Dissertation on Environmental Tectonics

Environmental Tectonics

By Vaishnavi Kashetty

Under the supervision of Eva Sopeoglou

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Sustainable Architecture Studies

The University of Sheffield Faculty of Social Sciences School of Architecture

Word Count :10,390 Submission Date :2nd September,2022

Though the world has a diversity of macro climatic living conditions, we all share a similarity of seeking delight and comfort at the micro level of the everyday living experience. These might be the teeniest delights of everyday life, such as having a cup of coffee with ourselves in the morning golden sunlight, indulging in a book in the soothing dawn lighting—the things which make a house a home. The spaces which give such pleasant experiences can be the reviving spaces of our home!

This research is a process of apprehending the background factors like thermal quality and sensory experiences to understand the universality of reviving spaces. It also discusses the influence of micro climatic conditions on reviving spaces, which plays a crucial role in creating reviving culture and lifestyle of the residents. Also, the paper discusses the usage of reviving spaces in the pre-climate change era to observe the reasons for climate change from a micro level of an urban cluster. To mark up the importance of how unintentional acts in very smallscale changes impact the larger-scale patterns leading to the catastrophe of global climate change.

Eva Sopeoglou and I confirm this research for the degree of Master of Science in Sustainable Architecture Studies was prepared by me. The study is based on my ideology of observing spaces, interviewing residents, conducting a literature review and theory-based research. No sensitive subject is involved; therefore, the analysis did not require additional ethical approval.

Acknowledgements

Above all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Eva Sopeoglou, for her keen care and guidance in evolving the ideas and for helping me to dive deeper in the right direction. I am grateful for her constant support and help to unfold design in my way without getting stuck. I am also thankful for making us indulge in group design discussions and sharing ideas to improve the quality of the dissertation.

I am glad to The University of Sheffield for providing rich resources to complete the research. Furthermore, I am grateful to all the professors for providing insightful perspectives that helped me unlearn and relearn many things during the course.

I would also like to thank my grandmother, cousins and family for helping me gather more data and study the houses in my hometown and for their participation in the conversations and questionnaires. In addition, I’m grateful for my friends,mother and brother, who constant ly encouraged me and were the first critics of my work to help me enhance more. Finally, I am thankful for my father, who supported me unconditionally and also financially, providing con stant motivation.

Contents

List of Figures

Chapter I:Introduction ............................................................................................... 10

i.a. Background Information: Evolution of the topic to frame the research question. .................... 11

i.b. Context of Research and Framework of Research Questions 13

i.c. Aim, Research Questions, and Objective 15

i.d. Method of Study 17

Chapter 1:Universality of Reviving Spaces 18

1.1 Underlying factors of reviving spaces

19

Reviving spaces 19

Analysing the underlying factors 19

Importance of Thermal Aspect in everyday life ....................................................... 21

Introduction to Universality of reviving spaces. ........................................................ 21

Thermal Quality and reviving culture and social spaces. 23

Part A : Introduction ........................................................................................... 25

A.1 Thermal Quality and reviving culture and social spaces. 23

A.2 Sensory experiences and Thermal well-being 25

A.3 Microclimate of the space and reviving rituals 27

Part B :Down the memory Lane - Cae Studies 31

B.2 Geographic Location and Climatic Condition 31

Climatic Condition of Hyderabad ................................................................... 33

B.3 World through a Void: Kukatpally Apartment 35

The Microclimate of the Building 35

Thermal Quality and Activity in the space 35

Sensory experiences in space. 37

Usage of the space. 37

B.4 Unwinding in the winds: Bowrampet Row house 41

Introduction

41

The Microclimate of the Building 41 Thermal Quality and Activity in the space. 41 Sensory experiences in space. 41 Activities observed in the space. 43

Conclusion 45

B.5 Camouflaged in Greens: Himayath Nagar House. 47

The Microclimate of the Building 47 Thermal Quality and activity in the space

49 Sensory experiences in space.

49

Usage of the space. 51

Conclusion 51

1.1.1 Conclusion of the Chapter 53

1.1.2 Addressing the research question 53

1.2 Microclimate and Reviving Rituals

55

Documentation of Ritual Patterns 55

Morning Rituals of East Frontyard and North Setback 57

Afternoon Rituals of East Frontyard and North Setback

Evening Rituals of East Frontyard and North Setback

59

61

Night Rituals of East Frontyard and North Setback 63

Climatic and monthly preferences of residents. 65

1.2.1 Conclusion of the chapter 65

1.2.2 Addressing the research question 65

Chapter 2 :Pre Climate Change to Post Climate Change

66

2.1 Morphology of Grandmothers house from 1961 67

2.2 Conclusion to the chapter 71

2.3 Final Conclusion

List of Figures

Figure 1: Structure of Dissertation 16

Figure 2: Background Factors of reviving Space 18

Figure 3: Thermal Experiances of Sand Dunes. 20

Figure 4: Traditional Japan Baths ........................................................................................................ 22

Figure 5: Underlying process of Thermal Sense.

26

Figure 6: Location of Case Studies 30

Figure 7: Sun path of Sheffield and prefered building orientation 30

Figure 8: Sun path of Hyderabad and 30 prefered building orientation 30

Figure 9: Temperature ,wind speed and RH Climate Data of Hyderabad. 32

Figure 10: Sun Chart 32

Figure 12: Case Study locations in Hyderabad Region 32

Figure 11: Wind Speed (Left) WInd Temperature (Right) ....................................................................... 32

Figure 13: Urban Cluster of the Residence. ........................................................................................... 34

Figure 14: Micro surroundings of the Residence. 34

Figure 15: Schematic Floor Plan of the Apartment. 36

Figure 16: Section showing the Micro climate of the space in the Apartment. 36

Figure 17: Underlying facrors influencing the usage of the space. 38

Figure 18: Illustration showing the open land around the residence. 40

Figure 19: Direct Surroundings of the cluster. 40

Figure 20: Floor Plans showing the Reviving Spaces of the cluster. 42

Figure 21: Section illustrating the underlying factors of the reviving space. ........................................... 42

Figure 22: Illustration of experiencing delight in the space. 44

Figure 23: Urban Cluster of the House. 46

Figure 24: Floor plan locating the reviving space of the house (Left) , Key Floor plans of above floors of the building (Right) 46

Figure 25: View of the eastern frontyard of the residence. 48

Figure 26: Section of the eastern frontyard.

48

Figure 27: View of the northern setback of the residence. 50

Figure 28: Section of the northern setback 50

Figure 29: Images of Eastern front yard on sept 16, 2018 (Left) east yard viewing from north on march 23,2021(Centre) and North setback on April 29 2022.(Right) 54

Figure 30: Images of the Eastern frontyard in April 29,2022. ................................................................. 54

Figure 31: Shadow patterns at Eastern Frontyard in the morning. 56

Figure 32: Shadow patterns at Northern Frontyard in the morning (Left) ; Pie chart showing the preffered usage of the space in morning hours by the residents (Right). 56

Figure 33:Preference of residents in using one among both the spaces in morning hours 56

Figure 34: Shadow patterns at Eastern Frontyard in 58 the afternoon. ......................................................................................................................................... 58

Figure 35: Shadow patterns at Northern Frontyard in the afternoon (Left) ; Pie chart showing the preffered usage of the space in the afternoon by the residents (Right). 58

Figure 36:Preference of residents in using one among both the spaces in afternoon hours 58

Figure 37: Shadow patterns at Eastern Frontyard in 60 the evenings 60

Figure 38: Shadow patterns at Northern Frontyard in the evening (Left) ; Pie chart showing the preffered usage of the space in the evening by the residents (Right). 60

Figure 39:Preference of residents in using one among both the spaces in the evenings. 60

Figure 40: Pie chart showing the preffered usage of the space at nights by the residents. 62

Figure 41:Preference of residents in using one among both the spaces at nights. 62

Figure 42: Seasonal preferences of the users in using the one among the two spaces. 64

Figure 46: Urban morphology of the street and the surroundings of the house from 1961 to 2021 66

Figure 43: Site of Grandma’s House in 1961. ....................................................................................... 68

Figure 44: Site of Grandma’s House in 1978. 70

Figure 45: Site of Grandma’s House after renovation in 2001 72

Chapter

i.a. Background Information

Evolution of the topic to frame the research question. Environmental Tectonics in architecture is the science and physics side of the art which al ludes to the scientific and engineering foundation (Ong,2013) that emphasises the building’s performance. It considers materials and methods of building technologies which are the key drivers that influence the building environment (Heeren et al.,2018) and improve the spatial quality of a building. Indeed, in the book thermal delight of architecture, Lisa Heschong states that environmental control systems tend to be treated like the Cinderella of architecture; given only the plainest clothes to wear, they are relegated to a back room to do the drudgery. On the contrary, the environmental aspects are a structure’s underlying factors that enhance the experience of space (Foged,2018). Environmental aesthetics go beyond environmental comfort and provide visual aesthetics. It goes to the heart of how we use and respond to the environment. (Ong,2013). Isak Worre Foged, in the book environmental tectonics and convergence between six casualties, explains how unifying six causes can make the poises more meaningful. The summary of it says

The materials, when processed into a form, should meet the requirements of the users and the effect it brings into their lives—adding to that, understanding the user perception and sensitising them to space by understanding the environment’s rhythm and making a building part of it.

John Sorrell, the Chairman of the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE), said in the promotion of the Health Annul Lecture delivered in Scarborough on 7 June 2005 that (Ong,2013) :

But true delight goes beyond the issue of beauty; it must also consider how the building contributes to the experience of those who use it, and whether it also makes a positive contribution to the community in which it is based . . .

The intriguing question of what background elements bring delight in experiencing the space made me curious to dive deep into the topic and study why we feel relaxed and in high spirits by having our presence in some spaces. Why do some spaces seem more than just a space, making us feel connected, rejuvenated, and better? What magic elements play in the back ground of such areas that make them feel revived?

“ What were the qualities of the hearth that made it so wonderful, and so beloved?

Lisa Heschong,1978

i.b. Context of Research and Framework of Research Questions

To understand the background elements that improve the essence of the space, the book thermal delight by Lisa Heschong gave a base. The book’s poetic narration of underlying scientific data made me compare to draw points to comprehend the underlying elements of reviving spaces.

Connecting the dots of Lisa Heschong’s narration on the importance of thermal qualities and my observations of reviving spaces and scientific data learned during the course, the frame work of my dissertation is created; It is Crucially divided and discusses two questions; which are:

1. What is the universality of experiencing social spaces, and what are the crucial factors in creating a reviving culture?”

Discussing the question in two chapters; one drawing points from the literature study and the other part relating them to case studies. Explanation of Question 1 involves understanding the factors for reviving spaces, which broadly depend on the climatic conditions in different geographic locations and the micro-climatic condition of the area.

Broadening the micro climate study by examining a single case study on how it transformed with time could draw points about the morphology of pre-climate and post-climatic situations. Focusing on one single micro climatic condition to observe its change over a period would help to illustrate the factors of climate change; Which frames the second question;(Discussed in Chapter 2)

2. How was the approach towards reviving spaces during pre-climate change and what are the factors for the change?

“ In nature, ecology is driven by cosmology. The revolution of the planets with respect to the sun, the pull of the moon and the rota tion of our earth determine the overarching characteristics of our climate, the rhythms of day and night and the changing of the seasons.

Boon Lay Ong,2013

i.c. Aim, Research Questions, and Objective

Aim and Research Questions

The research aims to discuss a holistic approach of comfort and delight in reviving micro climates and change in perception in using them due to climate change.

The research mainly revolves around explaining the importance of the cultural, social and historical aspects of adaptive comfort while answering the following questions :

• How do thermal and sensory experiences wholly complement each other to improve the experience in space, influencing social and cultural patterns in an area?

• How has the history of delight in individual micro-climates changed from pre-climate to post-climate change?

The research is divided into two main parts, as explained in the framework; each part is sub-categorised to answer the above research questions. Which would be:

1. What is the universality of experiencing social spaces, and what are the crucial factors in creating a reviving culture?

• How do thermal and sensory experiences wholly complement each oth er to improve the experience in space, influencing social and cultural patterns in an area?

It is answered in two chapters, one explaining the social patterns and the other on cultural patterns.

1.1.How do thermal qualities influence activities forming the Social/reviving spaces?

1.2.How do thermal and sensory experiences influence living patterns and activities, forming a reviving culture in a space?

2. How was the approach towards reviving spaces during pre-climate change and what are the factors for the change?

• How has the history of delight in an individual micro-climate changed from pre-climate to post-climate change?

• Discussing the factors involved in the change, and also discussing the holistic experiences for a sustainable building.

Figure 1: Structure of Dissertation

Objective of Research

The main objective of the research is the show the importance of holistic experiences involving in bringing comfort in an individual microclimate which has been altering due to climate change.And now in the era of technological dependency for comfort, this dissertation focus to discuss on the holistic experience of comfort for better living.

i.d. Method of Study

This Design based project involves explanation with narrative text, illustrations, and observa tions from case studies, interviews and questionnaires, adding more support to the concept with the help of theory-based research and literature review. The study is divided into two parts, as discussed in the framework. Chapter 1 is discussed in two parts, and Chapter 2 is discussed in one part, which comprises different methodologies. (Fig 1)

As discussed above, chapter 1 has two parts, and each part has a different methodology, as follows,

Chapter 1.1 includes Theory based research considering the Thermal delight of architecture by Lisa Heschong and follows with Observation Research through case studies of reviving spaces that I experienced closely. The narrative text is juxtaposed with the Literature study to add more support to this perspective.

Chapter 1.2 continues with one of the case studies of Observation Research and the Theo ry base behind it. It includes residents’ experiences through a Questionnaire Method to add more support to the research.

Chapter 2 studies the reviving space Pre-climate and Post climate change. The observation case study from the above chapter continues to explain it by understanding the morpholo gy of a 60-year-old settlement through a conversational Interview with the eldest resident. The final part includes the discussion on holistic experiences adapting to the present climate change through a Literature study learned during the course.

Figure 2: Background Factors of reviving Space

1.1 Underlying factors of reviving spaces

Reviving spaces

John Sorrel’s quote, which is described in the introduction, says the delight of the buildings lies in the experiences it offers. And an experience of well-being with a particular place leads us to think of it fondly (Heschong,1978) making a space feel more than a space and making us feel more connected and giving a sense of relief, such spaces filled with delight can be termed as reviving spaces. We can ease the process of understanding reviving spaces by relating them to everyday experiences at a micro level of a cluster. Such as cool early morn ing breeze filled with the fresh earthen smell, the golden hour light and infinite shades of the sunrise with the chirping sound of birds, makes us feel relieved and energised to start the day, and we can develop an emotional attachment to the places that have been responsible for pleasant moments in our lives (Heschong, 1978)

The reviving spaces at a small scale can be the areas that make us feel refreshed and bright en up the monotonous life, which helps us keep at peace and brings delight. To simplify, we can understand them in general as the experience of activity and by processing the background factors in them.

Analysing the underlying factors

Outdoors on an intensely sunny day on a beach, we feel relaxed and comfortable resting under an umbrella shade, listening to the sounds of the waves, viewing the sea’s horizon touching the sky, adding to that the touch of a cool breeze, making us feel blissful. Let’s analyse the underlying factors of this situation(Fig 2). Firstly, the experience in the space is perceived effectively because of the mini microclimate, which created a comfortable thermal quality by the umbrella shade. Secondly, the delight is clearly due to the sensory pleasures of the surroundings with the view, sounds and the zephyr. Finally, we can conclude that these experiences wouldn’t be the same while watching a wall-hanging picture of a beach. Thus by analysing this generic situation, we can draw points that thermal quality and sensory experi ences in a created microclimate influence the experience of the space.

Similarly to the beach under an umbrella, we could observe the importance created in fa miliar situations like resting under a tree shade in the midday in tropical countries and warm sunlight on the face in the cold winters of west coast oceanic countries. Observing these examples, we could conclude that geographical locations and climate play an important role in perceiving comfort and delight. Henceforth the discussion of underlying factors of reviving spaces which depend upon geographical location and micro-climate can be divided into two categories explaining Thermal Quality, and Sensory experiences which holistically influence the experience in an area.

Figure 3: Thermal Experiances of Sand Dunes.

Part

Introduction to Universality of reviving spaces.

A.1 Influence of Thermal Quality in a space.

Importance of Thermal Aspect in everyday life

Life exists within a small range of temperatures(Heschong,1978), and the thermal environ ment is essential for survival. Going beyond it or below for a longer time increases and de creases the metabolic rate. Unicellular organisms only migrated to better microclimates to survive (Ong,2013). Similarly, each plant or animal species have definite thermal limits within which it can survive and have an even narrower range of temperatures where it can successfully compete with other species (Heschong,1978). The behaviour of movement arises with an evolutionary increase in size and physical complexity (Ong,2013). Different species, plants, and animals require to survive temperature shifts in places to attain comfort. Trees begin to prepare for the winter (Welling, A,2006) dormant period as photosynthesis is very sensitive to environmental changes. A decrease in temperature causes an imbalance between the energy source and metabolic sink (Ensminger et al., 2006). Few animals hibernate for a low metabolic rate, and few birds migrate to attain comfortable thermal comfort.

For a general example, people choose to sit down somewhere rather than take a particular path because they don’t want to be uncomfortable (Nikolopoulou and Steemers, 2003). We avoid going out in hot climates because we are already warm inside. Fanger and Toftum sug gest that the ‘‘siesta factor’’ explains lower metabolic rates in warm climates (Brager,2002).i.e in tropical and desert countries, people often complete all the heavy activities in the morning and have a siesta in the mid-high afternoon to reduce the body metabolism rate. This thermal relationship also influences our degree of activity. When it’s cool, we tend to be more alert and active, whereas when it’s warm, we tend to slow down and fall asleep (Ong,2013). Our affection for many everyday objects may derive partly from simply enjoying their warmth and coolness, such as the touch of a hot tea cup in cold weather. Thermal quality profoundly affects all the essential actions/activities mentioned above. All our day-to-day lives revolve around the thermal element, which is a background thumb rule for existence and living comfortably. Comfort refers to the human body and its sensations. The midway between our bodies and the outside environment is where environmental comfort is found (Ong,2013).

Figure 4: Traditional Japan Baths

Thermal Quality and reviving culture and social spaces.

Now that we understand the thermal aspect has a crucial role in everyday life. The thermal environment in outdoor areas can dramatically affect users’ thermal perception and, conse quently, how they use these places (Aljawabra et al.,2014). For example, if we examine the gathering spaces, people collectively get together to seek comfort. In south Indian villages, the buffer space outside a house (called arugu in the native language) is often used to have an evening conversation with neighbours and an area to relax in the subtle evening sun after intense midday. And Lisa Heschong, in her book, speaks about the traditional Japanese com munal hot baths profusely used every night. To keep themselves warm in cold weather, which became the social custom of the region where people come to relax and chat in huge hot water tubs every night (Fig 4). The boiling water and steamy atmosphere make one fill with inner heat, which lasts long after the baths:

Every Japanese village, and every neighbourhood in a city, traditionally has its communal hot baths where the residents come to bathe together every night. Not going to the baths means one is sick, angry, or antisocial. It is a social occasion, a time to relax after the day’s work and enjoy one another’s company. There is warm intimacy about these evening chats, creating a strong social bond. (Heschong,1978)

From this, we can also understand that the temperature quality at a geographical location often speaks about the collective reviving culture of that specific region, like the great fond ness of Mediterranean cultures for their streets and plazas are mainly thermal. Moreover, a great deal of social life goes on in the streets and plazas because they offer the most incredible thermal comfort (Heschong,1978). These examples highlight the crucial points that space with comfortable thermal qualities serves as social gathering spaces, such as hearths in cold countries, courtyards in tropical countries, and around water bodies and fountains in warm and dry countries.

“ There is an extra delight to the delicious comfort of a balmy spring day as I walk beneath a row of trees and sense the alternating warmth and coolness of sun and shade. Lisa Heschong,1978

A.2 Sensory experiences and Thermal well-being

In giving comfort and adding pleasure to a space, thermal quality alone does not work in isolation, and the quantitative approach is insufficient in describing comfort conditions (Niko lopoulou et al., 2001). Our sense of thermal comfort is not just the sense of heat gain or loss between us and the environment but the different body sensors sensing heat, light, and sound, which detect different types of energy (Ong,2013)----When a stimulus excites a sen sory neuron, it arouses a four-dimensional sensation: Quality, intensity, pleasure/displeasure and duration (Cabanac,2013) and the involvement of many sensory experiences makes the experience whole.

As mentioned before in the example of the reviving experience on the beach (Fig 2), we feel revived because— of sensory pleasure, which takes place when peripheral stimuli tend to close the gap between actual internal states and their ideal set-points (Cabanac,2013). i.e., When we notice a temperature change within our basic comfort range, this rejuvenation seems particularly true for our thermal sense (Heschong,1978). However, this is different from comfort, a stable state that can last indefinitely if the environment and the subject re main in stable conditions. In contrast, sensory pleasure is dynamic (Ong,2013).

Out of all the senses, even the thermal sense is perceived by the body with nerve endings, specialised to tell if the body is getting hot or cold. Each sense contributes to the fuller com prehension of other sensory information and is not differentiated in our memory. These sen sors become saturated after a period and move on to the new information, which is more attuned to notice the changes than steady states (Heschong,1978). Our thermal sensors are the distant receptors, i.e., we have to rely on other senses to give us advanced clues. The weather is cool and breezy, and the ground is wet; it might have rained when I’m inside the mall.Lisa Heschong explains thermal sense as, it is impossible to consciously enjoy the intan gible things in space, yet most of the process of heat flow takes place below our conscious sensation. The physiology of heat involves not just the skin but our whole body. Our exhaled breath removes heat and water vapour as it expels air. (Ong,2013) To enjoy it, we need some awareness of being cool or warm—the process of evaporation, precipitation, and radiation. Convection and conduction happen without our consciousness. (Fig 5) these processes contribute to the particular personality or spirit that we identify in the space, which assures a sense of comfort and relaxation (Heschong,1978).

In a study of Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces by Nikolopoulou and Steemers in 2003 (Nikolopoulou et al., 2003), The resting conditions of the user are considered because physical criteria could not be used to measure the rest. Still, psychological adaptation ap

Figure 5: Underlying process of Thermal Sense.

peared to be becoming more and more crucial to accommodate significant environmental variations and prevent discomfort from the heat.

From the above literature, we can understand that sensory aspects play a crucial role in improving the experiences and can influence the usage and behaviour in the space. Michel Canabac (Canabac 2013) describes that sensory pleasure possesses several characteristics: Pleasure is contingent, pleasure is the sign of a helpful stimulus, pleasure is transient, and pleasure motivates behaviour. And also states that Behaviour is motivated by the trend to seek pleasure and avoid displeasure. Sensory pleasure and displeasure thus appear espe cially well suited as motivation for thermoregulatory behaviour (Attia, 1984).

A.3 Microclimate of the space and reviving rituals

In the previous chapters, we discussed how thermal and sensory experiences be the underlying factors of a comfortable, holistic experience. Still, to enjoy such delight, we must under stand that microclimatic parameters strongly influence thermal sensations (Nikolopoulou and Steemers, 2003).

The space with good thermal qualities tends to be a social space, and the delight with the polyphony of senses creating an area rich with experiences always tends to be used more. As M.Cabanac (Cabanac 2013) says, our usage and activity of space are mainly motivated to seek pleasure and avoid displeasure. And this idea can combine with Lisa heschongs (He schong,1978), saying that we can develop an emotional attachment to the places that have been responsible for pleasant moments in our lives and adds pleasure to our everyday life, which becomes a ritual to use the favourable microclimate according to the thermal need of the individual.

Describing this situation, Ralph Knowles (Knowles,2006), in the book ritual house, gives a remarkable description of ritual spaces, which says:

As we occupy dwellings, we make certain adjustments for comfort in response to changes in the natural environment. We repeat these adjustments in concert with the unique rhythms of weather and climate in our particular setting. This repeti tion can give rise to rituals that feed our souls.

“

As soon as a simple square hut is built, atleast six new microclimates are created:

The south side warmed by a sunny wall, the north side shaded almost all the time, an east side with its morning sun and perhaps protected from the prevailing breeze, and a west side warmed in the afternoon but buffeted by the wind.

Then there is also the inside with its shelter from the rain and wind and sun, and the roof, raised above ground level to be more exposed to wind and sun.

The building increases the available range of thermal zones from which people can select the microclimate most suited to their thermal needs

Lisa Heschong,1978

The movement of the sun, orientation and the architectural elements of the building are crucially responsible for perceiving the space. The micro-climate combined with other factors should be the reason for the overall reviving culture at a place. Migrating to different areas in the house to find comfort at that period of day or year is one of the acts of ritualisation. For example, to benefit from the numerous microclimates that the structure provides, many individuals in North Africa adopt daily and seasonal movement patterns (Heschong,1978).

In addition, Saudi Arabian people use the slight north side of surrounding sand dunes in the late evenings to get shaded from the peak sun. When the nights turn chilly, people choose to sit on the south side of the slope, which is still warm from the late afternoon heat. (Hes chong,1978) (Fig 3). These examples mainly show migrating in search of comfort along with the environment’s rhythm.

By juxtaposing the ideology of Knowles about ritualisation, A ritual imparts special meaning to alternations of time and season, setting up rhythms in our lives that attach us to the places we occupy. To heschong’s importance of ritual, which is using the place at a set time and in a specific manner, as the Japanese use their baths, creates a constancy as dependable as the place itself. It establishes, in time and behaviour, a definition of the place as strong as any architectural spatial definition. By this, we can understand that space, its thermal and sensory qualities and people give strength to the ritual of using the area.

Figure 8: Sun path of Hyderabad and prefered building orientation

Figure 7: Sun path of Sheffield and prefered building orientation

Figure 6: Location of Case Studies

Down the memory Lane - Observation Casestudies

B.1 Introduction

The theory learnt from the book thermal delight of architecture and the theory discussed above is connected to micro-level reviving spaces, which I experienced in everyday life—the locations of the three observation studies are in Hyderabad, India. The case studies are the direct exhibits to explain the holistic combinations of the thermal and sensory experiences in different microclimates of the same city. Case study 3 is near the city centre(Hussain Sagar) and 17km and 25km from this place, located the Casestudy1 and 2 respectively. (Fig 12)

B.2 Geographic Location and Climatic Condition

The geological locations of India and the UK vastly differ; hence architectural elements and orientation considerations vary too. Nevertheless, explaining Hyderabad’s geographical and climatic conditions marks a clear understanding of case studies.

India has a significant solar source because of its location between the equatorial and trop ics of cancer (Chandel et al.,2018). Hyderabad is located in the southern part of India. It has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh) with temperatures ranging from 12C to 41C. (Climate Consultant). In a tropical city, the southern sun is often the less used space in a building or has more shading to protect from the harsh sunlight. Observing the sun charts, we could say that the northern side has less contact with the sun, hence having muted sunlight throughout the day. This comfortable sunshine also applies to the eastern and west’s warm evening sunlight. Thus, An east-west (EW) orientation (Fig 8) helps expose a building only to diffused and indirect sunlight for the majority of the day and to direct sunlight only in the early mornings when the intensity of the UV rays is low. This helps reduce the solar heat gain of the house due to sunlight (Sivara man, 2017), which is very different from the UK, which orients toward N-S south to trap the southern sunlight (Fig 7).

Figure 12: Case Study locations in Hyderabad Region

Figure 9: Temperature ,wind speed and RH Climate Data of Hyderabad.

Figure 10: Sun Chart

Figure 11: Wind Speed (Left) WInd Temperature (Right)

Wind directions in Hyderabad vary throughout the year. Summers mostly have prevailing western winds and the remaining months have E, NW and SE winds. (Climate Consult ant),but high thermal winds are often observed from W and N (Fig 11). Landscaping also plays an integral part in directing winds. The direction and flow of winds around the house considerably affect the house’s temperature (Building and Construction Authority, 2010).

Climatic Condition of Hyderabad

The city has four seasons throughout the year, with cosy winter months from December toFebruary, Scorching Summer months from March to May, overcast Monsoons from June to September, and pleasant months of Autumn in October and November(Temperature Range, Climate Consultant). The annual sunshine average is 13hours (Has sunrises and sunsets.at around 6 am and 6 pm all over the year).

N

Figure 13: Urban Cluster of the Residence.

Figure 14: Micro surroundings of the Residence.

B.3 World through a Void: Kukatpally Apartment

In an urban cluster packed with buildings sharing the external wall of an adjacent building as a boundary(Fig 14), even the subtle breeze touching the skin, a connection to see the weather outside even without a scenic view seems to be the highest possibility to interact with the external world giving a sense of openness for the residents.

The Microclimate of the Building

The location of the 5-story apartment building is almost adjacent to the national highway (NH 65) in Sangeet Nagar Colony in the kukatpally area, accessible and making daily connectivity more effortless, but a residential space filled with the sounds of transport vehicles honking all night long. The house is on the first floor and faces west to the corridor, and the passage majorly lights up with the northern light. (Fig 15)

The eastern and northern side of the building has a setback of 4 meters, continued by a row of duplex and triplex houses sharing their external walls having windows as a boundary to the site. At a gap of 6-7meters, the west side of the building has a 15-meter elevated apartment with narrower setback conditions. This limited passage widening into a larger space leads to cooler western summer breezes. (Fig 16)

Thermal Quality and Activity in the space

During the morning hours, the corridor is ventilated and lighted up from all four sides and majorly lighted up with northern and southern sunlight. The activity discussed here is more focused on using the north part of the corridor, which the residents of our house tend to use more. (Fig 15)

The northern part of the corridor fills the space with muted and shaded sunlight throughout the day, with a view of the staircase and terrace of the adjacent duplex, the triplex row of houses, and partly the sky.

As the space fills with subtle and bright sunlight throughout the day, it offers a sense of openness to the external environment to indulge in activities like reading, room for having a conversation, and pandiculating in the morning or after intense work accompanied by a cup of tea. However, the most common reason for using the space is because the area is bright, ventilated, and has a touch of exposure to the exterior world, which are the minimal basics offered by an outdoor recharging space.

Figure 15: Schematic Floor Plan of the Apartment.

Figure 16: Section showing the Micro climate of the space in the Apartment.

Sensory experiences in space.

Sense of Vision

The space offers bright but shaded sunlight and opens up to observe the weather conditions and the view of the sky from certain angles of the area.

Sense of Smell and Taste

The space often hints at meal preparation from surrounding houses and the pleasant smell of earth during the rainy season.

Sense of Sound

The space fills with the chirping of birds, especially during sunrises and sunsets, due to the presence of two lakes and small woodland located nearby to the building, also making it a reason for the existence of buzzing mosquitoes in the evening after 6 pm. The carking sound of the elevator instructing people to close the door and the noises of kids yelling and playing in the corridors are the most accustomed sounds.

Sense of Touch

The varying temperature of shaded and unshaded surfaces is the most common as a differ ence observed in touch and the whiff of warm and cold winds according to the climatic condi tion.

Thermal Sense

Due to no acute sensory experiences and not much difference in thermal quality all over the year, though the spaces make residents feel better being outdoors but do not profoundly have a personality to bring pleasure using it.

Usage of the space.

I observed my grandfather indulging in reading a newspaper in the space irrespective of the time of day (Fig 17) .And also noticed my mom getting absorbed in reading her books and novels; that was a space for doing artwork and completing homework during my childhood. The space is often used for board games, interacting with neighbours and friends, and having tea in the evening breeze. As the space has no external connection to the environment, we engage ourselves with shadow play at night on the opposite boundary walls and rarely see the presence of the moonlight.

Figure 17: Underlying facrors influencing the usage of the space.

Conclusion

As the space has occluded surroundings and stagnant thermal quality and incongruous sen sory experiences throughout the day and almost has similar experiences all over the year, most activities are more inward and self-entertaining than outward, detaching to the surroundings. As a result, space usage leads to mundane activities in the space, less exposure to external changes in the weather, and loss of connectivity to the environment.

In this case, the users’ lifestyle does not depend on space usage and is very confined in offering a sense of thermal well-being. Therefore, it is more inclined to use the space as a change from the closed interiors rather than moving with the rhythm of nature.

N

Figure 18: Illustration showing the open land around the residence.

Figure 19: Direct Surroundings of the cluster.

B.4 Unwinding in the winds: Bowrampet Row house

Introduction

It is located on almost the outskirts and is situated row housing community. The house is situated in a newly developing area (Fig 18); the surroundings are green and lush with the touch of wind from every direction on the terrace. (yet could not be in future, as it has proposals of buildings, raising around it).

The Microclimate of the Building House is a part of the row house community; the microclimate is simplified. This east-facing house is located in the first row and the third last column from the site boundaries, facing the internal road of the community on the east side (Fig 19). The West side would be the open land, and the end of the North site boundary wall has the airy foliage and a few giant trees. The buildings’ direct North and south sides are replicated with similar duplex row houses with a setback area of 1 metre. As low-height duplex buildings surround the space, the winds experienced on the terrace have no barriers, making the space more lively in the early mornings and evenings; with subtle and pleasant breezes from all sides, the wind could move.

Thermal Quality and Activity in the space.

The east-facing house, followed by a small kitchen and flower garden in the east, adds dif ferent authenticity to each building, growing in a subtle eastern sun. The east balcony on floor one is semi-shaded by a pergola, making it inconvenient to use in the afternoon intense southern sun moving from the top of the cluster. As the space has no surrounding barriers for blocking sun and wind, the semi-shaded eastern balcony and the no-shaded terrace are used less during extreme conditions like mid-days and seasonal rainfalls. (Fig 20)

Sensory experiences in space.

Sense of Vision

The open views of the skies, sunsets and sunrises and a variety of trees, plants and nests of the different birds hidden in trees add delight to everyday activities while keeping connected with the surroundings and the visibility of moon movements in the sky.

Sense of Smell

The smells of fresh earth, foggy mornings, and the fragrance of the roses and night flowering jasmine give the best start to the day. The evening wind movements are often recognised by the smell of scented jasmines, reminding us to use the space.

Sense of Sound

Figure 20: Floor Plans showing the Reviving Spaces of the cluster.

Figure 21: Section illustrating the underlying factors of the reviving space.

Ground Floor

First Floor

The pleasant background sounds of softened morning prayers and different from the neigh bour’s house and various bird songs while watering the garden give a whole vibe to the space and the activity. Evenings are often filled with the wind music made by chimes and the sounds of peacocks from the open nearby open land in the evenings.

Sense of Touch

The touch of diverse textures of blossoming flowers, leaves, and morning dew drops on the exposed surfaces. The varied shadowed and shaded temperature variations of the surfaces in the evenings.

Thermal Sense

In this case, senses compliment and make ordinary use of space comfortably during the mornings and evenings, bringing delight to the space and adding a purpose for ritualisation, contributing to a personality to identify and relish the space.

Activities observed in the space.

The eastern side of the house is used as reviving space during the day. The day starts in the early morning with gardening and watering plants east of the kitchen garden. Early mornings on the terrace under the full open sky and the picturesque sunrise, along with the chirping sound of birds, are frequently used for yoga/workouts or meditation. In subtle eastern light and breeze, the eastern balcony on the upper floor offers a fantastical space to have a cup of tea (Fig 21). Sometimes the day starts by drying up the washed clothes in the afternoon sun and drying the pulses or handmade summer snacks (called appadalu/papad in the native language), and that ends with the activities in the morning hours from 5:30 am to 10 am. But the ground floor eastern entrance is shaded, which involves the basic mid-day actives read ing books and conversing with neighbours.

As the climate starts getting subtle around 4 pm, we head to the terrace with books and evening snacks, sometimes even carrying laptops to work under the sky between the sounds of birds and wind chimes, dangling trees and under the infinite patterns of sunset skies (Fig 22).And the balcony space accompanies removing the dried clothes in the fragrance of scented jasmine creeper, which crawls to the first floor from the kitchen garden on the ground floor. Finally, the day ends with the nights with family conversations under the moonlight.

Figure 22: Illustration of experiencing delight in the space.

The movement of the sun in the space is observed to be creating the main rituals of the house, which might be the morning gardening, evenings time spent on the terrace keeping up the lifestyle of the residents and connecting them to the rhythm of the environment, though using the space because of discomfort interiors.

G+2 and G+3 Floors

G+1 Floor

Ground Floor

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Figure 23: Urban Cluster of the House.

Figure 24: Floor plan locating the reviving space of the house (Left) , Key Floor plans of above floors of the building (Right)

The house is in an urban cluster near the city’s heart, Hussain Sagar. I still remember my school summer holidays, playing in joy in the shade of lush green trees in the front yard of my grandmother’s house despite the scorching summers of Southern India. The delight in the mornings of this landscape makes every day start fresh with the beads of moisture on the greenery, melodious chirpings of the cuckoo birds, the warm eastern sunlight, and a cool morning breeze filled with the fragrance of mud and fresh as a daisy

The Microclimate of the Building

The 62-year-old settled site is in Himayath Nagar, surrounded by a few other old houses with enormous trees aged 60-70 years, detaching the street from busy and raucous highway vehicular noises to a peaceful paradise covered with greenery(Fig 23).

The four-story residential house has two entrances, one on the east and the other on the northern side; both gates are followed by setbacks of 4.6 meters and 4.23 meters, respec tively. The eastern setback is used as the front yard, and the space is shaded with trees in southeastern directions by the neighbouring old and giant neem trees at a distance of 4-6 meters from the front yard. The northern setback is used for car parking, and inlying house trees shade the northeastern side. The south and west sides of the building have residential clusters, not causing much effect on the setbacks. The setback spaces experience gentle eastern wind passing through massive, luscious vegetation most of the year.

Eastern Setback - Frontyard

A gigantic almond tree shades the eastern gate on one side and the towering coconut tree on the other, which is used reflexively as the house landmark. The lawn in the front yard has an outstretch and a plinth staircase that leads to the entrance. It acts as buffer space and obser vation deck and can be assumed as a ritual element to relish the essence of nature’s ambience. (Fig 26).

The view from the front yard is covered in virid greenery by surrounding trees. The space has a variety of flowering plants, shrubs, seasonal plants, potted planters, and a tiny kitchen gar den. The lawn is covered with a blanket of green grass. The circular stones of different sizes pave the way through the lawn.

B.5 Camouflaged in Greens: Himayath Nagar House.

Figure 25: View of the eastern frontyard of the residence.

Figure 26: Section of the eastern frontyard.

Northern Setback - Car parking

The northern entrance has a huge neem tree on one side and a curry leaf tree on the other side of the gate. The neem tree provides natural shade to the mysterious worship space; groundwater dug wells, and groundwater collection pit on the northeast corner of the resi dence. The northern setback has a refined ground paved in Kota stone. The north side has a smaller buffer zone with an outstretched plinth serving as another ritual element of the residence (Fig 27).

Thermal Quality and activity in the space

Eastern setback

Different activities are observed in the extended plinth with a staircase (shaded by a curved cantilever balcony of the above floor) throughout the day. The lawn in the space is often bosky with old and giant neem trees from the opposite house, adding more green views to the place. The warm eastern sunlight, the open sky through the greenery, and the airy ambi ence make the space lively and connect with nature. The activities during the day differ from the sun’s movement in the area.

In the early morning golden sunlight, starting the day with mild yoga warm-up stretches in the eastern sun, watering the plants and trees, and moving to the late mornings, the cats wander on the thick boundary stone wall, waiting for their cup of milk. The intense afternoon sun has significantly less human activity, and the space becomes active with gathering and having a conversation in the soft evening sunlight (Fig 25).

Northern setback

The shaded cantilever balcony has muted sunlight throughout the day to indulge in conver sations and relax in the space. Regardless of being shaded by the cantilever in one half and massive trees in the other half, It offers a sense of openness and interacts with the external environment.The refined tiled ground makes the movements more effortless during the rainy season, whereas the eastern side has mud ground making the activity a bit bothersome on the wet soils (Fig 27).

Sensory experiences in space.

Sense of Vision

The greenery of trees and the bright and pale colours of fauna replenish the space. The gentle air movements land fronds and flora dramatically on the ground from massively grown trees. The colourful tree foliage of these supersized 60-year-old trees leaves me with awe observing the vivid palette the trees owe. The colours range from vibrant reds, yellows, greens, and browns of the huge almond tree and the shades of greens, yellows, and pure white blos soms of the magnificent neem tree.

Figure 27: View of the northern setback of the residence.

Figure 28: Section of the northern setback

Sense of Smell

The early morning fresh sniff of earthen and grass fills the soul. The fragrance of roses, jas mines, and the efflorescence of various trees fill the space differently during each season.

Sense of Taste

A variety of trees offers various flavours and textures to taste, such as raw mangoes, fresh almonds, and the taste of coconut water, for daily cooking needs like curry leaves and a few other vegetables used in the garden.

Sense of Sound

The air filled with birds chirping during the mornings and evenings and melodies of the cuck oo bird throughout the day.

Sense of Touch

The difference in touch and texture of grass and hot paving stones in the eastern front yard. The difference in the temperature of the shaded and unshaded part of the east plinth stair case.The sense of warm sunlight through the trees’ gaps and the light breeze’s touch.

Thermal Sense

As the senses are holistically complimenting the microclimate’s thermal quality, the residents often use the space unconsciously creating an essential ritual in the house giving a sense of comfort and thermal well-being, and most importantly improving the rituals and the lifestyle of the people.

Usage of the space.

As the place covered in unlimited greens and natural earth will improve the habitat, so thus this space also did it in attracting butterflies, bees, birds, and different ants and rats, which peep into its borrows of the grass-covered earth. Cats are the daily visitors gaiting on the deep boundary stone walls for their daily dosage of milk from the worship room, and monkeys are the seasonal visitors for their favourite mangoes during the summer.

This heavenliness of the space forms an unconscious daily ritual to start the day with this space. Customs can be associated with thermal qualities, and many seemingly mundane objects in our lives may also have strong thermal associations(Heschong,1978). Which might be a slight morning stretch or a cup of tea dropping into the moment that gives a zestful start to every morning. This space has vehement thermal qualities; thus, varied monotonous activities from morning to night revolve around this space.

Conclusion

Clues from the environment make us relish the area, the movement of air, dew drops on the grass and trees, and cold stones tell us how brisk the temperature is compared to the indoor environment. All the senses add on a piece of new information, such as the blossom of a flower, flying colourful butterflies, the fall of flowers and leaves, and rising dust on the floor. Making us feel associated with nature and acting as a reviving space.

“

Buildings should provide a multi-sensory experience for people and uplift their spirits. Boon Lay Ong,2013

Due to multisensory experiences with surrounding greens, chirping bird sounds and soothing evening breezes, the smell of the earth and tickles of grass, and the touch of mud all create a comfortable microclimate. All the qualities in the space lead to the thermal well-being of the space to enjoy the area all day long and are responsible for creating pleasant moments, thereby developing an emotional attachment.

1.1.1 Conclusion of the Chapter

The literature of chapter A; This chapter has discussed the importance of the thermal as pect in daily life and the relationship between thermal quality and human activities. The thermal quality is a background rule for existence and living comfortably, also on the role of the thermal aspect in social spaces. And how the sensory element is perceived and how it compliments the thermal comfort in a space improving the essence of the experience and influencing the activity in the space by framing the reviving rituals with an advantageous mi croclimate.

Adding more support to it with case studies in chapter B, we can understand that though the thermal quality of space gives comfortable surroundings for survival. But for reviving at a space sensory elements complement the thermal aspect giving the space a spirit to identify and remember the pleasure of space. Adding to it, the favourable microclimatic conditions within the same geographical location have a role in impacting the lifestyle and give a sense of safety and delight by having our presence in the space, adding a quality of reviving.

1.1.2 Addressing the research question

From the above discussion we can now firmly understand the universallity of experiancing a social space is due to the underlying thermal quality and sensory aspects and microclimate are the factors for creating a reviving culture.

Figure 29: Images of Eastern front yard on sept 16, 2018 (Left) east yard viewing from north on march 23,2021(Centre) and North setback on April 29 2022.(Right)

Figure 30: Images of the Eastern frontyard in April 29,2022.

1.2 Microclimate and Reviving Rituals

Part C

Documentation of Ritual Patterns

From the first part of the chapter we can understand the influence of micro climate on ther mal and sensory experiances of the space and its importance of creating a reviving culture. Rituals expand the pulse of our life in a place. (Knowles,2006) Now in this chapter C getting deeper in understanding the background elements of rituals of Case Study 3. (Grandma’s house)

This process involved a questionnaire (In Appendices) sent to the residents of the building asking for there preferences and activity of the space st different times of the day and the cli mates in the year. As the residers are a joint family of 14 members with different age groups and are from four different generations and the eldest residing in the site from 1962.It adds more detail to study how each of them perceive and use the ritual elements of the house according to the created micro climate and their thermal needs --- as environmental com fort depends on many factors including age, sex, physical fitness and cultural conditioning. (Ong,2013).Also this could help study the influence it is creating to their lifestyle and unconsiously creating a delight in their every day life.

This documention of ritual patterns of the residents is solely considered from the responses from the 11 residents,from different age groups and atleast one from each generation.The below documentation involved the usage pattern of the space considering past 5 years(Fig 29).As the condition of east side setback differed due to less maintainance ground and the new proposal for improving it (Fig 30).But the northern setback and its usage remained unchanged till date.

Figure 31: Shadow patterns at Eastern Frontyard in the morning.

Figure 32: Shadow patterns at Northern Frontyard in the morning (Left) ; Pie chart showing the preffered usage of the space in morning hours by the residents (Right).

Figure 33:Preference of residents in using one among both the spaces in morning hours

Morning Rituals of East Frontyard and North Setback

Eastern Frontyard

The space’s morning 6 am shadow patterns (Fig 31) show that it is shaded mainly by the boundary wall and also by the trees, and as the early morning sunlight light is subtle and pleasant, the activities of the space in the morning time from 5 am to 10S am which again differ due to the age group, culture and the thermal needs of each of them. And after considering the classifications 63.6% of residents prefer east as soon as they wake up(Fig 32), And on a scale of 1 to 5 almost 50 per cent chose to spend their mornings in the east. (Fig33)

Age Group 60-80: ‘‘Exposing to morning sunlight for Vit D and Yoga — Phys iotherapy — Reading devotional books’’

Age Group 40-60 : ‘‘Daily Prayers — Drying hair — yoga,exposing to sun’’

Age Group 20-40: “Snacking and sipping after workouts — Sit and enjoy my morning cup of tea — for letting the hair packs dry while we get our dose of sunlight’’

Age Group 10-20: “Sit while enjoying view of greenery and the birds chirping — Would like to have nice sunrise with tea and munching and have a chit chat”

Northern Setback

The northern plinth stairs oriented in the northeastern part of the house is shaded more by the colossal neem and almond trees on that side with the rising eastern sun and the cantilever balcony, which keeps it shaded all day. The residents use the space in morning,as follows;

Age Group 60-80: ‘‘Watch people come and go—Reading Monthly maga zine—Chatting with tenants’’

Age Group 40-60 : ‘‘Cleaning the area, plucking flowers, relaxing—Dry towel —Talking calls—Having cup of tea.”’

Age Group 20-40: “- Reading newspaper—Sit for few minutes observing the cats moving on the wall’

Age Group 10-20: “watch the beautiful nature sitting—usually my dog will also accompany here”

Figure 34: Shadow patterns at Eastern Frontyard in the afternoon.

Figure 35: Shadow patterns at Northern Frontyard in the afternoon (Left) ; Pie chart showing the preffered usage of the space in the afternoon by the residents (Right).

Figure 36:Preference of residents in using one among both the spaces in afternoon hours

Afternoon Rituals of East Frontyard and North Setback

Eastern Frontyard

Noon shadow patterns in the space (Fig 34) show the sun’s high angle, and as it is a tropical city, the middays generally have a high solar intensity. Therefore, mostly, people avoid being outdoors. Also, by this time of the day, most of the residents move to their workplace or school, but for people who spend time in these spaces during their vaca tions, the activities are:

Age Group 60-80: ‘‘Cutting and cleaning vegetables for next day — To keep food products to sunlight like papad,Red chilli,Parched rice’

Age Group 40-60 : ‘‘Drying food items—Drying clothes and food grains’’

Age Group 20-40: “East side for drying stuff out occasionally—Dry the pulses to the sun.’’

Age Group 10-20: “Mostly prefer to stay indoors—Read books”

Northern Setback

This setback in the northeastern direction is on the other side of the sun’s intensity dur ing the mid-day. The shading of the cantilever and trees also accompanies it, easing the usage of the space even during difficult periods of the day, and 54.5 per cent (Fig 35) of residents prefer this side during afternoons. Still, as both spaces give different microcli mates, they tend to use both according to their preference, considering the activities from 11 pm - 3pm.

Age Group 60-80: ‘‘Attending couriers from Post man, bank work, electric bill person,office boy, chating with friends on phone.’’

Age Group 40-60 : ‘‘Mainly used as entry / exit path for movement of people and any work/industry materials.’’

Age Group 20-40: “To have a fresh breath among the greens — join our voic es to reply the the sounds of cuckoo bird — Enjoy the subtle breeze — con verse with all the people who come to the house.’’

Age Group 10-20: “Chitchat with others if not on call or read books”

Figure 37: Shadow patterns at Eastern Frontyard in the evenings

Figure 38: Shadow patterns at Northern Frontyard in the evening (Left) ; Pie chart showing the preffered usage of the space in the evening by the residents (Right).

Figure 39:Preference of residents in using one among both the spaces in the evenings.

Evening Rituals of East Frontyard and North Setback

Eastern Frontyard

The macroclimate of the city, however, offers warm-toned evenings, for which people mostly tend to spend outdoors. Now particularly considering the eastern front yard of the house,54.5% (Fig 38) prefer to use this side of space for easing out from the activities at work,between 3pm to 6pm

Age Group 60-80: ‘‘Sit and enjoy the nature.’’

Age Group 40-60 : ‘‘Relaxing and trying to be close to greenery —Sitting and having a cup of tea with snack.’’

Age Group 20-40: “Have a cup of tea’’

Age Group 10-20: “Have a evening conversation after school/work”

Northern Setback

Along with the east, even the north setback eases with the intensity of sun by the evening, this time both of them are used as the preference of choice for the activity as both the microclimates offer a muted sunlight (Fig 39), and the activities in the space are

Age Group 60-80: ‘Plucking Jasmine flowers — In conversation with neigh bours—Discussing whole day activities.’’

Age Group 40-60 : ‘‘Having a conversation — Watching kids play—Watering plants.’’

Age Group 20-40: “Sitting with the kids — Water plants or pluck flowers’’

Age Group 10-20: “Play with niece”

Figure 40: Pie chart showing the preffered usage of the space at nights by the residents.

Figure 41:Preference of residents in using one among both the spaces at nights.

Night Rituals of East Frontyard and North Setback

Eastern Frontyard

Nights are the extension of evening usage with a new background after the sunset, and the space offers to wrap up the day by spending a good time and relaxing after a long day at work,between 6 pm to 10 pm and as it offers a touch of greenery 54.5% prefer eastern side.

Age Group 60-80: ‘‘Calls to near and dear — Watching the night sky’’

Age Group 40-60 : ‘‘Seeing the stars in the sky — Watching sky and enjoy the nature’’

Age Group 20-40: “Sit with loved ones for a conversation’’

Age Group 10-20: “Family time — having desert after dinner viewing stars — Read some book for self or talking with friends.”

Northern Setback

As this space also serves as a car park the activities here are mostly based on the start or end of the residents’ journeys, which is more prone to use according to the specification of the space than the climate aspect during nights.Making most of the residents prefering both side at nights.

Age Group 60-80: ‘‘Spending time with kids and telling stories’’

Age Group 40-60 : ‘‘Viewing the road — Having conversation.’

Age Group 20-40: “Sometimes coincidentally dad, his brothers and I get to come home at the same time and end us discussing things over here for a while — This is where we send off sisters and aunt when they are returning back to their house. Sending off sounds like a small thing but it kinda takes us 10 - 15 mins for us with all the chit chating to each and everyone giving their own send offs — During rains kids spend time dancing in the shade and enjoying the space, continues by long conversations.’’

Age Group 10-20: “Play with my dog in the parking area”

Figure 42: Seasonal preferences of the users in using the one among the two spaces.

Climatic and monthly preferences of residents.

Residents’ preferences during different climatic situations and seasons to use both of the spaces, except for summers, which was the same in the case of the mid-day, where peo ple tend to use the muted north side, which has less intense thermal quality during peak solar hours and months.

1.2.1 Conclusion of the chapter

The residents’ space usage and ritual patterns are observed merely as the aspect of the micro-climate created and macro climate of the region. Along with the sun’s movement, people migrate and indulge in activities in space; even their personal architectural pref erences also influence the use of the space. Ritual is an imaginative re-creation of the rhythms we feel in a place. (Knowles,2006).For example, observing the morning rituals of elderly residents, they tend to choose east when reading devotional books, which need total concentration to bring peace. Contrarily to read magazines for recreation purposes, they choose north.

1.2.2 Addressing the research question

By deeply understanding the ritualisation and observing the background factors for each, we can state that thermal and sensory conditions influence the activity and usage move ment of the people. Also, architectural ritual elements have a considerable role in keeping up the privacy and well-being of the users, thereby improving their lifestyles. The ritual patterns observed in this have their unique personality and spirit because of the conditioned microclimate, which wouldn’t be the case when compared with case study 1.

Building in this microenvironment is seen as filled with experiences. So now we can raise the question of how the building is treating the environment, which makes the experiences more impactful, which leads to chapter two to have conclusions on how the space has evolved from pre-climate change till now. And to understand holistic, sustainable aspects of a space and the experiences it could offer.

Figure 46: Urban morphology observed in the street and the surroundings of the house from 1961 to 2021

2.1 Morphology of Grandmothers house from 1961

This chapter broadens chapter 1, talking about the timeline usage and the changes they had in the house between pre-climate to post-climate change. Data shows that of temperature started increasing from 1950 to 1989 in India. (Koth yari,1996). climate change is happening now and is caused by human activity, and is unlikely to be solved by unilateral action. (Dalby, 2013). This chapter focuses on the site’s evolution from pre climate change era, i.e. from 1961, when the site’s settlement had begun.From the before chapters, we observed that the change in microclimatic conditions brings varying differences to the house’s residents. It shows the shift in the experiences and lifestyle changes. Similarly, suppose this idea is seen from a broader perspective applying to the evolution of climate and the experiences it used to hold before. In that case, we can understand that it kept changing over time. This is often seen in many areas of art like music, movies, paintings etc. they evolved, and even now, people can remark them to the time they belong to. Similarly, experiences in that space are confined to that period and generation, which evolves and differs for the next generation. In the built environment, the climatic changes hold a more significant impact in creating the experiences of the household. A few of the which I came across with the conversation with residents and also the questionnaire are:

‘‘I was twelve years old when I married and first came to the house in 1962 (used from 1961). The house was minimal then, with a single cluster on the western end of the boundary wall with few trees on the corner and the water house in front, where the car and the cow shed were built, which shifted along with the family from old to the new place (Figure 43). A stone basement was already present for the future building expan sion. I spent most of my time outdoors reading novels, learning a language, sitting with neighbours, playing under the tree shade and taking care of plants and cows. Cows used to graze inside the site moving above the raised plinth stone with three steps al most at the height of 0.5 to 0.7m.

It was an open area and used to be earthen land overall. Hence we started planting a kitchen garden along the eastern side of the boundary wall and trees on the leftover side of the boundary wall in1963. Almond, Neem, coconut and curry leaves trees are what you are seeing even today. I used to observe them grow every day after coming from school after midday.

And slowly, after we settled in for a few more years, the well and groundwater harvest pit was dug in November 1969, and when the family kept increasing, that led to building the new house on the raised basement in 1978. Then, after we moved to another side, many shifts happened according to the need and necessities of the home.’’

(Shifts and changes are shown in Figure 44)

- Grandmother,1960s

Figure 43: Site of Grandma’s House in 1961. N

‘‘The time I used to space in the new building I was around 7 to 10 years old. We used to play under the tree shade in the corner of the house. Then, it was similar to using the Eastern and northern sides of the house as a ritual space. But I used mostly the north ern side which was an open ground open to play. Similar to today we used to have three plinth steps on the northern side to be under the extended terrace shading and this is the most I mostly used that space. I used to spend most of my time outdoors, playing with the fish in the well, and spending time with the cows, plants and trees. The house has a huge kitchen garden, with a surplus of vegetables to even serve neighbours dur ing a time of curfew. Daily mornings and evenings were spent around the northern side watering plants, climbing trees, and plucking the flowers in the morning to use them to get ready before going to school/college.

The Eastern side also had plinth stairs like today but are small in size, This space was used least because of the smell from the cow shed. But this is the space we used to spend family time in the night to have a chat under the moonlight.

As Raphl Knowles (Knowles,2006) describes it “each community has its own present aspect, the product of the past that has created it. To understand its present, we must understand its history.”

Slowly the house gets changed from 1985 with no cows and the development of a commercial block facing the main road, and the new builds on the site under the almond tree replacing the calf shed and beside the commercial block were used for the rental portions for tenants.

Later in 2001 due to the new requirements, the house was renovated into a for 4-floor building (Refer Fig 45)’’

- Mom and her siblings, 1970s

(Refer appendicies 5. for more data on the usage of the experiances and morphology of the house)

Though the built environment changed, cultural conditioning and the rituals of the family in the site remained similar. But observing the morphology of the site, due to the human neces sity and to move along with time, many things kept changing, including the house’s embodied energy. Similar changes are observed in the surrounding urban cluster of the house.

“During the 1960s, most of the surrounding sites used to occupy 20% of land for building up and remaining used to be left open for future expansion.” (Fig 46)

- Grandmother

The urban growth, even in the interiors of the site boundaries, kept increasing with time. Moreover, green spaces are getting demolished to construct more concrete areas leading to global warming. And adapting to the increased temperatures, mechanical dependency has increased for creating temporary comfort, adding to more temperature increases.

Figure 44: Site of Grandma’s House in 1978.

These human processes release CO2 (and other) emissions into the atmosphere that change the climate and intolerably heat up the very planet that has sheltered us for millions of years. (Pelsmaker 2022)

“Though I used to spend a lot of time playing in the north setback of the house in my childhood, now I’m orienting my five-year-old daughter to spend more time indoors due to the weather’s intensity and safety concerns.”

- 3rd Generation of the House

If we observe the activities from the previous generation on the north side, it reluctantly de creased to the present age as the space is now mainly confined to the car park and had less maintenance of green spaces compared to before the renovation of the building. These simple design choices evolve from single cluster to street level and slowly affect the global scale. By observing the morphology of the street (Fig 46), In 60 years, almost all the built spaces have been renovated, reducing the green spaces. It should bring more awareness to people that simple design changes could eventually lead to global catastrophes.

And alo shows that increasing temperature is also limiting the residents’ experiences, leading to a mundane indoor life with fewer delightful moments and more usage of mechanical dependency, which worsens the climate change situation. Also unsatisfying to live a life unrhyth mic with surroundings and nature. This could reduce the chance of architectural experiences that brings the world into the most intimate contact with the body. The body knows and re members. (Ong,2013)

Adapting to climate change should also lead to a built environment filled with experiences and delight instead of living in a mechanical box, running machines. We feel pleased with the sounds and warmth of the outdoors with a sense of thermal well-being but not with the closed, comfortable indoors listening to the working sound of air conditioners.

2.2 Conclusion to the chapter

Summarising everything,Holistic adaptability to climate change should involve everyday delights and pleasure and be a positive give back to its surroundings. The book Designing for Climate Emergency by Sophie Pelsmaker (Pelsmaker 2022) mentions ten climate emergen cy themes to make a building holistically sustainable, summarising that along with building performance, resilience and embodied carbon, even the health, wellbeing, and delight of the people is an equal thing to consider. And also the positive impact it has on the environment.

Figure 45: Site of Grandma’s House after renovation in 2001

2.3 Final Conclusion

This dissertation is an action to show that many background elements hold our everyday spaces in one life. However, few improve and add delight, and few are just concrete blocks in the name of shelter. Understanding the importance of the background elements and bringing them to proper use to bring positive change for people’s well-being and also to the environment— enhances the quality of the experience in the space and makes art more meaningful.

Figure References

Figure 1: Aurthors own

Figure 2: Modified google reference image

Figure 3: Authors own (Illustrating the text from Heschong, L. (1978) Thermal delight in architecture. Cambridge, Mass. ; London: M.I.T. Press)

Figure 4: Modified google reference image

Figure 5: Authors own (Character image trace of authors own photograph;Illustrating the text from Heschong, L. (1978) Thermal delight in architecture.Cambridge, Mass. ; London: M.I.T. Press.)

Figure 6: Authors own (Modiied Google search source)

Figure 7: Modified sheffield sunpath diagram from pyclim from https://darrenrobinson-pyclimwe bapp-app-fq92oe.streamlitapp.com/W [Accessed on June 22,2022]

Figure 8: Modified hyderabad sunpath diagram from pyclim from https://darrenrobinson-pyclimwe bapp-app-fq92oe.streamlitapp.com/prefered building orientation [Accessed on June 22,2022]

Figure 9: Charts referred from pyclim Modified sheffield sunpath diagram from pyclim https://darren robinson-pyclimwebapp-app-fq92oe.streamlitapp.com/ [Accessed on June 22,2022]

Figure 10: Sun Chart from pyclim https://darrenrobinson-pyclimwebapp-app-fq92oe.streamlitapp.com/ [Accessed on June 22,2022]

Figure 12: Authors own (Overlap of Google maps and Geographic map of Hyderabad from google search source)

Figure 11: Wind Data from pyclim https://darrenrobinson-pyclimwebapp-app-fq92oe.streamlitapp.com/ [Accessed on June 22,2022]

Figure 13: Authors Own (Modified google earth image)

Figure 14: : Authors Own (Modified google earth image)

Figure 15: Authors Own (Illustration of Authors CAD draft)

Figure 16: Authors Own (Illustration of Authors CAD draft)

Figure 17: Authors Own (Character image trace of authors own photograph)

Figure 18: Authors Own (Modified google earth image)

Figure 19: Authors Own (Modified google earth image)

Figure 20: Authors Own (Illustration of Authors CAD draft)

Figure 21: Authors Own (Illustration of Authors CAD draft)

Figure 22: Authors Own (Modified image trace of authors own photograph)

Figure 23: Authors Own (Modified google earth image)

Figure 24: : Authors Own (Illustration of Authors CAD draft)

Figure 25: Authors Own (Illustration of Authors CAD draft)

Figure 26: Authors Own sketch

Figure 27: Authors Own (Modified image trace of authors own photograph ; Character reference from pintrest source)

Figure 28: Authors Own (Shadow analysis using SketchUp and rendering through Lumion)

Figure 29: Authors Own (Shadow analysis using SketchUp and rendering through Lumion) (Left) ; Modified Google Forms Data from the residents (Right).

Figure 30: Modified Google Forms Data from the residents.

Figure 31: Authors Own (Shadow analysis using SketchUp and rendering through Lumion)

Figure 32: Authors Own (Shadow analysis using SketchUp and rendering through Lumion) (Left) ; Modified Google Forms Data from the residents (Right).

Figure 33: Modified Google Forms Data from the residents.

Figure 34: Authors Own (Shadow analysis using SketchUp and rendering through Lumion)

Figure 35: Authors Own (Shadow analysis using SketchUp and rendering through Lumion) (Left) ; Modified Google Forms Data from the residents (Right).

Figure 36: Modified Google Forms Data from the residents.

Figure 37: Modified Google Forms Data from the residents.

Figure 38: Modified Google Forms Data from the residents.

Figure 39: Modified Google Forms Data from the residents.

Figure 40:Authors Own (Illustrative plan after the conversation with grandmother)

Figure 41: Authors Own (Illustrative plan after the conversation with mother and grandmother)

Figure 42: Authors Own (Illustrative plan from my observations at the place and tracing the site bound aries refering to google earth)

Figure 43; 44: Authors Own (Modified google earth cluster after the conversation with grandmother)

Aljawabra, F. F. (2014). Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: the hot arid climate. Attia, M. (1984). Thermal pleasantness and temperature regulation in man. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 8, 335–343.

Baker, Nick.V. (2013).Cultural Responses to Primitive Needs: Beyond Environmental Comfort, Taylor & Francis Group. Available at http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/sheffield/detail. action?docID=1244711 [Accessed 27 Aug 2022]

Brager, G. S. & D Dear, R. J.,(2002). Thermal comfort in naturally ventilated buildings: Revisions to ASHRAE Standard 55. Energy and Buildings, 34(6), 549–561. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00005-1

Building Construction Practices Sectional Committee. (2010). Accessed from BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS Available at https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.2119.1980.pdf [Accessed 27 July 2022]

Cabanac, Michel. (2013). Sensory Pleasure and Homeostasis: Beyond Environmental Com fort, Taylor & Francis Group. Chandel, S S; Amit Kumar (2018) Formulation of new correlations in terms of extraterrestrial radiation by optimization of tilt angle for installation of solar photovoltaic systems for maxi mum power generation: a case study of 26 cities in India. Available at https://www.ias.ac.in/ article/fulltext/sadh/043/06/0081 [Accessed 27 July 2022]

Croome, Derek Clements. (2013). Consciousness, Well-being and the Senses:Beyond Envi ronmental Comfort, Taylor & Francis Group, 2013. Available at http://ebookcentral.proquest. com/lib/sheffield/detail.action?docID=1244711 [Accessed 29 Aug 2022]

Dalby, S. (2013). Climate Change: New Dimensions of Environmental Security. RUSI Journal, 158(3), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2013.807583

Ensminger I, Busch F, Huner NPA (2006) Photostasis and cold acclimation: sensing low tem perature through photosynthesis. Physiol Plant 126: 28–44

Foged, I.W (2018) Environmental Tectonic convergence between six casualties.Aalborg Uni versitet.

Heeren N ; Stefanie Hellweg (2018) Tracking Construction Material over Space and Time. Wiley Periodicals, Inc, Yale University. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ jiec.12739 [Accessed 20 July 2022]

Heschong, L. (1978) Thermal delight in architecture.Cambridge, Mass. ; London: M.I.T. Press.

Knowles, R. L. (2006). Ritual house : drawing on nature’s rhythms for architecture and urban design. Island Press.

Knowles, R. L. (1992).For those who spend time in a place.Places Journal.

Kothyari, U. C.,Singh, V. P. (1996). RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE TRENDS IN INDIA. In HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES (Vol. 10)

Nikolopoulou, M., & Steemers, K. (2003). Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces. Energy and Buildings, 35W(1), 95–101. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00084-1 [Accessed 20 Aug 2022]

M. Nikolopoulou, N. Baker, K. Steemers. (2001) Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: the human parameter, Solar Energy, vol. 70, No. 3. Nikolopoulou, M., & Lykoudis, S. (2007). Use of outdoor spaces and microclimate in a Mediterranean urban area. Building and Environment, 42(10), 3691–3707. https://doi. org/10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2006.09.008

Ong, B.L. (2013) Beyond environmental comfort. New York: Routledge.

Pelsmakers, Sofie, et al. Designing for the Climate Emergency : A Guide for Architecture Stu dents, RIBA Publications, 2022.

Ramanathan, V. ; Feng, Y. (2009). Air pollution, greenhouse gases and climate change: Global and regional perspectives.

Sivaraman, Swathy. (2017) Concepts from Traditional Indian Architecture to Reduce Energy Consumption in Modern Indian Architecture. Master’s thesis, Harvard Extension School.

Timothy,Beatley.(2004) Native to Nowhere: Sustaining Home and Communityin a Global Age Washington, DC, Island Press.

Rudofsky, Bernard. (1964) Architecture without architects., The Museum of Modern Art; Dou bleday, Garden City, N.Y.

Welling, A., & Palva, E. T. (2006). Molecular control of cold acclimation in trees. Physiologia Plantarum, 127(2), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1399-3054.2006.00672.X [Accessed 2 Sept 2022]

Appendices

2.Google Form:

for the

Link https://forms.gle/z5MZ3Z2A8PYh6GvEA

3. Summary Data from the Google Form

75 - 80 years

- Exposing to morning sunlight for Vit D and stretching/Yoga.

- Physiotherapy in late mornings.

- Reading Newspaper and Devotional books

- Exposing self to sunrays

- To get water from the tap near well

- Watch people come and go.

- Reading Monthly magazine.

- Chatting with tenants

-Cleaning the area, plucking flowers, relaxing.

- Cutting and cleaning vegetables for next day.

- To keep food products to sunlight like papad,Red chilli,Parched rice

Daily Rituals at the North

45 - 60 years

- Yoga - Daily Prayers

- Drying hair

- Sit and enjoy my morning cup of tea!

- On weekends for letting the hair packs dry while we get our dose of sunlight.

- I usually go there to pluck flowers and mango leaves to use during the festives.

- Dry towel

- Talking calls

- Having cup of tea.

- Drying food items.

- Drying clothes and food grains

- Attending couriers, Post work, electric bill person, office boy, chating with friends phone.

- Entry / exit path for movement people and any industry

- North side is more preferred because there’s no harsh when you want to have a breath among the greens.

- Just sit in the subtle breeze.

- Reading newspaper.

- East side for drying stuff out occasionally.

20 - 35 Years

- Snacking and sipping after workouts.

- Starting the morning with just sitting and observing the greenery, waching butterflies,and sometimes the huge rats from the earthen ground.

- Sit for few minutes observing the cats moving on the wall

- Dry the pulses to the sun.

- Gather around and join to reply the the sounds of birds.

- I am not in the house during hours but if you ask so, I the north side since thats park cars and converse people who come to the

5 - 15 Years

. Sit while enjoying view of greenery and the birds chirping.

- Would like to have nice sunrise with spice tea and munching and have a chit chat

- watch the beautiful nature sitting, usually my dog will also accompany here - Chitchat if not on call and read books-Mostly prefer to stay indoors

Daily Timeline Morning Hours Afternoon Hours Paricipants Age Group Eastern Frontyard North Front Yard Eastern Frontyard North Front Yard

4. Filtered useful responses from the questionnaire explaining the daily usage patterns of north and east setbacks.

6. Process sketch of grandma house morphology

and Eastern Frontyards

Evenings Nights

- Plucking Jasmine flowers.

Post man, bank person, friends on - Sit and enjoy the nature.

- Relaxing and trying to be close to greenery .

- In conversation with neighbours.

- Discussing whole day activities.

- Having a conversation

- Calls to near and dear.

- Watching the night sky

- Spending time with kids and telling stories.

movement of materials.

- Sitting and having a cup of tea with snacks

- Watching kids play.

- Watering plants.

- Seeing the stars in the sky.

- Watching sky and enjoy the Nature

- Viewing the road

- Having conversation.

preferred harsh sunlight a fresh greens.

breeze.

join our voices of cuckoo

during these I will be using thats where we with all the house.

- Have a cup of tea

- Sitting with the kids

- Water plants or pluck flowers

- Sit with loved ones for a conversation

- Sometimes coincidentally dad, his brothers and I get to come home at the same time and end us discussing things over here for a while.

- This is where we send off sisters and aunt when they are returning back to their house. Sending off sounds like a small thing but it kinda takes us 10 - 15 mins for us with all the chit chating to each and everyone giving their own send offs

- During rains kids spend time dancing in the shade and enjoying the space, continues by long conversations.

indoors -Have a evening conversation after school/work Play with kids

- Family time, having desert after dinner viewing stars.

- Read some book for self or talking with friends.

- Play with my dog in the parking area

Yard Eastern Frontyard North Front Yard

Eastern Frontyard North Front Yard

From which years were you using the space?

1990-2000

Which would you use the most in your childhood between (1980 - 1990)?

What were the activities you indulge on north side?

How different were your activities in using the space 20-40 years back compared to todays usage?

What were the activities you indulge on east side?

How different were your activities in using the space 20-40 years back compared to todays usage?

Which side of setback (south or West)? and what were the activities?

How your the years to

1960 -1980's, 19801990's, 1990-2000 East Side

1990-2000

1960 -1980's, 19801990's, 1990-2000 North Side

1. We used to play near the parked car.

2. We had a water tank from which we used to take water in buckets and water all the plants.

3. We would see the milkman milk the cows in the evenings.

4. We used to feed the cows, when the cow’s caretaker was late.

5 South - no setback West - Our house.

Feeding cows, cleaning ears, doing Puja to cows, on East side

1960 -1980's, 19801990's, 1990-2000 Any other setback area

1960 -1980's, 19801990's, 1990-2000 More than One Car parking,water for Puja,Sankranti muggulu,Sankranti gibbemmalu, breaking gmadikai, going to yoga classes from east,deepavali Surya harathi from north to eastputta,well,Surya, tulasi,cow and finally east entrance harathi, then to everyone

Car parking,water for Puja, Sankranti muggulu,Sankranti gibbemmalu, breaking gmadikai, going to yoga classes from east, deepavali Surya harathi from north to eastputta,well,Surya,tulasi,cow and finally east entrance harathi, then to everyone

5 Mango tree, plucking mangoes,sapotas from neighbours plant branched , cutting them

As the plants / trees were spread in the plot area during 1970's, area was fun playing all games normally done during the younger ages. This was in central and eastern portion of the place.

1990-2000 Use to play 1 Sitting 1 Nothing

Badam leaves doppalu stitching, and istarakulu stitching east for ugadhi, bringing badam leaves middle of north and east,neem leaves, neem flowers for ugadhi from north,

1980-1990's, 1990-2000 More than One Mentioned in detail 5

Coming to putta from east and making line towards north for nagulapanchami, decoration to putta, celebrating north steps for receiving ladies giving prasadam,bottu, flowers,thambulam

1990-2000

Dasara going to jammi east side coming out,then going out from north,all coming to meet thatha, sitting north side

Badam leaves doppalu stitching, and istarakulu stitching east for ugadhi, bringing badam leaves middle of north and east,neem leaves,neem flowers for ugadhi from north,

1990-2000

Cricket, kabaddi, cycling, pani Puri Bhaya. 4

Karthika Panchami Gujarat people worship putta come from north and spend there

Holi celebration near well water with neighbourhood and friends fully enthusiastically, Karthika vana bojanalu near amla

Coming to putta from east and making line towards north for nagulapanchami, decoration to putta, celebrating north steps for receiving ladies giving prasadam, bottu,flowers,thambulam

Dasara going to jammi east side coming out,then going out from north,all coming to meet thatha, sitting north side

Making mirchi plants,dania plants, palak plants grow according to our names in short cuts, planting flower plants , and croton plants , small bushy plants,corn plants, cotton plants,,used to pick up dried neem sticks and used to make broom stick for my playing kitchen, my grandmother used to make big broom stick with dried coconut leaves for our main kitchen,used to collect all the sand and play with it like making our own house with sand,used to sit there and make wall hangings with plaster of paris, that was taught in our school,make shoe polish,do stitching on clothes learned from amma, hemming and button stitching,

Holi celebration near well water with neighbourhood and friends fully enthusiastically, in between both sides

Karthika vana bojanalu near amla tree celebrating grandly on east side

Summer all children coming to North to east playing, when power is off,,day full playing and playing

Plucking grass, playing with water pipe , swinging on uyala 5

Summer playing with water at well and fishes, tortoise

Playing with boats east rainy days

East side tenants marriage and cooking for function

5

There was wall in west side ,on that wall marbles were embedded for show putup, in our old old house,, sitting on that steps playing with four sections of marbles on that wall was our intresting activity daily,that marbles were so beautiful embedded to wall they used to attract us a lot,, sitting under mango tree shade,and two slides constructed to catch and come up to house through 4 steps on both sides of,on shft system we all share that cement constructed wall slide for playing, marbles and slide was a good entertainment through out the day for us,

5. Raw data of responses from the questionnaire explaining the usage of space at different generations

Doing saree business, customer comes from north 5

Feeding cows Sitting on Full moon day Stitching on cloths,hemming....on north side

How different were activities in using the space 20-40 years back compared todays usage?

Which would you use the most in your childhood between (1990 - 2000)?

North Side

What were the activities you indulge on north side?

We used to play a lot here since this was bigger in size than the east side.

How different were your activities in using the space 20-40 years back compared to todays usage?

What were the activities you indulge on east side?

I and kittu used to practise archery here. We used to play on the swing and when we were too young, we used to play in the mud and sand

How different were your activities in using the space 20-40 years back compared to todays usage?

Which side of setback (south or West)? and what were the activities?

Nothing actually since the setbacks are small are mostly used for movement of people rather than to spend time. If we are spending time there, its for getting the inverters or other Maintainance activities or new installations.

We did use these areas to hide during hide and seek while we were still kids.

How different were your activities in using the space 20-40 years back compared to todays usage?

2

1 North Side Playing cricket and many other games.

More than One

- We used play cricket or badminton as the space is wide and we used to have a basket ball net, which we would try and fail every time.

- Play with the water pipe sprinkling on one another during the summers, rains.

5 North Side Became restricted to sit

- Would dance and jump in the settled water on the ground.

- Would play under the shade of huge neem trees on 1st floor balcony.

5 More than One Already mentioned

- Would wait walking in the place in summer holidays for camel and elephant street rides!

4

play under the coconut tree, pluck and help grandma plucking the mangoes and flowers and other curry leaves on the other side.

for sitting on chairs

written

4 North Side

Same as before.

clothes

house was on South side,

- I remember sometimes when the portable food street vendors coming, and I we would indulge in eating dahi papdi's!

playing with tiny tot's. Using for parking of vehicles. Filled with family get togethers for serving food to guests. Yet times used to install lord Ganesha during "Ganesh Chathurthi".

4

The area during childhood was used for cattle / cows. Later used for car parking. Subsequently turned to commercial / residence purposes depending on need and demand.

2 East Side Lawn and developing Greenery

4 Residence. 3

Not used much

More than One

North Side

Have a play area with swings, merry go round and slide. Have parties for our dolls there with our friends. The play area was in sand so the senatorial experience was very different.

with

Used to cut anar , mangoes and play with water there also,tap used to be there south side,west side marbles and slide written , used to fly kites, upstairs and fire crackers on North side,stand upstairs and count how many two wheeler and four wheeler are crossing my eye in 5min,10min .pot plants upstairs, making manja for sankranthi east side,gourd plant on east side, cutting many gourds as I can only go down to that extent, bringing white pigeon as a pet and kept in East side, colour full small hens east side,small pet dog east side, for only few days