes several tactics which can be applied to the end product: waste. Examples are ‘reuse’, ‘recycle’, ‘energy recovery’ and ‘landfill’. These are strategies which are used by citizen waste initiatives as well, and are further elaborated on under ‘strategies’ at the first sub-research question of this report. The figure below, taken from ‘Climate Change and Waste’ by EPA (2016) describes the link between produce, waste, and greenhouse gasses.

Figure 3, the link between waste management and greenhouse gases

Nature and Environmental Education centres (Natuur en Milieu Educatie centers) This research focusses on local, social initiatives regarding waste, which are situated in the direct area of the Nature and Environmental Education centres ‘Amsterdam’, ‘AmstellandMeerlanden’, ‘Rivierenland’, and ‘Arnhem’. In this report, Nature and Environmental education centres (Dutch: Natuur en Milieu Educatie centers) are further on abbreviated by ‘NME centres’.

NME centres are educational centres situated throughout The Netherlands. These centres are focussed on educational activities regarding the environment, mainly towards children and youngsters, whilst they also support local initiated projects by both residents and organisations.

Nature and environmental education centres carry out projects by themselves as well, regarding issues such as air pollution, noise disturbance, stimulating urban agriculture, and the use of renewable energies. The NME concept and first centres have existed since around the 1990´s.

- 10 -

The connection The ambition of GDO and other prominent Dutch sustainable development organisations (such as DuurzaamDoor and IVN), is to create a network of NME centres that can be utilised for their local, regional and provincial waste ‘instruments’, in order to realise significant decrease of resource exploitation, as it is done now. These waste instruments, also called waste initiatives, can be visualised via the already existing internet portal ‘MAEX’ by Kracht in Nederland. The MAEX is the digital home to hundreds of citizen initiatives with all sorts of ‘reforming1’ focusses around The Netherlands.

1.2 Problem statement In the Netherlands –as has been explained already in the background information- 60% of the 49% that ends up as residual waste could have been recycled or used for other resource recovering purposes. GDO believes that The Netherlands comprehends a huge amount of local waste initiatives which are working on this remaining 60%. However, it is possible that the existence of these local waste initiatives is not known to larger institutions such as municipalities and NME centres. As a consequence of this, these initiatives are likely to miss out on resources which could help them grow into something greater than they are at the moment. It is even likely to assume that these waste initiatives have no knowledge about each other’s presence in a same province or municipality, which make them miss out on the support they could be able to provide each other.

GDO believes that the remaining 60% of the residual waste can effectively be reduced if local waste initiatives would be utilised up to their full potential by being supported via the resources these initiatives possibly miss. However, to begin with, GDO lacks knowledge on which local waste initiatives are present in the areas of ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘AmstellandMeerlanden’.

1.3 Research Objective This research has aimed for developing a database of local waste initiatives in the areas of ‘Amsterdam’, ‘Amstelland-Meerlanden’, ‘Rivierenland’, and ‘Arnhem’. This database contains information on the characteristics of initiatives, resources these initiatives already have, and resources which they require in order to perform their activities more effectively. Within an area, expected is that a very large amount of these ‘needs’ can be fulfilled by either other local waste initiatives, or the nearby situated NME centres. Therefore, in the areas of ‘Amstelland-Meerlanden’, ‘Amsterdam’, ‘Rivierenland’, and ‘Arnhem’, recommendations have been provided how NME centres (by facilitating processes between initiatives and possible provision of resources) can contribute to this. Recommendations have also been developed for the local waste initiatives in an area, and how these are possibly able to support one another. Besides the local waste initiatives, the NME centres are interested in which kind of waste initiatives are lacking in their areas as well. Such ´knowledge gaps´ have been unveiled by this research, which eventually can be counteracted by adjusting the provided nature and environmental education by the centres themselves.

1

The amendment or improvement of what is perceived as wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc. (page 27 of this research).

- 11 -

1.3.1. Side note research objective This research has started with a focus on direct, internal resources of the initiatives found in the case study areas. Questioned has been how these are experiencing difficulties regarding these resources, and how these can be helped out by NME centres of the respective case study areas.

Throughout the research understanding has arisen into what extend initiatives are hold back by indirect, external influences as well, next to the internal ones. These external influences include ‘waste management systems’, ‘stakeholders in the waste management business’, etc. These external influences have appeared to be of such a concern that it has been decided to broaden this research towards this extra ‘indirect’ field. ‘Needs’ now indicate both direct and indirect influences. Therefore the main question remains the same, on which the discussion is based. This discussion reflects on how the environment (indirect) has influenced citizen waste initiatives in the four case-study areas.

1.4 Main research question In order to understand which local waste initiatives are present, and how these can be supported, the following main-question has been answered: -

Which local waste initiatives are present in the areas of the NME centres ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland-Meerlanden’, and which supporting opportunities can be found according to their needs?

As can be seen at the proposal of this research (provided at the end of this document), ‘characteristics’ has been changed into ‘needs’. Needs expresses aspects which are holding citizen waste initiatives back: directly and indirectly. Characteristics (as can be seen at the first sub-research question) refer to aspects out of which initiatives exist.

1.5 Sub-research questions The sub research questions which have been answered during execution of this research are: In order to successfully complete the first part of this research: finding the right initiatives, firstly these had to be defined. A proper definition had not been found during literature research. Therefore the first sub-research question of this research is the following: 1. According to which characteristics can local waste initiatives be defined?

After having found these, overviews (including characteristics and need) of the respective four areas could be made: 2. Which local waste initiatives are present in the areas of the NME centres ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland-Meerlanden’, and what are their characteristics and needs?

A comparison of resources of NME centres and initiatives could be made, which shows specific information for the four case study areas. Furthermore, NME centres with already existing supporting programs have been examined.

3. In what way can the local waste initiatives in the areas of the NME centres ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland-Meerlanden’ be supported by the nearby situated NME centres according to their needs?

A comparison of resources which initiatives in the concerning areas are able to offer one another.

4. In what way can the local waste initiatives in the areas of the NME centres ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland-Meerlanden’ support each other according to their needs?

- 12 -

2. Literature Review 2.1 Waste characteristics Generally, waste can be either solid or liquid (Eschooltoday, 2015). Liquid waste includes point source and non-point source waste water. Point source is a single, identifiable source of pollution, such as a pipe or drain (EPA, 2012). Non-point source would be liquid pollution that have impact over a wide area and which are not easily attributed to a single source. This is also called ‘diffuse’ pollution. Solid waste is any garbage that is made by human in homes and other (public) places (Eschooltoday, 2015). Both of the solid and liquid waste can be grouped into organic, reusable and recyclable waste. Organic waste originates from plants or animal sources. These commonly include food waste, yard trimmings, but also even dog can be classified into this category.

Organic waste is biodegradable. Recycling means using wasted materials into new, useful products.

Both liquid and solid waste can be hazardous.

2.2 Sources of waste Eschooltoday (2015) argues that waste has 7 sources. The first one is municipal sources of waste. This includes trash from households, schools, offices, market places, restaurants and other public places. Generally the waste included in this source comes from everyday items. Second source is the medical/clinical ones, which refers to the waste produced by health care facilities. Generally these are classified as hazardous waste rather than general waste. Agricultural sources is the third group which produces its waste through agricultural activities. Fourth are the industrial sources of waste. This group includes the external waste that is produced during the produce of (everyday) products. Construction/demolition sources of waste are the fifth group. Waste resulted from the construction of roads and buildings and the demolition of these belong to this source. Electronic sources of waste is the overarching designation for all electronic and electrical devices. Last but not least are end-of-life automobiles. Many cars end up old, not working. Parts of these can be reused, and even whole structures of the cars can be recycled.

2.3 Waste by sectors in The Netherlands In The Netherlands, these sources of waste are produced in various sectors. In the year 2012, 61.857 kiloton (1 kiloton = 1000 ton, 1 ton = 1000 kilogram) of waste was produced in The Netherlands (Vereniging Afvalbedrijven, 2012). This waste was produced in the sectors shown in the following graph (in Dutch): Graph 1: Waste producing sectors in The Netherlands

- 13 -

The visualisation below explains –by the hand of the literature review on the previous pagewhich waste has been focussed on during this research.

Figure 4, visualisation of waste which will be focussed on

Solid

Recyclable

Waste characteristics Reusable Liquid

Point source

Organic

Non-point source

Municipal sources Medical / clinical sources Sources of waste Waste

Agricultural sources Industrial sources Construction / demolition sources Electronic sources End-of-life automobiles Consumer Traffic and transport Agriculture Industry Trade, services and government

Waste by sectors in The Netherlands

Construction Energy supply Waste water purification Drinkwater supply - 14 Waste management

In this research, the term ‘waste’ will thus refer to municipal solid waste, which is consumer derived. The municipal part of it also refers to citizen waste initiatives’ focus, which is within the boundary of their direct municipality. For this reason, these citizen waste initiatives can also be referred to as ‘local waste initiatives’.

2.4 Clarification: ‘waste is resource’ and ‘waste as resource’ Both versions (is/as) can be explained with ‘regenerative design’, which basically means: that what in other systems would be considered as waste- is used as input (Sekerka and Stimmel, 2014). However, both forms of regenerative design should not be mistaken by one another.

Waste as resource ‘Waste as resource’ initiatives focus on ‘the consumer’, and are initiated by ‘citizens’. The definition of ‘resource’ has been taken out of the context of these players: one sees waste as resource when it is beneficial to oneself. This has perfectly been described in the first (theoretical) sub research question of this report, at page 30: Waste as resource can be applied in both rural and urban areas, and should have a contribution to local economies or environments. The financial part of such resource should thus satisfy commercial drivers, which drive the establishment of green ventures through self-interest. The environmental part is ethical, and satisfies personal drivers. Waste as recourse creates new skilled jobs, which contribute to social equity.

Waste is resource However, the definition of ‘waste as resource’ should not be misunderstood by ‘waste is resource’. Unquestionably, it is clear that waste was a resource once. Plastics are made out of oil, paper consists of wood material, glass from silica: the primary constituent of sand. ‘Waste is resource’ initiatives basically focus on the downcycling part of recycling. Also downcycling has been explained in the first (theoretical) sub research question of this report, at page 29: Downcycling is the process in which valuable products are being converted into low-value, raw materials. Obviously this is the best known form of recycling since downscaling involves e.g. the creation of new paper with old paper, new plastic with the use of old plastic, and new clothing by the use of rags.

Little side note is that turning waste into a resource is one of the key objectives of the EU for 2020 (European Environment Agency, 2016). The roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe is highlighted by ensuring high-quality recycling, limit energy recovery to non-recyclable materials, eliminating landfilling, and stopping illegal shipments of waste.

This research: ‘waste is resource’ and ‘waste as resource’ This research has been focussing on both waste as/is resource: any waste initiative that could be beneficial to citizens themselves. Therefore a large spectrum of small-scaled venues has been found. Second hand shops: individual, non-duplicated ‘local’ venues, with reuse as driver are included in this description, but excluded in the research since not all of these would have been found in the respective areas. Incomplete data would not have sketched the right image. Other examples are repair cafés: technical assistance in order for technical items to be granted a second life. Urban gardens with community compost incentive: an actual waste is resource initiative.

Developing compost out of green garbage (=resource). Highly interesting ánd innovative initiatives with a similar thought are upcycling / downcycling cafés, which choose for both improving existing items, and properly segregating others for the sake of recycling.

- 15 -

Waste management plans in the respective case study areas In order to get an idea of the current waste management situation in the case study areas.

Amsterdam According to ‘Uitvoeringsplan Afval: Amsterdam. Mooi schoon! (2016)’.

The municipality of Amsterdam chooses not to collect biological waste as ‘mono-stream’ via the underground container system. Costs for this service appear to be too high in comparison to the environmental profits gained in return. However, areas such as Amstelveen: where mini-containers are used in ‘lowly built’ areas, perfect separated collection is possible and already implemented (p.

3), and will be expanded to similar areas. Regarding biological waste, source-separation2 initiated by enthusiastic citizens is supported by the municipality. Amsterdam believes that local sourceseparation leads to a fine quality resource, which can be used as for example fertilizer (compost) (p.

4). After the summer of 2016, the municipality of Amsterdam will start a test in the Eastern part of the city regarding door-to-door collection of biological waste, and rewarding the separation of this, in context of the national program on separation of waste (VANG) (p. 29). Amsterdam is taking care of optimising the current underground container system. Optimising means ‘making it easier for citizens to separately hand over their resources (glass, paper, plastic, metals, cartons, and textiles). Also, Amsterdam is aiming for having less households per residual container. Along with some other strategies which are not applicable for this comparison, Amsterdam is planning to do so by decreasing the amount of residual waste households generate, thus via improving separation of waste at source (p. 23). The last mentioned ‘residual waste at household decreasing strategy’ will be tested via a trial of a rewarding system. Basically, this will be a system that rewards separation of waste via the ‘imposition on waste (afvalstoffenheffing)’: who delivers less residual waste pays a lower charge (p. 4).

Amstelland-Meerlanden Because of the evaluation given by NME Amstelland-Meerlanden, which can be found on page 91, this comparison will only focus on the municipality Amstelveen. The comparison is set-up according to ‘Afvalbeleidsplan Gemeente Amstelveen 2011 – 2015 (2010)’.

The municipality does not work with the ‘Diftar, imposition on waste (afvalstoffenheffing) system’. The municipality believes that this system will lead to illegal dumpsites, since the pollutant pays. Also such a system requires a regional strategy, which is not applicable for Amstelveen since this is a municipality on its own. Instead of the Diftar system, the municipality triggers residents to separate well via fine (underground) facilities (p. 17). Residual waste and biological waste are collected separately, in lowly-built areas (p. 19). Also paper containers have received extra attention in order to have a better paper-strategy for the environment, and for saving on finance (p. 22). The municipality has put a lot of stress on communication via campaigns, via a so-called waste-cale0der, a biological campaigns, and other special targeting and step-wise communication. An important stakeholder in these educational activities seem to have been the NME centre of the municipality of Amstelveen, especially focussed on children.

2

‘Source’: respective place where waste is generated.

- 16 -

Rivierenland According to ‘Verordening Afvalstoffenheffing Avri 2016 (2015)’ and ‘Afvalstoffenverordening Avri 2016 (2015)’.

Avri does work with the ‘imposition on waste (afvalstoffenheffing) system’ (VAA, 2015, p.2).

Avri does take care of separate collection of the following categories of municipal waste: 1.

Biological -2. Small, chemical waste -3. Glass -4. Cardboard -5. Plastics -6. Drinking cartons -7. Textiles -8. Large scaled municipal waste -9. Medicines -10. Matrasses -11. Asbestos materials -12.

Polystyrene materials -13. Plaster materials -14. Cooking oil. It is forbidden to deliver these municipal waste categories to any other party than AVRI, or other authorised parties (AA, 2015, p.3).

Arnhem According to ‘Afvalplan 2012-2020 van afval naar grondstof (2012)’.

Arnhem works alongside the ‘imposition on waste (afvalstoffenheffing) system (afvalstoffenheffing)’ as well. Arnhem believes that when the pollutant pays, people will separate their waste better. Waste that is separated does not need to be burned, which saves processing costs (p.7). Arnhem is in favour of source-separation of waste. Separation at source leads to a higher quality of resource, than when waste is collected jointly, and separated afterwards. Also, the municipality of Arnhem believes that first mentioned transfers a wrong message to citizens. Waste is resource after all, instead of waste. Arnhem achieves this goal via a more efficient door-to-door collection system. Residual waste is collected and stored in underground containers (p.7). This system is a fine one for lowly-built areas. However, for flats this appears to be more difficult (p.20).

- 17 -

3. Methodology 3.1.

Research design

In order to develop this research, a literature research has been executed. This literature research has mainly been used for the ‘literature review’ of the proposal of this research, which can be found as appendix to this report. The literature review of the proposal has provided definitions of dimensions of citizen waste initiatives, which have been used during the research. This review has been translated to the first research question of this research report.

The literature review of this report consists of information found and used during the research process, which started after the proposal had been developed and which have not been found as an addition to the first research question. Obviously, this has been part of the desk study of this research, whilst further action consisted of field research. This concerned finding and mapping the local waste initiatives, and understanding how the initiatives and centres could supplement one another. This has happened in the case study areas ‘Amsterdam’ (urban large city), ‘AmstellandMeerlanden’ (semi-urban), ‘Rivierenland’ (rural), and ‘Arnhem’ (urban small city). The areas have been chosen because of their character, so that these areas can serve as examples, and could be representing similar areas across The Netherlands. In these case study areas, local waste initiatives have been found through various channels: 1. The knowledge of the NME centres; Which often appeared to be limited. Since most of these lack specialisation towards waste, most NME centres are not aware of activity in their target area. Their interest is rather high, but still a bit hesitant since they are trying to figure out the use of such a research, and the benefit for themselves.

NME Rivierenland is an example of an NME centre which is up to date, and which maintains contact with citizen initiatives in their area.

2. The knowledge of municipalities; Especially smaller municipalities have been understood to have knowledge on activity in their area regarding waste initiatives. However, this was very limited, and contact with municipalities usually happens on a slow rate.

3. The knowledge of large scaled (citizen initiative database maintaining) organisations such as ‘Kracht in NL’ and ‘Greenwish’; On waste, such databases have been understood to be very limited. Fact is that lots of initiatives information is scattered around between countless portals and databases across the internet and across The Netherlands. The MAEX of Kracht in NL is a fine example of a portal which could (should) be utilised as main portal.

4. Local stakeholders, whom activities focus on a particular local area or group, such as community organisations; These stakeholders have appeared to be very important. Their network is large and very useful, and their knowledge on citizen initiatives is extended. They are very willing and enthusiastic to share, but not extendely interested in such researches. Eventually stakeholders like local (hobby) organisations, and local meeting places such as community centres have appeared to be most useful.

- 18 -

5. Local media, such as newspapers; Media is a though stakeholder to convince to publish. They find and make news rather than they take news from an external party like a relatively unknown organisation as GDO. However, media could be utilised: obviously it has great potential.

6. The network of local waste initiatives themselves.

Local waste initiatives have appeared to be quite on themselves, without many connections to one another. If they do, this usually is limited. Only the bigger initiatives: initiatives which cover multiple areas, and which have grown to be an important stakeholder for other citizens in an area (e.g. initiatives which have created a community of initiative-holders), have a larger network including various initiatives. These are very interested in such researches, and especially what is in it for them.

The position of interest (=interest in citizen waste initiatives) and influence (=knowledge on citizen waste initiatives) of different channels used for this research are visualised in the influence/interest matrix below. This information could be useful for NME centres or other parties which would be interested in conducting a similar research in their area. The channels are explained on the previous page.

Figure 5: Influence / interest matrix, stakeholders of this research

As can be seen at figure 3, 5 stakeholders have been included in the influence / interest matrix. Media has been excluded since this research has eventually not made use of this channel.

However, local media can be a great channel for promotion of such a research. The other actors have been included. From left to right.

During the timeframe of February until April the target areas have shifted slightly. Even though the initial plan was to conduct this research on the area around Amsterdam, ANMEC (NME centre) Amsterdam appeared interested and enthusiastic to the extent that it was decided to include the city. At the same time NME Haarlemmermeer (NMCX) and NME Haarlem showed to have been - 19 -

working on local waste initiatives in their area for quite some time already, and even appeared to have developed programs on supporting and facilitating initiatives already. These have thus been chosen to serve as example case study for this research. The case study examples have eventually been compared to one another.

3.2.

Data collection

Data has been collected according to case studies (Amsterdam, Amstelland-Meerlanden, Rivierenland and Arnhem), and example case studies (Haarlem and Haarlemmermeer). The local waste initiatives in the case study areas have been contacted individually in order to conduct an online qualitative questionnaire. This questionnaire has given in-depth insight into the characteristics

Figure 6, The Universal Business Model and its components (UBM, 2001)

of the initiatives. The questions of this questionnaire have been set-up according to the literature research, and the UBM-model (figure below). Of the UBM model aspects have been chosen which are expected to provide sufficient information for answering the research questions, and which describe core importances of an initiative. The following aspects have been chosen: name, raison d’etre, vision, mission, target market, physical deployment, roles and jobs, reporting structure, external structure, financial resources, specialised, skills, line-of-business, services, products, constraints and pressures, and scale. These aspects, referred to as characteristics, have been translated into questions which can be found at the appendix of this document. Furthermore, constraints and pressures of this list include questions regarding resources which have been chosen according to three different ways. Firstly, a literature review has been performed, out of which various resources have been taken. These can be found at the first sub-research question. These resources have been compared to the resources that Kracht in NL uses when initiatives subscribe to their database. It has been very important whether NME centres could provide such internal resources as well, which was the final criterea taken into account. Eventually the following list of resources have been chosen to work with: ‘financial, volunteers / employees, working place, materials / tools, knowledge / advice, and emotional / connection’. Also, because GDO is a platform for municipalities, external resources have been taken into account as well. These have eventually shown lots of indirect influences, which was not expected in the first place.

The example case study NME centres have either been interviewed (NMCX), or have filled in an online questionnaire (Haarlem). This consisted questions set-up according to the ‘IOM model - 20 -

checklist’ (IOM Checklist, 2005). The IOM model has been chosen since the interrelation between input (strategy of support towards local waste initiatives), and output (how well initiatives perform in the area) was desired to be known. The case study NME centres have filled in a questionnaire as well, which resulted in information on the extend that centres are able to support the initiatives in their area. These questions have been set up according to resources. All these three question lists can be found at the appendices.

On the 14th and 15th of April, 73 local waste initiatives have been sent the questionnaire.

These include 40 in Amsterdam, 12 in Amstelland-Meerlanden, 10 in Arnhem, and 11 in Rivierenland.

Furthermore, these have been classified into 5 categories, as can be seen below.

Area Amsterdam Amstelland- Rivierenland Arnhem Meerlanden Second hand initiatives by 4 3 2 1 local association / community centre Repair Cafés 18 6 2 3 Green / compost 9 1 0 1 Litter pick-ups 2 2 3 2 Other 7 0 3 4 Total 40 12 10 11 Table 3: Number of different initiatives at the four areas

All of these adhere to the requirement of having a focus area not larger than their direct municipality, having a target towards citizens (consumers), and not being reproduced (being part of a larger-scaled brand). More requirements can be found at the first sub-research question of this report, explained from page 26 onwards.

A first reminder was sent a week after the first email. For the third email, and second reminder, the smallest scaled initiatives have been filtered out. These can be understood as ‘second hand initiatives’, and ‘litter pick-ups’. These have been chosen not to continue with because they perform their activities regarding that much of an irregular, and on a not frequent base, which has triggered the assumption that these initiatives are happy performing as they do. Without interference of a relatively far-away, external party.

Eventually, actual interesting and potential respondents for this research have been narrowed down to 51. Seen the fact that the list consists of 14 second hand initiatives by local associations / community centres and 8 litter pick-ups, which can be calculated up to 22 initiatives, 51 initiatives have been hoped to receive the questionnaire back (*73 – 22 = 51).

However, some of the litter pick-ups and second hand initiatives did respond. These are ‘Amsterdam Schoon’, ‘Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort’ ‘Jeltje'Markt’ (Amsterdam), ‘Bloemen buurt Schoon’, ‘Kledingruil Café’ (Rivierenland). Having these respondents out of these groups, it gives the understanding that these feel actually called by the research, because they e.g. perform their activities on a regular base, and thus are actually interested in this research and its outcomes. Adding these 5 to the 51 which had been counted on, the eventual number arrives at 56.

With 40 actual respondents, this leaves a gap of 16 initiatives which have not responded. This huge amount of respondents show the interest local waste initiatives have to get connected and be involved in a ‘bigger picture’ than just their own initiative. This is the very first finding of this research, and shows that NME centers have an important facilitation role to play in this process.

- 21 -

Table 4: Non-environmental related work that initiatives carry out as well

By the end of this research, it has been chosen to remove the local second hand shops examples which had been found. Even though they perform an important role in society (as can be seen on page 23), this research has not been focussed on this group.

Assumed is that many have not been found, which makes data unreliable. Conclusions have also not been based on this category, so they have been removed.

This initiative works in favour of:

Response on the questionnaires, and thus characteristics of the initiatives can be found under both the second research question and the appendices. The second research question, starting at page 33 provides the characteristics which are needed to answer the research questions. Further (in-depth) info on the initiatives can be found in the appendices. The table to the right shows four visuals of non-environmental related services which initiatives carry out as well. They are often concerned with both social cohesion and social inclusiveness in their area. Also, some try to connect parties to each other. Combating poverty is a fourth indicated service. Via the initiatives, citizens are able to provide items such as clothing and toys to community members with low financial resource. The visuals to the right are used at the appendices.

Connecting parties & people

Improving social cohesion

Combating poverty

Providing work for those in need (social inclusion)

The initiatives, as listed in table 3 of the previous page, can be subdivided in ‘waste as resource’ and ‘waste is resource’3. The first is a resource as the item itself, the second is a resource as the resource the item consists of.

Waste as resource

Waste is resource

Second hand initiative by association / centre

Litter pick-ups

Repair Café

Green / compost

Other (depends on the initiative)

Other (depends on the initiative)

Table 5: Initiatives categories focussing on as / is resource

3

The difference between ‘waste is/as resource’ can be found at the literature review on page 15.

- 22 -

Waste initiatives & the 4 R’s According to first research question, the four consumer related R’s are ‘reuse of items, recycling (up/down) of items, repairing broken ones, and reduction of buying/wasting/littering behaviour’. Into these R’s, the initiatives can be classified as the following:

Reuse -Second hand initiative by association / community centre

Recycling -Other

-Litter pick-up

-Green / compost

Repair -Repair Café

Reduction The ‘awareness’ aspect which most initiatives carry out, but none can be specifically classified to

Second hand shops & society Second hand shops are important actors in society for supporting re-use, and often transfer major social values towards their target group. These are some examples (quotes taken from second hand shops) which support this statement: Second hand shops support reuse and recycling: “We try to get as many people with poor job prospects to work, whilst are second goal is to recycle goods (sustainability) (Boemerang, 2016)”

Some are the workplace facility of repair-cafés: “On the location at which the Repair Café is performed: ‘second hand shop Secunda’, tools and materials are available in order to perform all sorts of reparations” (Secunda, 2012).

Figure 7: De boemerang, Amstelveen

Figure 8: Kringloopinkel Secunda

Some are ‘money-generating facility’ for NGO’s / international organisation “..a small scaled organisation which gathers money in order to support projects in the living environment of the Masaistam in Kenia. The foundation understood the establishment of a second hand shop as one of the possibilities to create a lasting source of income in order to fund these projects (Het Vincentrum, 2016)”

Figure 9: Het Vincentrum, Arnhem

- 23 -

A descriptive research has barely been conducted. One initiative: ‘Kinder Wijkteam’ has been explained more elaborately than the others. Due to time limitations this could not have been done of more initiatives. The elaborate description of ‘Kinder Wijkteam’ can be found in the appendices of this research report.

3.3.

Data processing

The data obtained by both the online qualitative questionnaire (local waste initiatives), and the qualitative interview (MNE centres) have been processed in (Word) schemes in this report, instead of using Excel. This has been chosen in favour of readability of the document. In order to make it easily understandable, the initiatives (their characteristics and needs) in the second, third and fourth sub-research question have been further elaborated upon in the appendix. The reader can easily go back and forth through the report in order to find desired background information on initiatives. This data is supported by Mapcustomizer (2016), which is a customizer for google maps, and which allows the location of the found waste initiatives to be visualised.

Figure 10, an example of the use of https://www.mapcustomizer.com

It has been chosen not to create a new portal since there are so many already. As there are many diverse initiative portals (like MAEX), developing an extra portal would create only (more) chaos. Also specific portals such as http://repaircafe.org/ and http://www.allekringloopwinkels.nl/ are already existing, with already existing knowledge.

In order to compare both the needed and the available resources for an initiative, but also characteristics such as the target group, waste focus, strategy used, etc. the multi criteria analysis tool has been used.

Citizen waste initiatives were able to rate the 6 mentioned resources ‘insufficient, sufficient, good, excellent, or not needed’. In order to give understanding how much these resources are holding the initiatives back, they have been given a score. Final score determines wether an initiative perceives its own performance as ‘poor, well, very well, or excellent’. This scored performance gives insight in the potential an initiative believes it has. Translating qualitative data into quantitative has thus only been done to give understanding to the qualitative data, and was definitely needed to do so. Further explanation on this method can be found on the next page.

- 24 -

Resources have been ranked as follows: Not needed 20

Insufficient 0

Sufficient 10

Good 15

Excellent 20

Since there are 6 resources to be rated (financial, volunteers / employees, working place, materials / tools, knowledge / advice, and emotional / connection), an initiative can score a maximum of 120 (20*6). 0 – 59 is perceived as ‘poor’, 60 – 79 as ‘well’, 80 – 99 as ‘very well’, and 100 – 120 as ‘excellent’. ‘Not needed’ scores 20, since the respective resource would not hinder the initiative in carrying out its activities. ‘Not filled in’ scores 20 as well. Sufficient would mean the initiative to be able to carry out its activities without trouble. 6 times 10 is 60, which is the reason for taking 60 as bottom-line. The rest of the scores have been adjusted to this tiny calculation. It has been chosen to score the initiatives since this gives an easy and quick overview of how well an initiative is able to perform its activities. Obviously, the resources that hinder initiatives will be discussed under the third and fourth sub-research question of this research, starting from page 71 onwards.

The target area, target group, strategy, and targeted waste can clearly be analysed through the multi criteria analysis tool as well. Eventually this has been concluded into a SWOT analysis, of which ‘strengths’ and ‘weaknesses’ regarding waste initiatives of an area are illustrated, and ‘opportunities’ regarding initiatives in need of support are addressed. The third question has provided background information for the specific case study NME centres on how these can address the initiatives present in their areas. The fourth sub-research question has provided information on possible support between initiatives, which has been translated into figures.

- 25 -

4. According to which characteristics can local waste initiatives be defined?

The literature review explains that solid waste, which is recyclable, reusable and organic, from municipal, mainly consumer derived sources, can be referred to as municipal solid waste.

4.1.

Municipal solid waste

USEPA (2016) describes municipal solid waste as “everyday items we use and then throw away, such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries”. The Business Dictionary (2016) explains households and commercial establishments as municipal solid waste producers. Eschooltoday (2015) adds market places and other public places to these.

WM (2016) provides an elaborated list of recyclable domestic items per category.

-

-

-

-

Paper/cardboard includes o ‘Corrugated cardboard’, ‘magazines’, ‘office paper’, ‘newspapers’, ‘paperboard’, ‘paper cardboard dairy and juice cartons’, ‘unsolicited direct mail’, and ‘phone books’.

Glass include o ‘Clear flint glass’, ‘brown (amber) glass’, and ‘green (emerald) glass’.

Plastics include o Hard plastics rather than the soft variety. “If the plastic item can be scrunched easily into a ball or breaks apart easily, it can NOT go in your recycling bin” (Burnie, 2016).

Hard plastic items usually carry a plastic identification code. The list of hard plastic identification codes and their matching recyclable process can be found in the appendixes of this proposal.

Metal includes o ‘Aluminium cans’, ‘aluminium foil and bakeware’, ‘steel and tin cans’.

Batteries and bulbs include o ‘Car batteries’, ‘household and button batteries’, ‘rechargeable batteries’, ‘incandescent led’ and ‘compact fluorescent bulbs’.

Electronics include o ‘Computers (CPUS, monitors, peripherals, keyboards)’, ‘office equipment (photocopiers, printers, fax machines)’, televisions, consumer electronics (VCRS, stereos, home/office phones)’, and ‘cell phones’.

USEPA (2016) includes ‘yard trimmings and food waste’ as well. These indeed can be ‘recycled’ as compost can be reused as natural fertiliser.

4.2.

Local waste initiatives

Local initiatives, which focus on municipal solid waste, are initiated by civil society. Citizens and community organisations can be concluded into ‘civil society’ (Van Koppen and Spaargaren, 2015). Mark Warren (1999) describes the civil society well by stating “the domain of associations that are centred on associative relations (unspecified psychologically defined relations), and which shade into associations that interact with states, markets and intimate relations” (Warren 1999, p.15). Van Koppen and Spaargaren (2015) further explain that the participation of citizens and community organisations is often referred at as ‘the participation of stakeholders’, rather than the participation of banks, industries, or governmental agencies. Civil society organisations have the potential to grow into large-scale organisations and ‘institutionalise’ at some point. Institutions are described by Koppen and Spaargaren (2015, p8) as “rule-based social patterns that structure social interactions - 26 -

and exert a broad and lasting influence on society.” As will be described in the environmental reform section, local waste initiatives try to educate the public via offering a service or product which is believed that the government is unable to offer. In an area civil society organisations try to have a lasting influence on the habits of residents (society) regarding waste management in an area. These local initiatives actually try to work according to grassroots development principles. Uphoff and Norman (1993) describe the correspondence between civil society organisations and grassroots development organisations in utilising collective action from local level to develop and improve situations at local, regional or even national level. These grassroots work according to a bottom-up strategy and are sometimes considered more spontaneous without the traditional power structures, which local initiatives are as well. The strategy often is a face-to-face one: very personal and very direct (Grassroots Campaigns 2016). Such strategies require a limited field of work, which usually is a municipality, or one or several villages together. In the grassroot development principle such initiatives can best be described as non-profit organisations (Grassroots Campaigns 2016). These start of by individuals volunteering their efforts for an (individually perceived) just cause.

The role of civil society organisations Markham and Koppen (2007) discuss the roles civil society organisations perform around (environmental) reform. ‘Reform’ means the amendment or improvement of what is perceived as wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc. Markham and Koppen (2007, p18) have indicated the relevancy of ‘at least’ five reasons of civil society in environmental reform.

1. They facilitate trust and collaboration among citizens. In doing so they help citizens achieve environmental aims through collective action (e.g. protesting of organisation of local residents against a polluting industry).

2. Civil society organisations meet the environmental needs that cannot be met by the market or the state (e.g. when nature organisations make nature areas accessible for the public).

3. They supplement governmental democratic structures in environmental governance (e.g. the participation of representatives of environmental organisations in public consultation processes, or when citizens organise themselves in green parties).

4. Civil society organisations help educating citizens regarding environmental issues (e.g. provision of education to schools).

5. They contribute to the development of skills in democratic citizenships and governance (e.g. when members of an organisation learn to discuss and formulate policy views on the environment) The participation of citizens in social programs can be evaluated through the participation ladder. Koppen and Spaargaren (2015) have combined two different versions of this participation ladder into one, which specifies the focus of the tool on participation on environmental projects. The ladder can be found in the annexes of this proposal. Waste initiatives which do not belong to a greater movement, and which are actually self-initiated. Sekerka and Stimel (2014) address people’s innovative resourcefulness when these are working on their own, free of systemic constraints.

Sekerka and Stimmel (2014) continue by describing the informal waste sector, stating that local municipalities bear more responsibility for managing public affairs.

- 27 -

Conclusion local waste initiatives It can be concluded that local (waste) initiatives can be referred to as citizen or community organisations initiated with eventual goal of reforming the direct area it is situated in, in favour of a certain cause which is perceived as just. These initiatives can involve other community members and make their decisions ‘self-powered’, but in possible agreement with other civil initiatives. Local initiatives are characterised by performing their activities on local scale such as a municipality or one or several closely situated villages together. The face-to-face strategy also is characteristic, and maybe even necessary in starting the desired reform.

4.3.

Strategies for local waste initiatives

The general idea of garbage is it to be an ‘end’ product which can be thrown away. However, together with the product that is thrown away, also the (natural) resources out of which the product consists are being wasted. Milieu Centraal (2016) argues that a better segregation of waste -and a decline of this 60% of the residual waste- can be achieved through more segregation of waste, improving waste segregation itself, and through prevention of the ‘produce’ of waste. In order to counteract the ‘throw away’ habit, local waste initiatives work according to the RRR principle. This is argued by USEPA (2016), which describes the several strategies used in order to reduce the amount of waste for disposal.

1) Source reduction includes designing products in such a way that the amount of waste that will later on need to be disposed will be reduced (USEPA 2016). NRDC (2016) argues reduction to be the most effective, but also the hardest. It includes people to let go of their extreme buying behaviour, or as NRDC (2016) states: “the bigger the better”. However, argued is that it is not needed to let go all at once. Reduce basically says: cut back from where you are now. NRDC (2016) states that people need to shop differently, consume differently, maintain differently. The eventual goal is reducing eventual waste. Bottom-up source reduction strategies focus on people: the consumer.

These aim for increasing knowledge, increasing awareness and thereby changing buying behaviour and other habits. Awareness campaigns can thus be included as bottom-up waste initiative strategy.

As important as ones consciousness regarding buying behaviour is, is ones consciousness regarding 2) reuse. Items are thrown away easily, without consideration of the second life the item is able to live. NRDC (2016) explains that the reuse of items keeps new resources from being used for a while longer, and also delays old items from entering the waste chain. Also reuse is part of awareness campaigns. Even though e.g. big second-hand retailers are a fine example of re-use, such companies are too commercial for this research.

3) Recycling is the recovery of useful materials, commonly done with paper, glass, plastics and metals, to use to make new products and reducing the amount of virgin raw material needed (USEPA 2016). Downcycling and upcycling are two types of recycling. Upcycling is referred to as the process in which an item becomes a new item, but is still made of the same materials as before the process started (The Upcycling Fashionista, 2016). The Figure 11: Chasing arrows which goal of upcycling is to prevent the waste of potentially useful implies the product can be materials by making use of already existing materials. Upcycling recycled. Most communities only sounds similar to ‘upscaling’, which is commonly used as reference accept #1 and #2. to ‘quality’ (Linguee, 2016) or ‘exclusive’ (interglot, 2016). Regarding ‘waste’ this can be translated as: restoring the products’ worth up to the state in which the product is re-recognised as item again. In this way the perceived useless item can be (re)sold again. Upcycling is the opposite of downcycling. Last mentioned is the process in - 28 -

which valuable products are being converted into low-value, raw materials (The Upcycling Fashionista, 2016). Obviously this is the best known form of recycling since downscaling involves the creation of new paper with old paper, new plastic with the use of old plastic, and new clothing by the use of rags. Downscaling is useful since it keeps the ‘waste’ out of landfills (for some time at least).

However, the process of downscaling eventually requires more energy than upscaling, since the physical properties of a waste materials are being changed (The Upcycling Fashionista, 2016).

Regarding the process of climate change, upcycling is favoured over downscaling. NRDC (2016) explains that the bottleneck of downcycling is the rules that every municipality has on its own. On the bottom of plastic packaging a diversity of numbers can be found. Plastics consisting out of #1 (PET or PETE) and #2 (HDrPE) are usually used fort the process, but this can differ per municipality or county. Besides plastics there is a broad variety of recyclable materials. These are explained under ‘waste’. Also composting is a certain form of recycling, it includes organic waste. The process involves the collection of organic waste, such as yard trimmings and food scraps, and storing these under such conditions that the organic waste breaks down naturally. The compost can be used as natural fertiliser (USEPA 2016).

Burnie (2016) even adds two extra strategies before recycling. These are ‘refuse and repair’.

Refuse obviously focusses on the consumer and can be sub-categorised under ‘source reduction’, which has been discussed already. However, repair is an interesting extra strategy which can be added to the list. 4) Repair is used regarding items which are broken and need to be repaired in order to be able to be used again. This suggests that repair is part of the reuse strategy. However, because repair is a rather technical focussed strategy, and reuse a rather awareness one, it will be best to divide these from one another.

Conclusion strategies for local waste initiatives Strategies for local waste initiatives can be concluded into four categories. The first one is ‘source reduction’ which consists of source reduction and reuse. Consumers should shop and consume differently, but also consider a second life of an item. Secondly comes ‘encouraging reuse’, which for example second hand shops use. Third is ‘improving the recycling process’ which consists of upcycling and downcycling, and ‘repairing which is broken’ is last but not least, and can be understood as a category as well.

Figure 12: Reduce and better use of waste, European Environment Agency (2014)

The figure on the bottom is taken from an online article of the European Environment Agency (2014) basically tells the story that has been discussed so far. Section one until three have been elaborated upon, which brings this conceptual framework at section four. It states that ‘some waste can be turned into energy’.

Questioned may be which waste can be seen as resource.

- 29 -

4.4.

The benefits of waste

Reliable Prosperity (2016) states the following according waste as a resource: “Waste as resource can be applied in any rural or urban community as an important contribution to local economies and materials cycles. In many instances, it creates new skilled jobs, contributing to social equity.� This includes both the economic and social dimension of waste as resource. In this definition, material cycles are processes that make materials cheaper and more feasible through decreasing the need for raw materials. Resources are thus any substance which can be recovered from secondary resources, and used for other purposes (Gharabaghi et al., 2011). India is taken as an example by Sekerka and Stimmel (2014), in which the informal waste sector generates 280 million dollars in revenue annually. Parris and McInnis-Bowers (2014) also highlight the financial aspects of waste as resource. Argued is that the creation of new, green ventures is driven by a self-interested intention. Using waste as resource is thus possible, as long as this resource generates money. Sita (2016) includes the environment by arguing that waste that satisfies both commercial and environmental drivers can be seen as resource. Sekerka and Stimmel (2014) furthermore highlight regenerative design, which is an environmentally conscious approach, yet often lowers operational cost as well. Regenerative Leadership Institute (2012) explain regenerative systems as systems which output is equal or greater than its input, and part of this output becomes part of creating more output. The most crucial aspect of regenerative design is that -what in other systems would be considered as waste- is used as input.

Conclusion: the benefits of waste Waste which should be seen as resource should be able to be identified according to the following characteristics. Waste as resource can be applied in both rural and urban areas, and should have a contribution to local economies and local environments. The financial part of such resource should thus satisfy commercial drivers, which drive the establishment of green ventures through selfinterest. The environmental part is ethical, and satisfies personal drivers. Waste as recourse thus creates new skilled jobs, which contribute to social equity. Waste as resource works according to a regenerative design, which means that systems start with the end products of other systems.

- 30 -

The visualisation of the characteristics of the local waste initiatives can be seen below. They consist of 1) strategy and 2) municipal solid waste type the initiatives focus on. Furthermore, 3) target group can be added, but has not been elaborated since it is best to leave flexible seen the many possibilities.

Environmental

Financial

Social

Civil society

Civil Resource society

Civil society

Civil society Metal

Electronics

Civil society

Glass

Batteries and bulbs

Civil society Civil society Paper / cardboard

Civil society

Civil society

Yard trimmings / food waste

Plastics

Civil society

Civil society

Municipal solid waste Paper / cardboard

Repair

Recycling / composting

Reuse

Technical

Improving process

Awareness

Reduce

Local waste initiatives Figure 13, visualisation of characteristics of local waste initiatives

4.5.

Local waste initiatives, resource support

For understanding in what way the NME centres will be able to support the local waste initiatives, or how the initiatives will be able to support each other, a first list of main resources should be described. Tutor2u (2016) explains the resources that a business needs to put in place to pursue its chosen strategy. These are: 1) financial resources: the resources that concern the ability of a business to finance (and perform) its chosen strategy. Maybe these local waste initiatives have external creditors, or maybe all activities are funded by the shareholders’ capital. Secondly 2) human resources are highlighted. The heart of human resources is the skills-base of the business. Are these sufficient to meet the needs of the chosen strategy? 3) Physical resources come third. These concern the physical capability to deliver a strategy. These are subdivided into 3.1) production facilities, where current production takes place, 3.2) marketing facilities, where marketing management processes and distribution processes take place, and 3.3) information technology, where the integration with customers and suppliers takes place. BusinessDictionairy (2016) adds knowledge factors as well. This is further explained by Small Business (2016) that describe this as 4) educational - 31 -

resources. These resources are elaborated on as perhaps the greatest thing an entrepreneur can do when establishing a business. Gaining in-depth knowledge of the industry and possible competitors makes the entrepreneur better prepared. Also 5) emotional resources are discussed, which cover the maintenance of sanity and motivation provided by a supporting team. However, BusinessDictionairy (2016) also refers to the 4 m’s, which would add machines to the list. This can be better reformulated into 6) tools, which include the machinery and tools needed to perform regular activities of the business.

Conclusion: local waste initiatives, support via resources Resources that waste initiatives might need in order to develop are: financial resources, human resources, physical resources -which consist of production facilities, marketing facilities and information technology-, educational resources, emotional resources, and tools.

Concluding: characteristics which define local waste initiatives Local waste initiatives are citizens and community organisations which can be concluded into civil society. These initiatives focus on (the act of throwing away) everyday items after they have been used. These items are commonly produced by households, commercial establishments and in public spaces. Such everyday items include the following materials: -

Paper/cardboard Glass Plastics Metal Batteries and bulbs Electronics yard trimmings and food waste

Local waste initiatives try to educate the public via offering services or products which are believed that the government is unable to offer. These aim for societal (environmental) reform at local, regional or even national level through utilising collective action from local level. Strategies for local waste initiatives can be concluded into four categories. The first one is ‘source reduction’ via awareness campaigns. Second comes ‘encouraging reuse’, which for example second hand shops use. Third is ‘improving the recycling process’ which is done via e.g. the collection of biological waste.

‘Repairing broken matter’ is last but not least, and can be understood as a strategy used mainly by repair cafés.

Local waste initiatives have been created through the innovative resourcefulness of citizens or community organisation, since these have been working on their own, free of systemic constraints. Local waste initiatives work in line with grassroots development principles since these utilise collective action from local (bottom-up) level. Local waste initiatives are free of traditional power structures just as grassroots, which make them more spontaneous.

Fact is that many ‘spontaneous’ local waste initiatives are created since waste has been considered valuable. Waste is a resource. Local waste initiatives which are ‘in’ as an actual moneycreating business understand that the 49% of municipal waste includes 60% valuable matter, and 40% garbage. These initiatives aim for this 60%. Waste which is being identified as such a resource has a certain set of characteristics. First of all, this waste should satisfy commercial drivers, which represents the financial part of the job. Secondly, such waste contributes to local economies, in both rural and urban areas. It contributes to local economies by creating new skilled jobs, which on its turn develops social equity in an area. Very important is that waste as resource works according to a regenerative design, which means that such a system starts with the end products of other systems.

- 32 -

5. Which local waste initiatives are present in the areas of the NME centres ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘AmstellandMeerlanden’, and what are their characteristics This sub-research question illustrates which initiatives are present in the four case study areas, what their focus of work is, and how well they are able to perform this work. The visualisation method is explained in the methodology at page 25. Further elaborated information explanation on these initiatives can be found at the appendices.

5.1.

ANMEC: NME centre Amsterdam (urban: large city)

Waste and sustainable initiatives are concepts which are beginning to play a major role in Amsterdam. Citizen initiatives aiming for a more sustainable capital city are being developed and implemented in no-time, whilst Amsterdam city is trying to understand how it is able to reduce the waste and improve segregation of the resource. ANMEC is an NME growing and expanding to new grounds, in which ‘waste’ is an absolute priority. ANMEC is interested in understanding which waste initiatives are present in the area, and would like to understand how they can facilitate and support these initiatives. Amsterdam is divided in the following regions: Centre, New-West, North, East, West, South, South-east, and Westpoort.

Figure 14: Map of the departments of Amsterdam

- 33 -

CENTRE

Initiative

Not needed

Insufficient

Target area

Target group

Sufficient

Strategy

Amsterdam Schoon

The Wallen area

Tourists

-Awareness

Compost mobiel

City of Amsterdam

Households

-Awareness -Improving local recycling process

Good

Excellent

Waste focus -Not specifically

Finan Volunteers/ cial employees 20 10

Working place 20

Materials / tools 20

Knowledge /advice 20

Emotional/ connection 15

-Biological

0

20

0

0

15

10

Score

/ 120 105 Excel lent 45 Poor

34

External -No

-No

NEW-WEST

Initiative Wormen composte erbak voor de buurt

Not needed

Insufficient

Target area

Target group

Slotervaart, J. Van Meurshof

All households that are eager to separate waste

Sufficient

Strategy -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process

Good

Waste focus -Biological

Excellent

Finan Volunteers/ cial employees 20 10

Working place 20

Materials / tools 20

Knowledge /advice 20

Emotional/ connection 15

Score

/ 120 105 Excel lent

35

External -Funds do not want to contribute to the initiatives’ operational costs

NORTH

Initiative Repair Café Vogelbuurt Amsterdam Noord,

schoon zoals het hoort

Not needed

Insufficient

Target area

Target group

AmsterdamNorth, Vogelbuurt AmsterdamNorth

Sufficient

Strategy

All citizens

-Reuse of items -Repairing items

All citizens of Amsterdam Noord

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process

Good

Excellent

Waste focus -Electronics

Finan Volunteers/ cial employees 0 15

Working place 10

Materials / tools 10

Knowledge /advice 20

Emotional/ connection 20

Score

-Plastics -Paper / cardboard -Glass -Metals

0

0

0

15

20

45 Poor

10

External

/ 120 75 Well

36

-‘Not caring’ attitude of municipality towards maintenance of the public good

Repair Café Tuindorp Oostzaan Cities foundation ´Wasted´

AmsterdamNorth, Tuindorp Oostzaan

Community members

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Repairing items

-Electronics

10

15

10

15

20

20

90 Very well

-No

AmsterdamNorth

Households

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process

-Plastics

0

15

15

20

15

15

80 Very well

Weggeefw inkel Bloemenb uurt

AmsterdamNorth

The less fortunate

-Reuse of items

-Not specifically

0

20

20

0

20

20

80 Very well

-Even though subsidised by municipality, municipality is in for the benefit too.

-No

Repair Café De Bolder

-

Citizens

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Repairing items

10

10

10

10

10

10

60, Well

37

-Not really, but since new products are that cheap, there is no benefit of repairing.

EAST

Initiative Taste Before You Waste Foundation Participatie Betondorp

Not needed

Insufficient

Target area

Target group

Sufficient

Strategy

Amsterdam-oost

The consumer

-Awareness -Reuse of items

Betondorp, Amsterdam-oost Watergraafsmeer

All residents of Betondorp + surroundings

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items

Good

Excellent

Waste focus -Biological

Finan Volunteers/ cial employees 50 20

Working place 10

Materials / tools 15

Knowledge /advice 15

Emotional/ connection 20

Score

-Not specifically

0

15

0

15

0

45 Poor

15

/ 120 80 Very well

38

External -Yes

-Local government

Buren Compost Project

H.J.E, Wenckebachweg and Amstelkwartier

Students of the Wenckehof and citizens of Amstelkwartier

-Awareness -Improving local recycling process

-Biological

10

10

20

0

10

10

60 Well

Repair CafĂŠ CentrumOost

Amsterdam Centre-east

All community members

-Awareness -Reuse -Repairing items

-Not specifically

20

15

15

15

15

10

90 Very well

39

-No

WEST

Initiative Jeltje' Markt

Not needed

Insufficient

Target area

Target group

Amsterdam West (Helmersbuurt)

Sufficient

Strategy

Mainly residents -Awareness of Amsterdam-Reuse of items West -Improving local recycling process -Social: what has no worth for one, could be very worthy for another

Good

Waste focus -Not specifically

Excellent

Finan Volunteers/ cial employees 0 15

Working place 10

Materials / tools 20

Knowledge /advice 15

Emotional/ connection 20

Score

External

/ 120 80 Very well

-No, we stay within regulations

40

Reparette

Amsterdam West

Citizens of Amsterdam West

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items

Luistervink Educatie ve Moestuin

Stadslandbouw (west)

All, special workshops for childeren

Soeptuin Bredius

Spaarndammerbu urt

Community members (participant in gardening or supplying biological waste), cliënts of the ‘voedselbank’, and people interested in urban farming

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process

0

10

0

0

10

0

20 Poor

-No

-Paper, cardboard -Biological

20

15

15

15

20

20

105 Excel lent

-No

-Biological

10

10

0

10

0

15

45 Poor

-As West is planning on building the (previous construction) terrain we are using, we experience difficulties finding a new proper location.

Amsterdam West is not supporting us regarding this.

41

I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands

Urban agriculture, circular economy, self-initiative, sustainability, social cohesion Bos en Lommer

Surrounding community households, citizens Bos en Lommer, community children, people interested in urban compost farming, sustainable / ecological living, potential initiative takers

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process

-Biological

0

0

20

20

20

10

70 Well

-No

Buurtcom posteren Zimmerho eve

Amsterdam West

Anyone willing to combat waste

-Awareness -Improving local recycling process

-Biological

0

20

20

20

15

15

90 Very well

-No

Repair CafĂŠ OudWest

Amsterdam OldWest

Citizens

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Repairing items

-Electronics

0

10

20

0

10

10

50 Poor

-No

Repair CafĂŠ Buurtkam er Corantijn

Postjesbuurt

Anyone

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Repairing items

-Electronics

15

0

15

10

10

15

65 Well

-Regarding liability, yes.

42

SOUTH

Initiative

Not needed

Insufficient

Target area

Target group

Sufficient

Strategy

Good

Excellent

Waste focus -Biological

Finan Volunteers/ cial employees 15 20

Working place 20

Materials / tools 20

Knowledge /advice 20

Emotional/ connection 20

Score

/ 120 95 Very well

External

Buurtcom posteren Frans Halsstraat

Amsterdam-Zuid de Pijp

All residents in the community

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process

Containing

AmsterdamZuidas

People with a green heart

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Producing food on waste

-Biological

0

0

0

0

0

15

15 Poor

-No

Community members

-Repairing items

-Electronics

10

15

15

15

15

15

85 Very well

-No

Mushrooms

Repair CafĂŠ Buitenverld ert

43

-Not yet

Amsterdam: not included, worthy to mention Initiatives which have not responded, but which have been recognised as a local waste initiative.

 Lena The Fashion Library. A store in which fashionable clothing is not bought but borrowed. Instead of having ‘80% of a womans’ wardrobe unused’, Lena The Fashion Library aims for removing this 80%, stopping excessive over-consumption and starting a clothing-borrowing-system  Multiculturele Kerk, Hoop voor Noord – ‘Weggeeftafel’. Organised three times a year  Repair Café ´Amsterdam Centrum-Oost´  Repair Café ´Amsterdam Amsterdam-Oost´  Repair Café ´Amsterdam Centrum-West´  Repair Café ´Amstersterdam-Oost Transvaalbuurt´  Repair Café ´Amsterdam Slotervaart Noord´  Repair Café ´Amsterdam-West de Baarsjes´  Repair Café ´Amsterdam-West Westerpark´  Repair Café ´Amsterdam-Zuid De Pijp´ 44

 Repair Café ´Amsterdam-Zuid Rivierenbuurt´  Repair Café ´Amsterdam-Zuidoost´  Repair Café ´Bos & Lommer´ 

Stadscompost

 Dumpsterdam – Dumpsterdiving, food-activism. Especially saving food which is meant to be thrown away.

Organises a catering service using ‘saved’ food.  RecyQ

45

5.2.

NME Amstelland-Meerlanden (semi-urban)

NME Amstelland-Meerlanden is a NME within the municipality, but with ‘space’ to move around freely. NME Amstelland-Meerlanden is active regarding litter pick-ups through the ‘zappers’ program, which a part-time worker is active on. As been discussed already, Amstelland-Meerlanden includes Haarlemmermeer. However, regarding citizen waste initiatives, the NME centre in the particular area has reached an advanced stage already.

Haarlemmermeer could thus be excluded as target area for this research. Amstelland-Meerlanden basically is the collection of municipalities embracing Amsterdam from North-East to South-West around Amsterdam. Excluding Haarlemmermeer, the following municipalities have been included in this research: Aalsmeer, Uithoorn, Amstelveen, Ouder-Amstel and Diemen.

Initiative Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel

Not needed

Insufficient

Target area

Target group

Municipality Ouder-Amstel

Citizens of Ouder-Amstel

Sufficient Strategy -Awareness -Reuse of items -Repairing items

Good Waste focus -Plastics -Electronics -Batteries and lamps

Excellent Finan Volunteers/ cial employees 15 20

Working place 15

Materials / tools 20

Knowledge /advice 20

Emotional/ connection 15

Score

/120 105 Excel lent

46

External -No

Repair CafĂŠ Diemen

Diemen and surroundings

People owning broken items

Garby Aalsmeer

Gemeente Aalsmeer

Easy-polluters: youth (school), employees (migrants)

Repair Cafe Uithoorn

Uithoorn/Kwakel

Repair CafĂŠ Amstelveen Randwijck Randwijck Amstelveen

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items -Awareness -Reuse of items

-Electronics -Batteries and lamps

20

20

10

20

10

20

100 Excel lent

-Plastics -Glass -Metal

0

0

20

10

15

10

55 Poor

-No

Anyone

-Awareness

-Electronics -Batteries and lamps

10

20

10

10

20

15

85 Very well

-Municipality calculates price of rent (building)

Everyone

-Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items -Improving social networks -Repairing items

-Electronics

10

10

10

0

10

20

60 Well

47

Le Compostier - Urban Compost

Amsterdam and surroundings

Citizens, smallscaled biological cafés

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Connecting various institutions, companies, initiatives.

-Paper / cardboard -Biological

0

0

0

10

15

15

40 Poor

Amstelland-Meerlanden: not included, worthy to mention Initiatives which have not responded, but which have been recognised as a local waste initiative.

Uithoorn

 Canoe-association ‘Michiel de Ruyter’, kanoërs tegen zwerfafval: Yearly litter pick-up on the river Amstel.

Amstelveen

 Community association centre ‘Dijkhuis’: second hand market initiative  Community association centre ‘De Meent’: second hand market initiative  Community association centre ‘Bankras’: ‘Ruil je rijk in de wijk’  Repair Café ‘Amstelveen’  Repair Café ‘Stadsdorpelsrijk’

48

-Not yet, but might happen after upscaling (in sense of local legislation, complaints from neighbourho od).

5.3.

Rivierenland (rural: low-densed area)

NME Rivierenland currently exists out of 4 different centres of which 3 are planning to become individual self-standing foundations. The area is active regarding sustainability and waste. An example is the special waste counsel, consisting of civil servants of each of the 10 municipalities, which has been set up recently. These joints and commitments are of good value, but are not used to their full potential at time of stress release. Ingrid NME counsellor at NME Rivierenland and civil society participation counsellor at the municipality of Culemborg aims for keeping this stress. Commitments are but commitments if actions are not undertaken. Therefore Ingrid is a fast proponent of collaboration. Ingrid aims for a Rivierenland in which of every (sustainable) organisation delivers an employee into a counsel, through which the decision making process will be made more fluent. Furthermore Ingrid believes in citizens themselves. Many organisations aim for behavioural change of their target group, yet Ingrid believes in the self-initiated power citizens uphold. Believed is that organising the already existing initiates will be a start of the new, sustainable and circular economy for which is being aimed so badly.

Initiative Bloemen buurt Schoon

Not needed

Insufficient

Target area

Target group

Bloemenbuurt Tiel

Citizens, companies and students of Bloemenbuurt Tiel

Sufficient Strategy -Awareness

Good Waste focus -Not specifically

Excellent Finan Volunteers/ cial employees 0 10

Working place 0

Materials / tools 10

Knowledge /advice 10

Emotional/ connection 10

Score

/120 40 Poor

49

External -Municipality of Tiel seems to hand responsibility over to AVRI, ‘Duurzaam Rivierenland’ Tiel not approachabl e for their liability

Repair Café Bommeler waard

Maasdriel , Zaltbommel

Anyone

-Reuse of items -Repairing items

-Electronics

10

15

15

15

15

15

85 Very well

-No

Kledingruil Café

Culemborg

Women

-Not specifically

0

15

15

10

15

20

75 Well

-No

Repair Café Tiel

Tiel and surroundings

-Not specifically

10

15

15

10

10

20

80 Very well

-No

Betuwe Wereldwijd Foundation

Betuwe, focus on Culemborg

People with a sustainable mentality, or who are low on financial resources People underprivileged, in both The Netherlands and developing countries (+ people who feel connected to this target group)

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items -Awareness -Reuse of items /Repairing items

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items

-Not specifically

0

0

10

10

10

0

30 Poor

-Feared is that legislation around WMO and Participation will have its impact

50

Rivierenland: not included, worthy to mention Initiatives which have not responded, but which have been recognised as a local waste initiative.

Culemborg

 Willemijn Peeters: Project proposal: decrease of (new) plastic waste at companies (in the large-scale plastics using sectors) in Culemborg.  Energy company ´Thermo Bello´: A community-energy focussing company owned by residents of the EVALanxmeer (Culemborg) community themselves. EVA-Lanxmeer is a community focussing on living sustainably.

Therefore, this energy company has been established in order to develop a more sustainable energy provision for the community. Since November 2014, the development of the ‘Biomassawaardeketen (biomass value chain)’ which uses woodchips (= local resource) as fuel for heating households.  Kledingruil Café ´Extra´ Culemborg: Similar to ‘Kledingruil Café Nieuwe Stijl’, which has been included in the scheme. An initiative which grands clothing a second life by swapping clothes with other participants, and reparing broken clothing. Kledingruil Café Extra takes place four times a year.

Maasdriel

 Peter van Luttervelt: Project: Waste Fruittelers Geldermalsen

 Werkgroep zwerfafval ‘Dorpsplan Rumpt’  Zwerfvuil groep in Enspijk

51

5.4.

Arnhem (urban: semi-large city)

NME Arnhem is low on man-force, but has high interest towards the issue waste. NME Arnhem is active on educating children on resources, littering, and other related issues in that field of work. NME Arnhem would be happy decentralising their offer in education, for example with help of the right local waste initiatives. The goal is to have external sources of education, which NME Arnhem can deploy at schools or at one of the locations of NME Arnhem.

Their knowledge on local initiatives is limited for now.

Not needed

Insufficient

Sufficient

Initiative

Target area

Target group

Strategy

Repair CafĂŠ Arnhem

Municipality of Arnhem

All ages

Repair CafĂŠ Oosterbeek

Oosterbeek and surroundings

Anyone who is willing to contribute to society

-Awareness -Improving local recycling process -Awareness -Improving local recycling process

Good

Excellent

Waste focus -Electronics

Finan Volunteers/ cial employees 20 10

Working place 15

Materials / tools 10

Knowledge /advice 10

Emotional/ connection 15

Score

-Not specifically

0

10

0

15

15

50 Poor

10

/120 80 Very well

52

External -No

-Problems with PR, Financial problems with upscaling

Repair Café Velp

Velp (Gelderland)

Any person that owns a broken item

-Reuse of items -Repairing items

-Electronics -Batteries and lamps

10

0

20

10

15

15

70 Well

-No

KinderWijkteam

Arnhem Noord Zuid

Children of 7 to 12 years

-Not specifically

0

15

20

15

15

20

85 Very well

-No

GroenWest

Heijenoord, Lombok and Klinkelbeek (Arnhem)

Anyone

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Connecting to other local arties and projects -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items

-Plastics -Paper / cardboard -Glass -Metals -Electronics -Batteries and lamps -Biological

0

15

15

10

15

15

70 Well

-Municipality works according to its own agenda and timeframe.

Municipality is not a fine collaboration

Arnhem: not included, worthy to mention Initiatives which have not responded, but which have been recognised as a local waste initiative.

 Organisation ‘De Arnhemse Uitdaging’: Grands a second life to excessive material which coming from companies, and sends these to associations and foundations in Arnhem.

53

 Mijnwijk: A social enterprise which believes that waste could power liveability, social cohesion, participation, employment, sustainability, and increasing sustainability and enhancing cooperation between citizens and cooperation in a community. Mijnwijk targets though accessible areas: those in which poverty is found in the high-builded areas.

Sint Marten-Sonsbeekkwartier This community -located in the centre, north of the railway and right in between ‘Arnhem Velperpoort’ and ‘Arnhem Central Station’ (area delineated with red on the map)- is highly active around waste. The foundation ‘Kom op voor een duurzame wijk’ has been established in order to make the Sint Marten-Sonskwartier community an actual ‘ecocommunity’. The foundation has been actively working on concrete projects regarding energy, waste, sustainable construction, and ‘green’. Visiting address of the foundation is ‘De Groene Vos’, one of the sites in which Repair-Café Arnhem is being held. Foundation De Groene Vos once has started and helped setting up of various repair cafés throughout Arnhem. Now, Repair Café Arnhem is responsible for these.

Spijkerkwartier

Figure 15: The areas Sint Marten-Sonsbeekkwartier and Spijkerkwartier in Arnhem

This community, located just underneath Sint MartenSonsbeekkwartier, south of the railway (area delineated with blue on the map), is a community with highly active community members as well. Community centre ‘De Lommerd’ is the gathering place in the community, which also houses a repair café. ‘De Blauwe WijkEconomie’ is a group active in the area of sustainability, which is about to focus itself on litter-waste and the cleaning public space as a social enterprise.

54

5.5.

Conclusions citizen waste initiatives activity in case study areas

According to the responded initiatives, and active community centres which have been come across.

5.5.1. Amsterdam (urban, large city) The conclusion of Amsterdam city is set-up according to initiatives who have responded to this research. Citizen waste initiatives activity is mostly centred in the north (6) and west (8) of the city, whilst east (4) and south (3) are finely represented as well. The centre counts 2 initiatives, NewWest 1, whilst South-East knows not one. Also Westpoort includes none. However, seen the Figure 16: Waste initiative activity in Amsterdam industrial focus of the area this is understandable.

Strengths Citizen initiatives in the area of Amsterdam are especially strong on biological recycling and encouraging reuse in the form of repairing. These seem to mostly focus on electronics. Furthermore the city knows a single food saving (supermarket) focussed initiative and a single plastics (recycling) focussed one. With a single exception, all 24 initiatives carry out awareness creating work.

Weaknesses The initiatives in Amsterdam are especially weak on the waste types batteries and bulbs, metals and glass.

Opportunities of initiatives 7 of the 24 initiatives have turned out to work ‘poorly’ below their potential, since resources are holding them back. With sufficient support these have the opportunity to carry out even better work than these are doing at the moment. The concerning initiatives are: 1. Repair CafĂŠ Oud-West 2. Containing Mushrooms 3. Compostmobiel 4. Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort 5. Participatie Betondorp 6. Reparette 7. Soeptuin Bredius

55

5.5.2. Arnhem (urban, semi-large city) In a relatively small city as Arnhem, activity is not too high, which is described by the 5 respondents.

Strengths

Figure 17: Waste initiative activity in Arnhem

Arnhem is relatively well represented in encouraging reuse, seen the 3 repair cafés. Arnhem knows a lot of ‘community-level’ activity, in both waste and sustainability in general. Kinder-Wijkteam is currently active in 10 different communities, and GroenWest is dedicated to get a community more sustainable. Furthermore, Sint Marten-Sonsbeekkwartier and Spijkerkwartier are communities for sustainability, in which the community-houses offer working places for repair cafés.

Weaknesses As the response suggests, Arnhem is not an area which is very actively involved regarding this waste dialogue. The area barely knows innovative not-community-bound initiatives. Furthermore, the area does not know specific waste-type focussed initiatives.

Opportunities of initiatives Initiatives of Arnhem seem to be managing quit well. The one exception is ‘Repair Café Oosterbeek’, which seems to be encountering quite some difficulties.

56

5.5.3. Amstelland-Meerlanden (semi-urban) Initiatives are spread around the municipalities of Amstelland-Meerlanden. Whilst the area is quit enormous, the amount of initiatives is not.

Figure 18: Waste initiative activity in Amstelland-Meerlanden

Strengths The area is especially strong on reuse according to the amount of Repair-Cafés. Looking at both responded and not responded initiatives, Amstelland-Meerlanden knows some litter pick-up initiatives and has quite some active community centres.

Weaknesses The area is missing innovative initiatives. Also initiatives focussing on mechanical matter are missing, whilst the other types are quite well represented.

Opportunities of initiatives With 2 of the 6 initiatives (Garby Aalsmeer, Le compostier – Urban Compost) performing ‘poorly’, there is some improvement to be gained.

57

5.5.4. Rivierenland (rural: low densed-area) Rivierenland has a diverse amount of initiatives present. There is not much activity in the area, whilst the area is quite big.

Strengths

Figure 19: Waste initiative activity in Rivierenland

Rivierenland does know a couple of large-scale, ambitious and more professional and long-term oriented initiatives, which is a huge strength of the area.

Weaknesses Not one of the initiatives is specifically focussing on types of waste. Small-scaled initiatives are barely existing.

Opportunities of initiatives 2 of the 5 respondent could have their performance seriously improved. These are ‘Bloemenbuurt Schoon’ and ‘Betuwe Wereldwijd Foundation’.

58

Conclusions of citizen waste initiative activity in urban ‘large city’, urban ‘small city’, semiurban and rural areas Urban, highly dense areas are way better represented by citizen waste initiatives than semiurban or rural areas. There are more initiatives present in high-dense areas, and the initiatives present are more innovative. Initiatives in urban areas seem to target waste-services which are not provided by local government. Striking to see is that the outskirts of Amsterdam show a similar activity as Amstelland-Meerlanden: there is some activity, but the number of initiatives is very low.

Semi-urban areas seem to have the lowest serious activity of active citizens around waste, compared to the amount of people living in such an area. Community centre activity appears to be present and the area knows many repair-cafés. Small cities (urban) seem to have a quit low amount of citizen waste initiatives, but high amount of active communities. A possibility is that people feel better connected to one another when they are living closely together, but when an overview of community members is still graspable and available, as is the case in small cities. Last but not least are lowdense, rural areas. These score very low on serious small-scaled citizen waste initiatives, but people seem to focus more towards the bigger picture, and create bigger initiatives which focus on e.g. company and sector level.

Concluded can be that all areas target an evident problem. For urban (big cities) this can be implemented very small-scale, since problems can be found on anyone’s doorstep. Activity is much lower in semi-urban areas. In smaller cities, people seem to come together in order to focus on larger projects: sustainable communities. Rural areas tend to implement way bigger projects, targeting entire villages and companies.

Conclusion waste initiative variety: external offers & needs The initiatives found in the four areas can be categorised into four different groups. These are ‘Repair Cafés’, ‘Litter Pick-Ups’, ‘Compost Initiatives’, and ‘other, larger scaled initiatives’. As has been explained already, further insight into the initiatives of the case study areas can be found at the appendices. This extra information has been concluded into what such a waste initiative category is able to offer the area it is active in, and how these experiences external difficulties. These difficulties are indirect, and have to do with external parties and waste management stakeholders.

1.

Repair Cafés Offer: - A social community gather-facility in which people interact with one another, to increase liveability - To have people help people, to increase social cohesion - To make people aware of resource scarcity - To reduce peoples’ ecological footprint - To get community members active - To repair for free, or an affordable price: for those in less favourable positions Need: - A world in which new products are more expensive than repairing already existing ones - Solutions for liability issues (probably regarding those who repair) - Help in promotion - Help regarding upscaling of their activities

59

2. Litter pick-ups Offer: - Educative pick-ups (with children) - To inform and teach the public, which creates awareness - To support citizens to get active, which creates responsibility under community members, which increases liveability - To increase social cohesion - To stimulate other cleaning initiatives - Decrease the amount of littered waste on the streets Need: - A way how to separate the collected waste - To be taken more seriously by the local government (municipality) - To have the municipality support them (in ..)

- A municipality which shows they care for maintenance of the public good - A municipality which takes responsibility, instead of handing this over towards waste companies or other organisations.

3. Compost initiatives Offer: - To counteract wasting vegetables and fruits - To develop compost for urban kitchen gardens - To create environmental awareness - To create awareness regarding local produce and the food system of today - To provide educational activities regarding e.g. urban farming and the process of composting - To create green gather places which improve social cohesion in the community - To reduce residual waste // municipal waste in general Need: - (To find) proper locations within cities - To have the ‘waste material charge’ decreased by the municipality - To find funds which cover operational costs 4. Other, larger scaled initiatives (which are growing into actual platforms / companies) Offer: - To collect a specific certain type of waste (e.g. plastic, coffee residue) (under citizens) - To develop a chain between companies / citizens in a city - To decrease waste and increase awareness - Social inclusiveness (social work institute) Need: - To not have legislation changes have negative effects (change of e.g. WMO, Participation) - Even though municipalities subsidise initiatives, municipalities are in the waste business for the profit as well - Initiatives / companies provide too little to make a living out of

60

6. In what way can the local waste initiatives in the areas of the NME centres ‘Amsterdam’, ‘Amstelland-Meerlanden’, ‘Rivierenland’ and ‘Arnhem’ be supported by the nearby situated NME centres according to their characteristics?

This second sub-research question answers how the respective NME centres can support the citizen waste initiatives in their area, according to resources NME centres are able to offer, and recourses initiatives have indicated to be missing. This first part of the research question can be found at ‘case studies’. Secondly ‘example case-studies’ are explained. These are NME centres Haarlem and Haarlemmermeer which have appeared to have developed strategies and tactics regarding citizen waste initiatives already. These are explained and discussed.

6.1.

Case studies

It is compared whether the resources which an NME is able to offer match lacking resources for initiatives in the case-study areas. This is very specific and area-bound information, especially interesting for the NME centres of the case study examples. According to the scoring system an estimation has been made whether this support will significantly help an initiative. An elaborated explanation of the information given per initiative per case study area (starting from this page onwards) can be found at the appendices.

6.1.1. Case study Amsterdam Before start of this research, NME Amsterdam was partly aware of the citizen waste initiatives in their area. Just as the initiatives, ANMEC Amsterdam has filed how they are able to support initiatives regarding their resources. These have been compared to one another, as can be seen in the appendices. The ‘text’ version of this comparison is provided below.

Resource >

Financial

Volunteers / employees

Workplaces

Materials / tools

ANMEC Sufficient Amsterdam

Chooses not to deliver

Chooses not to deliver

Sufficient

Facilitating knowledgetransition Good

Facilitating initiatives’ connection Good

ANMEC & citizen waste initiatives, potential support to be given per initiative Amsterdam Schoon is not externally limited. ANMEC does not have the potential to improve the initiatives’ performance through the resources.

Compost Mobile is not externally limited. ANMEC does have the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘materials / tools’, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘very well’.

Wormen composteerbak voor de buurt is not externally limited. ANMEC does not have the potential to improve the initiatives’ performance.

Repair Café Vogelbuurt is externally limited through exploitation costs. Furthermore, ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘very well’.

61

Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort is externally limited through a slack attitude of the municipality of Amsterdam towards maintenance of the public good. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ and ‘materials / tools’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘well’.

Repair Café Tuindorp Oostzaan is not externally limited. ANMEC does not have the potential to improve the initiatives’ performance.

Cities foundation ´Wasted´ is externally limited through the municipality of Amsterdam, which is ‘in’ the waste processing business because it (financially) benefits them too. However, the initiative is subsidised by the municipality. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘very well’.

Weggeefwinkel Bloemenbuurt is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ and ‘materials / tools’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘very well’ to ‘excellent’.

Repair Café De Bolder is externally limited through the market of today, in which new items are cheaper than repairing broken ones. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘knowledge / advice’ and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Taste Before You Waste Foundation has indicated to be influenced externally, but not by whom and how. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Participatie Betondorp is influenced by the local government. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘materials tools’, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources.

This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘very well’.

Buren Compost Project is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘materials / tools’, ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources.

This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘very well’.

Repair Café Centrum-Oost is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘emotional / connection’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Jeltje' Markt is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Reparette is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘materials / tools’, ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘well’.

Luistervink Educatieve Moestuin is not externally limited. ANMEC does not have the potential to support the initiative.

Soeptuin Bredius is externally limited through Amsterdam West which is going to build on the location the initiative is settled. The initiative is experiencing difficulties regarding finding a new location. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘knowledge / advice’ resources.

This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘well’.

62

I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘very well’.

Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘very well’ to ‘excellent’.

Repair Café Oud-West is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘materials / tools’, ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources.

This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘very well’.

Repair Café Buurtkamer Corantijn is externally limited through (questions regarding) liability.

ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Buurtcomposteren Frans Halsstraat is not externally limited. ANMEC does not have the potential to support the initiative.

Containing Mushrooms is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘materials / tools’, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Repair Café Buitenverldert is not externally limited. ANMEC does not have the potential to support

the initiative.

Conclusion supporting opportunities ANMEC Amsterdam ANMEC Amsterdam has the possibility to support the following initiatives according to their characteristics: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

Compostmobiel Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort Café Vogelbuurt Repair Cities foundation ´Wasted´ Weggeefwinkel Bloemenbuurt Repair Café De Bolder Taste Before You Waste Foundation Participatie Betondorp Buren Compost Project Repair Café Centrum-Oost Jeltje'Markt Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands Soeptuin Bredius Reparette Repair Café Oud-West Repair Café Buurtkamer Corantijn Containing Mushrooms

These include ‘Compostmobiel’, ‘Participatie Betondorp’, ‘Reparette’, ‘Soeptuin Bredius’, ‘Repair Café Oud-West’, and ‘Containing Mushrooms’, and ‘Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort’. All of these appeared to be functioning poorly below their potential.

63

Furthermore, ANMEC could support the following initiatives according to external influences: 1. Repair Café Vogelbuurt 2. Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort 3. Cities foundation ´Wasted´ 4. Participatie Betondorp 5. Soeptuin Bredius 6. Repair Café Buurtkamer Corantijn

6.1.2. Case study Amstelland-Meerlanden Before start of this research, NME Amstelland-Meerlanden was sure to be aware of all of the citizen waste initiatives known in their area. Just as the initiatives, NME Amstelland-Meerlanden has filed how they are able to support initiatives regarding their resources. These have been compared to one another, as can be seen in the appendices. The ‘text’ version of this comparison is provided below. NOTE: before start of this research NME Amstelland-Meerlanden was understood to be able to provide support to all initiatives found in the area around Amsterdam. However, the reflection of the centre, which can be found at 91, explains that the centre is only able to provide this to initiatives in Haarlem, as the centre is bound to the municipality of Haarlem. As this was not known beforehand, conclusions of the area have been made as is shown below.

Resource >

Financial

NME Excellent AmstellandMeerlanden

Volunteers Workplaces / employees

Materials / tools

Facilitating knowledgetransition

Facilitating initiatives’ connection

Good

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

NME Amstelland-Meerlanden & citizen waste initiatives, potential support to be given per initiative Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel is not externally limited. NME Amstelland-Meerlanden could have had the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ and ‘working place’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Repair Café Diemen is not externally limited. NME Amstelland-Meerlanden could have had the potential to support the initiative through ‘working place’ and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources.

However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Garby Aalsmeer is not externally limited. NME Amstelland-Meerlanden could have had the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘volunteers / employees’, ‘materials / tools’, knowledge / advice, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘very well’.

Repair Café Uithoorn is externally limited through the municipality which determines the price of rent of the building. NME Amstelland-Meerlanden could have had the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘working place’ and ‘materials / tools’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘very well’ to ‘excellent’.

Repair Café Randwijck Amstelveen is not externally limited. NME Amstelland-Meerlanden has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘volunteers / employees’, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘excellent’.

64

Le Compostier - Urban Compost could become externally limited regarding upscaling of practices by the direct neighbourhood and local legislation. NME Amstelland-Meerlanden could have had the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘volunteers / employees’, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’.

Conclusion supporting opportunities NME Amstelland-Meerlanden NME Amstelland-Meerlanden has the possibility to support only ‘Repair Café Randwijck Amstelveen’ according to its characteristics, since this one is situated inside of the municipality of Haarlem. Hereby an apology is made towards the initiatives outside of Haarlem for this inconvenience. However, these are recommended to take a look at the next research question, starting at page 71.

6.1.3. Case study Rivierenland Before start of this research, NME Rivierenland aware of most of the citizen waste initiatives in their area. Just as the initiatives, ANMEC Amsterdam has filed how they are able to support initiatives regarding their resources. These have been compared to one another, as can be seen in the appendix. The ‘text’ version of this comparison is provided below.

Resource >

Financial

NME Good Rivierenland

Volunteers / employees

Workplaces

Materials / tools

Facilitating knowledgetransition

Facilitating initiatives’ connection

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

NME Rivierenland & citizen waste initiatives, potential support to be given per initiative Bloemenbuurt Schoon is externally limited through the believe that the municipality of Tiel is handing responsibility over to AVRI and Duurzaam Rivierenland, instead of standing ground themselves. Tiel is not approachable for liability. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘volunteers / employees’, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’.

Repair Café Bommelerwaard is not externally limited. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘very well’ to ‘excellent’.

Kledingruil Café is not externally limited. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources.

This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘excellent’.

Repair Café Tiel is not externally limited. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources.

This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘very well’ to ‘excellent’.

65

Betuwe Wereldwijd Foundation fears to become externally limited through a changing legislation of ‘WMO’ and ‘Participation’ will have its effects. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, volunteers / employees, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’.

Conclusion supporting opportunities NME Rivierenland Amstelland-Meerlanden has the possibility to support the following initiatives according to their characteristics: 1. Bloemenbuurt Schoon 2. Repair Café Bommeler waard 3. Kledingruil Café 4. Repair Café Tiel 5. Betuwe Wereldwijd Foundation These include ‘Bloemenbuurt Schoon’ and ‘Betuwe Wereldwijd Foundation’, which suggested to be working poorly below their potential.

Furthermore, Amstelland-Meerlanden could support the following initiatives according to external influences: 1. Betuwe Wereldwijd Foundation 2. Bloemen buurt Schoon

5.2.4. Case study Arnhem Before start of this research, NME Arnhem was partly aware of the citizen waste initiatives in their area. Just as the initiatives, NME Arnhem has filed how they are able to support initiatives regarding their resources. These have been compared to one another, as can be seen in the appendices. The ‘text’ version of this comparison is provided below.

Resource >

Financial

Volunteers / employees

NME Haarlem

Unsufficient Good

Workplaces

Materials / tools

Good

Good

Facilitating knowledgetransition Good

Facilitating initiatives’ connection Sufficient

NME Arnhem & citizen waste initiatives, potential support to be given per initiative Repair Café Arnhem is not externally limited. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘volunteers / employees’, ‘materials / tools, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources.

However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Repair Café Oosterbeek is limited in its promotion. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘working place’, ‘volunteers / employees’, and ‘materials / tools’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘well’.

Repair Café Velp is not externally limited. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘very well’.

Kinder-Wijkteam is externally limited through a troubled performance of separating trash. NME Rivierenland does not have the potential to improve the initiatives’ performance according to the scheme.

66

GroenWest is limited by the municipality which works according its own agenda and timeframe.

NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘materials / tools resources.

However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Conclusion supporting opportunities NME Arnhem NME Arnhem has the possibility to support the following initiatives according to their characteristics: 1. Repair Café Arnhem 2. Repair Café Oosterbeek 3. Repair Café Velp 4. GroenWest These include ‘Repair Café Oosterbeek’, which suggested to be working poorly below its potential.

Furthermore, NME Arnhem could support the following initiatives according to external influences: 1. GroenWest 2. Kinder-Wijkteam 3. Repair Café Oosterbeek

6.2.

Example case-studies

In the second part of this sub-research question, two NME centres which already perform an active policy regarding supporting citizen waste initiatives are explained and evaluated.

6.2.1. Example case-study: NME Haarlemmermeer NMCX is a centre focussed on the Haarlemmermeer area. NMCX is highly active around citizen waste initiatives. The centre’s vision according waste is to have citizens in their area more aware for a clean living environment and better waste separation in the city. NMCX works according to a strategy of which a tactic is implemented as support.

STRATEGY. The strategy is called ‘Superschoon’. Superschoon can be seen as the trigger of innovative resourcefulness4 of citizens of Haarlemmermeer. The strategy basically makes use the waste ideas which are in the minds of citizens, but which do not come out of these minds until these people get ‘triggered’. Superschoon does also stand for the community of initiatives, which has been developing over the year that NMCX has been implementing this program. The community consists of ‘ambassadors’ which transfer the waste is resource message of NMCX in their direct living / working area. Setting up, and sustaining the community requires promotion, but lots of more time is put into direct and personal communication.

TACTIC. Superschoon is the program used as the tool to have citizens generate ideas, whilst the Z.O.N. tactic has been developed in order to put these ideas into action, and sustain the action.

Z.O.N. includes 3 major categories of activities. These are: visual (through media attention), support (providing initiatives with knowledge, guidance and materials), and connecting (improving the connection between initiatives).

SINCE. NMCX has been actively developing this program since September 2014. A first innovative resourcefulness activity ‘Superschoon Opschoondag’ has taken place in March 2014,

4

Innovative resourcefulness: the way people work and act when these are working on their own, free of systemic constraints (Sekerka and Stimel, 2014)

67

which has thus taken half a year to properly develop. The activities of NMCX around this program has not been recorded into documents yet, which is yet to happen.

EXTERNAL INFLUENCES. NMCX is an NME centre independent of the local municipality.

However, they are influenced by power shifts in this political body. When local government changes people, new ones with new ideas regarding waste = resource will make different decisions regarding e.g. subsidies. NMCX and its program is prone to be affected by such decisions.

LOCAL WASTE INITIATIVES. NMCX has knowledge of all of the local waste initiatives in its area. These consist of waste initiatives which have started before March 2014 (before Superschoon), and waste initiatives which have started after that period of time.

The other way around, local waste initiatives in the area of Haarlemmermeer know about the strategy and tactic of NMCX, and NMCX perceives these local waste initiatives as highly interested towards the program. NMCX keeps track on intern and extern shortcomings of the initiatives, and can support the initiatives up their own potential. The initiatives report to NMCX whenever they will be carrying out activities. NMCX can use this information for promoting such an activity, which will improve the visibility of the initiative. However, the activities which initiatives are carrying out are not recorded by the NMCX.

RESOURCES. Financially, NMCX has sufficient resources to support their initiatives. The same accounts for finding volunteers and employees, and for arranging workplaces. NMCX has indicated to be even more sound regarding arranging materials and tools, facilitating knowledgetransition, and facilitating connection between initiatives. None of these resources has been listed insufficient or undeliverable, which obviously helps NMCX in supporting their initiatives. These outcomes are visualised in the box below.

Resource >

Financial

Volunteers / employees

Workplaces

Materials / tools

Facilitating knowledgetransition

Facilitating initiatives’ connection

NME NMCX

Sufficient

Sufficient

Sufficient

Good

Good

Good

6.2.2. Example case-study NME Haarlem Haarlem is an NME centre very much aware of the active citizen initiatives in its area. Their connection with these has been established already, and is maintained well. The centre’s vision regarding waste in the area is to have citizens feeling responsible for a clean living environment, which goes hand in hand with an as best as possible separation of waste in the city.

STRATEGY. In order to work towards this vision, NME Haarlem has two different programs they are working on. First is the Sustainability Program, and second is the plan for the circular city of Haarlem. The activities which are being carried out in these programs are recorded by the use of a yearly plan, and brought to the public via yearly reports. News messages on various websites and local newspapers support this sharing of information.

TACTIC. The direct on-ground tactic is the Littered Waste Program, which is a collaboration between NME and municipality of Haarlem, waste processing company ‘Spaarnelanden’ and various schools throughout the area. The program basically serves as a platform which makes people interested and exited. A workgroup has been established to actively support these exited citizens, which is called Haarlem Schoon. This group comes and discusses together once a month. This group only concerns people working on littered waste.

68

EXTERNAL INFLUENCES. NME Haarlem is part of the municipality of Haarlem. The centre follows the policy set by the municipality, and helps this local authority to implement plans. Besides the municipality, NME Haarlem collaborates closely with waste collection company ‘Spaarnelanden’.

LOCAL WASTE INITIATIVES. Before NME Haarlem started the Littered Waste Program, many initiatives existed already. Main reason for this was a welfare organisation in the area, which was (and is) actively supporting these. NME centre Haarlem is quite sure to have knowledge on most of the citizen waste initiatives active in the area. The activities of these initiatives are being recorded.

Most of the citizen waste initiatives are aware of the supporting strategy of NME Haarlem towards citizen waste initiatives. However, these are perceived as moderately interested towards this strategy. Furthermore, NME Haarlem is aware of resource-shortcomings by initiatives when these indicate they are experiencing this. NME Haarlem counteracts these shortcomings up to their own potential. NME Haarlem sees these initiatives as partners which can help them in their educational vision. Littered waste initiatives are thus combined and supported in a group. However, individual (and other than littered waste) initiatives are also approached when the centre knows of their existence. NME Haarlem sees this second group which can best be supported via ‘following the flow’.

These are thus approached, supported if possible, and understood whether the initiative can assist the NME in education, so that both parties get a positive return from the collaboration.

RESOURCES. Financially seen, NME Haarlem as sufficient availability of the resource for the sake of supporting waste initiatives. Materials and equipment is a resource not provided by the centre, which accounts the same for taking care of buildings and other working spaces. The facilitation of knowledge transition and facilitating the connection between initiatives are resources that the centre provides very well. These outcomes are visualised in the box below.

Resource >

Financial

Volunteers / employees

Workplaces

Materials / tools

Facilitating knowledgetransition

Facilitating initiatives’ connection

NME Haarlem

Sufficient

Chooses not to deliver

Chooses not to deliver

Sufficient

Good

Good

6.2.3. Conclusion example case studies First of all, the centres differ in their relation to local political bodies. Haarlemmermeer is an NME apart from the municipality, whilst Haarlem is part of the body of theirs. This means that Haarlemmermeer is more fragile for local political change, but Haarlem might have less space to make independent choices.

Apart from this, concluded can be that both NME centres Haarlem and Haarlemmermeer have a similar strategy towards triggering peoples’ innovative resourcefulness. Haarlem calls this the ‘Littered Waste Program’, whilst the one in Haarlemmermeer carries the name ‘Superschoon’. For Haarlem this program is a cooperation between stakeholders such as NME and the municipality, a waste processing company and schools, whilst Haarlemmermeer has created a network of ambassadors which transfer the ‘waste’ message of NMCX. Both centres have developed tactics out of these strategies. The tactic of Haarlem is called ‘Haarlem Schoon’, which basically is support through a monthly come-together of various initiatives working on littered waste. For Haarlemmermeer this strategy is called Z.O.N. which is a more comprehensive and elaborated 3step-supporting strategy. NMCX perceives these local waste initiatives as highly interested towards the program, whilst those of NME Haarlem are rated as moderately interested.

69

NME Haarlem has its strategy focussed plainly on littered waste (pick-up) initiatives.

However, the centre does collaborates with other initiatives. NME Haarlem tries to support these according to the resources they filled in as is shown below. On the other side of the coin, NME Haarlem utilises these initiatives for the educational part of their work, since that is the main aspect why the centre started to focus on waste initiatives in the first place. NME Haarlem is quite sure to have knowledge on most of the citizen waste initiatives in the area. Also NMCX Haarlemmermeer is confident of knowing all waste initiative activity in the area, and supports these as can be seen below.

Resource >

Financial

Volunteers / employees

Workplace s

Materials / tools

Facilitating knowledgetransition

Facilitating initiatives’ connection

NMCX Sufficient Haarlemmermeer

Sufficient

Sufficient

Good

Good

Good

NME Haarlem

Chooses not to deliver

Chooses not to deliver

Sufficient

Good

Good

Sufficient

The biggest difference between both centres is that NME Haarlem chooses not to deliver workplaces and volunteers to their initiatives, whilst NMCX Haarlemmermeer does.

70

7. In what way can the local waste initiatives in the areas of the NME centres ‘Amsterdam’, ‘Amstelland-Meerlanden’, ‘Rivierenland’ and ‘Arnhem’ support each other according to their characteristics?

As has been dealt with at the previous sub-research question, this research focusses on initiatives around NME centres, and how last mentioned can support these initiatives. However, initiatives themselves seem to barely know each other as well, even though they operate in the same area. It is assumed that initiatives can help each other a great deal. This question answers whether initiatives can also support each other according to their needs. This is visualised by the use of graphs. The color of the graphs have no specific meaning, whilst the arrows show which initiatives are able put in, and which are in need of receiving resources. Background information on how these graphs have been established can be found at the appendices.

7.1. Case study Amsterdam This research question focusses on how initiatives in Amsterdam can support each other. For the resources ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection’, similar initiatives out of the whole of Amsterdam have been compared. These are categorized in the following four groups: ‘waste pickups’, ‘compost initiatives’, ‘repair cafés’, and ‘recycling (and connection) platforms’.

For the resources ‘volunteers / employees’, ‘working place’, and ‘materials / tools’ all initiatives out of the same area have been be compared, because these resources can (only) be shared by initiatives which are active in the same area. ‘Financial’ resources have been taken out of account, since this is not a resource which is easily shared.

Regarding category Compost initiatives As can be seen at the figure below, ‘Soeptuinen Bredius’ and ‘Compostmobiel’ are in need of ‘knowledge / advice’ regarding the activities they perform. ‘Buren Compost Project’ is quite fine, but could use a helping hand as well. In this case, three are disadvantaged, but there are three who are in the position of being able to grant help as well. ‘Luistervink Educatieve Moestuin’, ‘I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands’ and ‘Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve’ have indicated to be the ones in this favourable position.

Luistervink Educatieve Moestuin

Figure 20: Compost initiatives, supporting opportunities regarding knowledge / advice

Buren Compost Project

I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands

Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve

Soeptuinen Bredius

Knowledge / advice

Compostmobiel 71

‘Emotional / connection’ is not alarming for any. However, this resource could definitely be improved for all but ‘Luistervink Educatieve Moestuin’, and so all should get in touch with each other.

Repair Cafés ‘Weggeefwinkel Bloemenbuurt’ and ‘Jeltje’s Markt’ have been included to this category, since they perform a similar ‘reuse’ role within society, by the use of different activities, obviously. The figure below visualises which initiatives could gain benefits from sharing ‘knowledge / advice’ between initiatives. These can definitely help to improve each other, which can be done best by ‘Repair Café Vogelbuurt’ and ‘Repair Café Tuindorp’. However, also ‘Repair Café Centrum-Oost’ has indicated to do well regarding this aspect. ‘Reparette’ turns out to be the only repair café related initiative which is limited by ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This is not a surprise, since this initiative is just starting up. ‘Reparette’ could be supported by the others regarding this connection.

Repair Café Centrum-Oost

Repair Café De Bolder

Repair Café Buurtkamer Corantijn

Repair Café Tuindorp

Repair Café Vogelbuurt

Repair Café OudWest

Knowledge / advice

Reparette

Figure 21: Repair Cafés, supporting opportunities regarding knowledge / advice

Recycling (and connection) platforms The overview below shows limitation at the ‘emotional / connection’ resource of ‘Participatie Betondorp’. Luckily there are two other initiatives present in the area of Amsterdam which are able to turn this around. As shown in the figure below, an equal share of ‘emotional / connection’ would be best for all parties, and would benefit the other two as well.

72

Taste Before You Waste Foundation

Emotional /connection Participatie Betondorp

Cities foundation ´Wasted´

Figure 22: Platforms, supporting opportunities regarding emotional / connection

73

Regarding area Amsterdam-North In the area Amsterdam-North, especially ‘Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort’ is limited by ‘working place’ resources. Especially ‘Cities Foundation Wasted’ and ‘Weggeefwinkel Bloemenbuurt’ have indicated not to be troubled by this very resource. Perhaps these could support eachother as is visualised below.

Figure 23: Amsterdam-North, supporting opportunities regarding working places

Weggeefwinkel Bloemenbuurt Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort

Cities Foundation Wasted

Working place ‘Materials / tools’ seems to be a bigger problem in Amsterdam-North. ‘Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort’, and ‘Weggeefwinkel Bloemenbuurt’ indicate to be limited by the resource, whilst another ‘Repair Café De Bolder’ and ‘Repair Café Vogelbuurt’ to be ‘just fine’ regarding these. Only ‘Repair Café Tuindorp Oostzaan’ faces no difficulties at all. Because this irregular possession of Repair Café Vogelbuurt resources, an equal share could be generated as is visualised below, when tools or materials match.

Repair Café De Bolder

Figure 24: Amsterdam-North, supporting opportunities regarding materials / tools

Materials / tools

Weggeefwinkel Bloemenbuurt

Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort

Repair Café Tuindorp Oostzaan

74

East In Amsterdam-East, ‘Buren Compost Project’ could use an extra hand regarding getting ‘volunteers’.

All other three initiatives: ‘Taste Before You Waste Foundation’, ‘Participatie Betondorp’, and ‘Repair Café Centrum-Oost’ have the possibility help regarding this.

Participatie Betondorp

Repair Café CentrumOost

Taste Before You Waste Foundation

Buren Compost Project

Volunteers / employees Figure 25: Amsterdam-East, supporting opportunities regarding volunteers / employees

‘Materials / tools’ resources seem to be problematic in Amsterdam-East. Both ‘Participatie Betondorp’ and ‘Buren Compost Project’ perceive to be limited by the resource. However, ‘Repair Café Centrum-Oost’ and ‘Taste Before You Waste Foundation’ are doing good, and could possibly help the first two initiatives mentioned. However, the initiatives differ highly from one another which makes this resource an unlikely one to share.

Repair Café CentrumOost

Buren Compost Project

Taste Before You Waste foundation

Participatie Betondorp

Materials / tools Figure 26: Amsterdam-East, supporting opportunities regarding materials / tools

75

West The graph above shows that especially ‘I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands’ could be assisted by ‘Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve’, ‘Repair Café Buurtkamer Corantijn’, ‘Luistervink Educatieve Moestuin’ and ‘Jeltje’Markt’ regarding ‘volunteers’.

Repair Café Buurtkamer Corantijn

Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve

Jeltje’Markt

Luistervink Educatieve Moestuin

Volunteers / employees

I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands

Figure 27: Amsterdam-West, supporting opportunities regarding volunteers / employees

‘I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands’, ‘Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve’, and ‘Repair Café Oud-West’ are doing really well on the resource ‘working place’, while ‘Soeptuin Bredius’ and ‘Reparette’ need a hand regarding this. This is especially interesting for ‘Soeptuin Bredius’, ‘Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve’ and ‘I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands’ combined, and ‘Repair Café OudWest’, and ‘Reparette’ combined, since these are similar kinds of initiatives.

Repair Café Oud-West

Buurtcomposter en Zimmerhoeve

I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands

Soeptuin Bredius

Working place

Reparette

Figure 28: Amsterdam-West, supporting opportunities regarding working place

76

Especially ‘Reparette’ and ‘Repair Café Buurtkamer Corantijn’ face difficulties regarding ‘materials / tools’ resources. However, these are both repair café like initiatives, which need specific tools, which cannot be granted by any other initiative in the area. ‘Soeptuin Bredius’ could be supported regarding ‘materials / tools’, in cooperation with ‘I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands’, and ‘Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve’.

Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve

I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands

Soeptuin Bredius

Materials / tools Figure 291: Amsterdam-West, supporting opportunities regarding materials / tools

South The initiatives in the Southern part of Amsterdam differ quite a lot from one another. Regarding ‘working place’ or ‘volunteers / employees’ resources, ‘Repair Café Buitenveldert’ and ‘Containing Mushrooms’ could cooperate, which will be mostly beneficial for ‘Containing Mushrooms’.

Figuur 30: Amsterdam-South, supporting opportunities regarding working place and volunteers / employees

Repair Café Buitenveldert

Working place & volunteers / employees

Containing Mushrooms

77

7.1.

Case study Amstelland-Meerlanden

Regarding the resources ‘volunteers / employees’, ‘working place’, and ‘materials / tools’, -even though Amstelland-Meerlanden is a huge area- all initiatives have been compared together (because of the relatively small amount of initiatives in the entire area).

Categories have been compared regarding the resources ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection’. These have only been classified into ‘Repair Cafés’.

Regarding category Repair Cafés As can be seen below, ‘Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel’, ‘Repair Café Uithoorn’, and ‘Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel’ have ‘knowledge / advice’ resource to offer ‘Repair Café Randwijck Amstelveen’ and ‘Repair Café Diemen’.

Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel Repair Café Randwijck Amstelveen

Repair Café Uithoorn

Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel

Knowledge / advice

Repair Café Diemen

Figure 31: Repair cafés: supporting opportunities regarding knowledge / advice

‘Repair Café Randwijck Amstelveen’ could use a hand regarding 'materials / tools’, which ‘Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel’ could assist them with.

Repair Café Randwijck Amstelveen

Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel

Materials / tools Figure 322: Amstelland-Meerlanden, supporting opportunities regarding materials / tools

78

Regarding area Taking all initiatives in the whole area into account, it is clear that ‘Le Compostier – Urban Compost’ and ‘Garby Aalsmeer’ could be supported in ‘volunteers / employees’ resources by ‘Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel’ and ‘Repair Café Uithoorn’.

Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel

Repair Café Uithoorn

Garby Aalsmeer

Le Compostier – Urban Compost

Volunteers / employees

Figure 33: Amstelland-Meerlanden, supporting opportunities regarding volunteers / employees

7.2.

Case study Rivierenland

Because of the little amount of initiatives in Rivierenland which have responded, the entire area has been taken into account at ones.

Regarding area The initiatives are doing well overall. ‘Betuwe Wereldwijd’ is lacking ‘volunteers / employees’ resources, which ‘Repair Café Tiel’, ‘Repair Café Bommelerwaard’, and ‘Kledingruil Café’ seem to be having no trouble with.

Repair Café Bommeler waard

Repair Café Tiel

Kledingruil Café

Volunteers / employees

Foundation Betuwe wereldwijd

Figure 34: Rivierenland, supporting opportunities regarding volunteers / employees

‘Bloemenbuurt Schoon’ in Tiel is missing out on ‘working space’ resource, which ‘Repair Café Tiel’ shows to have no concern with.

79

Bloemenbuurt Schoon

Repair Café Tiel

Working space Figure 35: Rivierenland, supporting opportunities regarding working space

Regarding the ‘emotional / connection’ resources, ‘Betuwe Wereldwijd Foundation’ could definitely use support of the others, whilst this would also mean a great deal for ‘Bloemenbuurt Schoon’, as is visualised below.

Repair Café Bommeler waard Bloemenbuurt Schoon

Kledingruil Café

Repair Café Tiel

Emotional / connection

Foundation Betuwe wereldwijd

Figure 36: Rivierenland, supporting opportunities regarding emotional / connection

80

7.3.

Case study Arnhem

Because of the amount of initiatives in Arnhem, the entire area has been taken into account at ones.

In Arnhem initiatives seem not to have great trouble regarding resources. ‘Repair Café Velp’ could need an extra pair of hands regarding ‘volunteers / employees’, which could be dealt with together with the other repair cafés: ‘Arnhem’ and ‘Oosterbeek’.

Repair Café Arnhem

Repair Café Oosterbeek

Repair Café Velp

Volunteers / employees Figure 374: Arnhem, supporting opportunities regarding volunteers / employees

Looking at ‘materials / tools’ resources, ‘Arnhem’ and ‘Velp’ could then again loan theirs to ‘Oosterbeek’.

Repair Café Arnhem

Repair Café Oosterbeek

Repair Café Velp

Materials / toos Figure 38: Arnhem, supporting opportunities regarding materials / tools

81

8. Which local waste initiatives are present in the areas of the NME centres ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘AmstellandMeerlanden’, and which supporting opportunities can be found according to their characteristics?

First of all, the local waste initiatives found in this research adhere to the following characteristics: Local waste initiatives are citizens and community organisations which can be concluded into civil society. These initiatives focus on (the act of throwing away) everyday items after they have been used. These items are commonly produced by households, commercial establishments and in public spaces. Such everyday items include the following materials: -

Paper/cardboard Glass Plastics Metal Batteries and bulbs Electronics yard trimmings and food waste

Local waste initiatives try to educate the public via offering services or products which are believed that the government is unable to offer. These aim for societal (environmental) reform at local, regional or even national level through utilising collective action from local level. Strategies for local waste initiatives can be concluded into four categories. The first one is ‘source reduction’ via awareness campaigns. Second comes ‘encouraging reuse’, which for example second hand shops use. Third is ‘improving the recycling process’ which is done via e.g. the collection of biological waste.

‘Repairing broken matter’ is last but not least, and can be understood as a strategy used mainly by repair cafés.

Local waste initiatives have been created through the innovative resourcefulness of citizens or community organisation, since these have been working on their own, free of systemic constraints. Local waste initiatives work in line with grassroots development principles since these utilise collective action from local (bottom-up) level. Local waste initiatives are free of traditional power structures just as grassroots, which make them more spontaneous.

Fact is that many ‘spontaneous’ local waste initiatives are created since waste has been considered valuable. Waste is a resource. Local waste initiatives which are ‘in’ as an actual moneycreating business understand that the 49% of municipal waste includes 60% valuable matter, and 40% garbage. These initiatives aim for this 60%. Waste which is being identified as such a resource has a certain set of characteristics. First of all, this waste should satisfy commercial drivers, which represents the financial part of the job. Secondly, such waste contributes to local economies, in both rural and urban areas. It contributes to local economies by creating new skilled jobs, which on its turn develops social equity in an area. Very important is that waste as resource works according to a regenerative design, which means that such a system starts with the end products of other systems.

According to these characteristics, the following number of initiatives have been found in the areas Amsterdam, Amstelland-Meerlanden, Rivierenland, and Arnhem:

82

Gebied

Amsterdam

Arnhem

Rivierenland

1

AmstellandMeerlanden 3

Tweedehands initiatief door lokale vereniging / buurthuis Repair Cafés Compost initiatieven Onderhoud initiatieven Andere initiatieven Totaal

4 18 9 2 7 40

3 1 2 4 11

6 1 2 0 12

2 0 3 3 10

2

Table 6: Number of different initiatives of the four areas

These initiatives can definitely be supported by either nearby NME centres, or by other initiatives in these respective case study areas according to their (internal) needs. Specific information on this can be found at the third and fourth sub-research question of this report. In general the supporting programs which NME Haarlem and NMCX Haarlemmermeer carry out can be taken as example for the four case study NME centres. Regarding the support of local waste initiatives, NME Haarlem and NMCX Haarlemmermeer utilise a similar tactic in order to support the initiatives in their areas. The tactic of Haarlem is called ‘Haarlem Schoon’, which basically is support through a monthly come-together of various initiatives working on littered waste. For Haarlemmermeer this strategy is called Z.O.N. which is a more comprehensive and elaborated 3step-supporting strategy. For both centres it can be concluded that their tactics focus on direct resources of citizen waste initiatives. Indirect ones are barely being focussed on. Both centres have developed a similar strategy towards triggering peoples’ innovative resourcefulness. Haarlem calls this the ‘Littered Waste Program’, whilst the one in Haarlemmermeer carries the name ‘Superschoon’. For Haarlem this program is a cooperation between stakeholders such as NME and the municipality, a waste processing company and schools, whilst Haarlemmermeer has created a network of ambassadors which transfer the ‘waste message’ of NMCX. Out of the initiatives which have been found, the following general conclusions for ‘urban large city’, ‘urban small city’, ‘semi-urban’, and ‘rural’ areas can be made. Urban (large cities), highly dense areas are way better represented by citizen waste initiatives than semi-urban or rural areas.

There are more initiatives present in high-dense areas, and the initiatives present are more innovative. Initiatives in urban areas seem to target waste-services which are not provided by local government. Striking to see is that the outskirts of Amsterdam show a similar activity as AmstellandMeerlanden: there is some activity, but the number of initiatives is very low. Semi-urban areas seem to have the lowest serious activity of active citizens around waste, compared to the amount of people living in such an area. Community centre activity appears to be present and the area knows many repair-cafés. Small cities (urban) seem to have a quit low amount of citizen waste initiatives, but high amount of active communities. A possibility is that people feel better connected to one another when they are living closely together, but when an overview of community members is still graspable and available, as is the case in small cities. Last but not least are low-dense, rural areas.

These score very low on serious small-scaled citizen waste initiatives, but people seem to focus more towards the bigger picture. Lots of freelance initiatives seem to target companies and sectors.

83

9. Discussion of findings This chapter is a comparison of the initiatives which are found in the respective areas with the waste policy which is being conducted by the local governments (as is described in the literature review at page 15). This provides a logical understanding why certain initiatives arise, looking at potential ‘authorisation gaps’. The initiatives found and conclusions given at the previous page can be explained by the hand of these waste policies.

9.1.

Amsterdam: comparison initiatives & policy According to ‘Uitvoeringsplan Afval: Amsterdam. Mooi schoon! (2016)’.

The municipality of Amsterdam chooses not to collect biological waste as ‘mono-stream’ via the underground container system. Costs for this service appear to be too high in comparison to the environmental profits gained in return. However, areas such as Amstelveen: where mini-containers are used in ‘lowly built’ areas, perfect separated collection is possible and already implemented (p.

3), and will be expanded to similar areas.

The amount of initiatives which turn biological waste into compost, and which try to change behaviour of individuals regarding biological waste in Amsterdam, is related to the behaviour of the municipality of Amsterdam. On page 27, the first research question describes that civil society organisations aim for reforming: ‘improvement of what is perceived as wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc.’. Apparently, this sense of ‘wrong’ regarding this subject is high under citizens, seen the amount (9) of identified biological waste initiatives.

Regarding biological waste, source-separation5 initiated by enthusiastic citizens is supported by the municipality. Amsterdam believes that local source-separation leads to a fine quality resource, which can be used as for example fertilizer (compost) (p. 4).

A maximum of 12 of the 40 identified initiatives are financially supported by the local government, or are applying for a subsidy. Looking at only the biological initiatives (as ‘fertilizer’ implies), this concerns 5 of the 9 initiatives. The municipality is supporting some of the identified initiatives. The statement made in the report can thus partly be confirmed.

However, it is not known how many initiatives have applied but not received subsidy, or how many initiatives have not applied.

After the summer of 2016, the municipality of Amsterdam will start a test in the Eastern part of the city regarding door-to-door collection of biological waste, and rewarding the separation of this, in context of the national program on separation of waste (VANG) (p. 29).

Which means the municipality of Amsterdam does acknowledge the need of a better biological waste separation (system). The identified initiatives are pioneers, and seem to influence focus of the municipality.

5

‘Source’: respective place where waste is generated.

84

Amsterdam is taking care of optimising the current underground container system.

Optimising means ‘making it easier for citizens to separately hand over their resources (glass, paper, plastic, metals, cartons, and textiles). Also, Amsterdam is aiming for having less households per residual container. Along with some other strategies which are not applicable for this comparison, Amsterdam is planning to do so by decreasing the amount of residual waste households generate, thus via improving separation of waste at source (p. 23).

The mentioned resources (glass, paper, plastic, metals, cartons, and textiles) are already being focussed on, and their systems will even be improved, as can be understood from the report. This would at least explain why initiatives in Amsterdam barely focus on metals and glass materials.

The last mentioned ‘residual waste at household decreasing strategy’ will be tested via a trial of a rewarding system. Basically, this will be a system that rewards separation of waste via the ‘imposition on waste (afvalstoffenheffing)’: who delivers less residual waste pays a lower charge (p.

4).

This rewarding system basically has been introduced by ‘Cities foundation Wasted’ already, in the Northern part of Amsterdam. This could perhaps be interesting for both parties.

9.2.

Amstelland-Meerlanden: comparison initiatives & policy

Because of the evaluation given by NME Amstelland-Meerlanden, which can be found on page 91, this comparison will only focus on the municipality Amstelveen. The comparison is set-up according to ‘Afvalbeleidsplan Gemeente Amstelveen 2011 – 2015 (2011)’.

The municipality does not work with the ‘Diftar, imposition on waste (afvalstoffenheffing) system’. The municipality believes that this system will lead to illegal dumpsites, since the pollutant pays. Also such a system requires a regional strategy, which is not applicable for Amstelveen since this is a municipality on its own. Instead of the Diftar system, the municipality triggers residents to separate well via fine (underground) facilities (p. 17).

The plan suggests that Amstelveen reformed its waste strategy. According to the amount of the larger scaled (1: Le Compostier) and innovative citizen waste initiatives found (0) , this plan seems to have worked out very well.

Residual waste and biological waste are collected separately, in lowly-built areas (p. 19). Also paper containers have received extra attention in order to have a better paper-strategy for the environment, and for saving on finance (p. 22). The municipality has put a lot of stress on communication via campaigns, via a so-called waste-calendar, a biological campaign, and other special targeting and step-wise communication. An important stakeholder in these educational activities seem to have been the NME centre of the municipality of Amstelveen, especially focussed on children.

The municipality of Amstelveen seem to have put loads of stress on waste campaigns towards its citizens. Combining these words with supporting actions seems to have led to citizens which trust their local government, whom do not see need for change.

85

9.3.

Rivierenland: comparison initiatives & policy

According to ‘Verordening Afvalstoffenheffing Avri 2016 (2015)’ and ‘Afvalstoffenverordening Avri 2016 (2015)’.

Avri does work with the ‘imposition on waste (afvalstoffenheffing) system’ (VAA, 2015, p.2). Avri does take care of separate collection of the following categories of municipal waste: 1. Biological 2. Small, chemical waste -3. Glass -4. Cardboard -5. Plastics -6. Drinking cartons -7. Textiles -8. Large scaled municipal waste -9. Medicines -10. Matrasses -11. Asbestos materials -12. Polystyrene materials -13. Plaster materials -14. Cooking oil.

It is forbidden to deliver these municipal waste categories to any other party than AVRI, or other authorised parties (AA, 2015, p.3).

Last mentioned is a plausible reason why only larger scaled, ambitious, and more professional and long-term oriented initiatives arise in the area of Rivierenland. It can clearly be understood why these do not focus on municipal level, but on company level. Initiatives are simply not authorised to do so.

9.4.

Arnhem: comparison initiatives & policy According to ‘Afvalplan 2012-2020 van afval naar grondstof (2012)’.

Arnhem works alongside the ‘imposition on waste (afvalstoffenheffing) system (afvalstoffenheffing)’ as well. Arnhem believes that when the pollutant pays, people will separate their waste better. Waste that is separated does not need to be burned, which saves processing costs (p.7). Arnhem is in favour of source-separation of waste. Separation at source leads to a higher quality of resource, than when waste is collected jointly, and separated afterwards. Also, the municipality of Arnhem believes that first mentioned transfers a wrong message to citizens. Waste is resource after all, instead of waste. Arnhem achieves this goal via a more efficient door-to-door collection system. Residual waste is collected and stored in underground containers (p.7). This system is a fine one for lowly-built areas. However, for flats this appears to be more difficult (p.20).

As the municipality of Arnhem has implemented a separated door-to-door waste collection system, which is very much focussed on collecting specific types of waste, it seems understandable why the area is lacking specific waste-type focussed initiatives. As can be understood by the text above, the municipality of Arnhem tries to transfer the waste is resource message towards its citizens. This system hands power over to the people. They have the power to ‘do good’, since separated waste ís actually collected (hence made easier) whilst residual waste is not, and to separate waste ends up to be financially beneficial. A plausible reason for the lack of not-community-bound initiatives, and the fact that the ‘waste-dialogue’ is not that much present between citizens, is probably caused because people already own some sort of power Arnhem’s waste system. The local authority is granting citizens the right facilities and is actively transferring a right message towards citizens. Citizens do not feel the need to step up.

86

10. Conclusions 10.1. Local waste management influences (indirect) The objective for this research indicated this research to be partly focussed on knowledge gaps, which could be counteracted by the NME centres of the respective four areas. As has been discussed at the discussion, many of such ‘initiative gaps’ appear because of external influences, not because of knowledge gaps. The discussion has thus given insight how local waste initiatives are influenced by local waste management, but also how initiatives influence this waste management. Therefore, within an area, it is enormously important to consider the environment. ‘Already existing waste management structures’, ‘whether these structures work properly or whether they do not’, ‘an active or inactive municipality’, etc. These all contribute to an environment with or without space for citizen waste initiatives to develop themselves. Influence trends, taken of the four case study areas as discussed at the discussion, are provided below.

-

Municipalities influence citizen waste initiative behaviour through:

..Not separately collecting a major household waste (e.g. biological), which makes initiatives tend to target such a matter automatically. ..(Financially) supporting initiatives, which tends to help initiatives grow professionality, and upscale their working area.

-

Municipalities decrease citizen waste initiative existence/activity through:

..Administering awareness campaigns, and properly communicating a waste management strategy and work accord to this. Citizens’ reform attitude decreases through such actions. ..Working according to the ‘conversely collection system’. This system seems to grant power to citizens since it makes it easy for citizens to be involved in proper waste management. Logistic support is given by local authorities, and citizens experience financial benefits by being involved.

Obviously this system takes care of separation very well, which tends to decrease citizen activity focussed on specific waste varieties as well. ..Simply not allowing citizens to be involved in the collection and process business. If monopolies on this work is granted to one (or some) specific companies, small-scaled citizen waste initiatives do not arise. Instead larger ones (freelancers) originate which focus on e.g. companies or sectors.

-

Initiatives (positively) influence local waste management when:

..Numerous initiatives have been targeting one specific waste management aspect specifically, in a certain area for a longer time.

10.2. Resources (direct) Besides constraints via external parties, resources have appeared to be lacking for many initiatives as well. As this study has shown in the four case study areas, the respective NME centres are perfectly capable of supporting the initiatives in their areas, so that these initiatives can develop themselves and carry out their work more effectively. For the four case study NME centres, waste initiatives and the waste business is a new, but interesting work field area to focus on. For educational or awareness purposes, these initiatives have high potential. The two example case study NME centres which have been examined have acknowledged this fact already, and contribute to the initiatives in their area by performing actual waste programs, which include a clear strategy and tactic. These come in favour of maintaining the connection with their initiatives, securing their sustainability, and utilising these for the educational and spreading awareness purposes.

87

11. Recommendations 11.1. NME centres in general These four NME centres have shown to be able to offer quite some resources to the initiatives in their area. Obviously this is good, but without an actual program initiatives single-time given resources could get wasted. Very important is to create sustainability: an ongoing process, together with citizen waste initiatives. For these four areas, but also for all other NME centres in The Netherlands which are interested in working with such citizen waste initiatives, it is recommended to implement a program. Based on the conclusions of the programs of NME Haarlem and NMCX Haarlemmermeer, the following recommendations (in the form of a step-by-step-plan) for NME centres have been made.

1. First of all, an NME centre needs an unground tactic regarding supporting initiatives. In this way, already existing initiatives can profit and not only the ones which will be created the program which follows. This strategy can include aspects as is done by NMCX Haarlemmermeer, which use the following three aspects: 1 – visual: creating attention for an initiative through (social) media attention. 2 – Support: providing initiatives with knowledge, guidance and materials, and 3 – connecting: improving the connection between initiatives.

However, an NME centre can decide itself how it is able to support its initiatives. NME centres can e.g. choose to support initiatives according to the resources of this research: ‘financial, volunteers / employees, working place, materials / tools, knowledge / advice, and emotional / connection’.

2. In order to activate peoples’ innovative resourcefulness, NME centres are advised to start a strategy around a vision regarding waste, which the NME centre would like to transfer to the public. This program will be the NME centres’ waste-initiative strategy, of which the name and vision will be recognised by the target group. a. Around this program, the NME centre can choose to organise activities that trigger peoples’ thoughts around waste, which can be harvested through an innovative activity, such as a gathering, or an idea-collection ‘mailbox’ idea. b. Around this program, the NME can choose to set up a network through already existing initiatives, which have to be approached, can be supported through the strategy, and can serve as ambassadors to transfer the message of the NME centre.

3. Initiatives created by the program can be supported through the developed strategy, and initiatives supported by the strategy can be involved in the program to serve as ambassador.

Interactive reflection during consolation of findings: ‘supporting citizen waste initiatives’, 30th of June 2016 The program as mentioned above has aspects which should be focussed upon, in order to make the establishment of such a program a success. These aspects have been discussed during a gathering which was organised by GDO, and are mentioned and highlighted below.

1. Ambassadors, how to find and involve the very first ones?

Important for the strategy of the program, the part which transfers the waste vision of an NME centre, is to have the right ambassadors which transfer this message. In order to find these, suggested is to find such ambassadors according to the channels which have been used during this research. As can be found in the methodology, these are: -

The knowledge of the NME centres; The knowledge of municipalities;

88

-

The knowledge of large scaled (citizen initiative database maintaining) organisations such as ‘Kracht in NL’; Other local stakeholders, whom activities focus on a particular local area or group, such as community organisations; Local media, such as newspapers; The network of the local waste initiatives themselves.

A similar analysis as has been done during this research can be performed by an NME centre on these ‘ambassadors to become’. However, this is not compulsory. Bringing these together in order for them to interact to one another is highly recommended. By doing so, a strong base of ‘waste ambassadors’ can be created.

2. Public, how to reach citizens with different backgrounds and interests?

One benefit of (littered) waste is that waste covers a broad variety of topics. Waste can influence citizens’ feeling of social security and safety. It affects the ‘friendliness’ of an area, and obviously decreases the perception of living in a clean environment. These are topics which can be addressed in order to involve different groups in society. Cultural differences might be more difficult to adress, yet underlying cultural values can be ‘exploited’ as well.

3. Waste is an overarching theme, should others be included?

NMCX suggests NME centres to work step by step. As waste is intertwined with food, water, climate change and many more, these are topics which could be addressed as well. However, NMCX suggests to retain one focus -e.g. (littered) waste-, work step-by-step, and only expand focus when an NME perceives this is needed to involve a broader public or when capacity allows to do so.

4. Sustainability, how to sustain the connection?

Very important is to sustain the connection with ambassadors, in order to retain their enthusiasm. To do so, gratitude of the NME should be shown through favours, events, come-together, dinners, etc.

Enthusiasm of volunteers is maintained through showing gratitude through person-to-person gestures.

11.2. NME centres in the case study areas The NME centres of the case study areas are strongly recommended to look at the third and fourth sub-research question of this report for detailed information on support. For the fourth subresearch question it is recommended to facilitate a gathering of the initiatives, in order to discuss and reflect on the results.

Furthermore, every NME centre has been visited and has been shown the results of their areas. Their reflections ánd further elaborated recommendations are shown below.

Reflection ANMEC Amsterdam on the outcome of their area Amsterdam is happy to see this much citizen initiative regarding waste in the area. Obviously the amount of biological initiatives is striking. This report grants ANMEC the possibility to steer their ‘Green citizen initiative café’ towards waste, resource, and circular economy themes. They will be able to use in-depth information and involve stakeholders which have taken part in this research.

Furthermore, detailed information on initiatives will help them to grasp which of these could be of use for their waste education program, which they are setting-up / re-shaping together with / for the municipality.

89

Recommendations towards Amsterdam Amsterdam could definitely use citizen waste initiatives in their waste education program.

ANMEC has lots to gain from on-ground, already existing knowledge, but should also consider what to be able to provide in return. Launching an actual new program might be to opportunistic for now, but being able to provide support would be a nice two-way approach. Getting the initiatives together in the green citizen initiative café, and discuss results in the second and third research question of this report, would be a good start.

Reflection NME Arnhem on the outcome of their area It is totally understandable that the research has found activity mainly on community level.

The municipality of Arnhem mainly stimulates communities to get active together, instead of individuals by themselves. The missing innovative initiatives regarding waste in the area of Arnhem is an outcome that was expected as well. Arnhem (and surroundings) has a strong focus towards local, renewable energy and urban agriculture. Concluded can be that sustainability is an aspect on which Arnhem is enormously active towards, but waste (as resource) is a sustainability theme which is lacking behind.

Recommendations towards NME Arnhem NME Arnhem should start the waste dialogue. There is lots of (community-level) sustainability activity, but not much on waste. Take the actors which have responded to this research as an example. Gather these precursors and put them in the position of ‘waste ambassador’, as NMCX has shown to be very effective regarding developing a network and transferring ideas / visions. NME Arnhem should approach the active communities, and start the dialogue with these.

Regarding active citizens around waste, Arnhem has a road ahead, but NME Arnhem has the opportunity to pave this road. As the NME centre is in an intern transition itself, waste ambassadors of today -or those of tomorrow- could become the external, professional (educative) waste partners.

Reflection NME Amstelland-Meerlanden on the outcome of their area The research shows there is not much citizen activity regarding waste in AmstellandMeerlanden. This was completely expected by NME Amstelland-Meerlanden, since they know the municipality to be managing waste quite alright. The municipality has its very own waste collecting and processing company. Citizens do not feel the necessity to act on behalf of ‘problems’ because these problems are barely available. The municipality does its actual job, which makes citizens put trust in this local government, and take less initiative themselves. Fact is that this research has focussed on the entire area of Amstelland-Meerlanden, but NME Amstelland-Meerlanden basically only covers the municipality of Amstelveen. Amstelland-Meerlanden is only targeting for educational activity, not for other activities. This means that NME Amstelland-Meerlanden is not able to provide resources to any initiatives outside Amstelveen. Before start of this research, this fact was not known. Although it is still interesting -especially for initiatives- to have knowledge of the existence of other initiatives in the area, support by the NME centre for initiatives outside of Amstelveen as suggested by this research cannot be granted.

Recommendations towards NME Amstelland-Meerlanden Even though initiatives outside of Amstelveen cannot be supported by the NME centre, the centre could partner-up with these regarding their educational program. However, this ‘could’ is a large one since the initiative should fit the educational desire of the NME centre. Since there are not many waste initiatives in Amstelveen as well as Amstelland-Meerlanden, NME Amstelland90

Meerlanden should cherish the active citizens which do exist, which would thus especially be the repair cafĂŠ in Amstelveen.

Reflection NME Rivierenland on the outcome of their area NME Rivierenland is not surprised by the low response of initiatives in the area. For a long time already they have witnessed a trend which is going on in the area. Rivierenland knows an enormous amount of freelancers. These develop (innovative) ideas, and try to make a living out of these ideas. Usually, the financial goal is more important than the ethical one. Last mentioned is fine, it is good to have such individuals developing serious ideas for serious problems. However, the financial part makes these freelancers not eager to share their ideas. Therefore this is a reason for the low response, and the relatively low outcome of this research for NME Rivierenland.

Recommendations towards NME Rivierenland As NME Rivierenland mentioned itself in the beginning of this research, they would love to cooperate with AVRI: the waste collecting and processing company in Rivierenland. During the end of this research, NME Rivierenland has witnessed that AVRI is interested in cooperating with the freelance individuals, hence they have innovative, well-thought-of ideas. NME Rivierenland has also been in contact with some of this freelance individuals since they have started a program (contest) which caused a lot of attention under these. As this research has shown that it is more difficult to reach freelance individuals, NME Rivierenland has found a way to do this. NME Rivierenland stated to put trust in initiatives who start out of ethical reasons, because of which it is recommended is to get the initiatives together which are found in this research. These are relatively far separated from one another, and could even have never spoken to one another. Therefore this might lead to fruitful outcomes. Results in the second and third research question should be discussed during such a gathering.

91

12.

Appendices

Appendix 1: Further info on local waste initiatives Amsterdam ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 94 Amsterdam Schoon .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 94 Compostmobiel .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 95 Wormen composteerbak voor de buurt ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 96 Repair Café Vogelbuurt............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 98 Repair Café Tuindorp Oostzaan .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 99 Cities foundation ´Wasted´ ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 100 Repair Café De Bolder ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 102 Taste Before You Waste Foundation ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 103 Participatie Betondorp ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 104 Buren Compost Project............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 105 Repair Café Centrum-Oost ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 106 Jeltje'Markt ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 107 Reparette .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 108 Luistervink Educatieve Moestuin .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 109 Soeptuin Bredius....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 110 I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 111 Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 113 Repair Café Oud-West .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 114 Repair Café Buurtkamer Corantijn ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 115 Buurtcomposteren Frans Halsstraat ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 116 Containing Mushrooms ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 117 Repaircafe Buitenverldert......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 118 Appendix 2: Further info on local waste initiatives Amstelland-Meerlanden ............................................................................................................................................................................... 119

92

Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 119 Repair Café Diemen .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 120 Garby Aalsmeer ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 121 Repair Café Uithoorn ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 122 Repair Café Randwijck Amstelveen .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 123 Le Compostier - Urban Compost .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 124 Appendix 3: Further info on local waste initiatives Rivierenland .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 127 Bloemenbuurt Schoon .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 127 Repair Café Bommeler waard ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 128 Kledingruil Café ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 129 Betuwe Wereldwijd Foundation ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 130 Appendix 4: Further info on local waste initiatives Arnhem ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 131 Repair Café Arnhem .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 131 Repair Café Oosterbeek ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 132 Repair Café Velp ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 133 Kinder-Wijkteam ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 134 GroenWest ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 136 Appendix 5: Background information supporting initiatives by case study NME centres ............................................................................................................................................................. 137 Appendix 6: Background information support initiatives by initiatives......................................................................................................................................................................................... 147 Appendix 7: Questionnaires (Dutch) local waste initiatives .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 159 Appendix 8: Questionnaire (Dutch) case studies: example active NME centres ........................................................................................................................................................................... 163 Appendix 9: Questionnaire (Dutch) case studies: NME centres .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 166 References.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 168 Research proposal .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 171

93

Appendix 1: Further info on local waste initiatives Amsterdam Amsterdam Schoon Adres Email-adres DWARS ontwerp, info@dwarsontwerp.nl Bethaniendwarsstraat 6/B, 1012 CB Amsterdam -

-

-

-

6

Since 27/10/2014

Employees 2

Activity -

Reason for establishment o Irritation regarding people going out in the ‘Wallen’ area: littered waste, noise disturbance and vomit on the street.

Vision 1. Developing public support via a campaign using window posters and a Facebook page.

2. Informing tourists that the direct community is experiencing nuisance because of their behaviour, with the use window posters.

Activities 1. Developing and producing window posters, and distributing these.

2. Maintaining the Facebook page (Facebook: Amsterdam Schoon6).

Skills needed o Computer/internet skills (Facebook) o Design skills (poster) What happens with waste? o No specific focus of waste // Not applicable Contact with other initiatives o Yes Supported by (commercial) partners o No Subsidy o No Profit o No

https://www.facebook.com/amsterdamschoon/?fref=ts

94

Compostmobiel

Adres Email-adres Since Employees compostmobiel@hotmail.com 26/11/2014 4 - Reason for establishment o Counteracting the waste of vegetables and fruits.

- Vision o Preservation of vegetable- and fruit waste, for the purpose of transforming these into compost.

- Activities o Activities consist of informing, performing workshops, and mediate in consumers’ purchase behaviour.

- Skills needed o Knowledge on the process of composting.

- What happens with waste? o Biological // Own use of participants and for community gardens.

- Contact with other initiatives o Le Compostier, Balkonton, Compostgilde - Supported by (commercial) partners o No - Subsidy o No - Profit o No

Activity Unregularly

95

Wormen composteerbak voor de buurt Adres Email-adres Since Employees Activity Johannes van Meurshof Friaudes@zonnet.nl 12/02/2015 4 - Reason for establishment o Improving social cohesion in the community by the use of a sustainable and environmentally-friendly project - Vision o 10 participants that are actively using the ‘Wormencomposteerbak’ for they biologic waste, instead of the residual container.

- Activities o The product that is being delivered is compost for ornamental / kitchen gardens.

- Skills needed o Knowledge on the compost-process by the use of worms.

- What happens with waste? o Biological // Compost is distributed and used by the community kitchen garden.

- Contact with other initiatives o Yes: Wormencomposteerbak Frans Halsstraat - Supported by (commercial) partners o Not yet, maybe later.

- Subsidy o One will be applied for, soon.

- Profit o No. However, {request} maybe the municipality of Amsterdam can decrease the ‘waste material charge’ of participants (.. of the project).

96

Repair Café Vogelbuurt Adres Email-adres Since Employees Meeuwenlaan 145b j.spilt@combiwel.nl 05/01/2014 5 - Reason for establishment o Poverty in the community. Increasing the sustainability of items, decreasing peoples’ expenditures.

- Vision o To have created a café where people meet, generate income and repair items.

- Activities o Repairing (beloved) items in a cheap and accessible way. Contributing to society.

- Skills needed o Knowledge on technical devices. Social skills since the repair café is also a meeting place.

- What happens with waste? o Electronics // Disposed of in the residual waste, sadly.

- Contact with other initiatives o Yes, with Open Coop.

- Supported by (commercial) partners o Yes, by Combiwel.

- Subsidy o Partly by the municipality.

- Profit o No

Activity Weekly

97

Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort Adres Binnenvaart 5 -

-

-

Email-adres banne@playspace.co

Since 07/10/2012

Employees 8

Activity Weekly

Reason for establishment o To keep Amsterdam-North clean. Waste does not belong on the street, waste belongs in waste bins.

Vision o Supporting citizens to become part of an initiative, which drives the dialogue between citizens and professionals. Stimulating citizens to become part of development in their community. Generally seen, active, involved citizens have a greater sense of responsibility for their community. This increases liveability.

Activities o To highlight already existing and new initiatives in order to be known to as many citizens from Amsterdam-North. To start the dialog between citizens. To connect initiatives and citizens.

Skills needed o No What happens with waste? o Plastics, paper/cardboard, glass, metals // Littered waste ends up in the right waste container.

Contact with other initiatives o Yes: Combiwel Supported by (commercial) partners o No Subsidy o No Profit o No

98

Repair CafĂŠ Tuindorp Oostzaan Adres Argostraat 45, 1033 ED AMSTERDAM -

Email-adres roblandzaat@kpnmail.nl

Since 05/01/2013

Employees 5

Activity Monthly

Reason for establishment o Sustainability and (community coherence) liveability.

Vision o Awareness regarding the environment.

Activities o Repairing and advising services.

Skills needed o Technical skills What happens with waste? o Electronics // Reused or disposed with care.

Contact with other initiatives o No Supported by (commercial) partners o No Subsidy o At the very start.

Profit o Via voluntary gifts.

99

Cities foundation ´Wasted´ Adres Wilgenweg 12 D -

Email-adres info@wastedlab.nl

Since 01/04/2015

Employees 20

Activity Daily

Reason for establishment o The initiative has been established in order to collect plastic waste.

Vision o A decrease in littered plastic waste in the city of Amsterdam.

Activities o Carrying out a system of reward for handing in plastic waste.

Skills needed o Knowledge on plastic varieties, implementing and facilitating a system/chain.

What happens with waste? o Plastics // Waste collection point Amsterdam-North.

Contact with other initiatives o No Supported by (commercial) partners o Yes Subsidy o Yes Profit o No

100

Weggeefwinkel Bloemenbuurt Adres Heliotroopstraat 28 -

Email-adres tiny.wouters@kpnmail.nl

Since 08/11/2013

Employees 4

Activity Weekly

Reason for establishment o The consciousness of poverty, which is more present in our society than we dare to think.

Vision o To have disadvantaged people get clothing and municipal items, just because they lack the financial power.

Activities o Reparation of clothing, municipal items, toys, ‘big’ municipal items so every now and again. We offer people bread as well.

Skills needed o Yes, social skills.

What happens with waste? o No specific focus of waste // Goes to the Red Cross container.

Contact with other initiatives o No Supported by (commercial) partners o Supported by residence company ‘Ymere’ via space in which we are able to perform the repair café.

Subsidy o Starting-up subsidy by the municipality.

Profit o No

101

Repair CafĂŠ De Bolder Adres -

Email-adres banne@hoopvoornoord.nl

Since 09/01/2014

Employees 2

Activity Monthly

Reason for establishment o Stimulating reuse.

Vision o Decrease of waste, increase of reuse.

Activities o Performing the activities of a repair cafĂŠ.

Skills needed o Knowledge on how to repair items.

What happens with waste? o Electronics // We barely produce waste.

Contact with other initiatives o Yes, Wasted.

Supported by (commercial) partners o No Subsidy o No Profit o No

102

Taste Before You Waste Foundation Adres Email-adres Since Employees Activity P.Lieftinckstraat 25 info@TasteBeforeYouWaste.com 35 Daily - Reason for establishment o A documentary about the waste of food which gave me the feeling that I had to do something. This initiative has been the solution for my frustration/disappointment.

- Vision o Decrease of food waste, and increase of consumer awareness.

- Activities o Catering, no-waste dinners, free food markets, evenings of debate, workshops, presentations, educative projects for schools, more.

- Skills needed o No - What happens with waste? o Biological // It’s eaten!

- Contact with other initiatives o Yes - Supported by (commercial) partners o Yes - Subsidy o No - Profit o So every now and again.

103

Participatie Betondorp Adres Email-adres Since Employees Activity Tuinbouwstraat 98 th.vandenakker@hetnet.nl 01/01/2015 1 till 10 As often as needed - Reason for establishment o More participation in Betondorp.

- Vision o More solidarity in Betondorp and surroundings.

- Activities o Guide and support initiatives of citizens of Betondorp.

- Skills needed o Organisation skills.

- What happens with waste? o No specific focus of waste // Separated as well as possible, where after it is moved to waste collection facility of the municipality - Contact with other initiatives o Yes - Supported by (commercial) partners o No - Subsidy o Yes, limited - Profit o No

104

Buren Compost Project Adres Email-adres Since Employees Activity H.J.E. Wenckebachweg bajestuin@bajesdorp.nl 15/08/2015 3 Weekly 42 - Reason for establishment o Necessity of compost for the community garden, contributing to reduce of residual waste, contributing to environmental awareness.

- Vision o Eventual goal of the initiative is to have the municipality structurally collecting and processing biological waste.

- Activities o Compost - Skills needed o Carpentry (building) skills (of compost collection bins), knowledge on compost.

- What happens with waste? o Biological // Is being composted and used as fertilizer in the Bajestuin.

- Contact with other initiatives o Registered in the compost gilde.

- Supported by (commercial) partners o No - Subsidy o Yes, by the municipality of Amsterdam.

- Profit o No

105

Repair Café Centrum-Oost Adres Witte Boei, Kleine Wittenburgerstraat 201 -

-

Email-adres N.Chekhchar@ijsterk.nl

Since 06/06/2012

Employees 10

Activity Monthly

Reason for establishment o In cooperation with workgroup ´Groen en Milieu´ regarding sustainability, we try to extend the life of items through repairing services.

Vision o Is to have people giving broken items a second chance, instead of directly buying a new one. Besides, to have people help one another in repairing.

Activities o Performing activities in the repair café.

Skills needed o Specialisation is no requirement, but handiness and enthusiasm are greatly appreciated.

What happens with waste? o No specific focus of waste // When not usable any longer, items go to a waste collection facility.

Contact with other initiatives o Yes, other Repair Cafés.

Supported by (commercial) partners o No Subsidy o Yes, in sense of working space and other facilities.

Profit o Voluntary payment which is used for needed materials.

106

Jeltje'Markt Adres Email-adres Since Employees Activity Lootsstraat 29-1 jaapvos10@gmail.com 10/01/2014 3 Monthly - Reason for establishment o Reintroducing reuse, in order to combat waste of items.

- Vision o Decrease of waste, increase of reuse.

- Activities o Promoting reuse and creating environmentally conscious citizens.

- Skills needed o Skills in publicity, organising, planning.

- What happens with waste? o No specific focus of waste // not sold items are transferred to charities, or one of the municipal collection containers for paper, glass, plastics and residual when needed.

- Contact with other initiatives o Yes, community markets and ‘Noppes’.

- Supported by (commercial) partners o No - Subsidy o Started with ‘room rent subsidy’, meanwhile we break even, which made the subsidy not needed any longer. We do get subsidy for publicity which is lower than the first.

- Profit o No

107

Reparette Adres Email-adres Since Employees Activity reparette@gmail.com 01/04/2016 5 Daily - Reason for establishment o I have been recycling for years, and have been volunteer at several repair cafés in Amsterdam-West. During this work it was striking that:  The main part of the visitors want their product to be repaired, and not repair themselves  The range of Repair Cafés is limited, since most are open only once a month at times that most people have working obligations during the times these are open.  There is no opportunity of turning in non-repairable items, for the purpose of reuse or recycling of resource.  There is limited time for employees of Repair Cafés themselves, for repairing items These reasons together have made me think what would be needed to reach larger groups of people. Circular economy has stimulated me to realise a repair, recycle and upcycle centre. My study of fashion designer has made me focus on textiles.

- Vision o To have citizens of Amsterdam West value resources and acknowledge the opportunities these offer. These citizens to be aware of resources and benefits of a circular economy. To have these citizens not throw away their items, but instead going to Reparette to repair, recycle or upcycle their item. Ultimate dream is to have several Reparette facilities each with their own material speciality (wood, metals, ceramics, textiles, plastics, etc.) throughout Amsterdam West.

- Activities o Repair, recycle and upcycle services (of which some in corporation with leather ateliers). Besides workshops will be offered and products will be sold.

- Skills needed o Experience in sewing.

- What happens with waste? o Unusable textiles will go to a specialised recycle company which transforms these into new resource.

- Contact with other initiatives o No - Supported by (commercial) partners o No - Subsidy o Requested in the month of July (2016).

- Profit o Yes

108

Luistervink Educatieve Moestuin Adres Email-adres Since Volkstuinpark ann@cityplot.org 01/01/2012 Sloterdijkermeer Amsterdam - Reason for establishment o Education regarding urban farming.

- Vision o An ‘eatable’ city.

- Activities o Education, harvest, social involvement.

- Skills needed o No - What happens with waste? o Paper/cardboard, biological // used in the kitchen garden.

- Contact with other initiatives o Yes, other kitchen gardens.

- Supported by (commercial) partners o No - Subsidy o No - Profit o A tiny bit.

Employees 25

Activity Weekly

109

Soeptuin Bredius Adres Email-adres Since Employees Activity Soeptuinen@gmail.com 01/08/2013 15 Weekly - Reason for establishment o To make the city more green and more healthy. To create a green gathering place which would donate to the Voedselbank.

- Vision o (To stay) cultivating biological crops, facilitating a green meeting place, educating. To make people aware of local products, circular waste processing. To be an initiative which harvest is used by the surrounding communities, and which uses the biological waste of these communities in return of developing fertile soil. To combine the social and sustainable aspects.

- Activities o Biological harvest to the Voedselbank, a place for re-integration (social work), sharing knowledge of participants and citizens, collecting biological waste.

- Skills needed o Any person interested can participate. However, for the organisation and increasing income we are dependent on skills regarding kitchen gardening, communication and coordination.

- What happens with waste? o Biological // The waste is composted and directly used in the garden.

- Contact with other initiatives o Yes, the Compostgilde, Buurtcomposteren at the Frans Halsstraat.

- Supported by (commercial) partners o Administration is being done at ‘Nemoland Westerpark’.

- Subsidy o Community budget of Spaarndammerbuurt, Amsterdam West, Groen en Doen Voucher.

- Profit o No

110

I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands Adres Email-adres Since Employees Activity Jasper Leijnsenstraat info@icanchangetheworldwithmytwohands.nl 06/04/2011 66 Daily 21, 1056XW, Amsterdam - Reason for establishment o To convince people that they themselves can contribute (a small bit) to improving the world. I Can Change The World does this by being an example (kitchen garden & shop) and providing hands-on solutions (biological compost service & self-pick service).

- Vision o That we serve as an example to others, and that people believe that the world can be improved together, through individual action.

- Activities o We would like to generate change through simple, concrete actions on the following areas:  Awareness regarding the food system of today. By local food production in the middle of the city we want to inspire people to make different choices regarding their food. Through direct ‘real food’ experience. We stimulate and facilitate production and consumption of local food. People can experience this in our ‘produce garden’. The vegetables of this garden go to community restaurants.  Encourage active citizenship by making citizens aware that their action matters, has impact.

- Skills needed o Yes - What happens with waste? o Biological // Waste is composted and used by citizens as fertilizer.

- Contact with other initiatives o So every now and again we get approached by initiatives like Bredius Tuin and Stadsboerderij Zimmerhoeve for advice.

111

-

-

Supported by (commercial) partners o Yes,  ‘Agriton’ (a company for improving sustainability of soil, and importer of the ‘Bokashi’ system). Gjalt-Jan: a citizen and son of the founder of Agriton which gives free lectures and workshops regarding improving soils by Bokashi, and promotes our shop to partners and clients. Together with him we give lectures at community garden parks regarding ecological kitchen gardening.  ‘De Zaderij’ is a partner in seed-decrease and conservation of historical breeds. I Can Change cultivates a ‘Bos en Lommer’ bean for De Zaderij. De Zaderij gives advice on how to, and on the purpose of seed-decrease.

Subsidy  Yes Profit  We are not in for the money, we aim for being financially autonomous.

112

Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve Adres Email-adres Since Schimmelstraat 44 info@zimmerhoeve.nl 02/01/2015 - Reason for establishment o To counteract waste.

- Vision o To have citizens return to the Zimmerhoeve to collect compost.

- Activities o Teaching citizens regarding the process of composting.

- Skills needed o Knowledge on composting.

- What happens with waste? o Biological // The waste is being composted by the use of compost-barrels.

- Contact with other initiatives o No - Supported by (commercial) partners o No - Subsidy o Indirectly via ‘Groen Doen’.

- Profit o No

Employees 4

Activity Weekly

113

Repair Café Oud-West

Adres Buurtcentrum De Havelaar, Douwes Dekkerstraat 2, 1053 SX Amsterdam -

-

Email-adres a.sminia@abc-west.nl

Since 01/04/2013

Employees 17 +/-

Activity Monthly

Reason for establishment o Establishing an approachable activity regarding sustainability.

Vision o Increasing the involvement of citizens regarding themes like sustainability, the environment, decreasing waste, recycling, reciprocity between one another, creating a place for less fortunate and vulnerable citizens. Increasing knowledge of citizens regarding technical issues.

Cooperating with other, similar initiatives in the community. Eventually have the Repair Café run by community members themselves, right now ‘Amsterdam Old-West’ and ‘ABC Alliantie’ still have to put in effort.

Activities o Giving advice, teaching on repairing municipal items (electrics, bicycles clothing, mechanicals, toys, etc.). Also facilitating a gathering place.

Skills needed o It would be handy to have specialists available which coach and assist people in repairing.

What happens with waste? o Electronics // Visitors are supposed to take their (repaired) items with them and deal with these themselves.

Contact with other initiatives o Yes, Reparette (of whom the person who took initiative has worked at Repair Café Oud-West).

Supported by (commercial) partners o No, but the repair café has been established out of the cooperation between ‘ABC Alliantie Oud-West’ and ‘Centrum PS’.

Subsidy o No Profit o Visitors can financially contribute on a voluntary base. This money is spent on materials and promotion to attract volunteers.

114

Repair Café Buurtkamer Corantijn Adres corantijnstraat 25 -

-

Email-adres Since info@buurtkamercorantijn.nl 15/06/2012

Employees 8

Activity Monthly

Reason for establishment o Social connection in the community, decrease waste Vision o Creating awareness regarding resources and preservation of product instead of throwing these in the garbage bin. Making product designers aware of developing sustainable designs.

Activities o Repairing service of textile, bicycle, electric devices, clothing and computers.

Skills needed o Technical understanding , sewing experience.

What happens with waste? o When reparation of an item is not a possibility anymore, the item is transferred to the ‘chemokar’ or waste container.

Contact with other initiatives o With waste container caretakers.

Supported by (commercial) partners o No, although we do have contact with HVA product design.

Subsidy o Yes, community budget.

Profit o Voluntary payment per reparation of item.

115

Buurtcomposteren Frans Halsstraat Adres Email-adres Since Employees Activity P.j.brouwer@buurtcompost.nl 19/03/2015 Frans Hallsstraat 59/3 60 +/Daily - Reason for establishment o Irritation of not collected biological waste by the municipality of Amsterdam.

- Vision o A decrease of municipal waste by 35%.

- Activities o Organising various ‘worm-composting’ projects (including harvesting).

- Skills needed o Knowledge - What happens with waste? o Biological // The compost which is made goes to city-trees, back- / facade yards, and flowerpots.

- Contact with other initiatives o This project is being expanded to other parts of the city of Amsterdam (Israëlkade/Saffierstraat has been developed recently).

- Supported by (commercial) partners o No - Subsidy o The compost container has been financed by Amsterdam South.

- Profit o No (not yet).

116

Containing Mushrooms Adres Email-adres Since Employees Activity Gustav Mahlerlaan 3005 info@containingmushrooms.nl 05/02/2015 1 Daily 1081 LB - Reason for establishment o To offer a solution for reuse of coffee residue, cultivating food locally, developing a chain (cycle), starting an own company.

- Vision o Developing a circular economy around coffee residue. A company that offers coffee residue multiple lives: after the ‘coffee use’, soil/fertilizer for cultivating e.g. oyster mushrooms, where after it can serve as a ‘soil improving substance’. However, this can also be used for bioplastics, cattle feed, etc. The ‘Zuidas’ produces lots of coffee residue. This should be used for the good.

- Activities o Cultivating oyster mushrooms, facilitating workshops, developing tools for at-home cultivation.

- Skills needed o The work needs lots of specialised knowledge. However, this is easy to divided and transferred to volunteers.

- What happens with waste? o Biological // goes to the ‘Boeletuin’ where oyster mushrooms are being cultivated. Afterwards the substance is used as fertilizer in the Boeletuin.

- Contact with other initiatives o Yes: Buurtcomposteren.

- Supported by (commercial) partners o Yes: supported by the ‘Green Business Club’, cooperating with ‘Accenture’ and the ‘Boeletuin Kantine’.

- Subsidy o No - Profit o Also for just one person, this company provides too little to make a living from.

117

Repaircafe Buitenverldert Adres Email-adres Since wijkontmoetingscentrum repaircafebuitenveldert@gmail.com 01/01/2013 Buitenveldert - Reason for establishment o Recycling, helping and meeting citizens in the community.

- Vision o Initiated in order to repair even more items.

- Activities o Repairing broken (municipal) items, products and clothing.

- Skills needed o Technical knowledge & dexterity.

- What happens with waste? o Electronics // - Contact with other initiatives o No - Supported by (commercial) partners o No, but started with a subsidy of the Rabobank.

- Subsidy o Once, Rabobank.

- Profit o No

Employees 8

Activity Montly

118

Appendix 2: Further info on local waste initiatives Amstelland-Meerlanden Repair CafĂŠ Ouderkerk aan de Amstel Adres prinses ireneplantsoen 15 ouder-Amstel -

-

Email-adres havenot@planet.nl

Since 01/01/2015

Employees 10

Activity Monthly

Reason for establishment o Own interest and subsidy of the municipality.

Vision o Decrease of waste, people to consume less, saving of resources, while taking care of peoples’ well-being.

Activities o Repairing electrical items, textile, toys, furniture, etc.

Skills needed o Knowledge on technique, wood, steel, and sewing.

What happens with waste? o Plastics, electronics, batteries and lamps // When an item is not able to be repaired, visitors take the items home again, or their parts are used to repair other items.

Contact with other initiatives o No Supported by (commercial) partners o No Subsidy o Yes Profit o Barely, just enough for taking care of consumption needs of volunteers.

119

Repair Café Diemen Adres -

Email-adres Since Repaircafé@duurzaamdorpdiemen.nl 04/01/2014

Employees 20 +/-

Activity Monthly

Reason for establishment o To repair instead of wasting items.

Vision o Activities o Making efforts for repairing broken items.

Skills needed o Knowledge on techniques.

What happens with waste? o Electronics, batteries and lambs // No waste: visitors take the items home again.

Contact with other initiatives o Indirectly, via platform ‘Duurzaam Dorp Diemen’.

Supported by (commercial) partners o No Subsidy o Yes, for the very start.

Profit o On voluntary financial gifts we receive, we break even.

120

Garby Aalsmeer Adres Ketelhuis 6, Aalsmeer -

Email-adres Since Garby.aalsmeer@gmail.com 23/03/2015

Employees 1

Activity Daily

Reason for establishment o National cleaning (litter pick-up) day.

Vision o To change the behaviour of people: no more littering.

Activities o Awareness spreading via social media, cleaning (waste pick-up) actions.

Skills needed o To be persuasive.

What happens with waste? o Plastics, glass, metals // Unusable waste is brought to the ‘Milieustraat’, usable materials are upcycled and used to inspire people.

Contact with other initiatives o Some other citizens who help during cleaning events so every now and again.

Supported by (commercial) partners o Yes, the municipality of Aalsmeer, ‘SuppertervanSchoon’, ‘Superschoon.tv’, and NME Amstelland.

Subsidy o No Profit o No

121

Repair Café Uithoorn Adres Zonnedauw 26 -

Email-adres jd.bruning@hccnet.nl

Since 03/04/2014

Employees 10

Activity Every 2 months

Reason for establishment o Because of the example and support of ‘Repair Café The Netherlands’.

Vision o To make people understand why their valuable items brake down.

Activities o Repairing all kinds of municipal items.

Skills needed o Technical, but social ones as well.

What happens with waste? o Electronics, batteries and lamps // These are returned to the visitors.

Contact with other initiatives o Yes, ‘Recycling Ceres’.

Supported by (commercial) partners o Sometimes Subsidy o Yes: start-up subsidy.

Profit o No

122

Repair CafĂŠ Randwijck Amstelveen Adres Bourgondische laan 3 -

Email-adres Since repaircafe@villarandwijck.nl 30/05/2014

Employees 8

Activity Monthly

Reason for establishment o In order to establish activities in the community. Encouraging people to repair, rather than waste.

Vision o Decrease of waste.

Activities o Repairing items that do not have to be wasted or replaced.

Skills needed o Technical skills.

What happens with waste? o Electronics // No waste is produced.

Contact with other initiatives o Other repair cafĂŠs nearby.

Supported by (commercial) partners o No Subsidy o No Profit o Voluntary financial gifts by visitors, of which tools and materials are bought.

123

Le Compostier - Urban Compost Adres Polderland 69, 1112 RH Diemen

-

-

-

-

-

Email-adres Lecompostier@gmail.com

Since 01/01/2014

Employees 1 permanent, help of 2 freelance colleges, 4 volunteers. ‘Buurtcompost’ projects are carried out by community members themselves.

Activity Daily

Reason for establishment o The initiative has been established through a search for a better purpose of biological waste. I wanted to decrease my personal waste ‘streams’ whilst I was active with my garden. Compost was a logical outcome. However, most composting-with-worms constructions use plastic as main material. This is a material I do not prefer because of its many downsides. Because of my designer background I started to search for a more tasteful and practical way of composting biological waste with worms. I noticed lots of attention towards composting by fellow community members, but they kept themselves from actively performing because of wrongly made assumptions. Because of this I started supporting and assisting people to start their compost project in their own neighbourhood. This community approach has been applied since I had the idea that this would connect people. Via this similar thought and approach I met Peter Jan Brouwer. We found ourselves having the same vision. Peter Jan created the possibility of working with a group of interested community members in de Pijp whilst I was designing the very first ‘Wormenhotel’. This facility was meant for the Frans Halsstraat. This project has turned out to be very successful. Up to now, many more projects has been started. Ijburg and the Zeeburgereiland (eastern Amsterdam) are examples, whilst Diemen is preparing one. A second Wormenhotel in de Pijp has been realised by a new group which are supported by Peter Jan Brouwer.

Vision o To help the city of Amsterdam become more sustainable. To effectuate sufficient compost in the city for urban gardening projects. Eventual dream is to have every community in Amsterdam involved and facilitated with community compost facilities. This will go hand in hand with an increase of awareness and higher level of cooperation among citizens.

Activities o Designing and developing Wormhotels for individual use. Biological waste collection service and processing on local scale. Education (awareness) and workshops Skills needed o Knowledge on composting with compost-worms is necessary. Designing and building the hotels needs a certain carpentry skill. Wanting to be involved is needed for the overall business.

What happens with waste? o Paper and cardboard, biological // composted at the location of origin. End product is meant for local use as well.

124

125

-

-

-

-

Contact with other initiatives o Yes: Buurtcompost.nl, Groenteraket, Biomeiler foundation, Gevoel voor Humus, De Waard Eetbaar Landschap, Rijkswaterstaat – Bodem, Urbeen.

Supported by (commercial) partners o Yes: foundation Het Groene Leven Lab, Gemeente Amsterdam, Buurtcompost, Biomeiler, Gemeente Diemen, Meerlanden Afvalverwerking, Ekodis Natuurwinkel, Stijn Swinkels, Hertz Media, Meike’s Hairstyling, Kinky Acedemy (Young Bloods), Delight Event Design, Foodguerrila, Plantagelab, De Dakdokters, Restaurant Haddock, Buurtmoestuin Sweetgrass.

Subsidy o Many projects are individually set-up trough local support by the municipality. Het Groene Leven Lab is an initiative which will be active around September this year (2016) and is supported by the national NME foundation.

Profit o Yes

126

Appendix 3: Further info on local waste initiatives Rivierenland Bloemenbuurt Schoon Adres Rozenstraat 45 -

-

Email-adres Since bart_vd_berg@outlook.com 01/01/2016

Employees 125 households

Activity Weekly

Reason for establishment o Tackling the chronic littered waste problem in the ‘Bloemenbuurt’ in Tiel.

Vision o An acceptable and workable situation regarding littered waste.

Activities o Participating with national scheduled cleaning activities. Stimulating individual cleaning initiatives. Lending cleaning materials, cooperating with schools, agencies and sponsors. Projects: ‘Buurtbakken’, ‘Wijkhelden’, ‘Schoonbelonen’, ‘Snel bel&herstel’.

Skills needed o Planning, organising skills. Communicative and social sound in direct contact and media.

What happens with waste? o No specific focus // Currently a school collects the waste. We would like bins sponsored by the municipality.

Contact with other initiatives o No, we do find lots of enthusiasm by residents in the community.

Supported by (commercial) partners o Albert Heijn (supporter of Schoon), Nederland Schoon, and the municipality of Tiel (via Duurzaam Rivierenland).

Subsidy o Not yet. We do get low financial help by ‘Schoon Belonen’.

Profit o Not yet. However, this is something we would like to achieve.

127

Repair CafĂŠ Bommeler waard Adres -

Email-adres Since repaircafebommelerwaard@gmail.com 30/03/2014

Employees 32

Activity 3 times a month

Reason for establishment o To help people owning broken items.

Vision o To have people not throwing away their broken items too soon.

Activities o Repairing broken municipal items.

Skills needed o Knowledge on electronics and sewing.

What happens with waste? o Electronics // Visitors take care of this themselves.

Contact with other initiatives o Yes, a second hand shop.

Supported by (commercial) partners o No Subsidy o Yes Profit o No

128

Kledingruil Café Adres Dahliastraat 30, 4101 HD Culemborg

-

-

Email-adres info@stadswerkplaatsculemborg.nl

Since 13/04/2013

Employees 6 volunteers every time

Activity Once every 3 months, together with the Repair Café.

Reason for establishment o To, just like the Repair Café, decrease waste of clothing. Especially to stimulate reuse, and discourage buying behaviour of new stuff.

Vision o Awareness regarding buying behaviour of (new) clothing. Stimulating the reuse, repair and sharing of clothing.

Activities o Trading, advice in repairing clothes, upcycling clothing, stimulating peoples’ creativity, and make people meet (social).

Skills needed o Socially sound, sharp eye for selecting clothing, being able to give advice.

What happens with waste? o Clothing which remains is being saved for next editions. Clothing what is not taken by visitors is being granted to Voedselgroep Culemborg and/or the Voedselbank in ‘s-Hertogenbosch.

Contact with other initiatives o De Voedselgroep, Betuwe Wereldwijd, Repair Café Culemborg.

Supported by (commercial) partners o Space is granted by Houtatelier Nerf Subsidy o No Profit o Entry of 2 euro’s per visitor cover organisation costs (flyers, tickets, coffee/thee, snacks).

129

Betuwe Wereldwijd Foundation Adres Goilberdingerstraat 32, Culemborg -

-

-

Email-adres info@betuwewereldwijd.nl

Since 25/02/1987

Employees 40

Activity Daily

Reason for establishment o Betuwe Wereldwijd started as an employer for unemployed youth, and has eventually developed and reached out towards a far larger target group.

Vision o To have a big role as a social work institute hand in hand with sustainable development and international cooperation.

Activities o Collection and revision of used technical goods, social work employer, and supporting international organisations in developing countries.

Skills needed o Depending on the activity. Ranging from low to high skilled work.

What happens with waste? o No specific focus // Collected and revised goods go as product to organisations and projects in developing countries. If not possible, clean materials are sent to companies.

Contact with other initiatives o Various second hand shops Supported by (commercial) partners o Yes Subsidy o Yes Profit o No, Betuwe Wereldwijd Foundation is an organisation without profit purposes.

130

Appendix 4: Further info on local waste initiatives Arnhem Repair CafĂŠ Arnhem Adres Several community and NME centres throughout Arnhem -

-

Email-adres repairarnhem@gmail.com

Since 08/11/2011

Employees 30

Activity Monthly

Reason for establishment o To create awareness Vision o Decrease the amount of waste, but also change in production methods so that devices will be able to become (more easily) repairable again.

Activities o Repairing broken items which are brought in.

Skills needed o Knowledge on electronics.

What happens with waste? o We do not take items / waste, but do refer visitors to Wecycle and 2Switch.

Contact with other initiatives o As initiative: no. However, some volunteers have their own connections.

Supported by (commercial) partners o Yes: indirectly by being able to freely use working space and drink / offer coffee and thee.

Subsidy o Only the first time: a limited start-up subsidy.

Profit o No, but tips are used for consumption for volunteers.

131

Repair Café Oosterbeek Adres Weverstraat 24 -

-

-

Email-adres kreekobeek@gmail.com

Since 10/12/2013

Employees 10 - 15

Activity Monthly

Reason for establishment o To make people aware regarding the ‘waste-away society’ we live in. That we can repair broken products which make you do not want to buy new ones, and which reduces your ecological footprint.

Vision o To have people aware regarding our increasing ecological footprint, but that we are able to influence our environment and make small steps towards a smaller footprint. Also this is a way to bring citizens in contact with one another. This comes in favour of social cohesion. Also the voluntarily (give something in return for ‘nothing’) is an important aspect of this social cohesion.

Activities o Repairing computers (both soft- and hardware), electronics, clothing, furniture, clocks (so every now and again), municipal items, toys, etc.

Skills needed o Repairing and social skills.

What happens with waste? o Items that are unable to be repaired are taken by those who execute the reparations. They are used to fix other items.

Contact with other initiatives o Supported by (commercial) partners o No Subsidy o No Profit o No

132

Repair Café Velp Adres Heeckerenstraat 201 Velp -

-

-

-

Email-adres Since repaircafevelp@gmail.com 19/12/2015

Employees +/- 15

Activity Monthly

Reason for establishment o Decreasing waste in general, via offering free reparations of broken items of community members. Clothing and electronics are all taken into account. We stimulate sustainability by doing so, and help citizens with a lower budget.

Vision o We would like people to give their devices (etc.) a second chance instead of buying a new one. By doing so, together we lessen the overall waste production and take care of people with low financial resources.

Activities o Repairing electronics, clothing, and anything which can be brought with the use of ‘a persons’ two hands’.

Skills needed o No. Anyone can learn to repair devices and clothing.

What happens with waste? o The repair café does not make a lot of waste. If an item is unfixable visitors take it with them back home. Some devices can be donated so that parts of these can be used to repair other broken items. At times of waste we separate it first before we discard it.

Contact with other initiatives o No Supported by (commercial) partners o Not supported, but we do use space of ‘the foundation’.

Subsidy o Start-up subsidy by the municipality.

Profit o No. We do get voluntary financial gifts, in order to buy tools.

133

Kinder-Wijkteam Adres Kazerneplein 2, Arnhem -

-

-

-

Email-adres mikehoose@gmail.com

Since 01/01/2009

Employees 1 Employee, 6 volunteers

Activity Daily

Reason for establishment o I was concerned with improving liveability of mostly adults, and started being interested to reach the adults of the future in an early stage.

Vision o To have a children’s’ group active regarding liveability in all communities of Arnhem. To have adults triggered by actions of these children, and to create awareness that anyone in society can contribute to this common cause.

Activities o Kinder-Wijkteam (educative littered waste pick-ups with children), Schone Straat & Groene Buurt-actions, working with (health) care patients in a green environment.

Skills needed o To be able to work with children and (health) care clients.

What happens with waste? o To separate the collected waste appears to be difficult. In the future I would like to get support regarding a structural solution.

Contact with other initiatives o We stimulate and support citizens to get active regarding littered waste. We support them by lending out materials, by granting them the ‘sunshine’ they deserve, so every now and then.

Supported by (commercial) partners o Not yet, unfortunately.

Subsidy o Contribution by the municipality for the ‘littered waste work’ we carry out.

Profit o Enough to cover the man-hours put in.

Kinder-Wijkteam: descriptive research Mike Hoose, a passionate, child-loving people connecting individual with a cultural work education background, started KinderWijkteam from a community-centre work position. While being active as community 134

worker, Mike Hoose started the Kinder-Wijkteam of today according to the ‘Schone Straat’ program. A door-to-door approach to clean streets together with citizens, and rewarding these with green (and colourful) plant attributes in their front yard gardens. Mike Hoose was approached by the municipality of Arnhem to start working as an actual independent community worker, one which the municipality could employ on a freelance base, in order to combat littered waste in the city and educating children while doing so. The choice of working with children: “the adults of the future”, was easily taken. Nowadays Mike does not only work with children. His target group consists of health care clients, refugees, parents of children, etc. To work with a diverse amount of people has been chosen to increase social cohesion in the area. To bring different people closer together, and to involve those with lower working potential.

However, children are in the middle of his approach because Kinder-Wijkteam aims for a change in mentality of these youngsters. Mike approaches schools himself. Obviously he offers children of after-school activities (waste-picking). However, he delivers educational activities as well. His work started at Klarendal community, and has eventually extended up to 10 different communities. Per team, Kinder-Wijkteam is supported by the municipality (by a thousand euros per team, per year) out of the ‘littered-waste budget’. After 10 weeks of ‘tough’ labour, Mike takes care of an educational event for involved children of the communities. Together these visit e.g. a museum, and make friends with other children from all across Arnhem. For the on-field work, Mike needs active community members. Parents of children who like to guide groups of children 1.5 hrs through their community so that Mike will not always have to be present at these happenings.

Future. Mike has some goals he would like to work towards. In order to satisfy the expectations of the municipality, Kinder-Wijkteam will have to extend from 10 to 15 and again to 20 communities. Especially in the ‘extra attention communities’ of Arnhem. Mike would also like to develop a Kinder-Wijkteam format so that this can easily be copied by other municipalities. Also the concepts needs help in (clean) separation of the collected waste. Of course, eventually Mike hopes to have created independent community-leaders whom can individually lead pick-ups, educate children and enthuse people. With other words, when Kinder-Wijkteam pulls out, Mike hopes the community to sustain the pick-up activities. Mike is thus trying to set-up a platform of KinderWijkteam communities in Arnhem and other municipalities.

Winning concept: winning partnerships. Mike believes he has created a winning concept. Besides contact with the municipality and a fine cooperation with NL Schoon (which has named him their ‘ambassador of Arnhem’, Mike is also collaborating with NME Arnhem. Regarding education, Kinder-Wijkteam is very happy with the collaboration last mentioned. This party provides workspace at their facilities for Kinder-Wijkteam to work with children. Mikes makes also use of volunteers (e.g. students) and interns (students). Mike would like to have a better connection, and be better supported by commercial partners such as Sita // Suez regarding waste management. Also, the municipality of Arnhem has been mentioned as contact already, but Mike would like to be seen as a more important partner by this party. Kinder-Wijkteam takes an average of 75 kg of waste out of the streets of Arnhem weekly, which is a considerable amount. Mike is also highly interested in organisations and initiatives which are carrying out similar work with children and waste around The Netherlands.

In the area of Arnhem, Kinder-Wijkteam has no contact with other citizen waste initiatives.

Close to citizens. Close to schools and education. Part of the community. Transferring enthusiasm. Connecting people.

135

GroenWest Adres Sophiastraat 19 -

Email-adres Since groenwestarnhem@gmail.com 01/04/2015

Employees 9

Activity Weekly

Reason for establishment o To have the community, consisting of 3 ‘community-parts’ ready for integrated sustainability.

Vision o Local composting of biological waste, a fine implementation of the contrariwise collection approach.

Activities o Initiating projects on sustainability and liveability.

Skills needed o Knowledge on the issues that is being worked on.

What happens with waste? o Contact with other initiatives o Yes, but not in the area of waste.

Supported by (commercial) partners o Yes ‘perhaps’ Sita/Suez.

Subsidy o Not yet.

Profit o Eventual idea is not to carry this initiative out just on voluntary base.

136

Appendix 5: Background information supporting initiatives by case study NME centres This appendix provides background information on the third research question of this research.

Qualitative data (insufficient, sufficient, good, excellent, not needed) has been granted a quantitative number. This has been chosen because it gives an understandanding into what extend an initiative by an NME centre according to the resources. When a resource for an initiative indicates ‘+’, the number explains into what extend an NME could support the initiative regarding the resource. The ‘score part’ of every table shows the potential. This potential has been described together with possible external influences, down every analysis table.

5.1.

Case study Amsterdam

ANMEC Amsterdam is able to support the initiatives found in their area according to the following: Resource >

Financial

Volunteers / employees

Workplaces

Materials / tools

ANMEC Sufficient Amsterdam

Chooses not to deliver

Chooses not to deliver

Sufficient

Facilitating knowledgetransition Good

Facilitating initiatives’ connection Good

ANMEC & citizen waste initiatives, potential support to give per initiative Initiative Financial Volunteers/ Working Materials Knowledge Emotional / Score / 120 employees place / tools / advice connection In. + NME Amsterda Not Not Not Not Not needed Same 105 + 0 m Schoon needed delivered delivered needed Excellent The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC does not have the potential to improve the initiatives’ performance.

Initiative

Financial

Compost mobiel

Sufficient + 10

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Sufficient +10

Knowledge / advice Good + 15

Emotional / connection Same

Score / 120 In. + NME 45 + 35 Potential: 80 Very well

The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC does have the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘materials / tools’, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘very well’.

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Not filled in

Knowledge / advice Not filled in

Emotional / connection Same

Score / 120 In. + NME 105 + 0 Excellent

Wormen Not filled composte in erbak voor de buurt The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC does not have the potential to improve the initiatives’ performance.

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Same

Knowledge / advice -

Emotional / connection -

Score / 120 In. + NME Repair Sufficient 75 + 10 Café + 10 potential: Vogelbuur 85 t Very well The initiative is externally limited through exploitation costs. Furthermore, ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘very well’.

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Sufficient + 10

Knowledge / advice Same

Emotional / connection -

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools -

Knowledge / advice -

Emotional / Score / 120 connection In. + NME Not needed 90 + 0 Well

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Not filled in

Knowledge / advice Same

Emotional / connection Same

Score / 120 In. + NME 45 + 20 Potential: 65 Well

Amsterda Sufficient m Noord, + 10 schoon zoals het hoort The initiative is externally limited through a slack attitude of the municipality of Amsterdam towards maintenance of the public good. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ and ‘materials / tools’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘well’.

Initiative

Financial

Repair Same Café Tuindorp Oostzaan The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC does not have the potential to improve the initiatives’ performance.

Initiative

Financial

Cities foundation ´Wasted´

Sufficient + 10

Score / 120 In. + NME 80 + 10 Potential: 90 Very well

The initiative is externally limited through the municipality of Amsterdam, which is ‘in’ the waste processing business because it (financially) benefits them too. However, the initiative is subsidised by the municipality. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘very well’.

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Suficient + 10

Knowledge / advice -

Emotional / connection -

Weggeefw Sufficient inkel + 10 Bloemenb uurt The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ and ‘materials / tools’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘very well’ to ‘excellent’.

Score / 120 In. + NME 80 + 20 Potential: 100 Excellent

138

Initiative

Repair Café De Bolder

Financial

Same

Volunteers/ employees

Working place

Materials / tools

Knowledge / advice

Emotional / connection

Score / 120

Not delivered

Not delivered

Same

Good + 5

Good + 5

60 + 10

In. + NME

70 Well

The initiative is externally limited through the market of today, in which new items are cheaper than repairing broken ones. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘knowledge / advice’ and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Initiative Taste Before You Waste

Financial Sufficient + 105

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools -

Knowledge / advice Same

Emotional / connection -

Score / 120 In. + NME 80 + 10 Very Well

Foundation

The initiative has indicated to be influenced externally, but not by whom and how. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Initiative

Financial

Participatie

Sufficient + 10

Betondorp

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Sufficient + 10

Knowledge / advice Same

Emotional / connection Good + 15

Score / 120 In. + NME 45 + 35 Potential: 80 Very well

The initiative is influenced by the local government. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘materials tools’, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘very well’.

Initiative

Financial

Buren Compost Project

Same

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Sufficient + 10

Knowledge / advice Good + 5

Emotional / connection Good + 5

Score / 120 In. + NME 60 + 20 Potential: 80 Very well

The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘materials / tools’, ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘very well’.

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools -

Knowledge / advice Same

Emotional / connection Good + 5

Score / 120 In. + NME 90 + 5 Very well

Repair Not Café needed CentrumOost The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘emotional / connection’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

139

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ Working Materials Knowledge Emotional / employees place / tools / advice connection Jeltje' Sufficient Not Not Same Markt + 10 delivered delivered The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Initiative

Financial

Reparette

Sufficient + 10

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Sufficient + 10

Knowledge / advice Good + 5

Emotional / connection Good + 15

Score / 120 In. + NME 80 + 10 Very well

Score / 120 In. + NME 20 + 40 Potential: 60 Well

The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘materials / tools’, ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘well’.

Initiative

Financial

Luistervink

Not needed

Educatieve

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools -

Knowledge / advice -

Emotional / connection -

Score / 120 In. + NME 105 Excellent

Moestuin The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC does not have the potential to support the initiative.

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Same

Knowledge / advice Good + 15

Emotional / connection Same

Score / 120 In. + NME Soeptuin Same 45 + 15 Bredius Potential: 60 Well The initiative is externally limited through Amsterdam West which is going to build on the location the initiative is settled. The initiative is experiencing difficulties regarding finding a new location.

ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘well’.

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools -

Knowledge / advice -

Emotional / connection Good + 5

Score / 120 In. + NME 70 + 15 Potential: 85 Very well

I Can Sufficient Change + 10 The World With My Own Two Hands The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘very well’.

140

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools -

Knowledge / advice Same

Emotional / connection Same

Score / 120 In. + NME 90 + 10 Potential: 100 Excellent

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Sufficient + 10

Knowledge / advice Good + 5

Emotional / connection Good + 5

Score / 120 In. + NME 50 + 30 Potential: 80 Very well

Buurtcom Sufficient posteren + 10 Zimmerho eve The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘very well’ to ‘excellent’.

Initiative

Financial

Repair Café OudWest

Sufficient + 10

The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘materials / tools’, ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘very well’.

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Same

Knowledge / advice Good + 5

Emotional / connection Same

Score / 120 In. + NME 65 + 5 Potential: Well, same

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Not needed

Knowledge Emotional / Score / 120 / advice connection In. + NME Not needed Not needed 95 + 0 Very well

Repair Café Buurtkam er Corantijn The initiative is externally limited through (questions regarding) liability. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Initiative

Financial

Buurtcom posteren Frans Halsstraat

-

The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC does not have the potential to support the initiative.

Initiative

Financial

Containing

Sufficient + 10

Mushrooms

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools Sufficient + 10

Knowledge / advice Good + 15

Emotional / connection Same

Score / 120 In. + NME 15 + 35 Potential: 50 Poor, same

The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘materials / tools’, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

141

Initiative

Financial

Repaircafe Buitenverld ert

Same

Volunteers/ employees Not delivered

Working place Not delivered

Materials / tools -

Knowledge / advice Same

Emotional / connection Same

Score / 120 In. + NME 85 + 0 Very well

The initiative is not externally limited. ANMEC does not have the potential to support the initiative.

5.2.

Case study Amstelland-Meerlanden

NME Amstelland-Meerlanden is able to support the initiatives in their area according to the following: Resource >

Financial

NME Excellent AmstellandMeerlanden

Volunteers Workplaces / employees

Materials / tools

Facilitating knowledgetransition

Facilitating initiatives’ connection

Good

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

NME Amstelland-Meerlanden & citizen waste initiatives, potential support to give per initiative Initiative Financial Volunteers/ Working Materials Knowledge Emotional/ employees place / tools /advice connection Repair Excellent Excellent Same Same Café +5 +5 Ouderkerk

Score / 120 In. + NME 105 + 10 Excellent, same

aan de Amstel The initiative is not externally limited. NME Amstelland-Meerlanden has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’ and ‘working place’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Not filled in

Working place Excellent + 10

Materials / tools Not filled in

Knowledge /advice Excellent + 10

Emotional/ connection Not filled in

Score / 120 In. + NME Repair Not filled 100 + 20 Café in Excellent, Diemen same The initiative is not externally limited. NME Amstelland-Meerlanden has the potential to support the initiative through ‘working place’ and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Good + 15

Working place Not needed

Materials / tools Good + 5

Knowledge /advice Excellent + 5

Emotional/ connection Good + 5

Score / 120 In. + NME Garby Excellent 55 + 50 Aalsmeer + 20 Potential: 95 Very well The initiative is not externally limited. NME Amstelland-Meerlanden has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘volunteers / employees’, ‘materials / tools’, knowledge / advice, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘very well’.

142

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees -

Working place Excellent + 10

Materials / tools Good + 5

Knowledge /advice Same

Emotional/ connection Same

Score / 120 In. + NME Repair Excellent 85 + 25 cafe + 10 Potential: Uithoorn 110 Excellent The initiative is externally limited through the municipality which determines the price of rent of the building. NME Amstelland-Meerlanden has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘working place’ and ‘materials / tools’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘very well’ to ‘excellent’.

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Good + 5

Working place Excellent + 10

Materials / tools Good + 15

Knowledge /advice Excellent + 10

Emotional/ connection -

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Good + 15

Working place Excellent + 20

Materials / tools Good + 5

Knowledge /advice Excellent + 5

Emotional/ connection Same

Score / 120 In. + NME Repair Excellent 60 + 50 Café + 10 Potential: Randwijck 110 Amstelveen Excellent The initiative is not externally limited. NME Amstelland-Meerlanden has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘volunteers / employees’, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘excellent’.

Score / 120 In. + NME 40 + 65 Potential: 105 Excellent

Le Excellent Composti + 20 er - Urban Compost The initiative could become externally limited regarding upscaling of practices by the direct neighbourhood and local legislation. NME Amstelland-Meerlanden has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘volunteers / employees’, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’.

5.3.

Case study Rivierenland

NME Rivierenland is able to support the initiatives found in their area according to the following: Resource >

Financial

NME Good Rivierenland

Volunteers / employees

Workplaces

Materials / tools

Facilitating knowledgetransition

Facilitating initiatives’ connection

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

143

NME Amstelland-Meerlanden & citizen waste initiatives, potential support to give per initiative Initiative Financial Volunteers/ Working Materials Knowledge Emotional/ employees place / tools /advice connection Bloemen Good + Good + 5 Excellent Excellent Excellent + Excellent + buurt 15 + 20 + 10 10 10 Schoon

Score / 120 In. + NME 40 + 70 Potential: 110 Excellent

The initiative is externally limited through the believe that the municipality of Tiel is handing responsibility over to AVRI and Duurzaam Rivierenland, instead of standing ground themselves. Tiel is not approachable for liability. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘volunteers / employees’, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’.

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Same

Working place Excellent +5

Materials / tools Excellent +5

Knowledge /advice Excellent + 5

Emotional/ connection Excellent + 5

Score / 120 In. + NME Repair Good + 5 85 + 40 Café Potential: Bommeler 125 waard Excellent The initiative is not externally limited. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘very well’ to ‘excellent’.

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Same

Working place Excellent +5

Materials / tools Excellent + 10

Knowledge /advice Excellent + 5

Emotional/ connection Same

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Same

Working place Excellent +5

Materials / tools Excellent + 10

Knowledge /advice Excellent + 10

Emotional/ connection Same

Score / 120 In. + NME Kledingruil Good + 75 + 35 Café 15 Potential: 110 Excellent The initiative is not externally limited. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘excellent’.

Score / 120 In. + NME Repair Good + 5 80 + 30 Café Tiel Potential: 110 Excellent The initiative is not externally limited. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘very well’ to ‘excellent’.

144

Initiative

Financial

Betuwe Wereldwijd Foundation

Good + 15

Volunteers/ employees Good + 15

Working place Excellent + 15

Materials / tools Excellent + 10

Knowledge /advice Excellent + 10

Emotional/ connection Excellent + 20

Score / 120 In. + NME 30 + 85 Potential: Excellent

The initiative fears to become externally limited through a changing legislation of ‘WMO’ and ‘Participation’ will have its effects. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘financial’, volunteers / employes, ‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘excellent’.

5.4.

Case study Arnhem

NME Arnhem is able to support the initiatives found in their area according to the following: Resource >

Financial

Volunteers / employees

NME Haarlem

Unsufficient Good

Workplaces

Materials / tools

Good

Good

Facilitating knowledgetransition Good

NME Arnhem & citizen waste initiatives, potential support to give per initiative Initiative Financial Volunteers/ Working Materials Knowledge employees place / tools /advice Repair Not Good + 5 Same Good + 5 Good + 5 Café deliverabl Arnhem e

Facilitating initiatives’ connection Sufficient

Score / 120 In. + NME 80 + 15 Potential: 95 Very well The initiative is not externally limited. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘volunteers / employees’, ‘materials / tools, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

Initiative

Financial

Emotional/ connection -

Volunteers/ employees Good + 5

Working place Good + 5

Materials / tools Good + 15

Knowledge /advice Same

Emotional/ connection -

Volunteers/ employees Good + 15

Working place -

Materials / tools Good + 5

Knowledge /advice Same

Emotional/ connection -

Repair Not Café deliverabl Oosterbe e ek Externally seen, the initiative is limited in its promotion. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘working place’, ‘volunteers / employees’, and ‘materials / tools’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘poor’ to ‘well’.

Initiative

Financial

Score / 120 In. + NME 50 + 25 Potential: 75 Well

Score / 120 In. + NME Repair Not 70 + 20 Café Velp deliverabl Potential: e 90 Very well The initiative is not externally limited. NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘‘working place’, ‘materials / tools, and ‘knowledge / advice’ resources. This can lead to an improved performance by the initiative from ‘well’ to ‘very well’.

145

Initiative

Financial

Volunteers/ employees Same

Working place -

Materials / tools Same

Knowledge /advice Same

Emotional/ connection -

Score / 120 In. + NME 85 + 0 Very well

Volunteers/ employees Same

Working place Same

Materials / tools Good + 5

Knowledge /advice Same

Emotional/ connection -

Score / 120 In. + NME 70 + 5 Potential: 75 Well, same

Not deliverabl e The initiative is externally limited through a troubled performance of separating trash. NME Rivierenland does not have the potential to improve the initiatives’ performance according to the scheme.

KinderWijkteam

Initiative

Financial

GroenWe st

Not deliverabl e

The initiative is limited by the municipality which works according its own agenda and timeframe.

NME Rivierenland has the potential to support the initiative through ‘materials / tools resources.

However, this will not directly lead to an improved performance by the initiative.

146

Appendix 6: Background information support initiatives by initiatives This appendix provides background information for the fourth research question of this research, starting at page 71. The resources of initiatives have been compared to one another, looking at the category they belong to and the area they belong to. This information has been translated into figures as can be seen at the research question itself.

6.1. Case study Amsterdam Regarding category Waste pick-ups Not needed

Insufficient

Sufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Waste focus

Amsterdam Schoon Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort

-Awareness

-Not specifically

Good

Knowledge /advice

Excellent

Emotional/ connection

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process

-Plastics -Paper / cardboard -Glass -Metals As can be understood by the table above, Amsterdam does not know many waste pick-ups / littering awareness campaigns. The table shows that ‘Amsterdam Schoon’ does not make use of specific knowledge for performing its activities. Both initiatives are doing well on their ‘emotional / connection’ resources. Concluded can be that waste-pick up initiatives have not much to offer one another.

147

Compost initiatives Not needed

Insufficient

Sufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Waste focus

Compostm obiel

-Awareness -Improving local recycling process -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process

-Biological

-Awareness -Improving local recycling process -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process

-Biological

Wormen composteer bak voor de buurt Buren Compost Project Luistervink Educatieve Moestuin Soeptuin Bredius

I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands

Good

Knowledge /advice

Excellent

Emotional/ connection

-Biological

-Paper, cardboard -Biological -Biological

-Biological

Buurtcomp -Awareness -Biological osteren -Improving local Zimmerhoe recycling process ve The graph above shows that ‘Soeptuinen Bredius’ and ‘Compostmobiel’ are in serious need of knowledge / advice regarding the activities they perform. ‘Buren Compost Project’ is quiet fine, but could use a helping hand as well. In this case, where 3 are disadvantaged, there are 3 who are in the position of granting help. ‘Luistervink Educatieve Moestuin’, ‘I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands’ and ‘Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve’ have indicated to be the ones in this favourable position. ‘Emotional / connection’ is not alarming for any. However, this resource could definitely be improved for all but ‘Luistervink Educatieve Moestuin’, and so they should get in touch with each other.

148

Repair Cafés Not needed

Insufficient

Sufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Waste focus

Repair Café Vogelbuurt Repair Café Tuindorp Oostzaan Repair Café De Bolder Repair Café CentrumOost Repair Café OudWest Repair Café Buurtkamer Corantijn Reparette

-Reuse of items -Repairing items

-Electronics

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Repairing items

-Electronics

Weggeefwi nkel Bloemenbu urt Jeltje’ Markt

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Repairing items -Awareness -Reuse -Repairing items -Awareness -Reuse of items -Repairing items -Awareness -Reuse of items -Repairing items -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items -Reuse of items

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Social: what has no worth for one, could be very worthy for another

Good

Knowledge /advice

Excellent

Emotional/ connection

-Not specifically

-Electronics

-Electronics

-Not specifically

-Not specifically

‘Weggeefwinkel Bloemenbuurt’ and ‘Jeltje’ Markt’ have been included to this category, since they perform a similar ‘reuse’ role within society, by the use of different activities, obviously. However, these initiatives are doing very well on both aspects. Furthermore, the graph above shows a very positive image of the repair cafés. Regarding ‘knowledge / advice’ these can definitely help to improve each other, which can be done best by ‘Repair Café Vogelbuurt’ and ‘Repair Café Tuindorp’.

However, also ‘Repair Café Centrum-Oost’ has indicated to do well regarding this aspect. Reparette turns out to be the only repair café related initiative which is limited by ‘emotional / connection’ resources. This is not a surprise, since this initiative is very fresh and just starting up.

149

Recycling (and connection) platforms Not needed Insufficient

Sufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Waste focus

Cities foundation ´Wasted´

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Awareness -Reuse of items

-Plastics

Taste Before You Waste Foundation Participatie Betondorp

Good

Knowledge /advice

Excellent

Emotional/ connection

-Biological

-Awareness -Not specifically -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items The overview above shows an only limitation at the ‘emotional / connection’ resource of ‘Participatie Betondorp’. Luckily there are two other initiatives present in the area of Amsterdam which are able to turn this around.

Regarding area Centre Not needed

Insufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Amsterdam Schoon

-Awareness

Sufficient

Waste focus -Not specifically -Biological

Good

Volunteers/ employees

Excellent

Working place

Materials/ tools

-Awareness -Improving local recycling process The initiatives in the Centre in Amsterdam seem to have quite similar necessities for the resources mentioned. ‘Materials / tools’ are resources needed by ‘Compostmobiel’, but ‘Amsterdam Schoon’ does not have the possibility to deliver these.

Compost mobiel

150

New-West Not needed

Insufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Wormen composte erbak voor de buurt

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process

Sufficient

Waste focus -Biological

Good

Volunteers/ employees

Excellent

Working place

Materials/ tools

‘Wormen composterbak voor de buurt’ is alone in the area New-West. Luckily the initiative has indicated not to be limited by these resources too much.

North Not needed

Insufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Repair Café

-Reuse of items -Repairing items

Vogelbuurt Amsterdam

Noord, schoon zoals het hoort Repair Café Tuindorp Oostzaan Cities foundation ´Wasted´

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Awareness -Reuse of items -Repairing items -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Reuse of items

Sufficient

Waste focus -Electronics

Good

Volunteers/ employees

Excellent

Working place

Materials/ tools

-Plastics -Paper / cardboard -Glass -Metals -Electronics

-Plastics

Weggeefw -Not inkel specifically Bloemenb uurt Repair -Awareness Café De -Reuse of items Bolder -Repairing items In the area Amsterdam-North, especially ‘Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort’ is limited by ‘working place’ resources. Especially ‘Cities Foundation Wasted’ and ‘Weggeefwinkel Bloemenbuurt’ have indicated not to be troubled by this very resource. ‘Materials / tools’ seems to be a bigger problem in Amsterdam-North. ‘Amsterdam Noord, schoon zoals het hoort’, and ‘Weggeefwinkel Bloemenbuurt’ indicate to be limited by the resource, whilst another two indicate to be ‘just fine’ regarding these. Only ‘Repair Café Tuindorp Oostzaan’ faces no difficulties. Last three mentioned could be the helping angles for the struggling two, if tools or materials match.

151

East Not needed

Insufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Taste Before You Waste Foundation Participatie Betondorp

-Awareness -Reuse of items

Sufficient

Waste focus -Biological

Good

Volunteers/ employees

Excellent

Working place

Materials/ tools

-Awareness -Not -Reuse of items specifically -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items Buren -Awareness -Biological Compost -Improving local recycling Project process Repair Café -Awareness -Not Centrum-Reuse specifically Oost -Repairing items In Amsterdam-East, ‘Buren Compost Project’ could use an extra hand regarding getting ‘volunteers’ all other three initiatives ‘Taste Before You Waste Foundation’, ‘Participatie Betondorp’, and ‘Repair Café Centrum-Oost’ have the possibility to help them regarding this. ‘Materials / tools’ resources seem to be problematic in Amsterdam-East. Both ‘Participatie Betondorp’ and ‘Buren Compost Project’ perceive to be limited by the resource. However, ‘Repair Café Centrum-Oost’ and ‘Taste Before You Waste Foundation’ are doing good, and could possibly help the first two initiatives mentioned.

West Not needed

Insufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Jeltje'Markt

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Social: what has no worth for one, could be very worthy for another -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items

Reparette

Sufficient

Waste focus -Not specifically

Good

Volunteers/ employees

Excellent

Working place

Materials/ tools

152

Luistervink Educatiev e Moestuin Soeptuin Bredius

I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process

-Paper, cardboard -Biological -Biological

-Biological

Buurtcom -Awareness -Biological posteren -Improving local recycling Zimmerho process eve Repair -Awareness -Electronics Café Oud- -Reuse of items West -Repairing items Repair -Awareness -Electronics Café -Reuse of items Buurtkam -Repairing items er Corantijn The graph above shows that especially ‘I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands’ could be assisted by ‘Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve’, ‘Repair Café Buurtkamer Corantijn’, ‘Luistervink Educatieve Moestuin’ and ‘Jeltje’Markt’ regarding ‘volunteers’. ‘I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands’, ‘Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve’, and ‘Repair Café Oud-West’ are doing really well on the resource ‘working place’, while ‘Soeptuin Bredius’ and ‘Reparette need a hand regarding this. Especially ‘Reparette’ and ‘Repair Café Buurtkamer Corantijn’ face difficulties regarding ‘materials / tools’ resources. These are both repair café like initiatives, which need specific tools, which cannot be granted by any other initiative in the area. ‘Soeptuin Bredius’ could be supported regarding materials / tools as well, which could be done in cooperation with ‘I Can Change The World With My Own Two Hands’, and ‘Buurtcomposteren Zimmerhoeve’.

153

South Not needed

Insufficient

Sufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Buurtcom posteren Frans Halsstraat

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process

Containing

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Producing food on waste -Repairing items

Mushrooms Repaircafe Buitenverld ert

Waste focus -Biological

Good

Volunteers/ employees

Excellent

Working place

Materials/ tools

-Biological

-Electronics

These initiatives in the Southern part of Amsterdam differ quite a lot from one another. Regarding ‘working place’ or ‘volunteers / employees’ resources, ‘Repair Café Buitenveldert’ and ‘Containing Mushrooms’ could cooperate, which will be mostly beneficial for ‘Containing Mushrooms’.

6.2. Case study Amstelland-Meerlanden Regarding the resources ‘volunteers / employees’, ‘working place’, and ‘materials / tools’, even though Amstelland-Meerlanden is a huge area- all initiatives have been compared together (because of the relatively small amount of initiatives in the entire area).

Also categories have been compared regarding the resources ‘knowledge / advice’, and ‘emotional / connection’. These have been classified into ‘repair cafés’, and ‘compost initiatives’.

Regarding category Repair Cafés Not needed

Insufficient

Sufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Waste focus

Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel Repair Café Diemen

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Repairing items

-Plastics -Electronics Batteries and lamps

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items

-Electronics Batteries and lamps

Repair Café Uithoorn

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items -Improving social networks

-Electronics -Batteries and lamps

Good Knowledge /advice

Excellent Emotional/ connection

154

Repair Café Randwijck Amstelveen Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel

-Repairing items

-Electronics

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Repairing items

-Plastics -Electronics Batteries and lamps

As can be seen above, ‘Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel’, ‘Repair Café Uithoorn’, and ‘Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel’ have a great deal of ‘knowledge / advice’ resource to offer ‘Repair Café Randwijck Amstelveen’ and ‘Repair Café Diemen’. All initiatives score more than sufficient regarding ‘emotional / connection’.

Other initiatives Not needed

Insufficient

Sufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Waste focus

Le Compostier - Urban Compost

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Connecting various institutions, companies, initiatives.

-Awareness -Reuse of items

-Paper / cardboard -Biological

Garby Aalsmeer

Good

Knowledge /advice

Excellent

Emotional/ connection

-Plastics -Glass -Metal

The initiatives shown above do not have the same focus, and can barely contribute to each other’s resources.

155

Regarding area Not needed

Insufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel Repair Café Diemen

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Repairing items

Garby Aalsmeer Repair Café Uithoorn

Repair Café Randwijck Amstelvee n

-Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items -Awareness -Reuse of items -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items -Improving social networks -Repairing items

Sufficient Waste focus -Plastics -Electronics -Batteries and lamps

Good Volunteers/ employees

Excellent Working place

Materials/ tools

-Electronics -Batteries and lamps

-Plastics -Glass -Metal -Electronics -Batteries and lamps

-Electronics

-Awareness -Paper / -Reuse of items cardboard -Improving local recycling -Biological process -Connecting various institutions, companies, initiatives.

Taking all initiatives in the whole area into account, it is clear that ‘Le Compostier – Urban Compost’ and ‘Garby Aalsmeer’ could be supported in ‘volunteers / employees’ resources by ‘Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel’ and ‘Repair Café Uithoorn’. ‘Le Compostier – Urban Compost’ is also short on ‘working place’ resource, but taking the differences between initiatives into account this resource can barely be supported by the others. ‘Repair Café Randwijck Amstelveen’ could use a hand Le Compostier - Urban Compost

regarding 'materials / tools’, which ‘Repair Café Ouderkerk aan de Amstel’ could assist them with’.

156

6.3. Case study Rivierenland Because of the little amount of initiatives in Rivierenland which have responded, the entire area has been taken into account at ones.

Regarding area Not needed

Insufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Waste focus

Bloemen buurt Schoon Repair Café Bommeler waard Kledingruil Café

-Awareness

-Not specifically

-Reuse of items -Repairing items

-Electronics

Sufficient Volunteers/ employees

Good Working place

Excellent Materials/ tools

Knowledge /advice

Emotional/ connection

-Awareness -Not -Reuse of items specifically -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items Repair -Awareness -Not Café Tiel -Reuse of items specifically /Repairing items Betuwe -Awareness -Not Wereldwij -Reuse of items specifically d -Improving local Foundatio recycling process n -Repairing items The table above shows that the initiatives are doing well overall. ‘Betuwe wereldwijd’ is lacking ‘volunteers / employees’ resources, which ‘Repair Café Tiel’, ‘Repair Café Bommeler waard’, and ‘Kledingruil Café’ seem to be having no trouble with. ‘Bloemenbuurt Schoon’ in Tiel is missing out on ‘working space’ resource, which ‘Repair Café Tiel’ shows to have no concern with. Regarding the ‘emotional / connection’ resources, ‘Betuwe Wereldwijd Foundation’ could definitely use support of the others, whilst this would also mean a great deal for ‘Bloemenbuurt Schoon’.

157

6.4. Case study Arnhem Because of the amount of initiatives in Arnhem, the entire area has been taken into account at ones.

Regarding area Not needed

Insufficient

Initiative

Strategy

Waste focus

Repair Café Arnhem

-Awareness -Improving local recycling process

-Electronics

Repair Café Oosterbee k

-Awareness -Improving local recycling process

-Not specifically

Repair Café Velp

-Reuse of items -Repairing items

-Electronics Batteries and lamps

KinderWijkteam

Awareness -Reuse of items -Connecting to other local parties and projects -Awareness -Reuse of items -Improving local recycling process -Repairing items

-Not specifically

Sufficient Volunteers/ employees

Good Working place

Excellent Materials/ tools

Knowledge /advice

Emotional/ connection

-Plastics -Paper / cardboard -Glass -Metals -Electronics -Batteries and lamps -Biological Also in Arnhem initiatives seem not to have great trouble regarding these resources. ‘Repair Café Velp’ could need an extra pair of hands, which could perhaps be taken care of together with the other repair cafés ‘Arnhem’ and ‘Oosterbeek’. Looking at ‘materials / tools’ resources, ‘Arnhem’ and ‘Velp’ could then again loan theirs to ‘Oosterbeek’. Furthermore no direct connections can be made between the initiatives.

GroenWes t

158

Appendix 7: Questionnaires (Dutch) local waste initiatives The questionnaire of Amsterdam has been taken as example

159

160

161

`

162

Appendix 8: Questionnaire (Dutch) case studies: example active NME centres

163

164

165

Appendix 9: Questionnaire (Dutch) case studies: NME centres

166

167

References CSA van Koppen & G Spaargaren, 2015. Environment and society. An introduction to the social dimensions of environmental change. Wageningen: Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University.

Warren, Mark E. 1999. "Civil society and good governance." Unpublished manuscript, Washington DC. —. 2001. Democracy and association. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Markham, W. T., and C. S. A. van Koppen. 2007. "Nature protection in nine countries: a framework for analysis." Pp. 1-33 in Protecting Nature. Organizations and networks in Europe and the USA., edited by C. S. A. van Koppen and W. T. Markham. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Uphoff, Norman (1993). "Grassroots Organizations and NGOs in Rural Development: Opportunities with Diminishing States and Expanding Markets". World Development 21 (4): 607–622 Municipal Solid Waste | Wastes | US EPA. 2016. Municipal Solid Waste | Wastes | US EPA. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www3.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/. [Accessed 08 February 2016].

What is municipal solid waste? definition and meaning. 2016. What is municipal solid waste? definition and meaning. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/municipal-solid-waste.html. [Accessed 08 February 2016].

The 3 R's - Reduce Reuse Recycle - NRDC. 2016. The 3 R's - Reduce Reuse Recycle - NRDC. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nrdc.org/thisgreenlife/0802.asp. [Accessed 09 February 2016].

Cijfers over afvalscheiding - MilieuCentraal. 2016. Cijfers over afvalscheiding - MilieuCentraal.

[ONLINE] Available at: https://www.milieucentraal.nl/afval/afval-scheiden-en-recyclen/cijfers-overafvalscheiding/. [Accessed 09 February 2016].

Soft Plastics and Bags Recycling - Do the Scrunch Test! . 2016. Soft Plastics and Bags Recycling - Do the Scrunch Test! . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.burnie.net/Environment/Resource-RecoveryInitiatives/Soft-Plastics-and-Bags. [Accessed 09 February 2016].

Reliable Prosperity: Materials Cycles. 2016. Reliable Prosperity: Materials Cycles. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.reliableprosperity.net/materials_cycles.html. [Accessed 10 February 2016].

Innovations with waste — SITA UK. 2016. Innovations with waste — SITA UK. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.sita.co.uk/waste-as-a-resource/innovations-with-waste. [Accessed 10 February 2016].

E. Sekerka, L., & Stimel, D. (2014). Embracing waste as a resource: insights from the informal sector. Management Research Review, 37(3), 241-260.

Parris, D. L., & McInnis-Bowers, C. V. (2014). Social Entrepreneurship Questioning the Status Quo: Waste as a Resource. Journal of Economic Issues, 48(2), 359-366.

What is regenerative design?. 2016. What is regenerative design?. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.regenerative.com/regenerative-design. [Accessed 10 February 2016].

Gharabaghi, M., Ejtemaei, M., Irannajad, M., & Azadmehr, A. R. (2012). Recycling of hazardous waste as a new resource for nickel extraction. Environmental technology, 33(14), 1569-1576.

168

Afval van huishoudens | Compendium voor de Leefomgeving. 2016. Afval van huishoudens | Compendium voor de Leefomgeving. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.compendiumvoordeleefomgeving.nl/indicatoren/nl0140-Afval-vanhuishoudens.html?i=1-4. [Accessed 19 February 2016].

Afvalverwerking - Milieuloket. 2016. Afvalverwerking - Milieuloket. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.milieuloket.nl/9353000/1/j9vvhurbs7rzkq9/vhurdyxq2n7u. [Accessed 22 February 2016].

Life Cycle of Stuff | Climate Change | US EPA. 2016. Life Cycle of Stuff | Climate Change | US EPA. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/climate-change-waste/life-cyclediagram.html. [Accessed 22 February 2016].

The Universal Business Model. 2016. The Universal Business Model. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.howarddowding.com/modelx.htm. [Accessed 23 February 2016] Strategic Resources of a Business | Business | tutor2u. 2016. Strategic Resources of a Business | Business | tutor2u. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.tutor2u.net/business/reference/strategicresources-of-a-business. [Accessed 24 February 2016].

What are factors of production? definition and meaning. 2016. What are factors of production? definition and meaning. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/factors-of-production.html. [Accessed 24 February 2016].

5 Resources You Need to Succeed to Start a Business | Chron.com. 2016. 5 Resources You Need to Succeed to Start a Business | Chron.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/5resources-need-succeed-start-business-23.html. [Accessed 24 February 2016].

Afval in cijfers | Vereniging Afvalbedrijven. 2016. Afval in cijfers | Vereniging Afvalbedrijven.

[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.verenigingafvalbedrijven.nl/afvalmanagement/afval-incijfers.html. [Accessed 24 February 2016].

Common types of waste with examples.. 2016. Common types of waste with examples.. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.eschooltoday.com/waste-recycling/types-of-waste.html. [Accessed 24 February 2016].

Point and nonpoint sources of water pollution . 2016. Point and nonpoint sources of water pollution .

[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/your-environment/water/protecting-victoriaswaters/point-and-nonpoint-sources-of-water-pollution. [Accessed 24 February 2016].

Create a map | Mapcustomizer.com. 2016. Create a map | Mapcustomizer.com. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.mapcustomizer.com. [Accessed 27 February 2016]. upscale - Nederlandse vertaling – Linguee woordenboek. 2016. upscale - Nederlandse vertaling – Linguee woordenboek. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.linguee.nl/engelsnederlands/vertaling/upscale.html. [Accessed 30 March 2016]. upscale - Nederlandse vertaling – Interglot woordenboek. 2016. upscale - Nederlandse vertaling – Interglot woordenboek. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.interglot.nl/woordenboek/en/nl/zoek?q=upscale. [Accessed 30 March 2016].

169

The difference between recycling, upcycling and downcycling | . 2016. The difference between recycling, upcycling and downcycling | . [ONLINE] Available at: https://theupcyclingfashionista.wordpress.com/2013/11/08/the-difference-between-recyclingupcycling-and-downcycling/. [Accessed 30 March 2016].

IOM Checklist, 2005. checklist of questions regarding organisations [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.toolkitsportdevelopment.org/html/resources/B6/B6AF0BA0-D837-427A-A353B19034F8B299/13%20Organisation%20Assessment%20-%20IOM%20checklist.pdf. [Accessed 08 April 2016].

IFPA. 2016. eatyourheartout. [ONLINE] Available at:http://ifpa1000.wix.com/eatyourheartout#!cocdbox/wcnjx. [Accessed 25 April 2016].

Het Vincentrum Arnhem : Home. 2016. Het Vincentrum Arnhem : Home. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.vincentrum-arnhem.nl/index.php. [Accessed 26 April 2016].

Zo begon de Zaltbommelse kringloop. 2016. Zo begon de Zaltbommelse kringloop. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.spullewaard.nl/over+ons/zo+begon+het/. [Accessed 26 April 2016].

Veelgestelde vragen | Kringloopwinkel De Boemerang. 2016. Veelgestelde vragen | Kringloopwinkel De Boemerang. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.deboemerang.net/content/veelgestelde-vragen.

[Accessed 26 April 2016].

RepairCafe bij Secunda | Secunda. 2016. 27-10-2012: RepairCafe bij Secunda | Secunda. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.secunda.nl/2012/10/23/27-10-2012-repaircafe-bij-secunda/. [Accessed 26 April 2016].

Afvalstoffenverordening Avri 2016. 2016. Avri samen werken aan een schoon rivierenland. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.avri.nl/ [Accessed 01 June 2016].

Verordening afvalstoffenheffing Avri 2016. 2016. Avri samen werken aan een schoon rivierenland.

[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.avri.nl/ [Accessed 01 June 2016].

Afvalplan 2012-2020 Van afval naar grondstof. 2012. Gemeente Arnhem. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.arnhem.nl/ [Accessed 01 June 2016].

Afvalbeleidsplan 2011-2015. 2010. Gemeente Amstelveen. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.amstelveen.nl/web/show [Accessed 01 June 2016].

Uitvoeringsplan Afval Deel I van het koersdocument ‘Amsterdam. Mooi schoon!’. 2016. Gemeente Amsterdam. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.amsterdam.nl/ [Accessed 01 June 2016].

170

Research proposal

Local, bottom-up waste initiatives Around ‘Natuur en Milieu Centers’ across The Netherlands

Bruno Lauteslager Van Hall Larenstein Gemeenten voor Duurzame ontwikkeling

171

Table of contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 173 Background information ............................................................................................................................................. 173 Domestic solid waste in The Netherlands ............................................................................................................ 173 Waste and climate change .................................................................................................................................... 174 Nature and Environmental Education centres (Natuur en Milieu Educatie centers) ........................................ 174 The connection....................................................................................................................................................... 174 Background: target areas ............................................................................................................................................ 175 Problem statement ...................................................................................................................................................... 175 Research objective ...................................................................................................................................................... 175 Main research question .............................................................................................................................................. 176 Sub-research questions ............................................................................................................................................... 176 Literature review ......................................................................................................................................................... 177 Waste characteristics ............................................................................................................................................. 177 Sources of waste .................................................................................................................................................... 177 Waste by sectors in The Netherlands ................................................................................................................... 177 Municipal solid waste ............................................................................................................................................ 179 Local waste initiatives ............................................................................................................................................ 179 Strategies for local waste initiatives ..................................................................................................................... 181 The benefits of waste ............................................................................................................................................ 183 Local waste initiatives, resource support ............................................................................................................. 184 Methodology (research design) .................................................................................................................................. 185 Methodology (data collection) ................................................................................................................................... 185 Methodology (data processing) .................................................................................................................................. 186 Planning (schedule) ..................................................................................................................................................... 187 Budget .......................................................................................................................................................................... 188 Appendixes ................................................................................................................................................................... 189 Appendix 1: target areas of research .................................................................................................................... 189 Appendix 2: examples of companies and organisations ...................................................................................... 194 Appendix 3: ladder of participation by Koppen and Spaargaren (2015)............................................................. 195 Appendix 4: List of hard plastic varieties (Burnie, 2016) ..................................................................................... 196 Appendix 5: Local waste initiative questions ........................................................................................................ 197 Appendix 6: Resource questions ........................................................................................................................... 198 References ................................................................................................................................................................... 199

172

Introduction This is the proposal of thesis research, which will be carried out by Bruno Lauteslager, fourth year’s student Regional Development and Innovation (Van Hall Larenstein), with further focus (minor) towards Climate Change. The research will be carried out for the organisation ‘Gemeenten Voor Duurzame Ontwikkeling’, further on abbreviated by ‘GDO’. GDO basically is a nature and environment educational network focussing on sustainable development on local level in cooperation with citizens, civil organisations and business communities. GDO affiliates with societal sustainable trends and tries to support these by connecting and inspiring via communication, education and participation. The subject of the thesis will be ‘waste’, as the organisation’s overarching theme of the year 2016 is ‘Garbage? Resource!’. Even though this is a Dutch organisation, the thesis research report will be written in English. However, a Dutch summary will be provided. If GDO requests certain parts of the report to be translated, this will happen accordingly.

Background information Domestic solid waste in The Netherlands Dutch household waste produce has strongly increased during the 80s and 90s (Compendium, 2015). In general, increase of household waste is a direct consequence of increase in consumption (Milieuloket, 2016), which thus started to increase around the 90s. Around this period, 14 million kilograms of garbage was landfilled every year. However, separation of the household waste started to become the standard, which process started with separate collection of biological waste (Milieuloket, 2016). Between 2000 and 2007 the growth of waste produce slowed down, and even started to decrease after 2007 (Compendium, 2015). However especially the change of collection meant positive change for the eventual waste procession. In 2008, ‘only’ 1.7 million kilograms of waste was landfilled, which was 0.6 percent of the total amount. 84 percent of the waste was recycled in this same year. Compendium (2015) describes that since 2014, more than half of the domestic solid waste is collected separately every year.

Nowadays the Dutch produce around 500 kilograms of waste per person every year (Milieu Centraal, 2016). Of this garbage, 51% is segregated whilst 49% ends up in the residual waste. Of this residual waste 60% could have been segregated, and 40% is the actual useless garbage. Milieu Centraal (2016) argues that a better segregation of waste -and a decline of this 60% of the residual waste- can be achieved through more segregation of waste, improving waste segregation itself, and through prevention of the ‘produce’ of waste. Improving the segregation of waste would be favourable for reducing raw material use, but also for lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

173

Waste and climate change EPA (2016) describes the link between greenhouse gas emissions and waste by the hand of the life cycle of products. First of all 1) ‘materials extraction’ argues that the energy that is used for extraction of these materials result in greenhouse gas emissions. Second comes 2) ‘manufacturing’, under which the greenhouse gas emissions emitted during the creation process of the product are described. Thirdly comes 3) ‘distribution’, under which EPA (2016) describes emissions from transportation to warehouses, distribution centres, shops, or homes of the consumer. The fourth stage is described as 4) ‘usage’, which implies the way products are used, and how much energy is used with it. Last but not least comes 5) ‘end-of-life management, which describes several tactics which can be applied to the end product: waste. Examples are ‘reuse’, ‘recycle’, ‘energy recovery’ and ‘landfill’. The strategies which will be of use for this research are described under ‘strategies’ at the literature review part of this proposal. The figure below, taken from ‘Climate Change and Waste’

by EPA (2016) describes the link between produce, waste, and climate change very well.

Figure 5, the link between waste management and greenhouse gases

Nature and Environmental Education centres (Natuur en Milieu Educatie centers) This research focusses on local, citizen initiatives regarding waste, which are situated in the direct area of the nature and environmental education centres ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland Meerlanden’. These centres are further on abbreviated by NME centres (Natuur en Milieu Educatie centers). NME centres are educational centres situated throughout The Netherlands.

These centres are focussed on educational activities regarding the environment, mainly towards children and youngsters. The centres also support local initiated projects by both residents and organisations, and exist since around 1990. Nature and environment education centres carry out projects by themselves as well, regarding issues such as air pollution, noise disturbance, stimulating urban agriculture or the use of renewable energies.

The connection The ambition of GDO and other prominent Dutch sustainable development organisations (such as Duurzaam Door), is to create a network of NME centres that can be utilised for their local, regional and provincial waste ‘instruments’ in order to realise significant decrease of resource exploitation, as it is done now.

174

Background: target areas The target area, proposed at 18th of February 2016, consists of several NME centres in urban, semi-urban, and rural areas. These target areas can be seen as a case study for the rest of the Netherlands. As this research will come to its end, and the research results are positively received by GDO, it is a possibility that the workfield will be extended to eventually cover the entire Netherlands.

However, this research will focus on the NME centres of ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland Meerlanden’. The maps of the target areas can be found in the Appendix of this proposal.

Problem statement In the Netherlands -as can be read in the background information- 60% of the 49% that ends up as residual waste could have been recycled or used for other resource recovering purposes. GDO expects that a huge amount of local waste initiatives which are working on this remaining 60% to be active in The Netherlands. However, it is possible that the existence of these waste initiatives are not known to larger institutions such as municipalities and NME centres. As a consequence of this, these initiatives are likely to miss out on resources which could help them grow into something greater than they are at the moment. These waste initiatives are even likely to have no knowledge about each other’s presence in a same province or municipality, which make them miss out on the support they could be able to provide each other. GDO believes that the remaining 60% of the residual waste can effectively be reduced if local waste initiatives would be utilised up to their full potential by being supported via the resources these initiatives possibly miss. However, to begin with, GDO lacks knowledge on which local waste initiatives are present in the areas of ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland Meerlanden’.

Research objective This research aims for developing a database of local waste initiatives in the areas of ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland Meerlanden’. This database will contain information on the resources these initiatives already have, and which they require in order to perform their activities more effectively. Within an area, expected is that a very large amount of these ‘needs’ can be fulfilled by either other local waste initiatives, or the nearby situated NME centres. Therefore, in the areas of ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland Meerlanden’, recommendations will be provided how either GDO (by facilitating processes between initiatives) or NME centres (by the provision of resources) can contribute to this. Besides the local waste initiatives, the NME centres are also interested in which kind of waste initiatives are lacking in their areas. Such ´knowledge gaps´ will be unveiled by this research, which eventually can be counteracted by adjusting the provided nature and environmental education by the centres themselves.

175

Main research question In order to understand how local waste initiatives can be supported, the following main-question has been developed: -

Which local waste initiatives are present in the areas of the NME centres ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland Meerlanden’, and which supporting opportunities can be found according to their characteristics?

Sub-research questions The sub research questions which will be answered during execution of this research will be: -

According to which characteristics can local waste initiatives be defined?

-

Which local waste initiatives are present in the areas of the NME centres ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland Meerlanden’, and what are their characteristics?

-

In what way can the local waste initiatives in the areas of the NME centres ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland Meerlanden’ be supported by the nearby situated NME centres according to their characteristics?

-

In what way can the local waste initiatives in the areas of the NME centres ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland Meerlanden’ support each other according to their characteristics?

176

Literature review Before understanding the concept of local waste initiatives, the concept of waste, waste produce in The Netherlands and waste management in The Netherlands should be understood.

Waste characteristics Generally, waste can be either solid or liquid (Eschooltoday, 2015). Liquid waste includes point source and non-point source waste water. Point source is a single, identifiable source of pollution, such as a pipe or drain (EPA, 2012). Non-point source would be liquid pollution that have impact over a wide area and which are not easily attributed to a single source. This is also called ‘diffuse’ pollution. Solid waste is any garbage that is made by man in homes and other places (Eschooltoday, 2015). Both of the solid and liquid waste can be grouped into organic, re-usable and recyclable waste. Organic waste originates from plants or animal sources. These commonly include food waste, yard trimmings, and also even dog poop can be classified into this category. Organic waste is biodegradable. Recycling means using wasted materials into new, useful products. Both liquid and solid waste can be hazardous.

Sources of waste Eschooltoday (2015) argues that waste has 7 sources. The first one is municipal sources of waste. This includes trash from households, schools, offices, market places, restaurants and other public places. Generally the waste included in this source comes from everyday items. Second source is the medical/clinical ones, which refers to the waste produced by health care facilities. Generally these are classified as hazardous waste rather than general waste. Agricultural sources is the third group which produces its waste through agricultural activities. Fourthly comes the industrial sources of waste. This group includes the external waste that is produced during the produce of (everyday) products. Construction/demolition sources of waste are the fifth group. Waste resulted from the construction of roads and buildings and the demolition of these belong to this source. Electronic sources of waste is the overarching designation for all electronic and electrical devices. Last but not least comes end-of-life automobiles. Many cars end up old and not working again. Parts of these can be reused, and even whole structures of the cars can be recycled.

Waste by sectors in The Netherlands In The Netherlands, these sources of waste are produced in various sectors. In the year 2012, 61.857 kiloton (1 kiloton = 1000 ton, 1 ton = 1000 kilogram) of waste was produced in The Netherlands (Vereniging Afvalbedrijven, 2012). This waste was produced in the sectors shown in the following graph (in Dutch): Graph 2, waste producing sectors in The Netherlands

177

The visualisation below explains –by the hand of the literature review on the previous pagewhich waste will be focussed on during this research.

Figure 2, visualisation of waste which will be focussed on

Waste characteristics

Recyclable c

Solid

Reusable Liquid

Point source

Organic

Non-point source

Municipal sources Medical / clinical sources Sources of waste Waste

Agricultural sources Industrial sources Construction / demolition sources Electronic sources End-of-life automobiles Consumer Traffic and transport Agriculture Industry Trade, services and government

Waste by sectors in The Netherlands

Construction Energy supply Waste water purification Drinkwater supply Waste management

178

In this research, the term ‘waste’ will thus refer to municipal solid waste, which is consumer derived.

The municipal part of it also refers to citizen waste initiatives’ focus, which is within the boundary of their direct municipality. For this reason, citizen waste initiatives can also be referred to as ‘local waste initiatives’.

Municipal solid waste USEPA (2016) describes municipal solid waste as “everyday items we use and then throw away, such as product packaging, grass clippings, furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers, appliances, paint, and batteries”. The Business Dictionary (2016) explains households and commercial establishments as municipal solid waste producers. Eschooltoday (2015) adds market places and other public places to these.

WM (2016) provides an elaborated list of recyclable domestic items per category.

-

-

-

-

Paper/cardboard includes o ‘Corrugated cardboard’, ‘magazines’, ‘office paper’, ‘newspapers’, ‘paperboard’, ‘paper cardboard dairy and juice cartons’, ‘unsolicited direct mail’, and ‘phone books’.

Glass include o ‘Clear flint glass’, ‘brown (amber) glass’, and ‘green (emerald) glass’.

Plastics include o Hard plastics rather than the soft variety. “If the plastic item can be scrunched easily into a ball or breaks apart easily, it can NOT go in your recycling bin” (Burnie, 2016).

Hard plastic items usually carry a plastic identification code. The list of hard plastic identification codes and their matching recyclable process can be found in the appendixes of this proposal.

Metal includes o ‘Aluminium cans’, ‘aluminium foil and bakeware’, ‘steel and tin cans’.

Batteries and bulbs include o ‘Car batteries’, ‘household and button batteries’, ‘rechargeable batteries’, ‘incandescent led’ and ‘compact fluorescent bulbs’.

Electronics include o ‘Computers (CPUS, monitors, peripherals, keyboards)’, ‘office equipment (photocopiers, printers, fax machines)’, televisions, consumer electronics (VCRS, stereos, home/office phones)’, and ‘cell phones’.

USEPA (2016) includes ‘yard trimmings and food waste’ as well. These indeed can be ‘recycled’ as compost can be reused as natural fertiliser.

Local waste initiatives Local initiatives, which focus on municipal solid waste, are initiated by civil society. Citizens and community organisations can be concluded into ‘civil society’ (Van Koppen and Spaargaren, 2015). Mark Warren (1999) describes the civil society well by stating “the domain of associations that are centred on associative relations (unspecified psychologically defined relations), and which shade into associations that interact with states, markets and intimate relations” (Warren 1999, p.15). Van Koppen and Spaargaren (2015) further explain that the participation of citizens and community organisations is often referred at as ‘the participation of stakeholders’, rather than the participation of banks, industries, or governmental agencies. Civil society organisations have the potential to grow into large-scale organisations and ‘institutionalise’ at some point. Institutions are described by 179

Koppen and Spaargaren (2015, p8) as “rule-based social patterns that structure social interactions and exert a broad and lasting influence on society.” As will be described in the environmental reform section, local waste initiatives try to educate the public via offering a service or product which is believed that the government is unable to offer. In an area civil society organisations try to have a lasting influence on the habits of residents (society) regarding waste management in an area. These local initiatives actually try to work according to grassroots development principles. Uphoff and Norman (1993) describe the correspondence between civil society organisations and grassroots development organisations in utilising collective action from local level to develop and improve situations at local, regional or even national level. These grassroots work according to a bottom-up strategy and are sometimes considered more spontaneous without the traditional power structures, which local initiatives are as well. The strategy often is a face-to-face one: very personal and very direct (Grassroots Campaigns 2016). Such strategies require a limited field of work, which usually is a municipality, or one or several villages together. In the grassroot development principle such initiatives can best be described as non-profit organisations (Grassroots Campaigns 2016). These start of by individuals volunteering their efforts for an (individually perceived) just cause.

The role of civil society organisations Markham and Koppen (2007) discuss the roles civil society organisations perform around (environmental) reform. ‘Reform’ means the amendment or improvement of what is perceived as wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory, etc. Markham and Koppen (2007, p18) have indicated the relevancy of ‘at least’ five reasons of civil society in environmental reform.

6. They facilitate trust and collaboration among citizens. In doing so they help citizens achieve environmental aims through collective action (e.g. protesting of organisation of local residents against a polluting industry).

7. Civil society organisations meet the environmental needs that cannot be met by the market or the state (e.g. when nature organisations make nature areas accessible for the public).

8. They supplement governmental democratic structures in environmental governance (e.g. the participation of representatives of environmental organisations in public consultation processes, or when citizens organise themselves in green parties).

9. Civil society organisations help educating citizens regarding environmental issues (e.g. provision of education to schools).

10. They contribute to the development of skills in democratic citizenships and governance (e.g. when members of an organisation learn to discuss and formulate policy views on the environment) The participation of citizens in social programs can be evaluated through the participation ladder. Koppen and Spaargaren (2015) have combined two different versions of this participation ladder into one, which specifies the focus of the tool on participation on environmental projects. The ladder can be found in the annexes of this proposal. Waste initiatives which do not belong to a greater movement, and which are actually self-initiated. Sekerka and Stimel (2014) address people’s innovative resourcefulness when these are working on their own, free of systemic constraints.

Sekerka and Stimmel (2014) continue by describing the informal waste sector, stating that local municipalities bear more responsibility for managing public affairs.

Conclusion local waste initiatives It can be concluded that local (waste) initiatives can be referred to as citizen or community organisations initiated with eventual goal of reforming the direct area it is situated in, in favour of a certain cause which is perceived as just. These initiatives can involve other community members and make their decisions ‘self-powered’, but in possible agreement with other civil initiatives. Local 180

initiatives are characterised by performing their activities on local scale such as a municipality or one or several closely situated villages together. The face-to-face strategy also is characteristic, and maybe even necessary in starting the desired reform.

Strategies for local waste initiatives The general idea of garbage is it to be an ‘end’ product which can be thrown away. However, together with the product that is thrown away, also the (natural) resources out of which the product consists are being wasted. Milieu Centraal (2016) argues that a better segregation of waste -and a decline of this 60% of the residual waste- can be achieved through more segregation of waste, improving waste segregation itself, and through prevention of the ‘produce’ of waste. In order to counteract the ‘throw away’ habit, local waste initiatives work according to the RRR principle. This is argued by USEPA (2016), which describes the several strategies used in order to reduce the amount of waste for disposal.

1) Source reduction includes designing products in such a way that the amount of waste that will later on need to be disposed will be reduced (USEPA 2016). NRDC (2016) argues reduction to be the most effective, but also the hardest. It includes people to let go of their extreme buying behaviour, or as NRDC (2016) states: “the bigger the better”. However, argued is that it is not needed to let go all at once. Reduce basically says: cut back from where you are now. NRDC (2016) states that people need to shop differently, consume differently, maintain differently. The eventual goal is reducing eventual waste. Bottom-up source reduction strategies focus on people: the consumer.

These aim for increasing knowledge, increasing awareness and thereby changing buying behaviour and other habits. Awareness campaigns can thus be included as bottom-up waste initiative strategy.

As important as ones consciousness regarding buying behaviour is, is ones consciousness regarding 2) reuse. Items are thrown away easily, without consideration of the second life the item is able to live. NRDC (2016) explains that the reuse of items keeps new resources from being used for a while longer, and also delays old items from entering the waste chain. Also reuse is part of awareness campaigns. Even though e.g. big second-hand retailers are a fine example of re-use, such companies are too commercial for this research.

3) Recycling is the recovery of useful materials, commonly done with paper, glass, plastics and metals, to use to make new products and reducing the amount of virgin raw material needed (USEPA 2016). NRDC (2016) explains that the bottleneck of recycling is the rules that every municipality has on its own. On the bottom of plastic packaging a diversity of numbers can be found. Plastics consisting out of #1 (PET or PETE) and #2 (HDrPE) are usually used Figure 6: chasing arrows which fort the process, but this can differ per municipality or county. implies the product can be Besides plastics there is a broad variety of recyclable materials.

These are explained under ‘waste’. Also composting is a certain form recycled. Most communities only accept #1 and #2. of recycling, it includes organic waste. The process involves the collection of organic waste, such as yard trimmings and food scraps, and storing these under such conditions that the organic waste breaks down naturally. The compost can be used as natural fertiliser (USEPA 2016).

Burnie (2016) even adds two extra strategies before recycling. These are ‘refuse and repair’.

Refuse obviously focusses on the consumer and can be sub-categorised under ‘source reduction’, which has been discussed already. However, repair is an interesting extra strategy which can be added to the list. 4) Repair is used regarding items which are broken and need to be repaired in order to be able to be used again. This suggests that repair is part of the reuse strategy. However, 181

because repair is a rather technical focussed strategy, and reuse a rather awareness one, it will be best to divide these from one another.

Conclusion strategies for local waste initiatives Source reduction and reuse can be combined in ‘lifestyle awareness campaigns’, whilst ‘encouraging reuse’, ‘improving the recycling process’ and ‘repairing instead of throwing’ are categories as well.

Figure 4: Reduce and better use of waste, European Environment Agency (2014)

The upper figure taken from an online article of the European Environment Agency (2014) basically tells the story that has been discussed so far. Section one until three have been elaborated upon, which brings this conceptual framework at section four. It states that ‘some waste can be turned into energy’. Questioned may be which waste can be seen as resource.

182

The benefits of waste Turning waste into a resource is one of the key objectives of the EU for 2020 (European Environment Agency, 2016). The roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe is highlighted by ensuring high-quality recycling, limit energy recovery to non-recyclable materials, eliminating landfilling, and stopping illegal shipments of waste. The European Environment Agency (2016) states that kitchen and gardening waste is the biggest section of the total municipal solid waste. As has been discussed already, this type of waste can be turned into an energy source or fertiliser.

Reliable Prosperity (2016) states the following according waste as a resource: “Waste as resource can be applied in any rural or urban community as an important contribution to local economies and materials cycles. In many instances, it creates new skilled jobs, contributing to social equity.� This includes both the economic and social dimension of waste as resource. In this definition, material cycles are processes that make materials cheaper and more feasible through decreasing the need for raw materials. Resources are thus any substance which can be recovered from secondary resources, and used for other purposes (Gharabaghi et al., 2011). India is taken as an example by Sekerka and Stimmel (2014), in which the informal waste sector generates 280 million dollars in revenue annually. Parris and McInnis-Bowers (2014) also highlight the financial aspects of waste as resource. Argued is that the creation of new, green ventures is driven by a self-interested intention. Using waste as resource is thus possible, as long as this resource generates money. Sita (2016) includes the environment by arguing that waste that satisfies both commercial and environmental drivers can be seen as resource. Sekerka and Stimmel (2014) furthermore highlight regenerative design, which is an environmentally conscious approach, yet often lowers operational cost as well. Regenerative Leadership Institute (2012) explain regenerative systems as systems which output is equal or greater than its input, and part of this output becomes part of creating more output. The most crucial aspect of regenerative design is that -what in other systems would be considered as waste- is used as input.

Conclusion: the benefits of waste Waste which should be seen as resource should be able to be identified according to the following characteristics. Waste as resource can be applied in both rural and urban areas, and should have a contribution to local economies, or local environments. The financial part of such resource should thus satisfy commercial drivers, which drive the establishment of green ventures through selfinterest. Waste as recourse thus creates new skilled jobs, which contribute to social equity. The environmental part is ethical, and satisfies personal drivers. This kind of resource can also be identified by making materials cheaper and more feasible because the demand for raw materials decreases. Waste as resource works according to a regenerative design, which means that systems start with the end products of other systems.

183

The visualisation of the characteristics of the local waste initiatives can be seen below. They consist of 1) strategy and 2) municipal solid waste type the initiatives focus on. Furthermore, 3) target group can be added, but has not been elaborated since it is best to leave flexible seen the many possibilities.

Social Environmental Financial

Civil society

Civil Resource society

Civil society

Civil society Metal

Batteries and bulbs

Electronics

Civil society

Glass

Civil society Civil society Paper / cardboard

Civil society

Civil society

Yard trimmings / food waste

Plastics

Civil society

Civil society

Municipal solid waste Paper / cardboard

Repair

Recycling / composting

Reuse

Technical

Improving process

Awareness

Reduce

Local waste initiatives Figure 5, visualisation of characteristics of local waste initiatives

Local waste initiatives, resource support For understanding in what way the NME centres will be able to support the local waste initiatives, or how the initiatives will be able to support each other, a first list of main resources should be described. Tutor2u (2016) explains the resources that a business needs to put in place to pursue its chosen strategy. These are: 1) financial resources: the resources that concern the ability of a business to finance (and perform) its chosen strategy. Maybe these local waste initiatives have external creditors, or maybe all activities are funded by the shareholders’ capital. Secondly 2) human resources are highlighted. The heart of human resources is the skills-base of the business. Are these sufficient to meet the needs of the chosen strategy? 3) Physical resources come third. These concern the physical capability to deliver a strategy. These are subdivided into 3.1) production facilities, where current production takes place, 3.2) marketing facilities, where marketing management processes and distribution processes take place, and 3.3) information technology, where the integration with customers and suppliers takes place. BusinessDictionairy (2016) adds knowledge factors as well. This is further explained by Small Business (2016) that describe this as 4) educational resources. These resources are elaborated on as perhaps the greatest thing an entrepreneur can do when establishing a business. Gaining in-depth knowledge of the industry and possible competitors makes the entrepreneur better prepared. Also 5) emotional resources are discussed, which cover the maintenance of sanity and motivation provided by a supporting team. However, BusinessDictionairy (2016) also refers to the 4 m’s, which would add machines to the list. This can be better reformulated into 6) tools, which include the machinery and tools needed to perform regular activities of the business.

184

Conclusion: local waste initiatives, support via resources Resources that waste initiatives might need in order to develop are: financial resources, human resources, physical resources -which consist of production facilities, marketing facilities and information technology-, educational resources, emotional resources, and tools.

Methodology (research design) In order to develop this proposal, and especially the literature review part of it, a literature research has been executed. This has provided definitions of dimensions which will be used during the research. Obviously, this has been part of the desk study of this research, whilst further action will consist of field research. This concerns finding and mapping the local waste initiatives, and understanding how the initiatives and centres can supplement one another. These local waste initiatives will be found through various channels: 7. The knowledge of the NME centres; 8. The knowledge of municipalities; 9. The knowledge of large scaled (citizen initiative database maintaining) organisations such as ‘Kracht in NL’; 10. Other local stakeholders, who’s activities focus on a particular local area such as ‘Meerwaarde Maas en Waal’; 11. Local media, such as newspapers; 12. The network of the local waste initiatives themselves.

Most of the organisations will be found through GDO’s network, whilst local stakeholders will be found through the municipalities.

Methodology (data collection) Data will be collected according to case studies. The local waste initiatives are going to be individually contacted in order to conduct an online qualitative questionnaire. This questionnaire will give in-depth insight into the characteristics of the initiatives. The questions of this questionnaire are set-up according to the literature research, and the UBM-model (figure below). Of the UBM model aspects have been chosen which are expected to provide sufficient information for answering the research questions, and which will describe the core activities of the initiatives. The following aspects have been chosen: name, raison d’etre, vision, mission, target market, physical deployment, roles and jobs, reporting

Figure 6, The Universal Business Model and its components (UBM, 2001)

185

structure, external structure, financial resources, specialised, skills, line-of-business, services, products, constraints and pressures, and scale. These aspects, from now on referred to as characteristics, have been translated into questions which can be found at the appendix of this proposal. Furthermore, constraints and pressures will include questions regarding resources which are explained at the literature review. A descriptive research will be conducted on every kind of local waste initiative found in the area of an NME. These will thus be visited, observed, and described into detail.

To understand into what extend NME centres will be able to support local waste initiatives, these will be qualitatively interviewed on the resources they are able to provide. This interview is also set up according to the ‘resources’ found in the literature review, and can also be found in the appendixes of this proposal.

Methodology (data processing) The data obtained by both the online qualitative questionnaire (local waste initiatives), and the qualitative interview (MNE centres) will be processed by the data processing program Excess.

This is a handy tool to process qualitative data, and build on the local waste initiative database. This database will be supported by mapcustomizer (2016), which is a customizer for google maps, and which allows the location of the found waste initiatives to be visualised.

Figure 7, an example of the use of https://www.mapcustomizer.com

This database can eventually be translated into an actual, professional location map.

However, the map (and possible internet website) will not be a direct product from this research.

Obviously it can be an indirect product, and research might be done on the possibility of doing so.

In order to compare both the needed and the available resources for an initiative, but also the target group, focussed waste, strategy used, etc. the multi criteria analysis tool will be used.

Resources can be ranked from absent – insufficient –sufficient – plenty. And the other dimensions of the initiatives can clearly be analysed through this tool. A clear overview will be created regarding the local waste initiatives in an area. This will be done for the areas of ‘Arnhem’, ‘Rivierenland’, ‘Haarlem’ and ‘Amstelland Meerlanden’. Also the outcome of the questions for NME centres will be visualised in this analysis. Expected is that the outcome will be able to be translated into clear 186

recommendations how NME centres can better support local initiatives, and how local initiatives can support each other. The outcome of this multi criteria analysis will be translated into a strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis for the whole area. This will show possible gaps in unaddressed waste categories, strategies or other criteria, which will be recommended as opportunities to the NME centres.

Planning (schedule) February Week 1 (08 – 14) Proposal. Thesis approval Week 2 (15 – 21) Proposal. Meeting Jean 17th, Utrecht Week 3 (22 – 28) Proposal.

Week 4 (29th) Proposal. Contacting all NME centres

March Week 4 (01 – 06) Contacting all NME centres, contacting municipalities (Arnhem), contacting organisations (Arnhem) Week 5 (07 – 13) 07th: NME & resources ‘come together’ brainstorm meeting Contacting municipalities (Arnhem), contacting organisations (Arnhem), contacting local waste initiatives (Arnhem) Week 6 (14 – 20) Contacting local waste initiatives (Arnhem), processing data local waste initiatives (Arnhem) Week 7 (21 – 27) Processing data local waste initiatives (Arnhem), conclusions (Arnhem) Week 8 (28 – 31) Conclusions (Arnhem), contacting municipalities (Rivierenland), contacting organisations (Rivierenland)

April Week 8 (01 – 03) contacting municipalities (Rivierenland), contacting organisations (Rivierenland) Week 9 (04 – 10) contacting municipalities (Rivierenland), contacting organisations (Rivierenland), contacting local waste initiatives (Rivierenland) Week 10 (11 – 17) Contacting local waste initiatives (Rivierenland), processing data local waste initiatives (Rivierenland) Week 11 (18 – 24) Processing data local waste initiatives (Rivierenland), conclusions (Rivierenland) Week 12 (25 – 30) Conclusions (Rivierenland)

187

May Week 12 (01) contacting municipalities (Haarlem), contacting organisations (Haarlem) Week 13 (02 – 08) contacting municipalities (Haarlem), contacting organisations (Haarlem) Week 14 (09 – 15) contacting municipalities (Haarlem), contacting organisations (Haarlem), contacting local waste initiatives (Haarlem) Week 15 (16 – 22) Contacting local waste initiatives (Haarlem), processing data local waste initiatives (Haarlem) Week 16 (23 – 29) Processing data local waste initiatives (Haarlem), conclusions (Haarlem) Week 17 (30 - 31) Conclusions (Haarlem)

June Week 17 (01 - 05 ) contacting municipalities (Amstelland Meerlanden), contacting organisations (Amstelland Meerlanden), local waste initiative + NME netwerk day Week 18 (06 – 12) contacting municipalities (Amstelland Meerlanden), contacting organisations (Amstelland Meerlanden), local waste initiative + NME netwerk day Week 19 (13 – 19) contacting municipalities (Amstelland Meerlanden), contacting organisations (Amstelland Meerlanden), contacting local waste initiatives (Amstelland Meerlanden), local waste initiative + NME netwerk day Week 20 (20 – 26) Processing data local waste initiatives (Amstelland Meerlanden), conclusions (Amstelland Meerlanden), local waste initiative + NME netwerk day Week 21 (27 – 29) Conclusions (Amstelland Meerlanden)

Budget There is no budget proposed for this research. No financial resources are needed for this research to be carried out. Bruno Lauteslager will work on the theses as closure for his studies, and will be supported by both Marcel Put of Van Hall Larenstein and Jean Eigeman by GDO. However, eventually Bruno will work on this research independently.

188

Appendixes Appendixes which are referred to throughout this proposal can be found below.

Appendix 1: target areas of research NME: Arnhem Contact details: natuurcentrum@ arnhem.nl (026) - 3775464 Ruitenberglaan 4 6826 CC Arnhem

NME: Rivierenland Contact details:

Figure 8, area NME Arnhem

beheer@bcdegroterivieren.nl 0487-572831 Angestraat 38 6624 AB Heerewaarden

Figure 9, Rivierenland: Maas (down), Waal (up)

189

Target area includes: Lingerwaal, Zaltbommel, Maasdriel, Neerijen, Geldermalsen, Culemborg, Tiel, Buren, Neder-Betuwe, West Maas en Waal

Figure 10, municipalities included by Rivierenland

NME: Ter Kleef (Haarlem) Contact details: nmeboekingen@haarlem.nl Nico Wisse 023-5113323 wnwisse@haarlem.nl

NME situated at: 2023 JC Haarlem

Kleverlaan 9,

Figure 11, area NME Haarlem

190

NME: Amstelland Meerlanden Contact details:

nme@amstelveen.nl Ruud Oosterhof, team leader.

Figure 12, area NME Amstelland Meerlanden

Target area includes: Haarlemmermeer, Aalsmeer, Uithoorn, Amstelveen, Ouder-Amstel, Diemen 1: Haarlemmermeer (indicated with red)

Figure 13, area Haarlemmermeer (part of NME Amstelland Meerlanden)

191

2: Aalsmeer (indicated with red)

Figure 14, area Aalsmeer (part of NME Amstelland Meerlanden)

3: Uithoorn (indicated with red)

Figuur 15, area Uithoorn (part of NME Amstelland Meerlanden)

192

4: Amstelveen (indicated with red)

Figure 76, area Amstelveen (part of NME Amstelland Meerlanden)

5: Ouder-Amstel (indicated with red)

193 Figure 17, area Ouder-Amstel (part of NME Amstelland Meerlanden)

6: Diemen (indicated with red)

Figure 18, area Diemen (part of NME Amstelland Meerlanden)

Appendix 2: examples of companies and organisations Company/organisation Project Person Email Phone Details Virgil Bawits virgil.bawits@nmcx.nl KeepItCleanDay Pieter Reus

KrachtinNL MAEX

Silvia de RondeBresser Ageeth Boos

GemeenteSchoon DuurzaamDoor De AfvalLoze

zzp-er, extended knowledge on waste & citizen initiatives Resource initiative tracing Huge network civil servants and waste sectors

Kees van Straten

Regio

Haarlem Actief Greenwish

Marie-JosĂŠ Bransma Rinske Noordwijk

194

Appendix 3: ladder of participation by Koppen and Spaargaren (2015)

Figure 19, ladder of participation by Koppen and Spaargaren (2015)

195

Appendix 4: List of hard plastic varieties (Burnie, 2016)

Figure 20, list of plastic varieties by Burnie (2016)

196

Appendix 5: Local waste initiative questions Identity Name Purpose Raison d’etre

Vision

Mission

Target market

Structure Physical deployment Roles and jobs

Reporting structure External structure

Enablers Financial resources Specialised skills Activities Line-of-business Deliverables Services Products Influences Constraints and pressures

Performance Scale

What is the name of the local waste initiative?

Where is the waste initiative located? Adres?

-Why does the initiative exist? What was the actual reason for establishment of the initiative?

-When has the initiative been established?

-Does the initiative have a vision what it would like to be like in the future? (Does it e.g. wants to institutionalise –become big-) -What are the initiative’s major objectives?

-What are the initiative’s major activities to meet their objectives?

-What is the target group of the initiative?

-What is the area the initiative is active in?

-What is the strategy the initiative utilises?

-What is the waste the initiative deals with?

-Does the initiative have any real estate to their disposal?

-Does the initiative work according to actual jobs? Or do employees work according to roles? Yes: what are these?

-Does the initiative report on its activities?

-Does the initiative have any contact with other local waste initiatives? Yes: which?

-Is the initiative supported by external structure?

(Commercial partners?)

-Where does the acquired waste go?

-Is the organisation initiative financially sound? Does it earn or equals on its activities?

-Are specialised skills needed for performing the initiative’s activities?

-Does the initiative follow a certain set of activities in order to perform its service?

-What is the service that the initiative provides to its target group?

-What is the product the initiative provides to its target group?

-Does the initiative experiences constraints from internal origin which limit the initiative’s deliverables (lack of resources?)

-Does the initiative experiences constraints from external origin which limit the initiative’s deliverables (e.g. political)?

-How many employees does the initiative include?

-How often does the initiative perform its activities?

(Monthly, weekly, daily)

197

Appendix 6: Resource questions In order to understand how NME centres will be able to support local waste initiatives, the following questions can be used in a qualitative interview with the NME centres. These questions will also be used for ‘constraints’ of local waste initiatives.

-Is the NME centre aware of local waste initiatives in the area the centre is active in?

Yes: can the NME centre provide contact information of the initiatives it knows the presence of?

-Is the NME centre capable of supporting local waste initiatives financially?

Yes: How? -Is the NME centre capable of supporting local waste initiatives with physical resources?

Yes: How? -Is the NME centre capable of supporting local waste initiatives with educational resources?

Yes: How? -Is the NME centre capable of supporting local waste initiatives with tools?

Yes: How? -Is the NME centre capable of supporting local waste initiatives with emotional resources?

Yes: How?

198

References CSA van Koppen & G Spaargaren, 2015. Environment and society. An introduction to the social dimensions of environmental change. Wageningen: Environmental Policy Group, Wageningen University.

Warren, Mark E. 1999. "Civil society and good governance." Unpublished manuscript, Washington DC. —. 2001. Democracy and association. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Markham, W. T., and C. S. A. van Koppen. 2007. "Nature protection in nine countries: a framework for analysis." Pp. 1-33 in Protecting Nature. Organizations and networks in Europe and the USA., edited by C. S. A. van Koppen and W. T. Markham. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

Uphoff, Norman (1993). "Grassroots Organizations and NGOs in Rural Development: Opportunities with Diminishing States and Expanding Markets". World Development 21 (4): 607–622 Municipal Solid Waste | Wastes | US EPA. 2016. Municipal Solid Waste | Wastes | US EPA. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www3.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/. [Accessed 08 February 2016].

What is municipal solid waste? definition and meaning. 2016. What is municipal solid waste? definition and meaning. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/municipal-solid-waste.html. [Accessed 08 February 2016].

The 3 R's - Reduce Reuse Recycle - NRDC. 2016. The 3 R's - Reduce Reuse Recycle - NRDC. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nrdc.org/thisgreenlife/0802.asp. [Accessed 09 February 2016].

Cijfers over afvalscheiding - MilieuCentraal. 2016. Cijfers over afvalscheiding - MilieuCentraal.

[ONLINE] Available at: https://www.milieucentraal.nl/afval/afval-scheiden-en-recyclen/cijfers-overafvalscheiding/. [Accessed 09 February 2016].

Soft Plastics and Bags Recycling - Do the Scrunch Test! . 2016. Soft Plastics and Bags Recycling - Do the Scrunch Test! . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.burnie.net/Environment/Resource-RecoveryInitiatives/Soft-Plastics-and-Bags. [Accessed 09 February 2016].

Reliable Prosperity: Materials Cycles. 2016. Reliable Prosperity: Materials Cycles. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.reliableprosperity.net/materials_cycles.html. [Accessed 10 February 2016].

Innovations with waste — SITA UK. 2016. Innovations with waste — SITA UK. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.sita.co.uk/waste-as-a-resource/innovations-with-waste. [Accessed 10 February 2016].

E. Sekerka, L., & Stimel, D. (2014). Embracing waste as a resource: insights from the informal sector. Management Research Review, 37(3), 241-260.

Parris, D. L., & McInnis-Bowers, C. V. (2014). Social Entrepreneurship Questioning the Status Quo: Waste as a Resource. Journal of Economic Issues, 48(2), 359-366.

What is regenerative design?. 2016. What is regenerative design?. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.regenerative.com/regenerative-design. [Accessed 10 February 2016].

Gharabaghi, M., Ejtemaei, M., Irannajad, M., & Azadmehr, A. R. (2012). Recycling of hazardous waste as a new resource for nickel extraction.Environmental technology, 33(14), 1569-1576.

Afval van huishoudens | Compendium voor de Leefomgeving. 2016. Afval van huishoudens | Compendium voor de Leefomgeving. [ONLINE] Available

199

at:http://www.compendiumvoordeleefomgeving.nl/indicatoren/nl0140-Afval-vanhuishoudens.html?i=1-4. [Accessed 19 February 2016].

Afvalverwerking - Milieuloket. 2016. Afvalverwerking - Milieuloket. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.milieuloket.nl/9353000/1/j9vvhurbs7rzkq9/vhurdyxq2n7u. [Accessed 22 February 2016].

Life Cycle of Stuff | Climate Change | US EPA. 2016. Life Cycle of Stuff | Climate Change | US EPA. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/climate-change-waste/life-cyclediagram.html. [Accessed 22 February 2016].

The Universal Business Model. 2016. The Universal Business Model. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.howarddowding.com/modelx.htm. [Accessed 23 February 2016] Strategic Resources of a Business | Business | tutor2u. 2016. Strategic Resources of a Business | Business | tutor2u. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.tutor2u.net/business/reference/strategicresources-of-a-business. [Accessed 24 February 2016].

What are factors of production? definition and meaning. 2016. What are factors of production? definition and meaning. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/factors-of-production.html. [Accessed 24 February 2016].

5 Resources You Need to Succeed to Start a Business | Chron.com. 2016. 5 Resources You Need to Succeed to Start a Business | Chron.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/5resources-need-succeed-start-business-23.html. [Accessed 24 February 2016].

Afval in cijfers | Vereniging Afvalbedrijven. 2016. Afval in cijfers | Vereniging Afvalbedrijven.

[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.verenigingafvalbedrijven.nl/afvalmanagement/afval-incijfers.html. [Accessed 24 February 2016].

Common types of waste with examples.. 2016. Common types of waste with examples.. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.eschooltoday.com/waste-recycling/types-of-waste.html. [Accessed 24 February 2016].

Point and nonpoint sources of water pollution . 2016. Point and nonpoint sources of water pollution .

[ONLINE] Available at: http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/your-environment/water/protecting-victoriaswaters/point-and-nonpoint-sources-of-water-pollution. [Accessed 24 February 2016].

Create a map | Mapcustomizer.com. 2016. Create a map | Mapcustomizer.com. [ONLINE] Available at:https://www.mapcustomizer.com. [Accessed 27 February 2016].

200