Term 2 Project _ North Woolwich Old Station Project _ AA SED

NORTH WOOLWICH OLD STATION: REFURBISHMENT + HOUSING COMPLEX, LONDON Term 2 Design Research - Refurbishing the City Part II - March 2019

AA SED MSc + MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2018-2019 Architectural Association School of Architecture, London | Graduate School

RAKSHITH R. CHHATRALA | SIVA SAI VARSHA KAKUTURU | RANA SHEHZAD MUNIR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The team would like to acknowledge everyone who contributed to the accomplishment of this project.

Firstly, the team expresses its gratitude to Simos Yannas, Paula Cadima and the rest of the faculty and staff of Architectural Association School of Architecture’s Sustainable Environmental Design programme; Jorge Rodríguez and Gustavo Brunelli for their invaluable guidance and feedback.

Furthermore, the team thanks Joe Jack Williams and Jason Cornish from Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios, for providing constructive criticism during the stage reviews. Likewise acknowledged are the invited architects and engineers who shared with us their valuable experience in professional practice. The lessons learned from them gave the team some useful information needed in approaching this project.

Finally, Rakshith Chhatrala and Siva Sai Varsha Kakuturu would like to acknowledge the Architectural Association School of Architecture for the bursaries they were awarded to attend the AA SED Course 2018-2020.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Authorship Declaration Form Summary 1. INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................8 2. PREDESIGN STUDIES ................................................................................................9 2.1 LONDON WEATHER DATA-PRESENT ............................................................10 2.2 LONDON WEATHER DATA-FUTURE ..............................................................11 2.3 SITE LOCATION ......................................................................................................12 2.4 SITE HISTORY ..........................................................................................................13 2.5 SITE AND SURROUNDINGS ..............................................................................14 2.6 SITE VISIT AND SPOT MEASUREMENTS .....................................................15 3. CONCEPT ..................................................................................................................17 3.1 THREE-FOLD SITE LEVEL DESIGN APPROACH.........................................18 3.2 CONNECTING THE NEIGHBOURHOOD........................................................19 3.3 CREATING A SENSE OF IDENTITY...................................................................20 3.4 BREAKING THE FEEL OF ENCLOSURE .........................................................21 3.5 MAKING MOST OF THE CLIMATIC STRENGTHS ......................................22 3.6 ARRIVING AT THE FINAL PROPOSAL ............................................................23

6.2 INDOOR STUDIES-HOUSING COMPLEX ....................................................59 6.2.1 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS- 2 BEDROOM APARTMENT .............60 6.2.2 THERMAL ANALYSIS- 2 BEDROOM APARTMENT ...............62 6.2.3 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - 1 BED APARTMENT (EAST).............70 6.2.4 THERMAL ANALYSIS - 1 BED APARTMENT (EAST)..............72 6.2.5 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - 1 BED APARTMENT (WEST)...........74 6.2.6 THERMAL ANALYSIS - 1 BED APARTMENT(WEST)..............76 6.2.7 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - STUDIO APARTMENT........................78 6.2.8 THERMAL ANALYSIS - STUDIO APARTMENT.........................80 6.2.9 FUTURE SCENARIO - THERMAL ANALYSIS (TWO BED)..82 6.2.10 RENEWABLE ENERGY - SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES.............83 7. VISUALISATIONS .....................................................................................................85 8. CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................103 8.1 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ...............................................................................104 8.2 PERSONAL OUTCOMES ...................................................................................105

4. FINAL PROPOSAL ....................................................................................................25 4.1 SITE PLAN .................................................................................................................26 4.2 NORTH WOOLWICH OLD STATION - FLOOR PLANS ............................27 4.3 HOUSING COMPLEX - UNIT PLANS ..............................................................28 4.4 HOUSING COMPLEX - FLOOR PLANS ..........................................................29 4.5 HOUSING COMPLEX - SECTIONS ..................................................................38

9. REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................107 10. APPENDICES ........................................................................................................109

5. OUTDOOR STUDIES ................................................................................................41 5.1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................42 5.2 SUN PATH & INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION .............................................43 5.3 SHADOW PATTERN ANALYSIS .......................................................................44 5.4 SOLAR ACCESS HOURS ANALYSIS ................................................................46 5.5 WIND FLOW ANALYSIS .......................................................................................47 5.6 OUTDOOR COMFORT ANALYSYS ..................................................................48 5.7 SOLAR ANGLES ANALYSIS ................................................................................50 6. INDOOR STUDIES ....................................................................................................51 6.1 INDOOR STUDIES - OLD STATION .................................................................52 6.1.1 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - OLD STATION ......................................52 6.1.2 THERMAL ANALYSIS - OLD STATION .......................................55

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NORTH WOOLWICH OLD STATION: REFURBISHMENT + HOUSING COMPLEX

AUTHORSHIP DECLARATION FORM Term 2 Project: Refurbishing the City Part II

TITLE:

NORTH WOOLWICH

NUMBER OF WORDS:

12,010

STUDENT NAMES:

Rakshith R. Chhatrala Siva Sai Varsha Kakuturu Rana Shehzad Munir

DECLARATION:

“I certify that the contents of this docment are entirely my own work and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.”

SIGNATURES:

(Rakshith R. Chhatrala)

(Siva Sai Varsha Kakuturu)

(Rana Shehzad Munir)

DATE:

AA SED | MSc + MArch | 2018-19

20th March, 2019

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SUMMARY This report studies the redevelopment of the north woolwich community and the refurbishment of the woolwich station. The project site was determined by analysing the opportunities and strengths in the location.

The design approach was guided by the following steps- connecting the neighbourhood, creating a sense of identity, breaking the feel of enclosure and making most of climatic strengths. The above mentioned elements were addressed while considering the environmental parameters and assessing the daylighting and thermal performance. Comparing with the precedence played an important role in establishing targets and guidelines.

Another important aspect considered while redeveloping was to retain the existing heritage on site and the context. Measures were taken to efurbish old woolwich station in order to bring back the vibrance of the neighbourhood.

Study of future scenarios was the next step considered while designing this project. Analysis of how the building would perform in the next 50 years was tested. This report attempts to analyse and solve these questions.

INTRODUCTION

1.

OVERVIEW

CONCEPT DESIGN

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

INTRODUCTION

This report is the outcome of Refurbishing the City Part II project of the MSc - MArch Sustainable Environmental Design programme, 2018-2019.

The vision of this study is to put the principles taught by the SED courses into practice, in order to create visions of sustainable living in London. Moreover, an occupant centric adaptive architecture is created in order to establish occupant thermal and visual comfort. The design proposal is justified with a series of indoor and outdoor studies, along with environmental measurements and further computational simulations.

The site is located in North woolwich, located on the bank of River Thames. This report is structured into these main parts that represent the project’s timeline through the term: Pre-design Studies, Concept, Final Proposal, Outdoor Studies and Indoor Studies.

In conclusion, this project provided an opportunity for the team to apply the knowledge that we earned throughout the term 1 building studies. The main goal of the team was to study the existing site constrains and opportunities of the neighbourhood context and create comfortable indoor and outdoor spaces for the occupants and the neighbouring community while taking into account the environmental parameters.

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2. PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

INTRODUCTION

2.

2.1

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

LONDON WEATHER DATA - PRESENT

North Woolwich Old Station is located in Newham borough of North London. Central London Weather Station is closest meteorological station to the location of the site. Hence its data was used for the research.

The annual weather graph, shown in figure 2.1.2 illustrates that the outdoor dry-bulb temperature during the summers, ranges from 9째C to 29째C and during the winters, it reaches a minimum of -2째C and maxium of 15째C. The adaptive comfort band used for this research was derived from the standard (EN15251-2007).

Furthermore, from the annual wind rose analysis (Figure 2.1.1), it can be concluded that the prevailing wind is mostly South-West, with West and South-SouthEast being other major wind directions, with 3-4.5m/s being the most frequent velocity.

Figure 2.1.1 Central London Weather Station: Wind Rose Diagram - Present Scenario (Source: Ladybug)

Figure 2.1.2 Global solar radiation, daily outdoor dry-bulb temperature and comfort band of London - present scenario (Source: Meteonorm)

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2.2

2. PRE-DESIGN STUDIES LONDON WEATHER DATA - FUTURE

The weather predictions for the future (2070) indicate that the temperature will increase overall, as a consequence of the global warming. The lowest temperature of the year 2070 was calculated to be -1.5°C, which is 0.5K higher than the respective temperature of the present data and the highest temperature of the year was calculated to be 17°C, which is 2K higher than the respective temperature of the present data.

On the other hand, the highest temperature for the year 2070 was calculated to be 33°C, which is 4K higher than the maximum temperature in present scenario. Overall, the monthly average outdoor dry-bulb temperature is predicted to increase from 0.7-2.2 K (Figure 2.1.4).

In addition, the wind rose diagram of 2070 indicates that the wind direction from the West and South-West will still be the dominant one in the future (Figure 2.1.3).

Figure 2.1.3 Central London Weather Station: Wind Rose Diagram - Future Scenario (Source: Ladybug)

Figure 2.1.4 Global solar radiation, daily outdoor dry-bulb temperature and comfort band of London - future scenario (Source: Meteonorm)

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INTRODUCTION

2.

2.3

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES SITE LOCATION

North Woolwich is part of the Newham borough in the east of London and is located between the River Thames and the King George V dock.

It is very well connected to the central city as it is served by the DLR line and connected to the south of the river by the ferry and foot tunnel.

It is home to many heritage builings such as North Woolwich Old Station, North Woolwich Foot Tunnel, Royal Victoria Gardens, and also London City Airport to the north of the neighbourhood.

North Woolwich Old Station is located on the banks of River Thames with close access to North Woolwich pier. The land adjacent to the old station is chosen to be the site for affordable housing complex proposal for this report.

Site Coordinates:

51.499° N, 0.063° E

Site area:

1 hectare

Figure 2.3.1 London map showing site location and geographical coordinates. (Source: Google Earth)

Figure 2.3.2 Historical Photographs of North Woolwich Old Station (Source: www.disused-stations.org.uk and personal record)

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2.

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES 2.4

Map of North Woolwich Old Station as of 1869.

Map of North Woolwich Old Station in its prime (1958).

North Woolwich Old Station in August 1912.

North Woolwich Old Station in 1930s

North Woolwich Old Station in 1950s.

North Woolwich Old Station in early 1970s.

North Woolwich Old Station in late 1970s.

North Woolwich Station in July 1983 as restoration is underway prior to re-opening it as a museum.

Final train to depart from North Woolwich Station in 2006.

North Woolwich Old Station used as Railway Museum in 2007.

North Woolwich Old Station stripped of its museum artefacts in 2009.

North Woolwich Old Station in unused state as on 10th January 2019 site-visit.

SITE HISTORY

In 1847 the North Woolwich station was inaugurated as an intersection of Eastern countries and Thames junction. The station has been a railway museum, which is now dormant after years of usage. Being a prominent route to some of the docks which further was a connection to the Woolwich Ferry.

In 1855, The Royal victoria dock was inaugurated nearby. The railway intersected the dock entrance, for which a swing bridge was built to carry it. The dock was taken by the North London railway the same year the station was inaugurated. The Station was active as a terminal for North London Line until december 2006.

In 1979 the building was used as a ticket office until the new entrance building was opened along the remaining working platform. The old station building contained a museum five years following the use. Dedicated entirely to the Great Eastern Railway. The North London Line was taken over in 1862 by the GER. The museum was designated to sustain all the railway collectables along with a locomotive and signaling equipment. The museum was under the London Borough of Newham. Displays were supplied by the Great Eastern Railway Society. Later in 2008 the space was closed due to financial constraints. The station is now under Passmore Edwards Trust who manages the building under charity. Unfortunately, the collectibles were distributed within various institutions. The building is under no use due to lack of investors and buyers. The fading signs of the earlier use remain on the stations facade. The doors and windows remained intact, The balcony has old shrubs scattered on the railing with paint peeling off the walls.

Figure 2.4.1 Historical Photographs of North Woolwich Old Station (Source: www.disused-stations.org.uk and personal record)

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INTRODUCTION

2.

2.5

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES SITE AND SURROUNDINGS

North Woolwich is part of the Newham borough in the east of London and is located between the River Thames and the King George V dock The residential community is also home to the London City airport on the north and the Tate and Lyle Sugar refinery and Standard Industrial State industry on the south, being major contributors to the economy and employment in the Royal Docks. It is very well connected to the central city as it is served by the Docklands Light Railway and connected to the south of the river by the ferry and foot tunnel. The neighbourhood has several heritage assets that also characterise it. St. Mark’s Church (now home to a music hall), the entrance to the North Woolwich Pedestrian Tunnel (still in use) and the abandoned North Woolwich Train Station are all Grade II listed.

The Royal Victoria Gardens also decorates the neighbourhood. For 120 years, it has served as public park and 150 years as gardens. Before being public, the gardens used to be the Pleasure Gardens of the Pavillion Hotel and attracted a lot of people from the area as it was well connected with train services.

Figure 2.5.1 Landuse map of North Woolwich (Source: newham )

North Woolwich and Woolwich are connected by a foot tunnel under the Thames river. The tunnel was opened on 1912 and designed by the engineer Maurice Fitzmaurice, who also designed other listed tunnels. The connection was done to provide a more reliable way to cross other than the ferry, which sometimes got suspended due to the dense winter fogs.

To the north of the Old station is a fairly residential neighbourhood and to the west is an industrial zone (Figure 2.5.1) Figure 2.5.2 shows various landmarks and node in the vicinity of the site and old station viz. 1. King George V dock 2. Royal Victoria Gardens 4.

King George V DLR Station 6. North Woolwich Police station 8. North Woolwich Foot tunnel 9. North Woolwich Ferry port.

Figure 2.5.2 Map of North Woolwich showing roads, nodes and landmarks. (Source: newham.gov.uk) RIVER THAMES

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PIER ROAD

NORTH WOOLWICH OLD STATION

ROYAL VICTORIA GARDENS

NORTH WOOLWICH PIER

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2.

2.9

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

SITE VISIT AND SPOT MEASUREMENTS

Figure 2.1.1 Spot Measurements taken on 15th March 2019 between 12:00 & 13:00 - under overcast conditions (Source: Personal Record)

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3. CONCEPT

INTRODUCTION

3.

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

CONCEPT

3.1 THREE-FOLD

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PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

SITE LEVEL DESIGN APPROACH

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3.2

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3. CONCEPT CONNECTING THE NEIGHBOURHOOD

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INTRODUCTION

3.

3.3

20

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

CONCEPT

CREATING A SENSE OF IDENTITY

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3.4

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3. CONCEPT BREAKING THE FEEL OF ENCLOSURE

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INTRODUCTION

3.

3.5

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PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

CONCEPT

MAKING MOST OF CLIMATIC STRENGTHS

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NORTH WOOLWICH OLD STATION: REFURBISHMENT + HOUSING COMPLEX

3.6

3. CONCEPT ARRIVING AT THE FINAL PROPOSAL

Studying the demography of North Woolwich, the team concluded that majority population of North Woolwich ranges between age of 20 to 39.

Also, there is upward trend on population census of North Woolwich since 1990. This data helped the team to decide on the typology and their unit count needed for this housing design proposal. (Figure 3.6.1) Studio apartments and 1 bed apartments constitute 65% of the units due to the higher demand. The rest 35% were 2 bed units. Retail spaces were provided based on the needs of the neighbourhood.

A total of 167 housing units are proposed in this design along with retail and office spaces. (Figure 3.6.2)

Figure 3.6.1 Demograpgy Chart of North Woolwich

Figure 3.6.2 Area Programme of the proposed housing complex.

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4. FINAL PROPOSAL

INTRODUCTION

4.

4.1

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

FINAL PROPOSAL SITE PLAN

Site plan showing North Woolwich Old Station, Proposed Housing Complex, New Street along Unused Railway Tracks and Proposed Riverwalk Development

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4.2

4. FINAL PROPOSAL NORTH WOOLWICH OLD STATION - FLOOR PLANS

In our design proposal the old station building is conserved and reiterated as a transitional space leading to the housing complex. The space interacts with the user with a cafe with different lounging spaces. The first floor spaces circulate around the front balcony. Which provides a view of interior and exterior for the user. Providing various type of sitting spaces throughout.

Refurbished Old Station - Ground Floor Isometric View

Refurbished Old Station - Ground Floor Plan

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Refurbished Old Station - First Floor Isometric View

Refurbished Old Station - First Floor Plan

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INTRODUCTION

4.

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

FINAL PROPOSAL

4.3 HOUSING

COMPLEX - UNIT PLANS

1 BED APARTMENT - WEST FACING AREA: 42 SQ.M 1 BED APARTMENT - EAST FACING AREA: 42 SQ.M

2 BED APARTMENT AREA: 70 SQ.M

STUDIO APARTMENT AREA: 23 SQ.M

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4.3

4. FINAL PROPOSAL HOUSING COMPLEX - FLOOR PLANS

HOUSING COMPLEX: GROUND FLOOR PLAN - RETAIL SPACES

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INTRODUCTION

4.

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

FINAL PROPOSAL

4.3 HOUSING

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PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

COMPLEX - FLOOR PLANS

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4.3

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4. FINAL PROPOSAL HOUSING COMPLEX - FLOOR PLANS

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INTRODUCTION

4.

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

FINAL PROPOSAL

4.3 HOUSING

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PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

COMPLEX - FLOOR PLANS

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4.3

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4. FINAL PROPOSAL HOUSING COMPLEX - FLOOR PLANS

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INTRODUCTION

4.

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

FINAL PROPOSAL

4.3 HOUSING

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PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

COMPLEX - FLOOR PLANS

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4.3

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4. FINAL PROPOSAL HOUSING COMPLEX - FLOOR PLANS

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INTRODUCTION

4.

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

FINAL PROPOSAL

4.3 HOUSING

36

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

COMPLEX - FLOOR PLANS

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4.3

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4. FINAL PROPOSAL HOUSING COMPLEX - FLOOR PLANS

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INTRODUCTION

4.

4.3

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

FINAL PROPOSAL

HOUSING COMPLEX - BUILDING SECTION

SECTION ACROSS RETAIL SPACES AND HOUSING COMPLEX

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4.4

4. FINAL PROPOSAL HOUSING COMPLEX - SITE SECTIONS

SITE SECTION - A

SITE SECTION - B

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5. OUTDOOR STUDIES

INTRODUCTION

5.

5.1

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

OUTDOOR STUDIES INTRODUCTION

Outdoor studies were performed in order to understand the various parameters that are needed to be taken into consideration while designing for outdoor comfort. Various studies such as solar access hours analysis, wind flow analysis, sun path analysis, shadow pattern analysis, outdoor comfort analysis were performed. The results of these environmental studies helped us design better outdoor spaces which took outdoor environmental parameters into consideration.

The aim of the study is to determine the impact of the building geometry on the microclimate created in the vicinity and the impact of orientation of the outdoor spaces, with respect to the building geometry, on the occupant comfort.

Figure 5.1.1 shows that sun path diagram of the site. It helps us understand the impact sun path has on the design strategies.

Figure 5.1.1 Sun Path Diagram (Source: Ladybug)

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5.2

SUMMER SCENARIO:

5. OUTDOOR STUDIES SUN PATH AND INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION

Seasonal solar radiation analysis was used to understand the quantity of radiation that is recieved on different facades over the year, which is affected by latitude, building orientation and overshadowing by surrounding buildings. The simulation results show that the terraces receive the maximum amount of solar radiation above 1000 kW/m2. (Figure 5.2.2)Thus proposals for PV panels will be discussed later. The south faรงade receives the next highest amount of radiation of 800 kW/m2. The east and the west faรงade receive 600 kw/m2. The north facades receive the least amount of radiation of around 400 kw/m2. Permanent and adaptive shading strategies have been used to reduce the direct radiation on the facades to increase the comfort level and reduce glare.

WINTER SCENARIO:

Figure 5.2.1 Incident Solar Radiation on the ground plane (Source: Rhino3D/Ladybug)

ANNUAL SCENARIO: Eas

t Fa

South

de

a Fac ast

E

e

e

ad

e Facad

rth

c Fa

So

No

e

e ad

h Fa

cade

e

ad

ac tF

hF ac

es W

ut

ad

Sout

cad

c Fa uth

So

de

aca hF

rt

No

Figure 5.2.2 Incident Solar Radiation on the facades (Source: Rhino3D/Ladybug)

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INTRODUCTION

5.

5.3

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

OUTDOOR STUDIES

SHADOW PATTERN ANALYSIS

Shadow analysis simulations were performed to understand the impact of the building on the site and its surroundings. Figure xy shows the different shadows generated by the building and the surrounding elements over nine typical periods: summer solstice, equinox, and winter solstice at 9:00, 12:00 and 15:00. The results show that self-shading of the courtyard was prevented during the summer solstice and equinox to enhance outdoor comfort which is for 75% of the year. It was possible to observe the accomplishment of the design aims in matter of avoiding overshadowing of the neighbouring buildings. The massing didn’t obstruct its neighbours for most part of the year. The final form enhanced the environmental conditions of the site. (Figure 5.3.2)

Figure 5.3.1 Shadow analysis overlay for courtyard (Source: Rhino 3D)

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EQUINOX

SUMMER SOLSTICE

WINTER SOLSTICE

5. OUTDOOR STUDIES 5.3 SHADOW PATTERN ANALYSIS

09:00

12:00

15:00

Figure 5.3.2 Shadow Analysis (Source: Rhino3D)

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INTRODUCTION

5.

5.4

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

OUTDOOR STUDIES

SOLAR ACCESS HOURS ANALYSIS

Solar access hours was used to study the hours of daylight received on each façade and the courtyards. The design aimed at creating a single large central courtyard in order to avoid the effects of overshadowing of the built form on the surrounding open spaces.

Simulations were run on equinox, summer and winter solstice. In the courtyard, it was observed that more than 11 hours of solar access is received during the summer solstice and 8 to 10 hours of solar access during the equinox. (Figure 5.4.1) Solar access was also tested on the facades, to investigate the self-shading effects of the south and east facades. It was noted that there is minimal self shading and the facades receive an average of 9-11 hours of solar access for a major part of the year. (Figure 5.4.1)

SUMMER SOLSTICE

The solar access studies on the neighbouring facades showed that the new development doesn’t obstruct the right of light for the existing neighbours for most parts of the year.

EQUINOX

WINTER SOLSTICE

Figure 5.4.1 Number of sunlight hours recieved by the ground surface and building envelope (Source: Ladybug)

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5.

OUTDOOR STUDIES

5.5

WIND FLOW ANALYSIS

Wind analysis was performed to analyse the effects on wind on the development of the courtyard. Based on the annual wind direction provided by the central London weather station,(Figure 5.1.1) it was observed that the prevailing winds were from the South West. The average wind was taken as 5 m/s to run the CFD simulations based on the on-site observations and the central London weather station.

Ground Level

Third Level

Fifth Level

Eighth Level

Following the initial CFD simulations, it was observed that wind speeds of 5m/s were observed on the site from the South west. Simulations were further performed by placing the massing on the site. Sections were taken at different levels to identify the impact that massing has on the courtyard and on the residential units on the higher levels. Satisfactory results were obtained on the courtyard, with wind speeds reduced to 1-2 m/s; thereby increasing the comfort levels for the occupants on the courtyard. The wind studies on the higher levels also show that the occupants on the corridors also have satisfactory conditions ranging from 1-2m/s. This was achieved by the use of massing as a wind barrier. The site entry was accordingly placed on the South- east to avoid direct winds from entering the site.(Figure 5.5.2 & Figure 5.5.3)

Figure 5.5.2 Context and Building Wind Velocity (Source: Autodesk CFD)

Figure 5.5.3 Building Section Wind Velocity (Source: Autodesk CFD)

Figure 5.5.1 Central London Weather Station Wind Rose Diagram (Source: Ladybug)

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5.

5.6

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

OUTDOOR STUDIES

OUTDOOR COMFORT ANALYSIS

To understand the levels of outdoor comfort that the users can achieve under different climatic conditions, UTCI analysis was performed. UTCI analysis was performed on the outdoor spaces such as courtyards and terraces, that are used by the public. The courtyard forms the centre of the design proposal with various pathways interlinked to the courtyard that would be used by the occupants and the public. Hence, it is a vital part of the development.

Hence, UTCI studies were performed on the courtyard for the Equinox, Summer and Winter solstice at 09 00, 12 00, 15 00. The overall results show that the courtyard is comfortable throughout the year. In every scenario, the south east of the courtyard is relatively more comfortable than the north-west of the courtyard. The results in the summer solstice show the highest level of comfort, followed by the equinox period and the winter solstice falls under the lower end of comfort.(Figure 5.6.2) The terraces across the residential and commercial zones play a vital role in the social development and visual connectivity of the occupants.

According to these results, UTCI analysis was developed under the selection of typical days- summer solstice, winter solstice, and equinox.

Spring Equinox

Autumn Equinox

The results showed that the terraces are most comfortable during the Summer solstice. During Equinox, the level of comfort decreases when compared to the summer solstice, but it remains pleasant. In the winter solstice, the comfort levels are at the lower end.(Figure 5.6.1) In conclusion, it was noticed that the UTCI levels seem slightly more comfortable in the terraces than the courtyard. The outdoor conditions of the terraces and courtyard provided a ranged of thermal comfort conditions that changed according to different weather conditions. In order to improve the thermal comfort, the occupant should be able to adapt according to their clothing level or different performed activities.

Summer Solstice

Winter Solstice

Table 5.6.1 Universal Thermal Comfort Index Figure 5.6.1 Spatial UTCI of the outddor terraces for typical days (Source: Ladybug)

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SPRING EQUINOX

SUMMER SOLSTICE

AUTUMN EQUINOX

WINTER SOLSTICE

09:00

12:00

15:00

Figure 5.6.2 Spatial UTCI of the outddor courtyard speaces for typical days (Source: Ladybug)

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INTRODUCTION

5.

5.7

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

OUTDOOR STUDIES

SOLAR ANGLE ANALYSIS

Solar angle study was performed to satisfy the needs for solar access for the dwelling units on the lower levels. In London, the summer and winter sun are at an angle of 60° and 15° respectively. Sections taken at various parts of the landscape court show that the lower height of the built form on the south façade helps in bringing in solar access to the lower units. Thus, it can be inferred that the results show the strategic planning of the landscape court which allows solar access to the lower floors. (Figure 5.7.1)

Figure 5.7.1 Sunlight recieved by the ground surface and building envelope (Source: Ladybug)

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INTRODUCTION

6.1 6.1.1

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

INDOOR STUDIES - OLD STATION DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - OLD STATION

6.1.1.1 GLARE ANALYSIS The glare analysis (Figure 6.1.1) depicts the glare issue on the window throughout the four seasons. The floor doesn’t receive any glare throughout the year. The base case illustrates the presence of glare at 09 00 on Equinox, winter solstice. So, blinds are recommended as a solution to reduce glare on the glass window.

AUTUMN EQUINOX

WINTER SOLSTICE

SPRING EQUINOX

SUMMER SOLSTICE

09:00

12:00

15:00

18:00 Figure 6.1.1 False Renders - Glare Analysis for Old Station (Source: Rhino3D/Lady-

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6.1

INDOOR STUDIES - OLD STATION 6.1.1

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - OLD STATION

6.1.1.2 PROPOSED INTERVENTION FOR GLARE

AUTUMN EQUINOX

WINTER SOLSTICE

SPRING EQUINOX

The results from the glare simulations showed the presence of glare at certain times of the year. Hence, adaptive measures such as blinds were tested in order to reduce glare. Venetian blinds at an angle of 30ยบ were used.

From the results we can observe that the glare at 09:00 during the winter solstice & equinox and 15:00, 18:00 during the summer solstice was considerably reduced. In conclusion, the results were satisfactory as the glare reduced on the windows, thereby making the interiors of the old station comfortable for occupant use. (Figure 6.1.2)

09:00

12:00

SUMMER SOLSTICE

15:00

18:00 Figure 6.1.2 False Renders - Proposed intervention for glare (Source: Rhino3D/Lady-

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6.1 6.1.1

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

INDOOR STUDIES - OLD STATION DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - OLD STATION

6.1.1.3 DAYLIGHT AUTONOMY & USEFUL DAYLIGHT INDEX - ANALYSIS The daylight analysis was performed to understand the general performance of the building. With the illuminance simulations for the different periods of the year and based on the learnings from the study of the Term 1 buildings. The spaces near the windows are likely to be brighter than the center. But, in general, because of the orientation being Northeast and Southwest, morning and afternoon sun could penetrate most of the time and satisfactory levels of daylight were achieved. After discussions in early design phase, the ground floor was thought as a transitional space that is multi-purpose. At the first floor, on the contrary, because we were not able to change the faรงade as the building is grade II listed, the program placed here was purely for leisure and recreational purposes to make this building more inviting. The placement of cafe is an element of attraction for the families and community.

Daylight Autonomy is represented as a percentage of annual daytime hours that a given point in a space is above a specified illumination level. In this case the minimum level was taken as 300 lux as the minimum standard based on CIBSE guidelines for cafeteria spaces. According to this, reaching 50% Daylight Autonomy in a space was considered comfortable to perform daily activities. From the output it is to be noted that the areas around the windows receive DA levels of around 80-90% of the year. (Figure 6.1.3) Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) ranges between 100 lux and 2,000 lux suggesting that horizontal illumination values outside of this range are not useful. If the values cross the upper threshold, it considers that it is not wanted due to potential glare or overheating. The graphical percent values represent the percentage of the floor area that that meets the UDI criteria at least 50% of the time. The results show that the lux levels received falls into the useful range for 90% of the year which is very satisfactory. (Figure 6.1.4)

Old Station - Ground Floor

Old Station - First Floor

Figure 6.1.3 Daylight Autonomy for Old Station (Source: Rhino3D/Ladybug)

Old Station - Ground Floor

Old Station - First Floor

Figure 6.1.4 Useful Daylight Index for Old Station (Source: Rhino3D/Ladybug)

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6.1 6.1.2

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

NORTH WOOLWICHCONCLUSIONS OLD STATION: REFURBISHMENT + HOUSING COMPLEX VISUALISATIONS REFERENCES APPENDICES

INDOOR STUDIES - OLD STATION THERMAL ANALYSIS - OLD STATION

6.1.2.1 ANNUAL BASE CASE Masonry buildings that were built several years ago tend to perform very similar to the outdoors if not equal to it; as learned in the Term 1 project.

In this case where the space is not deep and has several openings on all its sides, similar result was expected. Moreover, as the site interiors were inaccessible, for this study, the structure is assumed as an un-insulated envelope with single glazed windows and without internal partitions.

Table 6.1.1 Input Parameters for base case

The (Figure 6.1.5) depicts the behavior of indoor temperature on the first floor as it follows the outdoor dry bulb temperature. Throughout the winters it is below the comfort band whereas in summers the building performs better but there is an issue of overheating at some points.

Figure 6.1.5 Annual base case for Old Station (Source: Honeybee/EnergyPlus)

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INTRODUCTION

6.1 6.1.2

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

INDOOR STUDIES - OLD STATION THERMAL ANALYSIS - OLD STATION

6.1.2.2 TYPICAL WINTER WEEK In (Figure 6.1.6) the comparison of 3 cases are shown with the base case in a typical winter week. The base case performs well in response to the outdoor dry bulb temperature. However, it can be seen 5 K below the comfort band, so we compared it with three cases.

Case 1 had similar properties as our best case, but the glazing was single with a U-Value of 5.4 W/m2. The results (Figure 6.1.6) improved as there was a gain of 2 K. But it was still well below the comfort band, so we took another case. In case 2 we increased the glazing to double glazing with a U-Value of 2.7 W/m2. It can be observed (Figure 6.1.6) that there was a direct proportional relation of glazing with indoor comfort as the indoor temperature increased by 1-2 K more and yet lied below comfort band. After this observation the team decided to use the latest Low Emissivity Argon gas filled double glazed windows with a U-Value of 1.1 W/m2. This was our best case as the indoor temperature closest to the comfort band (Figure 6.1.6). However, it is observed that some amount of heating will be required to achieve the comfort level.

Figure 6.1.6 Typical winter week for Old Station (Source: Honeybee/EnergyPlus)

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6.1

INDOOR STUDIES - OLD STATION 6.1.2

THERMAL ANALYSIS - OLD STATION

6.1.2.3 TYPICAL SUMMER WEEK Further to our analysis, typical summer week was also observed but only between the base case and the best case. As (Figure 6.1.7) shows that the base case performs good and is within the comfort band in the daytime.

However it falls below the band later in night. Comparing it to our best case which also includes a natural ventilation set point of 24oC it can be observed that the temperature is well in the comfort band throughout day and night as well.

Figure 6.1.7 Typical summer week for Old Station (Source: Honeybee/EnergyPlus)

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6.1 6.1.2

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

INDOOR STUDIES - OLD STATION THERMAL ANALYSIS

6.1.2.4 ANNUAL COMPARISON (Figure 6.1.8) shows the annual comparison of our best case with base case. During the winters indoor temperature is higher now and during summers it is in the comfort band with less fluctuations. The increase in temperature in our best case (Figure 6.1.8) also reduces the annual heating load.

An annual heat load comparison of all our cases is done (Figure 6.1.8). Lowering the annual heating demand also reduces the annual bill. An estimated calculation is also done to deduce the overall reduction in bill.

TOTAL ANNUAL BILL CALCULATION: It is calculated by using the simple formula: Annual Energy X Floor Area X Price of single unit of energy Base case: 132 kWh/m2 X 220 m2 X £0.17 = £4,936.00 Best Case: 44 kWh/m2 X 220 m2 X £0.17 = £1,646.00 The annual bill is reduced by almost 70 % after this refurbishment.

Figure 6.1.8 Annual comparison of base case and the improved case for Old Station (Source: Honeybee/EnergyPlus)

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6.2 INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX

INTRODUCTION

6.2 6.2.1

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - 2 BED APARTMENT (DOUBLE ASPECT)

6.2.1.1 DAYLIGHT AUTONOMY & USEFUL DAYLIGHT INDEX - ANALYSIS The two bedroom apartments have a north south orientation, with the living spaces facing the south and the bedrooms facing the north. The window to floor ration is higher on the south than the north. Two studies were performed on a mid level apartment to check the levels of daylight inside the space.

Table 6.2.1

Daylight Autonomy is represented as a percentage of annual daytime hours that a given point in a space is above a specified illumination level. In this case the minimum level was taken as 150 lux as the minimum standard based on CIBSE guidelines for residential spaces. (Table 6.2.1) According to this, reaching 50% Daylight Autonomy in a space was considered comfortable to perform daily activities. From the output it is to be noted that the south zone reaches the DA levels for around 80-90% of the year. In the bedrooms, satisfactory values are achieved for at least half the area. As bedrooms aren’t used in the daytime, the output achieved is satisfactory. (Figure 6.2.1)

Key Plan

Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) ranges between 100 lux and 2,000 lux suggesting that horizontal illumination values outside of this range are not useful. If the values cross the upper threshold, it considers that it is not wanted due to potential glare or overheating. The graphical percent values represent the percentage of the floor area that that meets the UDI criteria at least 50% of the time. The results show that the lux levels received falls into the useful range for 80% of the year. (Figure 6.2.2) Finally comparing the DA and UDI shows that the spaces receive at least 150 lux for at least 80% of the year. This shows that there is a good reduction in the lighting demands in the daytime.

Key Plan

60

Figure 6.2.1 DA for 2 Bed Apartment (Source: Ladybug)

Figure 6.2.2 UDI for 2 Bed Apartment (Source: Ladybug)

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6.2 INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX 6.2.1 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - 2 BED APARTMENT (DOUBLE ASPECT) 6.2.1.2 GLARE ANALYSIS Glare analysis simulations were performed to analyze the impact of glare in the indoors due to excessive daylight. It also helped understand the use of permanent and adaptable shading devices accordingly. Figure 6.2.3 shows the view point taken for this simulation.

The key plan shows the point from which the viewing angle was set.

The living room and the kitchen facing south were tested for glare at 12 00 noon under sunny conditions on Summer solstice, Winter solstice and Equinox. The 2m wide corridor on the south side provides permanent horizontal shading to the windows.

The results tested with permanent shading show that on summer solstice, due to the high sun angles (around 60°), the direct radiation doesn’t penetrate in the living spaces and there is an absence of glare. Similar observations were made for Equinox.

However, on Winter solstice, the luminance values reach 3000 cd/m2 on 30% of the window surface. In order to reduce the glare, adaptive shading was tested. Venetian blinds at a 30° angle was used. The results showed that blinds helped reduce the incoming glare.

It is also to be noted that the number of sunny days in a winter scenario is very rare. Hence, the need for blinds would be very minimal.

These observations show that all the 2 bedroom apartments have excellent daylight access throughout the year.

Figure 6.2.3 False Renders - Glare Analysis for 2 Bed Apartment (Source: Ladybug)

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6.2 6.2.2

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Table 6.2.2 Input parameters

INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX

THERMAL ANALYSIS - 2 BED APARTMENT (N-S DOUBLE ASPECT)

6.2.2.1 ANNUAL BASE CASE Detailed indoor studies were performed on the two bedroom apartments. All the two bedroom apartments have their major axis along the north - south orientation. The flat zoning enabled the living and kitchen spaces to face the south orientation which helps these zones gain ample solar access.

Bedroom spaces that are used in the night are zoned towards the north. The size of the openings was modulated such that larger openings are facing south to benefit from the solar gains. The north facing openings were smaller to avoid heat losses.

The apartment module is divided in two zones- living zone and bedroom zone, for the purpose of this thermal simulation. (Figure 6.2.4) Initially, the unit was tested using soft computations to understand the thermal performance of the flat (see MinT spreadsheet in the appendix) Later, a more detailed study was performed through thermal simulations in Energy Plus (E+), Open studio (0S) and Honeybee using the input parameters from (Table 6.2.2) The base case was derived from the standard UK U- values for windows and the envelope taken from Document L1A: Conservation of fuel and power in new dwellings. The U-value of the wall was taken as 0.3 W/m2K, the window U-value as 2.0 W/m2K, and the ceiling and floor was taken as adiabatic due to its location in the massing. Minimum fresh air requirement of 0.5 ach was considered based on the volume and the occupants.

The design aims were to reduce the heating and cooling loads on the unit. The base case has an annual heating load of 12kWh/m2a. The summer scenario faces overheating with just minimum fresh air. (Figure 6.2.5)

Figure 6.2.4 Keyplan (Source: Rhinocerous)

It is also to be noted that the living/kitchen zone has a higher temperature compared to the bedroom zone annually due to its location facing South. (Figure 6.2.5)

Figure 6.2.5 Annual base case simulation (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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6.2.2

6.2 INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX THERMAL ANALYSIS - 2 BED APARTMENT (N-S DOUBLE ASPECT) 6.2.2.2 TYPICAL WINTER WEEK- BASE CASE

After performing annual simulations of the base case, typical periods of the year were analyzed in order to further evaluate the thermal performance of the apartment. January 4th to January 10th was chosen as the typical winter week. It is noted that there is minimal solar radiation for the entire week with two completely overcast days as the values of the global and diffused solar radiation are more or less equal. The solar radiation reaches a maximum of 220 W/m2 which is significantly lower when compared to the typical summer week.

The mean outdoor temperature is 6.2° C. The adaptive comfort band for this week is 17.8° C to 23.8° C based on EN15251. The living zone is represented in blue while the bedroom zone is in red. At the start of the week in Figure6.2.3, the living zone reaches comfort range, when the outdoor temperature reaches 10.5° C. As the week progresses, it shows that a drop in the outdoor dry bulb temperature has a significant impact on the indoor operative temperature. By the end of the week the outdoor temperature drops to 5° C and the indoor drops to 15° C. (Figure 6.2.6) It is also worth noting the impact of orientation on the temperature difference between the zones. The living zone facing South is constantly 0.75° K higher than the north bedroom zone. This can be directly correlated to the impact of the solar radiation. There are noticeable peaks in the indoor temperature by 3.1 K in the living zone when the global horizontal radiation increases.

Figure 6.2.7 shows the coldest day where the temperature drops to -1.6° C. In the base case, the indoor operative temperature is below the comfort band for the entire day.

Figure 6.2.6 Typical winter week - base case (Source: Rhinocerous)

Figure 6.2.8 shows the heating loads for the base case. It shows that the annual heating loads reach 12 kWh/m2. Even though this complies with the passive house standards, strategies are tested to further reduce the loads.

Figure 6.2.7 Coldest day - base case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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Figure 6.2.8 Heating demands - base case (Source: Honey, Energy plus)

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PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX

6.2.2 THERMAL

ANALYSIS - 2 BED APARTMENT (N-S DOUBLE ASPECT)

6.2.2.3 TYPICAL WINTER WEEK - IMPROVED CASE The first strategy taken into consideration was to improve the U value of the envelope. The wall U value was improved from 0.3 W/m2K to 0.2 W/ m2K by using materials like Cross laminated timber. The more slowly heat is able to transmit through it, the better it performs as an insulator. The lower the U-value of a building’s fabric, lesser energy is required to maintain comfortable conditions inside the building.

Figure 6.2.9 shows that there is a notable change in temperature due to the change in the materials used. A difference of 2 K is observed. At this specification, when the outdoor temperature is 5° C or higher, the indoor temperature is within the comfort band.

It is also noted that on a completely overcast day, with the presence of only diffused radiation, the temperature in both the zones are the same.

This is due to the lack of peaks due to the solar radiation.

Therefore, it can be inferred that optimizing the envelope is an effective strategy for reducing heating loads.

This strategy is tested on the coldest day with the outdoor temperature dropping to -1.6° C. The results in figure XY show that there is a 3K rise in temperature. However, it remains below the comfort band for some parts of the day. (Figure 6.2.10) Figure 6.2.11 shows the heating demands annually using this strategy. It shows significant drop in heating loads when compared to the base case.

Figure 6.2.9 Thermal analysis for improved case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

Figure 6.2.11 Heating loads for improved case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus) Figure 6.2.10 Coldest day for improved case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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6.2.2

6.2 INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX THERMAL ANALYSIS - 2 BED APARTMENT (N-S DOUBLE ASPECT) 6.2.2.4 TYPICAL WINTER WEEK - NIGHT SHUTTERS

In order to further reduce the heating loads, another passive strategy that could be used in the winter scenario was the night shutters. It helps to reduce the heat losses through the glazed surfaces. The night shutters used in the simulation have a thermal conductivity of a typical insulation material of 0.04 W/m2. They were used from 6 pm to 8 am. The time period used is highlighted in Figure 6.2.12. The night shutters are left completely closed during the night, which helps in heat retention. During the daytime, they are left partially or completely open, based on user needs. As the living room is located along the corridor, it functions as a privacy screen and as blinds to reduce glare while letting in daylight.

After running the simulations, the following observations were made.

In the living zone, there is a temperature rise of 1K during the night time.

In the bedroom zone, there is a rise of 0.5 K. This concludes to be a effective design strategy, as it brings the indoor temperatures within the comfort band during a typical week even when the outdoor temperatures are as low as 3.5°C. The shutters were used in an open position at 30° angle for privacy. It is changed to completely closed position during the night time to retain the internal heat gains. Figure 6.2.13 shows the rise in temperature on the coldest day. A major part of the day is within the comfort band in the bedroom.

The living room is completely within the comfort range. Figure 6.2.14 shows the load reduction by 1kWh/m2. Even though it doesn’t show a massive difference, the trifold use of the shutters makes it an effective addition to the design.

Figure 6.2.12 Typical winter week - improved case with night shutters (Source: Honeybee, EnergyPlus)

Figure 6.2.14 Heating demands - improved case with night shutters (Source: Honey, Energy Figure 6.2.13 Coldest day - improved case with night shutters (Source: Honeybee,

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6.2 6.2.2

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX

THERMAL ANALYSIS - 2 BED APARTMENT (N-S DOUBLE ASPECT)

6.2.2.5 TYICAL SUMMER WEEK - BASE CASE From the annual base case studied previously, a typical summer week from July 1st to July 7th was selected. The outdoor dry bulb temperature ranges from 11°C during the night to as high as 22°C during the day. Global solar radiation reaches a maximum of 920 watts/m2 while diffused solar radiation can reach until 400 watts/m2. The average outdoor air temperature is 17°C which gives results to a comfort band ranging from 21.4°C to 27.4°C based on EN15251.

The base case is run considering the minimum fresh air requirement as 0.5 ach. Based on the thermal simulations in Figure XY, the temperature stays outside the comfort band during the day time and it is within the comfort range at night. It peaks outside the comfort limit by a maximum of 4 K. This is slightly above the upper limit. (Figure 6.2.15) It is also noted that on days with high solar radiation, the temperature of the living room peaks higher than the bedroom zone by a maximum of 1.5 K. Figure 6.2.16 shows the hottest day, with the outdoor temperature reaching a peak of 28.9° C. In the base case with minimum fresh air requirement, the indoor operative temperature is outside the comfort band for the entire day.

Figure 6.2.15 Thermal analysis for typical summer week - base case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

Figure 6.2.16 Hottest day for base case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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6.2.2

6.2 INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX THERMAL ANALYSIS - 2 BED APARTMENT (N-S DOUBLE ASPECT) 6.2.2.6 TYPICAL SUMMER WEEK - IMPROVED CASE

Ventilation was used a strategy used improve the thermal performance of the apartment. The base case considered 0.5 ach to help retain the fresh air quality of the space.

Figure 6.2.17 shows the drop in the operative temperature to the middle of the comfort band due to opening of windows by 50% when the indoor temperature reaches 24°C. This also proves that heat losses through ventilation has a major impact in cooling the building. There is significant temperature drop of 3.5 K during the day to 2 K during the night time.

This is an occupant controlled strategy. Thus, the occupant can open the windows if he feels he requires cooling at a lower or higher temperature.

Thus, the usage of such adaptive measures helps in increasing the occupant comfort during the cooling period.

Figure 6.2.18 shows the hottest day, with the outdoor temperature reaching a peak of 28.9° C. In the improved case with natural ventilation, the indoor operative temperature falls to the middle of the comfort band with a slight peak to the upper end of a comfort band during the midday.

Figure 6.2.17 Thermal analysis for typical summer week - improved case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

Figure 6.2.18 Hottest day - improved case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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6.2 6.2.2

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Table 6.2.3 Input parameters

INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX

THERMAL ANALYSIS - 2 BED APARTMENT (N-S DOUBLE ASPECT)

6.2.2.7 ANNUAL IMPROVED CASE Figure 6.2.20 shows the base case in comparison to the final improved case. The improved case has a U value of 0.2 W/m2K for walls and 2.0 W/m2K for the windows. In addition, night shutters were also used to bring down the heating load. The input parameters used are given in Table 6.2.3 According to the base case, the heating loads were 12 kWh/m2 K per annum. With the effective use of the design proposals, there is a significant drop in the heating loads to 5 kWh/m2 K per annum bringing down the heating loads by 60%. The cooling demand is completely removed and the unit is free running during the summer period.

Figure 6.2.19 Keyplan (Source: Rhinocerous)

Figure 6.2.20 Annual comparison of base case and improved case (Source: Honey-

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6.2.2

6.2 INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX THERMAL ANALYSIS - 2 BED APARTMENT (N-S DOUBLE ASPECT) 6.2.2.8 COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF BASE CASE AND IMPROVED CASE

The hours of comfort graph, shows the percentage of hours the occupant would be in comfort conditions in the dwelling unit under free running conditions. It considers that if the temperature is below 18 °C, it is overcooling and when the temperature is above 28 °C, it is overheating. The base case graph in Figure 6.2.21 shows that occupant is in comfort for 47% of hours in the year and that the occupant is under discomfort 53% of the year. After the use of the above discussed strategies, the comfort conditions for occupants increase to 87% of the year, overcooling is noted only for 13% of the year and this is controlled by using mechanical heating. Also, the overheating period reduces to 0%. Thus, no mechanical cooling system is needed.

Figure 6.2.23 shows the heat losses and gains by type. It shows that glazing conduction has the highest heat gains, followed by people, then lighting and finally equipment. In the cooling period, glazing forms the highest source of heat losses, followed by infiltration and finally opaque surfaces.

This shows that optimizing the window sizes based on the need would reduce overheating and cooling. Also, the effective use of adaptive strategies helps in maintaining the comfort levels for the occupants.

Figure 6.2.22 shows the drop in the heating loads from the base case to the improved case from 12kWh/m2 to 5kWh/m2.

Figure 6.2.21 Hours of comfort - Comparison of base case and improved case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

Figure 6.2.22 Heating load comparison of base case and improved case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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Occupancy Schedule

Figure 6.2.23 Heating losses and gains (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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INTRODUCTION

6.2 6.2.3

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - 1 BED APARTMENT (EAST FACING)

6.2.3.1 DAYLIGHT AUTONOMY & USEFUL DAYLIGHT INDEX - ANALYSIS

Table 6.2.4

The east facing one bedroom flats are tested. The living living area and the bedroom are facing the window, while the kitchen and the toilet are facing the rear. Two studies were performed on a mid level studio apartment to check the levels of daylight inside the space.

As mentioned earlier for the two bedroom apartments, Daylight Autonomy and UDI tests were performed. Results for DA showed that the daylight levels reach 90% in only half of the floor area. This still makes the space comfortable and habitable. (Figure 6.2.24)

Key Plan

The results for Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) show that the lux levels received falls into the useful range for 80% of the year which is satisfactory. (Figure 6.2.25)

Figure 6.2.24 DA for east facing 1 bed apartment (Source: Ladybug)

Figure 6.2.25 UDI for east facing 1 bed apartment (Source: Ladybug)

Key Plan

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6.2 INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX 6.2.3 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - 1 BED APARTMENT (EAST FACING) 6.2.3.2 GLARE ANALYSIS Glare analysis simulations was performed on the east facing one bedroom apartment to analyze the impact of glare in the indoors due to excessive daylight. It also helped understand the use of permanent and adaptable shading devices accordingly. Key plan shows the view point taken for this simulation.

Figure 6.2.26 shows the point from which the viewing angle was set.

The one-bedroom apartment facing east was tested for glare at 09:00 am under sunny conditions on summer solstice, Winter solstice and Equinox. At 09:00 am the east orientation receives maximum solar radiation. The 1.2m wide balcony on the east side provides permanent horizontal shading to the windows.

The results tested with permanent shading show that on summer solstice, due to the high sun angles (around 60°), the direct radiation doesn’t penetrate in the living spaces and there is an absence of glare. Similar observations were made for winter solstice.

In the equinox, the luminance values reach 3000 cd/m2 on 40% of the window surface. Hence, adaptable shading was tested. Venetian blinds at a 30° angle was used. The results showed that blinds helped reduce the incoming glare.

Figure 6.2.26 False Renders - Glare analysis for east facing 1 bed apartment (Source: Ladybug)

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6.2 6.2.4

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Table 6.2.5 Input parameters

INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX

THERMAL ANALYSIS - 1 BED APARTMENT (EAST FACING)

6.2.4.1 ANNUAL BASE CASE AND IMPROVED CASE The detailed indoor studies were performed for the one bedroom apartments. They are facing either the east or west orientation. According to the zoning, the living and bedroom spaces are adjacent to the window. The thermal simulation is run as a single zone as there is negligible difference in temperature between the living and bedroom due to the same orientation and size of openings. The location of the East facing apartment is shown in Key plan.

Initially, the unit was tested using soft computations to understand the thermal performance of the flat (see MinT spreadsheet in the appendix) Later, a more detailed study was performed through thermal simulations in Energy Plus (E+), Open studio (0S) and Honeybee.

The base case was derived from the standard UK U- values for windows and the envelope taken from Document L1A: Conservation of fuel and power in new dwellings. The U-value of the wall was taken as 0.3 W/m2K, the window U-value as 2.0 W/ m2K, and the U-values for the ceiling and floor was taken as adiabatic due to its location in the massing. Minimum fresh air requirement of 0.5 ach was considered based on the volume and the occupants considered. (Table 6.2.5) The design aims were to reduce the heating and cooling loads on the unit. The base case has an annual heating load of 21 kWh/m2. The summer scenario faces overheating without natural ventilation. In order to improve the thermal performance of the flat in the heating period and bring it into passive house standards, the U values of the envelope were optimized. The improved case had an envelope U value of 0.2 W/m2K and window U-value of 1.6 W/m2K Low E double glazing was used. For the cooling period, a natural ventilation set point of 22°C was chosen. Above this temperature, windows were opened to avoid overheating the interiors. (Figure 6.2.27)

Keyplan

After running the simulations, it shows that the improved case had a reduction in the heating loads to 9 kWh/m2. This is a significant reduction and brings the apartment within the passive house standards.

Figure 6.2.27 Annual comparison of base case and improved case for east facing 1 bed apartment (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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6.2 INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX 6.2.4 THERMAL ANALYSIS - 1 BED APARTMENT (EAST FACING) 6.2.4.2 COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF BASE CASE AND IMPROVED CASE The base case of the hours of comfort graph in Figure 6.2.28 shows that occupant is in comfort for 25% of hours in the year and that the occupant is under discomfort 75% of the year.

After the use of the above discussed strategies, the comfort conditions for occupants increase to 75% of the year, overcooling is noted only for 25% of the year and this is controlled by using mechanical heating. Also, the overheating period reduces to 1%.

Figure 6.2.30 shows the heat losses and gains by type. It shows that windows has the highest heat gains, followed by people, then lighting and finally equipment. In the cooling period, glazing forms the highest source of heat losses, followed by infiltration and finally opaque surfaces.

Figure 6.2.29 shows that heating loads drop by optimizing the U values of the built structure. There is a reduction from 21 kWh/m2a to 9 kWh/ m2a. Figure XY shows the occupancy schedule used while running the simulations.

Figure 6.2.28 Hours of comfort - Comparison of base case and improved case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

Figure 6.2.29 Heating load comparison of base case and improved case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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Occupancy Schedule

Figure 6.2.30 Heating losses and gains (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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INTRODUCTION

6.2 6.2.5

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - 1 BED APARTMENT (WEST FACING)

6.2.5.1 DAYLIGHT AUTONOMY & USEFUL DAYLIGHT INDEX - ANALYSIS

Table 6.2.6

The West facing one bedroom flats are tested. The living living area and the bedroom are facing the window, while the kitchen and the toilet are facing the rear. Two studies were performed on a mid level studio apartment to check the levels of daylight inside the space.

Daylight Autonomy results show that the daylight levels reach 90% in only half of the floor area. This still makes the space comfortable and habitable. (Figure 6.2.31) The results for Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) show that the lux levels received falls into the useful range for 80% of the year which is satisfactory. (Figure 6.2.32)

Key Plan

It is also to be noted that the East and West orientations have similar results due to the similar window openings.

Figure 6.2.31 DA for west facing 1 bed apartment (Source: Ladybug)

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Figure 6.2.32 UDI for west facing 1 bed apartment (Source: Ladybug)

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6.2 INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX 6.2.5 DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - 1 BED APARTMENT (WEST FACING) 6.2.5.2 GLARE ANALYSIS Glare analysis simulations were performed on the West facing one bedroom apartment to analyze the impact of glare in the indoors due to excessive daylight. It also helped understand the use of permanent and adaptable shading devices accordingly. Key plan shows the view point taken for this simulation.

Figure 6.2.33 shows the point from which the viewing angle was set.

The one-bedroom apartment facing west was tested for glare at 15:00 under sunny conditions on summer solstice, winter solstice and equinox. At 15:00, the west orientation receives maximum solar radiation. The 1.2m wide balcony on the west side provides permanent horizontal shading to the windows.

The results tested with permanent shading show that on summer solstice, due to the high sun angles (around 60°), the direct radiation doesn’t penetrate in the living spaces and there is an absence of glare. Similar observations were made for equinox. In the Winter solstice, the luminance reduces to minimal as the sun sets early in winter.

Key Plan

Figure 6.2.33 False Renders - Glare Analysis for west facing 1 bed apartment (Source: Ladybug)

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INTRODUCTION

6.2 6.2.6

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Table 6.2.5 Input parameters

INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX

THERMAL ANALYSIS - 1 BED APARTMENT (WEST FACING)

6.2.6.1 ANNUAL BASE CASE AND IMPROVED CASE The detailed indoor studies were performed for the one bedroom apartments facing the west orientation.

The base case was derived from the standard UK U- values for windows and the envelope taken from Document L1A: Conservation of fuel and power in new dwellings. The U-value of the wall was taken as 0.3 W/m2K, the window U-value as 2.0 W/m2K, and the U-values for the ceiling and floor was taken as adiabatic due to its location in the massing. Minimum fresh air requirement of 0.5 ach was considered based on the volume and the occupants considered.

The design aims were to reduce the heating and cooling loads on the unit. The base case has an annual heating load of 19 kWh/m2. The summer scenario faces overheating without natural ventilation. (Figure 6.2.34) In order to improve the thermal performance of the flat in the heating period and bring it into passive house standards, the U values of the envelope were optimized. The improved case had an envelope U value of 0.2 W/m2K and window U-value of 1.6 W/m2K Low E double glazing was used. For the cooling period, a natural ventilation set point of 22°C was chosen. Above this temperature, windows were opened to avoid overheating the interiors.

Keyplan

After running the simulations, it shows that the improved case had a reduction in the annual heating loads to 8 kWh/m2. This is a significant reduction and brings the apartment within the passive house standards.

It is to be noted that the even though the East and West facing units have the same planning and design, the heating loads on the West facing apartment is 1 kWh/m2 lesser in comparison to the East facing units. This difference can be attributed to the orientation of the units.

Figure 6.2.34 Annual comparison of base case and improved case for west facing 1 bed apartment (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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6.2 INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX 6.2.6 THERMAL ANALYSIS - 1 BED APARTMENT (WEST FACING) 6.2.6.2 COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF BASE CASE AND IMPROVED CASE The base case of the hours of comfort graph in Figure 6.2.35 shows that occupant is in comfort for 35% of hours in the year and that the occupant is under discomfort 65% of the year.

After the use of the above discussed strategies, the comfort conditions for occupants increase to 78% of the year, overcooling is noted only for 20% of the year and this is controlled by using mechanical heating. Also, the overheating period reduces to 2%.

Figure 6.2.37 shows the heat losses and gains by type. It shows that windows have the highest heat gains, followed by people, then lighting and finally equipment. In the cooling period, glazing forms the highest source of heat losses, followed by infiltration and finally opaque surfaces.

Figure 6.2.36 shows that heating loads drop by optimizing the U values of the built structure. There is a reduction of annual loads from 19kWh/ m2 to 8 kWh/m2.

Figure 6.2.35 Hours of comfort - Comparison of base case and improved case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

Figure 6.2.36 Heating load comparison of base case and improved case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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Occupancy Schedule

Figure 6.2.37 Heating losses and gains (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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INTRODUCTION

6.2 6.2.7

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - STUDIO APARTMENT (SOUTH FACING)

6.2.7.2 DAYLIGHT AUTONOMY & USEFUL DAYLIGHT INDEX - ANALYSIS

Table 6.2.7

All the studio apartments have a south orientation, with the bed and study table facing the south window and toilet and wardrobe on the other end. Two studies were performed on a mid level studio apartment to check the levels of daylight inside the space.

Daylight Autonomy is represented as a percentage of annual daytime hours that a given point in a space is above a specified illumination level. In this case the minimum level was taken as 150 lux as the minimum standard based on CIBSE guidelines for residential spaces. (Table 6.2.7) According to this, reaching 50% Daylight Autonomy in a space was considered comfortable to perform daily activities. From the output it is to be noted that the unit reaches the satisfactory DA levels for around 80-90% of the year. (Figure 6.2.38)

Key Plan

Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI) ranges between 100 lux and 2,000 lux suggesting that horizontal illumination values outside of this range are not useful. The results show that the lux levels received falls into the useful range for 70-80% of the year. (Figure 6.2.39) Finally comparing the DA and UDI shows that the spaces receive at least 150 lux for at least 70- 80% of the year. This shows that the studio receives ample daylight due its strategic orientation.

Figure 6.2.38 DA for studio apartment (Source: Ladybug)

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Figure 6.2.39 UDI for studio apartment (Source: Ladybug)

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6.2.7

6.2 INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS - STUDIO APARTMENT (SOUTH FACING) 6.2.7.2 GLARE ANALYSIS

Glare analysis simulations were performed to analyse the impact of glare in the indoors due to excessive daylight. It also helped understand the use of permanent and adaptable shading devices accordingly. Key plan shows the view point taken for this simulation.

The studio apartment facing south was tested for glare at 12:00 noon under sunny conditions on summer solstice, winter solstice and equinox. The 0.6m wide balcony on the south side provides permanent horizontal shading to the windows.

The results tested with permanent shading show that on summer solstice, due to the high sun angles (around 60°), the direct radiation doesn’t penetrate in the living spaces and there is an absence of glare. Similar observations were made for Equinox. (Figure 6.2.40) In the Winter solstice, the luminance values reach 3000 cd/m2 on less than 10% of the window surface which is negligible as the number of sunny days in a winter scenario is very rare. Hence, adaptable shading isn’t required.

(Figure 6.2.40) These observations show that all the studio apartments have excellent daylight access throughout the year.

Figure 6.2.40 False Renders - Glare Analysis for studio apartment (Source: Ladybug)

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Key Plan

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INTRODUCTION

6.2 6.2.8

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Table 6.2.8 Input parameters

INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX

THERMAL ANALYSIS - STUDIO APARTMENT (SOUTH FACING)

6.2.8.1 ANNUAL BASE CASE AND IMPROVED CASE The detailed indoor studies were performed for the studio apartments. All of them are facing the south orientation. (Figure XY) The base case was derived from the standard UK U- values for windows and the envelope taken from Document L1A: Conservation of fuel and power in new dwellings. The U-value of the wall was taken as 0.3 W/m2K, the window U-value as 2.0 W/m2K, and the U-values for the ceiling and floor was taken as adiabatic due to its location in the massing. Minimum fresh air requirement of 0.3 ach was considered based on the volume and the occupants considered. The other input parameters considered are given in Table XY The design aims were to reduce the heating and cooling loads on the unit. The base case has an annual heating load of 7 kWh/m2. The summer scenario faces overheating without natural ventilation. (Figure XY) In order to improve the thermal performance of the flat in the heating period and bring it into passive house standards, the U values of the envelope were optimized. The improved case had an envelope U value of 0.2 W/mtK and window U-value of 1.8 W/m2K double glazing was used. For the cooling period, a natural ventilation set point of 24°C was chosen. Above this temperature, windows were opened to avoid overheating the interiors. (Figure XY)

Keyplan

After running the simulations, it shows that the improved case had a reduction in the annual heating loads to 2 kWh/m2, which is a negligible heating demand.

The South facing studio apartment perform better than all the other orientations mainly due to its orientation of openings. This has an impact on the low heating demand annually.

Figure 6.2.41 Annual comparison of base case and improved case for studio apartment (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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6.2 INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX 6.2.8 THERMAL ANALYSIS - STUDIO APARTMENT (SOUTH FACING) 6.2.8.2 COMPARITIVE ANALYSIS OF BASE CASE AND IMPROVED CASE The base case of the hours of comfort graph in Figure 6.2.42 shows that occupant is in comfort for 45% of hours in the year and that the occupant is under discomfort 55% of the year.

After the use of the above discussed strategies, the comfort conditions for occupants increase to 90% of the year, overcooling is noted only for 10% of the year and this is controlled by using mechanical heating. Also, the overheating period reduces to 0%.

Figure 6.2.44 shows the heat losses and gains by type. It shows that windows have the highest heat gains, followed by people, then lighting and finally equipment. In the cooling period, glazing forms the highest source of heat losses, followed by infiltration and finally opaque surfaces.

Figure 6.2.43 shows that heating loads drop by optimizing the U values of the built structure. There is a reduction of annual loads from 7kWh/m2 to 2 kWh/m2.

Figure 6.2.42 Hours of comfort - Comparison of base case and improved case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

Figure 6.2.43 Heating load comparison of base case and improved case (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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Occupancy Schedule

Figure 6.2.44 Heating losses and gains (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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INTRODUCTION

6.2

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX

6.2.9 FUTURE

SCENARIO - THERMAL ANALYSIS (2 BED APARTMENT)

London is growing at a rapid rate in terms of population and building development. The future scenarios for the year 2070 are analyzed to understand the effect performance of the building in the future. Figure 6.2.47 shows that the average annual temperature increases by 0.7째C. The maximum temperature increases by 4째C and the minimum temperature drops by 0.1째C A two-bedroom flat was run in the future scenario. The improved case had an envelope U value of 0.2 W/m2K and window U-value of 1.8 W/m2K double glazing was used.

After running the simulations, Figure 6.2.48 shows that the future scenario overheats when tested as unconditioned. Therefore, for the cooling period, a natural ventilation set point of 24째C was chosen. Above this temperature, windows were opened to avoid overheating the interiors. In the heating period, with minimum fresh air requirement of 0.5 ach.

Figure 6.2.45 and figure 6.2.46 shows the hottest and coldest day in 2070 respectively. It is observed that on the hottest day, the indoor operative temperature is within comfort for most of the day. However, it peaks outside the comfort range by 2K in the day time. The coldest day remains below the comfort range throughout the day. According to these predictions, it can be stated that mechanical systems will be required in future weather conditions.

However, these demands can be satisfied by alternative renewable energies that were further considered in this report.

Figure 6.2.47 London - Present & Future weather (Source: Meteonorm)

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Figure 6.2.45 Hottest day for future scenario (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

Figure 6.2.46 Coldest day for future scenario (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

Figure 6.2.48 Annual comparison of base case and improved case for future scenario (2 bed apartment). (Source: Honeybee, Energy plus)

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6.2

INDOOR STUDIES - HOUSING COMPLEX 6.2.10

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RENEWABLE ENERGY - SOLAR TECHNOLOGY

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7. VISUALISATIONS - EXTERIOR

ARIAL VIEW

VIEW FROM THE RIVERFRONT

VIEW FROM THE RIVERWALK

VIEW FROM TERRACE GARDENS

VIEW FROM TERRACE CAFE

VIEW OF THE OLD STATION

VIEW FROM THE OLD STATION

HOUSING COMPLEX ENTRY FROM OLD STATION

HOUSING COMPLEX ENTRY FROM ALBERT ROAD

VIEW FROM TERRACE GARDENS

VIEW AT THE LANDSCAPE COURT ENTRANCE

VIEW FROM LANDSCAPE COURT

VIEW OF LANDSCAPE COURT AND HOUSING COMPLEX

VIEW FROM LANDSCAPE COURT

VIEW OF LANDSCAPE COURT FROM RETAIL SPACES

VIEW OF PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT FROM FERRY

VIEW OF PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT FROM PIER ROAD

7. VISUALISATIONS - INTERIOR

OLD STATION: GROUND FLOOR INTERIOR VIEW - PROPOSED TRANSITION SPACE

OLD STATION: GROUND FLOOR INTERIOR VIEW - CAFE COUNTER

OLD STATION: FIRST FLOOR INTERIOR VIEW - PROPOSED CAFE SEATING

OLD STATION: FIRST FLOOR VIEW OF CAFE SEATING SPACE

INTERIOR VIEW OF 2 BED APARTMENT

INTERIOR VIEW OF 1 BED APARTMENT

INTERIOR VIEW OF STUDIO APARTMENT

8. CONCLUSIONS

INTRODUCTION

8.

8.1

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

CONCLUSIONS

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS

Term 2 project aimed at creating visions for affordable and sustainable living in London. It helped us tackle various challenges faced on site. The starting point for our design approach was to connect our site to the surrounding community as North woolwich was disconnected from the other parts of Woolwich. After coming up with a site zoning and concept based on user needs, the environmental parameters were tested on every aspect to confirm or alter the design ideologies. It was interesting to figure out how information from different analyses could be used to shape our initial architectural concept. Every stage in out design was tested against a number of simulations in order to confirm or alternate the design.

The study of future scenarios helped us understand that even though we are designing for the present, we need to think about the functioning of the building throughout its lifetime as this is essential for a good design. The design emphasis was on imaginative exploration of future scenarios for the city.

Various parameters were considered while designing the outdoor and indoor spaces. Understanding the user needs while considering the climatic factors played a major role in the design phase. While designing the apartment units, the main aim was to reduce the heating loads and increase the occupant’s comfort. Also, various adaptive strategies were considered to make the occupant feel more comfortable.

In conclusion, the Term 2 project was a great starting point where the design aimed at making the environmental factors and occupant needs go hand in hand.

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8. CONCLUSIONS 8.2 PERSONAL OUTCOMES RAKSHITH R CHHATRALA

SIVA SAI VARSHA KAKUTURU

RANA SHEHZAD MUNIR

You listen and you forget; You see and you remember; You do and you understand. Term 2 project has been a perfect reflection of ‘learning by doing’ as introduced to us, the principle of AA SED Programme.

Term 2 was a great opportunity to understand how environmental concepts learnt in class are applied to the architectural design process. This project was my starting point in understanding of how the design process should go hand in hand with the environmental design. A sustainable design correlates to the occupant comfort through exploration and optimisation. It was interesting to explore how bioclimatic principles and software applications that were taught could be used for design analysis.

This term 2 project was one unique learning experience. After gaining a lot of knowledge during the term 1 project this was the opportunity for me to apply all skills learned into the design part as well and it was challenging. From the initial concept to form evolution and keeping the analysis part parallel during this phase was interesting. A commendable effort was implemented by the team to design the housing complex and the urban space around it which includes the Riverwalk. We as a group are very satisfied with the results that came, and it was interesting to see how designing for the atmosphere can help both the occupant and the environment.

This term provided us with an opportunity to use our analytical studies in architectural design. The important part for us was to apply our skills learnt through the studio proceedings and software simulations, it was ride on an unexplored avenue. Series of discussion with the team proved to be the starting point of the project as we went on a quest to walk on a bridge that connects design with the performance of a building.

Furthermore, refurbishing the North Woolwich Old Station building which is unused, abandoned and derelict since 2009, reviving it through design strategies and bringing it to the fore of the neighbourhood was an interesting task. Sharing ideas with the team in an attempt to come up with a holistic design that uplifts imageability of North Woolwich neighbourhood was a treat to me.

Researching the market for different building materials and carefully selecting the best possible choice was an innovative approach of term 2 project. The observations made on the site during the site visit were addressed by providing a sustainable and practical solution. The main idea was to bring back life and all the programs introduced lead us to our motive.

Through the term 2 lectures and this project, I understood, it could be achieved by the most modest means through careful planning and designing, considering the orientation, massing and envelope designing - to achieve opulent visual and thermal comfort. This in-turn also helps achieving lower energy demands. Also, via the simulation tools learnt in studio, this project also gave me an opportunity to test and gain ample insights on how various design parameters affect the performance of the building and ultimately towards the comfort of occupants.

AA SED | MSc + MArch | 2018-19

We were able explore and implement environmental design not as an additional parameter but as a main factor, which was of great importance in the decisions taken during the design process. I was excited to finally incorporate all the analytical skill learnt in Term 1 in the design process. There were deadlines and this term was short, so it was stressful but the final results were satisfactory. Furthermore, visiting the site and the neighbourhood helped us in coming up with different observations which we used in finding design solutions.

One of the more challenging decisions for the group was to refurbish the grade II* listed building and enhance the river view. One of our design aim was to retain the heritage character around the site. The old station building which was once a museum and it was the starting point for the design development. A transitional space with a café was a very smart solution to make this space more interactive.

The design of the affordable housing complex involved a lot of analysis. Different orientations, massing and programs were tried and discarded.

With the help of our tutors and my team we managed to come up with a proposal with which were satisfactory.

At the end, my take is that the project has equipped me with a skill set that has increased my confidence to take up projects where I can merge architectural vision and the sustainable design interventions.

Learning through series of experiments in massing and orientations of the affordable housing lifted my design approach to a new level. The best part was the end results with which I am satisfied, and I hope the occupants would also be if the project is built.

Another challenge was the refurbishment of the Old Woolwich Station. Although we were not allowed to enter the listed station but to find information about it through papers and articles was a part of research. Further to it refurbishing this building by introducing a new program and keeping the essence of the building intact was tricky. For me it was an introductory approach to applied sustainability. The main of our group was to revive the north Woolwich community by proving a livable space complimented by recreational spaces as a source of attraction. Communities grow and get stronger with more interaction so developing the Riverwalk and activating the North Woolwich pier was foundation so both north and south side of Woolwich can interact.

After this project we can say we are ready for different challenges because the use of analytical skill and design approach in this term has boosted our confidence and that is the best part of the AA SED.

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9. REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

9.

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

REFERENCES

Standards: CIBSE Guide A Computational Tools: Excel MInT Spreadsheet Autodesk CFD Ladybug/honeybee Openstudio & Energy plus Rhino & Grasshopper Bibliography: - Yannas, S. (1994). Solar Energy and Housing Design (Vol. 1).

- Yannas, S. (1994). Solar Energy and Housing Design (Vol. 2).

- Littlefair, P. J. (1991). Site Layout Planning for Daylight and Sunlight.

- Commission of the European Communities. Directorate General XII: Science, R. a. ( 1994). Principles of climatic design for non-residential buildings.

- Approved Document L1A: Conservation of fuel and power in new dwellings.

(2016). England.

- Approved Document L1B: Conservation of fuel and power in new dwellings.

(2016). England.

-CIBSE (2007) Environmental design “CIBSE Guide A. London.” CIBSE Publications Metabolic rates: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/met-metabolic-rate-d_733.html Low E Double glazed U-Value: https://www.bre.co.uk/page.jsp?id=3388 Polyisocyanurate Insulation Price and specs: https://www.insulationshop.co/pir_rigid_insulation_boards.html - www.disused-stations.org.uk

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10. APPENDICES

INTRODUCTION

PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Figure 10.1 minT calculation for 2 bed apartment - winter day

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Figure 10.2 minT calculation for 2 bed apartment - summer day

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PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Figure 10.3 minT calculation for 1 bed apartment - winter day

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Figure 10.4 minT calculation for 1 bed apartment - summer day

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PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Figure 10.5 minT calculation for studio apartment - winter day

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Figure 10.6 minT calculation for studio apartment - summer day

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PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Figure 10.7 minT calculation for old station - winter day base case

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Figure 10.8 minT calculation for old station - winter day case 1

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PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Figure 10.9 minT calculation for old station - winter day case 2

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Figure 10.10 minT calculation for old station - winter day case 3

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PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

CONCEPT

FINAL PROPOSAL

OUTDOOR STUDIES

INDOOR STUDIES

VISUALISATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Figure 10.11 Old Woolwich Station light and equipment loads reference

Figure 10.12 metabolic rates reference

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Figure 10.13 Floor and roof insulation reference

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Figure 10.14 Masonary reference CIBSE A

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