Utah Historical Quarterly, Volume 30, Numbers 1-4, 1962

H I S T O R I C A L

QUARTERLY

Everett L. Cooley, Editor

UTAH

STATE

HISTORICAL

VOLUME

XXX

SOCIETY

I 962

Copyright 1962, Utah State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah.

CONTENTS Utah's Spectacular

Missiles Industry:

Its History

and

Impact,

BY LEONARD J . ARRINGTON AND JON G. PERRY

The First Wagon Autobiography

3

Train to Cross Utah, 1841, BY DAVID E. MILLER

of Hosea Stout, 1810 to 1835,

EDITED BY REED A. STOUT

53,

Herbert Ernest Gregory, Pioneer Geologist of Southern

8 5 , 175, 2 7 2 , 352

Notes

Early Mormon

237

'7

and Recent Publications

Historical

149)

Utah,

BY REED W. FARNSWORTH

Reviews

41

99, 192, 2 9 4 , 3 6 8

Loyalty

and the Leadership

of Brigham

Young,

BY PHILIP A. M. TAYLOR

I 03

Longhorns

Come to Utah, BY DON D. WALKER

135

Democracy

Enrolls

199

The Homestead The Poisonous

in College,

BY CARLTON F . CULMSEE

Act: Vision and Reality,

BY LAWRENCE B. LEE

Beaver of Sick River, BY R. WHARTON GAUL

The Social and Cultural Patterns of the Navajo

263

Indians,

BY THE REVEREND H . BAXTER LIEBLER

299

The President's

Report

for the Year 1961, BY J . GRANT IVERSON

Autobiography

of Hosea Stout, 1810 to 1844,

EDITED BY REED A. STOUT

Utah's First Post Office and Postmaster,

215

327

333

BY HAROLD SCHINDLER

347

ILLUSTRATIONS Static test firing of a first-stage engine of a Minuteman

missile

2

Sperry Utah Company

12

Army

13

Sergeant

missile

Air Force-Marquardt Mayor Raymond ceremonies Ramjet

Jet Laboratory; Roy E. Marquardt and S. Wright, Ogden City, at ground-breaking 17

engine

Thiokol Chemical Corporation technicians solid propellant from a mixer

18 remove a mix of 21

Thiokol Chemical Corporation; Blue Creek, site of second division plant

25

"Trackmaster"

27

Bacchus

28

Hercules Powder Company; Old-time method of handling explosives

31

Bomarc missile

36

Minuteman assembly plant under construction at Hill Air Force Base

37

Bartleson-Bidwell Route, Map

40

Udy Warm Spring

45

an

Pilot Peak d Springs

50

Johnson Spring

51

Hosea Stout

52

Facsimile of first page of Autobiography

59

Shaker schoolroom

65

Herbert Ernest Gregory

76

Field trip in southern Utah — Cave Camp, Willow Creek, Soda Creek Trail

82

Mormon leaders (1866)

102

Immigrant train in Echo Canyon (1867)

106

Order issued by Governor Brigham Young; Order calling a court of inquiry; proceedings in case of mutinous conduct

120, 121

Brigham Young and party on tour

126

Longhorn cattle

134

Site of Fort Davy Crockett, Brown's Hole; Ruins of ranch in Hole...

138

Chuck wagon

143

Roundup

146

Area of early years of Hosea Stout, Map

148

Drawing of Lebanon, Ohio (1846)

151

Facsimile of page of Autobiography

156

Farm during the 1800's

159

Illustration of travel on the National Road

167

Drawing of prairie

168

First faculty of Agricultural College of Utah (1890); College in early nineties

198

Justin Smith Morrill

203

Anthon H. Lund

207

Classroom scenes of the past at Utah State University

210, 211

Coalville, Utah (1869)

214

Abraham Lincoln

220

Homesteads in Kansas and South Dakota

224, 225

Chew family, homesteaders

229

Frontier school

236

Charles Coulson Rich

245

Black Hawk

254

Illustration of march of Zion's Camp

260

Beaver and beaver lodge Area in which poisonings of trappers took place, Map

262 267

Saint Christopher s Mission to the Navajo, altar; The Reverend H. Baxter Liebler

298

Hogan

304

Wagon driven by Navajos

308

Dress and activities of Navajo women

312

Navajo children in school

323

President J. Grant Iverson

326

Head Table of Utah State Historical Society Annual Meeting

330

Hosea Stout

332'

Baptismal certificate of Hosea Stout

335

Extermination order of L. W. Boggs, newspaper facsimile

338

First post office in Salt Lake City

34Q

Joseph Leland Heywood

349

Social Hour prior to meeting of the Society

368

fuanita Brooks, David E. Miller, A. R. Mortensen

369

Wayne Kendall Hinton; Curtis Jensen; R. J. Snow; Robert N. White

371

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Winter, 1962

!

Kt'lH

^^^

— • -****

--'•x-^*-7%7r7M

^m**

IN THIS ISSUE

Utah's Missiles Industry

'•'

-1

ABOUT THE COVER

COURTESY THIOKOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION

The Air Force Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), is the defense weapon responsible for most of Utah's missiles industry.

COURTESY SPERRY UTAH COMPANY

Army Sergeant missile during final checkout at Sperry Utah Plant.

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Everett L. Cooley, Editor

UTAH

STATE

VOLUME

HISTORICAL

X X X , NUMBER

SOCIETY

I

Winter, 1962

pight 1962, Utah State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah Entered as second-class matter January 5,1953, at the Post Office at Salt Lake City, Utah, under the Act of August 24,1912.

STATEMENT REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912, AS AMENDED

BY THE ACTS OF MARCH 3, 1933, JULY 2, 1946 AND JUNE 11, 1960 (74 Stat. 208) SHOWING THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND CIRCULATION OF THE Utah Historical Quarterly published quarterly (January, April, July, October) at Salt Lake City, Utah, by the Utah State Historical Society, Everett L. Cooley, editor, Iris Scott, business manager. The Utah State Historical Society is an agency of government of the State of Utah, located at 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Signed and sworn statement by Everett L. Cooley, editor.

CONTENTS Utah's Spectacular ARRINGTON

Missiles Industry:

The First Wagon Autobiography

Its History

and Impact,

BY LEONARD J .

AND JON G. PERRY

3

Train to Cross Utah, 1841, BY DAVID E. MILLER

of Hosea Stout,

41

1810 to 1835, EDITED BY REED A. STOUT

Herbert Ernest Gregory, Pioneer Geologist

of Southern

53

Utah,

BY RFED W. FARNSWORTH

Reviews

and Recent

77

Publications

PHILLIPS, The Fur Trade,

BY P H I L I P C. STURGES

STRANG, The Diary of James J. Strang,

LARSON, "1 Was Called to Dixie," Experiences

in Mormon

85

BY S. GEORGE ELLSWORTH

The Virgin River Basin:

Pioneering,

87

Unique

BY DAVID E. MILLER

88

HAFEN AND HAFEN. Reports from Colorado, the Wildman Letters, 18591865, with Other Related Letters and Newspaper Reports, 1859,

BY AGNES WRIGHT SPRING

90

PARISH. The Charles llfeld Company: Mercantile

Capitalism

in New

A Study of the Rise and Decline of

Mexico,

BY LEONARD J . ARRINGTON

92

Historical Notes

99

ILLUSTRATIONS Static test firing of a first-stage engine of a Minuteman Sperry Army

missile

2

Utah Company Sergeant

missile

Air Force-Marquardt Wright, Ramjet

13

Jet Laboratory;

Roy E. Marquardt

Ogden City, at ground-breaking

and Mayor Raymond

ceremonies

18

Chemical

from

Corporation

technicians

remove

a mix of solid

propellant

a mixer Chemical

21 Corporation;

Blue Creek, site of second division plant

"Trackmaster"

25 27

Bacchus

28

Hercules Powder

Company;

Old-time

method

of handling

explosives

Bomarc missile Minuteman

Udy Warm Pilot Peak

31 36

assembly plant under construction

Bartleson-Bidwell

Johnson

S. 17

engine

Thiokol

Thiokol

12

Route,

at Hill Air Force Base

Map

37 40

Spring

45

a

"d Springs

50

Spring

51

Hosea Stout

52

Facsimile of first page of Autobiography

59

Shaker

schoolroom

65

Herbert Ernest Gregory Field trip in southern

76 Utah — Cave Camp, Willow

Creek, Soda Creek Trail

82

•c test firing of afirst-stageengine of a uteman. The first and third stages are luced in Utah; the complete missile be assembled at Hill Air Force Base.

COURTESY THIOKOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION

UTAH'S SPECTACULAR MISSILES I N D U S T R Y : I T S H I S T O R Y AND IMPACT

By Leonard f. Arrington and Jon G. Perry*

In 1866, on the occasion of the dedication of the newly-completed Deseret Telegraph line, Brigham Young indicated his belief in the ultimate possibility of space travel by forecasting the day when we could "waft ourselves by the power of the Almighty from world to world to our fullest satisfaction." x That wily and enterprising leader would have been pleased to know that less than a hundred years later Utah is contributing substantially to America's efforts to master the problems of space. With no less than five missiles complexes of major magnitude, Utah is a leading producer of space vehicles.

The story of Utah's recent industrial advancement is little short of amazing. In 1940 Utah had just over 16,000 persons employed in all phases of manufacturing. Twenty-one years later, manufacturing employment totaled almost 54,000, and die amount paid out in wages and salaries exceeded $250 million. Manufacturing now makes the largest single contribution to personal income in Utah. Employment in * Dr. Arrington is professor of economics, and Jon Perry is graduate assistant in English at Utah State University. This article was prepared under a grant from the Utah State University Research Council. The writers are grateful for information supplied by officials of missiles companies in Utah, and for the suggestions of Dr. Reynold K. Watkins, professor of mechanical engineering, Utah State University.

1 Deseret News Extra, December 1, 1866.

•c test firing of afirst-stageengine of a uteman. The first and third stages are luced in Utah; the complete missile be assembled at Hill Air Force Base.

COURTESY THIOKOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION

UTAH'S SPECTACULAR MISSILES I N D U S T R Y : I T S H I S T O R Y AND IMPACT

By Leonard f. Arrington and Jon G. Perry*

In 1866, on the occasion of the dedication of the newly-completed Deseret Telegraph line, Brigham Young indicated his belief in the ultimate possibility of space travel by forecasting the day when we could "waft ourselves by the power of the Almighty from world to world to our fullest satisfaction." x That wily and enterprising leader would have been pleased to know that less than a hundred years later Utah is contributing substantially to America's efforts to master the problems of space. With no less than five missiles complexes of major magnitude, Utah is a leading producer of space vehicles.

The story of Utah's recent industrial advancement is little short of amazing. In 1940 Utah had just over 16,000 persons employed in all phases of manufacturing. Twenty-one years later, manufacturing employment totaled almost 54,000, and die amount paid out in wages and salaries exceeded $250 million. Manufacturing now makes the largest single contribution to personal income in Utah. Employment in * Dr. Arrington is professor of economics, and Jon Perry is graduate assistant in English at Utah State University. This article was prepared under a grant from the Utah State University Research Council. The writers are grateful for information supplied by officials of missiles companies in Utah, and for the suggestions of Dr. Reynold K. Watkins, professor of mechanical engineering, Utah State University.

1 Deseret News Extra, December 1, 1866.

4

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

the missiles industry — an industry that did not even exist in the state in 1956 —is 13,000. This is just short of the number (16,000) in all of Utah's agriculture. Nor does it count the 20,000 or more employed at Utah's defense installations and the thousands of others employed in the state in related and supporting industries. Total wages and salaries paid to Utah's missiles workers in 1961 is estimated to have been in excess of $70 million, while total expenditures of all kinds made by missiles manufacturers within the state amounted to well over $100 million — perhaps as much as $150 million. Utah missiles installations and dieir subcontractors at the end of 1961 had an estimated $500 million in defense contracts.

The remarkable growth of Utah's missiles complex can be demonstrated statistically by the following comparison of employment in 1957, 1959, and 1961.2 TABLE I EMPLOYMENT

I N T H E U T A H MISSILES

Company

Sperry Rand Corporation The Marquardt Corporation Thiokol Chemical Corporation Hercules Powder Company The Boeing Company Total

INDUSTRY

1957

600 610 115 — 1,325

1959 3,462 1,700 3,149

630 — 8,941

1961 3,000 1,400 4,925 3,500

175 13,000

The impetus which the missiles industry has given to Utah's economy is perhaps best indicated by the fact that in 1959, when Utah's 14,000-man basic metals industry underwent a long strike, Utah's total income did not decline but rose to a new high of $1.6 billion — up 4.9 per cent over 1958.3 It is estimated that approximately 10 per cent of all construction in Utah is directly related to missiles development and production. Present and prospective orders would indicate that more than $2 billion in missiles will be built on the dry hills and verdant valley lands of northern Utah.

2 The 1957 figures are based upon company letters and reports and are for variable months. Figures for 1959 are from Table 4.3 (p. 69) of William A. Tilleman, "The Impact of Federal Defense Spending on Utah's Economy in 1959" (M.B.A. Research Report, University of Utah, March, 1960). The 1961 figures are estimates for October 1 on the basis of interviews with company officials and Table 7 (p. 28) of George K. Merritt, "The Missile Industry in Utah and Some Effects of Its Procurement Practices on Utah Small Business" (M.B.A. Thesis, Utah State University, 1962).

3 "Missiles Industry Carries Utah to a New Peak of Prosperity," Business (February 27, 1960), 146-50.

Week

UTAH'S

MISSILES

INDUSTRY

5

The production of pilotless aircraft, the largest single industry in the state in number of employees and size of payroll, has attracted some of the nation's ablest scientific brains into' the state. It has also converted predominantly agricultural areas into industrial centers of major magnitude, provided lucrative employment opportunities for literally thousands of talented university and technical school graduates, and shifted Utah's condition from a net exporter of labor to a net importer.

T H E BIRTH OF GUIDED MISSILES

During the years immediately following World War II, defense leaders became aware that supersonic flight and pilotless aircraft would revolutionize the then-held concepts of war and defense. Huge longrange bombers, whether powered by piston-driven engines or turboprop, jet, ramjet, or rocket engines, operated at high speeds and high altitudes, and defense against them was imperative. In answer to this need, defense activities came to be centered around the development of guided missiles systems. While the ancient Greeks, Chinese, and medieval Italians used crude rocket-propelled missiles, the first systematic use of pilotless aircraft with automatic controls was the awesome German V-2 rocket of World War II. The United States quickly improved upon this beginning and developed a striking force of electronically-guided missiles ranging from single-man-launched missiles to Atlas and Titan. Atlas, alone, is 85 feet tall, weighs 100 tons, and is capable of carrying nuclear payloads up to 9,000 miles at 15,000 miles per hour high above the earth's atmosphere. The arsenal of missiles now includes air-to-air missiles, ground-to-ground missiles, air-to-surface missiles, and surface-to-air missiles. At least 45 major named missiles are in use or development by the United States.4 Their production constitutes the greatest concentrated construction and engineering undertaking in world history.

Guidance systems now vary from the simple fixed aerodynamic fins for stabilizing ballistic missile flight to the complicated nozzle and fin adjustments of guided missiles which are directed by electronic "brains." The "brains" maintain their own equilibrium or orientation by means of gyroscopes, and navigate by fixing electronic eyes on stars or by "locking on" the exhaust heat of their targets. Propulsion for these missiles is based on the simple principle of reaction or recoil — a prin* A popular summary of significant recent developments in missiles is Harold H. Martin, "Our New Generation of Rockets," Saturday Evening Post (October 1, 1960), 28 ff.

6

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

ciple well-known to Utah's deer hunters. Engineers have investigated every conceivable type of "gun" as a possible engine for propulsion.

There are ramjets, solid and liquid propellant rockets, and, in varying stages of research and development, plasma jet, ion propulsion, and nuclear and solar electric power plants. Sources of energy for the "guns" include gunpowder, of course, but also liquid fuels such as gasoline, kerosene, and liquid hydrogen, and also "exotic" fuels based on boron, fluorine, radioactive materials, and other still-classified substances.

Most liquid-fueled rockets require an intricate and expensive system of feeding the combustible and liquid oxidizer in accurate proportion and rate. (To get a good blast oxygen must be added because there is little oxygen in space.) Solid propellants with fuel and oxidizer premixed to assure complete burning are far simpler and cheaper to construct and handle, and are more versatile in performance. That is, they can be stored and can be fired immediately with a high rate of reliability.

Development of these weapons, some of which have opened up transportation possibilities in outer space, has been expensive. It is estimated that the United States had spent or appropriated, by the end of 1961, over $30 billion on missiles research, development, and procurement. An additional $50 billion is scheduled to be spent during the next ten years on military and civilian space programs. Of a total national defense budget for the 1961 fiscal year of approximately $43 billion, missiles accounted for well over $5 billion, or 12 per cent. This is the equivalent of 500,000 new homes — or the cost of putting 5,000,000 students through college for a year. Missiles procurement for military purposes is now almost as great as aircraft procurement, while research and development contracts for space programs threaten to exceed those for strictly military use. Spendings on missiles, satellites, and space flight now approach the sum spent by all Americans each year for new cars. Almost a million persons are employed in jobs directly or indirectly related to America's space program.

While some of this expenditure is "wasteful," though necessary, there are undoubted side benefits to the United States economy. These include the development of new manufacturing techniques (numerical control of giant machine tools, chemical machining, explosive forming), new industrial products (telemetering devices, three-D television, missile mail carriers), many kinds of new materials, and much new manufacturing capacity. Consumers' products already developed from Missile Age breakthroughs include new ceramic materials, improved

UTAH'S

MISSILES

INDUSTRY

7

battery-powered flashlights and radios, devices for opening and closing garage doors "on command," miniscule heart stimulators, tiny electronic wristwatches, and various medical devices.5 With the exception of transistors and miracle drugs, nearly all the great technical advances of the past few years have been paid for out of defense budgets. "As the missiles take over from manned aircraft, they should become our most important source of future technology." 6 One reason for this is that the industry employs a high proportion of scientific and technical personnel and devotes a large share of its budget to research.

Basically, missiles are pilotless torpedoes which can be relied on through various means of guidance to destroy a target. The missiles most talked about, and for which the Defense Department is spending the largest percentage of its allotted money, are Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). Atlas, Titan, Polaris, and Minuteman, which are classed in this group, are considered as ballistic missiles rather than guided missiles because, like the bullet in a rifle, their trajectory and guidance system is established at the launching, while guided missiles are subject to redirection during flight. From bases in the continental United States or from mobile launching bases on submarines, it is now possible, within an hour of launching time, to drop nuclear or thermonuclear warheads upon any spot on the globe. Alternatively, we may be able to send, in massive retaliation to an attack on our territory, hundreds of big missiles capable of wiping out every large military objective of any conceivable aggressor in a matter of minutes.

Missiles have truly revolutionized defensive and offensive military planning. No longer may long-range bombers rule the sky through height and speed of operation; a guided missile can easily knock one down from a land base hundreds of miles away.' It is clear that the United States is relying heavily on guided missiles for offensive and defensive striking and deterrent power, as well as for numerous potential peacetime uses. By the end of 1962, guided missiles, particularly Minuteman, will be the "long suit" in Uncle Sam's defense "hand."

The recent shift in emphasis from liquid-fueled Atlas and Titan systems to the high-priority Minuteman, a solid-fueled rocket, stems 5

Lieutenant General James M. Gavin, "Rocket Secrets Could Make Us Rich!"

This Week (February 5, 1961).

G Herbert C. Rosenthal, "What the Missile Program Means to Industry,'' Dun's Review and Modern Industry, LXXIII (February, 1959), 112.

7 The Soviet press has claimed diat this is what happened to a U-2 "spy" plane on May 2, 1960, over Russian-held territory.

8

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

from the latter's greater reliability, faster reaction time (it may be fired within a minute or so of an actual alert), easier handling in the field requiring fewer highly-trained personnel, greater mobility, less handling equipment (because it is smaller for its range and power), ease of storage at-the-ready for long periods of time, and the drastic reduction in cost. Exclusive of launch facilities, Minuteman missiles will cost about $500,000 each, compared with about $2 million each for Atlas. On its launcher, a single Minuteman will cost less than $2 million, compared with $35 million for the liquid-fueled ICBM. Developed in 1957, the nuclear-tipped, 60-foot Minuteman can carry an explosive load of half a megaton (half a million tons of TNT) for a distance of 6,300 miles. Already, hundreds of steel and concrete silos are being built around the country to store this new member of the Air Force missiles family, and railroad trains are being prepared to carry it at-the-ready in random paths across the country. Properly regarded as the "compact car" of the missiles industry, Minuteman capitalizes upon the traditional American ability to produce a large supply of like items efficiently. Some 60 of the giant birds are scheduled to be produced each month beginning in mid-1962. And with its new inertial guidance system, the graceful Minuteman scored a direct bulls-eye in its first "go for broke" 4,000-mile test flight in February, 1961.

While Utah has participated in the production of other missiles, the vertiginous Minuteman is the defense system which has brought most of the missiles industry to Utah. At least 8,000 workers and an annual payroll of $42 million are directly attributable to Minuteman contracts in Utah. This is in addition to many other vital defense projects upon which work is being done in the Beehive State.

BEGINNINGS OF MISSILES PRODUCTION IN UTAH

The missiles industry in Utah is now in its sixth year, with two of the five principal companies, Sperry Rand Corporation, Salt Lake City, and Marquardt Corporation, Ogden, having commenced their Utah operations in July, 1956.8 The largest of the missiles firms, Thiokol Chemical Corporation, commenced construction of plant 8 In addition to the sources cited above, treatments of the Utah missiles industry include: William A. Tilleman, "Federal Defense Spending in Utah," Utah Economic and Business Review, XX (April, 1960), 3-5; Utah Department of Employment Security, "Utah's Fastest Growing Industry: Missiles," Utah Monthly Employment Review (May, 1961), 5-6; and various articles in the Utah Economic and Business Review, Proceedings of the State Economic Development Conferences, Salt Lake Tribune, and Deseret News and Telegram.

UTAH'S

MISSILES

INDUSTRY

9

facilities northwest of Brigham City early in 1957. One other company, Hercules Powder Company, Magna, was already established in the state in related fields prior to its entrance into the missiles field in 1958. The most recent entrant, The Boeing Company, established a management office in Ogden consisting of a few persons in the fall of 1959, and construction of the Minuteman assembly and recycle plant at Hill Air Force Base began in September, 1960, and is scheduled for completion early in 1962.

There are basically three missiles represented by these five companies. Thiokol, Hercules, and Boeing are engaged with the Minuteman— "the missile whose middle name is Ute." Thiokol has the contract for the large first-stage solid-propellant engine, Hercules has the third-stage engine, and Boeing is the final assembler and tester of the giant fire breather.9 Sperry Utah is the prime contractor for the complete system of the solid-fuel Army Sergeant tactical missile, and is performing the necessary research and development to make it fully operational. Marquardt's efforts are centered around production engines— "Ramjets" — for the Boeing Bomarc antiaircraft interceptor missiles. Hercules, in addition to the Minuteman contract, is working on an improved second-stage solid-fuel engine for Polaris — the first ballistic missile designed to be fired from a submerged submarine.

In addition, each of the above companies operates research and development facilities aimed at continually providing better equipment for the missiles-space industry. Several of the plants are working on commercial applications of rockets, and others have advanced programs in progress in weapons systems research, missiles subsystems and components, and space flight. Moreover, such firms as Eitel-McCullough and Litton Industries, of Salt Lake City, produce inertial guidance systems and electron transmitting tubes and klystrons used in missiles and space satellites and thus complement Utah's missiles industry. It is comforting to Utahns to know that each of these companies has diversification plans to lessen its dependence upon the vagaries of Defense Department contracts, thus insuring a reasonably stable rate of return on plant investment, and a reasonably continuous employment at a fairly stable rate.

Moreover, Hill Air Force Base, near Ogden, with 13,500 employees, has assumed logistical support for the major missiles projects 'Aerojet-General Corporation, of Sacramento, California, has the contract for the second-stage engine, and North American Aviation's Autonetics Division, San Diego, California, produces the guidance system.

10

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

in Utah, as well as logistical support, maintenance, and remodeling of a number of operational missiles systems not made or developed in the state, including the Skybolt air-to-ground missile and the Genie air-to-air rocket. Almost a thousand Hill Air Force Base workers are now classed as "missilemen," with the proportion expected to increase rapidly. Not only does Hill AFB have the prime responsibility for Minuteman from the standpoint of procurement, replacement parts, and related missions, but the Air Materiel Command has assigned the Utah General Depot, Ogden, the mission of converting military railroad equipment to transport the missiles by rail. Ogden will also be an operations center for the mobile squadrons — some 2,400 Air Force personnel — which will operate the Minuteman railroad cars.

Finally, the Tooele Ordnance Depot will carry out support and maintenance missions for die Utah-produced missiles.

Many firms have also been attracted to the state in anticipation of subcontracting with the prime contractors, and many more subcontractors can be expected to establish branches in northern Utah as production begins to be more important than research and development in the plants of Utah's missiles-makers. Housing construction in some communities near missiles facilities has shown gains of thousands of per cent per year as professional and technical personnel from outof-state have been attracted to Utah by the industry. Thiokol Chemical Corporation, which produces missiles at government-owned plants in several other states, has established rocket headquarters of the company in Ogden. Literally dozens of new plants are scheduled for construction in Utah, and employment is expected to rise by at least 2,000 during the year 1962.

On the basis of these indications of solidarity and growth and the increasing reliance of the Defense Department on solid-fuel missiles in its defense concept, Utahns can expect, during the next decade, to see the Wasatch Front in the fore of America's defense and space travel activities. By 1963, when Minuteman will become fully operational, Utah will be the leading missiles center in the nation.

W H Y UTAH?

Why have these important firms established plants in Utah ? Why should Utah have become one of the nation's leading producers of missiles ? Obviously, there were, in each case, particular reasons why each of the five principal contractors chose a Utah location. Thus, Sperry Rand wanted a location fairly close to its Sergeant co-contractor, Jet

UTAH'S

MISSILES

INDUSTRY

II

Propulsion Laboratories, Pasadena, California, and to White Sands Proving Grounds, New Mexico, where the flight testing would take place. Marquardt required a location where the roar of ramjet engines could be dissipated without disturbing farms and communities, and which was near the Ogden Air Materiel Area headquarters at Hill Air Force Base. Thiokol wanted a site with plenty of expansion room, and with suitable space for testing large solid-fuel rocket motors. Hercules needed considerable space and preferred one close to its Bacchus dynamite works. Boeing's location had to be adjacent to Hill Air Force Base.

In addition to these special factors, however, several general considerations have favored northern Utah as a center for the nation's missiles industry. National policy requires the dispersal of defense facilities at varied "nontarget" locations throughout the country, away from vulnerable coastal areas and removed from large concentrations of population. Utah has large stretches of desert wasteland where test facilities could be located at little expense, under ideal climatic conditions, and without danger or disturbance to heavily-populated communities and farms. Moreover, northern Utah, located astride the continent, is a transportation and communications crossroads — a central distributing point for the entire West. Almost equidistant from Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, it is within easy commuting distance of the important defense bastions and research centers on the west coast. Both Ogden and Salt Lake City have excellent highway, rail, and air connections, and Ogden has the largest rail-switching station west of the Mississippi.

Of equal importance with these physical advantages, northern Utah also has cultural and human assets. Perhaps the most powerful attraction is the presence of three great universities — University of Utah, Utah State University, and Brigham Young University — where scientists and technicians can keep informed on die latest developments in their fields and associate with creative and stimulating minds. There are also excellent training and educational facilities at Weber College, Westminster College, the Salt Lake City Trade and Technical Institute, and the Central Utah Vocational School at Provo—all of which have gone out of their way to co-operate in providing an adequate and welltrained force of technical support personnel. Utah has traditionally maintained high standards in all levels of education and thus is capable of producing the talents and skills required by the modern laboratories and factories of technologically-advanced industries. Utah has also had,

Sperry Utah Company, prime contractor for the complete system of the solid-fuel Army Sergeant tactical missile, was the first of the outside corporations to locate a plant in Utah.

The facility was constructed in 1956 on a 46-acre plot adjacent to the Salt Lake Municipal Airport.

COURTESY SPERRY UTAH COMPANY

historically, a proportionately large number of well-educated but underemployed persons. Company personnel officers were delighted to find that many Utah-educated people now employed outside the state were pleased to return to their homeland to work. This was partly for religious and family reasons, of course, but also because of favorable living conditions: healthful climate, pleasant surroundings, unsurpassed recreational opportunities, and die character and friendliness of the people. Company officials also found a favorable attitude on the part of local business, government, and church leaders. In general, the companies have been well pleased with their Utah employees. As one executive has written: "Our Utah employees work hard, learn fast, and adapt themselves to new situations very readily."10 The labor turnover has been relatively low.

SPERRY RAND CORPORATION

The first of the "outside" corporations to locate plants or divisions in Utah for purposes of missiles production was the Sperry Rand Corporation of New York City.11 This company originated in 1910 when P. W. Vestigo in "Journal of Commerce Article," typescript in possession of the writers.

"References include: Sperry Rand Corporation, This is Sperry Rand (n.p., 1956), and A History of Sperry Rand Corporation (New York, ca. 1958); Sperry Utah Engineering Laboratory, The U.S. Army "Sergeant" (Salt Lake City, ca. 1961); and Sperry

- U S ARMY-.

The Army Sergeant missile, a supersonic, medium-range, solid-fueled, surface-to-surface missile was designed to provide troop support and is capable of striking ground targets at ranges of 75 to 125 miles.

It may be moved into position on its transportable ejector-launcher and fired by its crew under any conditions of weather or terrain.

COURTESY SPERRY UTAH COMPANY

Dr. Elmer A. Sperry formed the Sperry Gyroscope Company to produce a gyrocompass for ships and an automatic pilot or "stabilizing gyroscope" for airplanes. Following a policy of diversification and expansion, the company went on to produce, among other things, the first autopilot flight controls, from which have evolved our modern autopilot and guidance systems for pilotless flight and guided missiles; the first "aerial torpiedoes," which scored accurate hits at up to fifty miles during World W a r I; and a high intensity arc searchlight which was used through World W a r II. In the 1920's and 1930's Sperry perfected the first blind flight instruments, data transmission systems, antiaircraft g u n directors for naval vessels, and the klystron tube which laid the groundwork for all subsequent microwave radar. World W a r II contributions, in addition to radar improvements, included gyroscopic bombsights, mine detectors, and remote control systems for ships, guns, and searchlights.

Since 1933 the company has operated as T h e Sperry Corporation, with principal divisions including the Sperry Gyroscope Company, Utah Engineering Laboratory Offers (Salt Lake City, ca. 1960); "Sperry Rand: Still Merging," Fortune, LXI (March, 1960), 125-32 ff.; Stephen K. Campbell, "Sperry — A Utah Growth Industry," Utah Economic and Business Review, XVIII (August, 1958), 2-3, 8; annual reports to stockholders for 1959, 1960, 1961; and the company's magazines, Sperry Utah News and Sperryscope.

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Ford Instrument Company, and Vickers Incorporated. In 1955 a merger was effected with Remington Rand Incorporated, whose origin went back to 1873, thus creating the Sperry Rand Corporation, with 87 plant facilities, 40 of them in foreign countries. This sprawling organization, owned by more than 165,000 stockholders, now consists of five loosely-integrated divisions which manufacture hydraulic equipment, farm equipment, and machines with electrical-electronic components; business machines, equipment, and supplies; electronic dataprocessing and tabulating equipment; and instrumentation and controls. Among its products are New Holland farm equipment, Vickers hydraulic equipment, Remington typewriters and electric shavers, Remington Rand Univac computers, and Sperry electronic control equipment. Total sales amount to about $1.2 billion per year. The company has about 105,000 employees. Chairman of the board is General Douglas Mac Arthur.

In 1956 Sperry Rand became heavily involved in national defense and accepted contracts for missiles systems, inertial guidance, automatic flight control, automatic navigation, electronic countermeasures, highpower radars for missiles guidance, airborne hydraulics, and groundbased missile guidance computers. These defense contracts, which by 1959 had boosted the corporation to twelfth in the dollar volume of U.S. government defense work, now account for approximately half of the total sales of the corporation.

The establishment of the Sperry Utah Engineering Laboratories in Salt Lake City was in connection with a prime contract for development and production of the deadly Sergeant missile. This special Utah facility was constructed during the last half of 1956 on a 46-acre plot adjacent to the Salt Lake City Municipal Airport, which the company purchased in June, 1956. Availability of the acreage adjacent to the airport provided good facilities for operations whose primary transportation need was air travel of personnel. The Sergeant missile program, the development of which Sperry Utah shared with Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and for the production and management of which it has full responsibility, moved from the development stage into production late in 1960. Coincident widi the shifting of emphasis to production was the changing of the facility's name to Sperry Utah Company, Division of Sperry Rand Corporation.

Development and production of the Sergeant artillery guided missile system is the primary concern of the group today, as it was when the facility first located in Salt Lake City. Sergeant is a supersonic,

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medium-range, solid-fueled ballistic-guided missile designed to replace the liquid-fueled Corporal in providing atomic troop support. This five-ton surface-to-surface battlefield missile is about 35 feet long and 2^2 feet in diameter, is capable of striking ground targets at ranges of 75 to 125 miles, far beyond that of conventional artillery weapons, and has a guidance system which is invulnerable to any known enemy countermeasures. It may be moved into position and fired in a short time under any conditions of weather and terrain. In a 1960 test the sleek, white Sergeant rated a "100 per cent successful" firing record.

The weapons system has been classed by the Army as a "high density" item, meaning that a large number of the missiles would be required for training purposes, and a great number would be prepared for strategic missions. The first Sergeant, complete with ground equipment, was delivered to the Redstone Army Arsenal in Alabama in April, 1961, and it is expected to be placed in the hands of troops sometime in 1962.

Gaining in importance, however, are the company-sponsored research and development projects underway at Sperry Utah to widen the scope of its operations and assure a stable future. These projects include comprehensive studies of advanced weapons systems, the design and fabrication of specialized subsystems and components for die arming and fuzing of missiles, and studies in the use of digital computers.

A staff of engineers and technical support personnel experienced in solving research and development problems has been selected for the purpose of integrating new projects into> the total work plan of the company. Prior to 1961, the Utah Division had undertaken contract research on infrared possibilities and applications (now transferred to Sperry Gyroscope Company in New York), the design and development of the Army Vigilante Weapons System, a radar tracking-plotting system for recording aircraft track information, and the manufacture of missile guidance systems for the Navy. The Utah laboratory also has worked on aircraft detection, antiaircraft fire control, antisubmarine warfare, satellite re-entry, reconnaissance, and investigation of unexplored regions of the spectrum.

The original 50,000 square-foot Sperry plant in Utah was sold in February, 1958, to Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company, of Los Angeles, for a reported $1,650,000, and leased back to Sperry for a 40year period. In this way the company raised the wherewithal to add another 107,000 square feet to the building in 1957-58. Another 108,000 square feet were added in 1960, making the total value of Sperry con-

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struction in Utah in excess of $5 million. Sperry Rand facilities in Utah now encompass 480,000 square feet of floor space and include rented space at the Salt Lake City Municipal Airport, buildings in downtown Salt Lake City, and a manufacturing area at the Naval Supply Depot in nearby Clearfield.

The original plant housed some 200 Sperry Utahns, while present employment is around 3,000. Nearly all of these are Utah natives. The resident manager stated, in 1958, that 95 per cent of those employed at that date had been recruited from the Salt Lake vicinity, and that "less than 70 persons were brought from Sperry plants in other parts of the country."12 Approximately one-seventh of the engineers and other technical personnel were former Utahns who had returned to the state after previously being required to leave the state to find suitable employment.13 Wages and salaries are estimated at $20 million for 1961, compared with $6 million in 1958. Procurement and subcontracting in Utah during 1961 totaled approximately $5 million.

The total of all Sergeant contracts allocated to Sperry Utah Company by October 1, 1961, was $198 million, of which $55 million was for research and development, $95 million for production, $15 million for improvement of product and production methods, and $32 million for spare parts. With a substantial backlog of defense contracts still to be finished and widening involvement in nonmilitary activities, it would appear that Sperry Utah has become a permanent part of the state's economy.

THE MARQUARDT CORPORATION

One of the few major contractors to begin as a missiles maker, the Marquardt Corporation, Van Nuys, California, was founded in 1944

by Roy E. Marquardt, a young engineer-professor at the California Institute of Technology and University of Southern California, who determined to build high-performance ramjet engines.14 From its initial $1,000 capital and a handful of workmen building ramjets in a converted farmers' market stall in Los Angeles, the Marquardt Aircraft Company (the "Aircraft" was recently deleted from the name) has grown into a $10 million corporation, not counting the two Air Force-owned test laboratories and much government-owned machinery 13

"Sperry Utah Expands," Salt Lake Tribune, January 15, 1958. " Campbell, Utah Economic and Business Review, XVIII, 3.

14 References include: Marquardt Aircraft Corporation, Ogden Plant (Ogden, Utah, ca. 1958), and Ogden Division Capabilities (Ogden, ca. 1960); "Company With a OneTrack Mind," Business Week (June 22, 1957), 77-84; annual reports to stockholders for 1958, 1959, and 1960; and Remarqs and McOgden Reporter, company magazines.

The Air Force-Marquardt Jet Laboratory completed in 1959, at Little Mountain, fifteen miles west of Ogden.

Roy E. Marquardt and Mayor Raymond S. Wright, Ogden City, at ground-breaking ceremonies (July, 1956) for the manufacturing plant in Ogden.

COURTESY THE

MARQUARDT CORPORATION

at these and company-owned facilities. O n e of these laboratories — the $14 million Air Force-Marquardt Jet Laboratory — was completed in October, 1959, at Little Mountain, fifteen miles west of Ogden on the northeastern shores of Great Salt Lake. Marquardt's engines, which travel at three to four times the speed of sound, power a variety of missiles and, eventually, may be instrumental in propulsion of space vehicles. T h e company employs more than 4,000 — of w h o m more than one-third are scientists, engineers, and skilled technicians — in the fields of advanced space research, power systems, controls, nucleonics, simulator-training, rocketry research, and weapons system support and manufacturing.

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Ramjet engine, which provides the thrust for the pilotless, ground-toair Bomarc, propels the missile with ordinary kerosene- These engines, which travel at three or four times the speed of sound, power a variety of missiles and may be instrumental in propulsion of space vehicles.

COURTESY THE

MARQUARDT CORPORATION

Financially this "small business among giants" has made an impressive record. Sales increased from $33,000 in 1945 to $69 million in 1959. Employment, which maintained a plateau of near 1,000 from 1952 through 1955, has more than quadrupled in the past five years.

From the initial ten in 1944, the ownership has grown to more than 5,000 stockholders, and its stock has been sold on the New York Stock Exchange since 1960. Principal stockholders have included General Tire & Rubber Company, Laurance S. Rockefeller, and Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation.

As with Sperry, Marquardt has been committed to the idea that diversification is the path to growth and financial stability, and in 1958 the company acquired Associated Missile Products Company and Cooper Development Corporation. A division of American Machine & Foundry Company, Associated Missile Products Company is now operated as Marquardt's Pomona, California, Division and produces weapon support equipment for missiles and target "drones"; radar systems, trainers, and target simulators; and data processing and dis-

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play systems. Cooper Development Division, Monrovia, California, has specialized in instrumentation, electronics, and rocketry research, and has furnished motors, electronic devices, ground support systems, and field crews for their operation in a variety of space and missiles systems.

Marquardt's Air-Space Travel Research Organization (ASTRO) has worked on hyperjet and nuclear ramjet engines and pursued various studies related to propulsion systems for space vehicles. Marquardt is now developing a combination rocket-ramjet engine which, in combining the advantages of both systems, will be air-breathing when in the atmosphere and will carry oxidizers to use as a rocket when beyond the earth's atmosphere. A big advantage is the saving in weight over the fuel needed by a conventional rocket carrying its own oxidizer.

Marquardt officials began looking for an inland location consistent with the dispersal program for defense industries in 1956, after the ramjet principle had been perfected to a degree that production and testing facilities were needed. Surveys of several areas resulted in the selection of Ogden as the community appearing to> offer the best combination of factors in the West for the production and acceptancetesting of ramjet engines. The roar of the ramjets could be dissipated without disturbing nearby farms and communities, a large defenseoriented labor force was available, and the headquarters of the Ogden Air Materiel Area, which is the logistics support manager for the Bomarc system, was at nearby Hill Air Force Base.

Ground-breaking ceremonies for the $3 million self-contained manufacturing facility at the southwest corner of Ogden were held July 11, 1956, and the plant was dedicated June 3, 1957. The first engine was delivered within a month of dedication, a full month ahead of schedule, and the production of ramjet engines has been steady and according to schedule since that date. Enclosing 250,000 square feet, the advanced-type production plant was voted one of the "Top Ten" plants of 1958.15 Construction since the first increment was completed in 1957 has more than doubled the original plant facilities.

The Ogden plant produces 607 of the 670 component parts of the RJ43 engines, which provide the cruise power for the Bomarc pilotless ground-to-air guided missile. (The Bomarc is designed to intercept supersonic planes at an altitude of 100,000 feet and 450 miles away.)

These 14-foot-long, air-breathing engines, sometimes referred to as 15 "Gold Plate Outside, Blue Chip In — Plant of the Year: Marquardt Aircraft Company, Ogden, Utah," Factory Management and Maintenance (May, 1958), pp.

A-42-47.

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"flying stovepipes," propel the interceptors at 2,600 miles per hour, using ordinary kerosene, at a compression ratio of 100 to 1. The potential is still relatively untapped, even considering that ordinary automobiles attain only 10 to 1 ratios on high-test gasoline. Ogden-built engines have achieved a remarkably high reliability rating.

Production of the engines requires large quantities of sheet metal, bar metal, tubing, and innumerable bolts, nuts, screws, and rivets.

An estimated 60 per cent of the company's purchases are made in Utah. Employment at the plant, 100 per cent of which is governmentor defense-contracted, accelerated rapidly from the 1956 year-end level of 227 to 1,682 on December 31, 1959. Some 175 persons are employed at the Little Mountain test facility. The drop since 1959 is partially accounted for by changes in defense scheduling which called for planned reductions in procurement of the Bomarc "B." A congressional committee recommended the virtual suspension of the Bomarc program, paring the original appropriations for the antiaircraft missile by $294 million. When a series of successful tests were completed, however, the Senate voted to restore all but $50 million of the projected funds. Nevertheless, present scheduling calls for the "phase-out" of the Bomarc in 1962. In 1960 Bomarc accounted for about half of the total company sales of $66 million.

Marquardt's future is not entirely clouded by die projected Bomarc fade-out. The company owns its own plant facilities, and is now actively bidding on subcontract work with other missiles manufacturers to maintain its present employees after current contracts are terminated in the fall of 1962. It is also continuing an active program of research.

In 1961, for example, the company obtained an Army contract for development of an engine for a target missile and an Air Force contract for further research and development of the Project Pluto Ramjet engine. The Ogden plant is the manufacturing facility of Marquardt and is virtually certain to be used in the production of many kinds of products, both civilian and military.

THIOKOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION

Largest expenditures of any missile contractor located in Utah are made by Thiokol Chemical Corporation, whose headquarters are in Bristol, Pennsylvania, with two rocket divisions and one specialty division located in Utah at present.16 to

lc References on Thiokol include: Thiokol Chemical Corporation, From Rubber Rockets (n.p., ca. 1958); Kenneth W. Catmull, "Thiokol and Utah — Space Age

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Thiokol Chemical Corporation, which operates under the largest defense contract ever granted a Utah concern, was founded in 1929 shortly after Dr. J. C. Patrick and Nathan Mnookin accidentally discovered synthetic rubber while trying to make a cheap antifreeze. The name of the corporation comes from the old Greek words for sulfur and "sticky stuff" or glue. After being forced to relocate from their original Kansas City plant because of the vile smell and complaints from neighbors, the firm, which was presided over by Bevis Longstreth, former Kansas City salt merchant, settled in New Jersey.

Throughout the thirties, sales were scant. Resistance to ordinary solvents justified the synthetic's high price in only a few specialized products, such as gaskets and oil and gasoline hoses.

In 1943, however, the struggling little producer managed to develop one product of extraordinary portent: a liquid polysulfide polymer that turned into a solid at ordinary temperatures. Because it was resistant to Partners," Utah Economic and Business Review, XVIII (November and December, 1958), 6-8; ibid., "The Economic Impact of Thiokol on Box Elder County" (M.B.A. Research Report, University of Utah, 1959); Morris W. Glover, "The Economic Impact of the Thiokol Chemical Corporation Installation on Box Elder County" (Pacific Coast Banking School Thesis, University of Washington, 1960); Edward T. Thompson, "The Rocketing Fortunes of Thiokol," Fortune, LVII (June, 1958), 106-14, 190 ff.; "Up On Solid Fuel," Time, LXXI (April 14, 1958), 92-94; annual reports of the company for 1959, 1960; and The Utah Impulse, company magazine.

Thiokol Chemical Corporation technicians remove a mix of solid lant from a 300 gallon mixer. This propellant is used in Thiokol ical Corporation s first-stage engine for the Air Force Minuteman

propelChemICBM.

COURTESY THIOKOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION

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low temperatures, gasoline, and bullets, it was used as a sealant for airplane fuel tanks, fuselages, air ducts, gun turrets, and navigation domes.

Indeed, today, Thiokol claims an estimated 300-pound contribution to the production of nearly every passenger plane manufactured. But, more importantly, the polymer has been used as a rocket fuel for solidpropellant engines.

It was in 1946 that the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology found that by mixing an oxidizer with some Thiokol liquid rubber polymers a material could be obtained that would burn with great intensity and produce enormous quantities of gas. Realizing that this new material was a possible propellant for rockets, Thiokol started experimenting for uses in 1948. Within a year the Defense Department was so impressed with this propellant that it invited Thiokol to move its rocket division to the Redstone Arsenal at Huntsville, Alabama. Here, among other things, it was found that bonding the fuel directly to the case eliminated the need for heavy mechanical supports and heavy cylinder walls. The modern solidfueled rocket made possible through this early research is a lightweight steel shell filled with gray rubbery propellant formed with a star-shaped hole through the center.

Carrying news of the new-found breakthrough to the Army, Thiokol bid to become a rocket contractor. Growth in solid-fuels contracts with the Army, from the first $250,000 contract in 1947, has been rapid and continuous. Corporate sales in the rocket area, which for the first time became important in 1951, had increased to $31 million by 1957 and jumped to almost $200 million in 1959. Thiokol, whose fuel powered most stages of the Explorer satellites, has become the thirdranking rocket fuel producer in the United States.

Acquisitions and mergers in 1957 broadened and diversified this "Cinderella" company. First was the National Electronics Laboratories, Washington, D.C., which was acquired for $280,000 in Thiokol stock, and which produced transmitter-receiver equipment, remote-control devices, and other electronic systems. A few months later, HunterBristol Corporation, of Pennsylvania, was acquired for nearly $1.2 million in cash and stocks. The company makes rocket sleds, aircraft pilot ejector systems, and other specialty ordnance equipment. Thiokol's most important acquisition, however, was Reaction Motors, a pioneer liquid-fuel rocket company, which was acquired in 1958 for 199,000 shares of Thiokol stock. Thiokol officials reasoned that, while solidfueled rockets look good in the immediate future and for military ap-

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plication, liquids will continue to be important in launching man into space. "Manned rocket vehicles," they stated, "need engines whpse power can be turned on and off again. This can be done with liquids, but not with solids as yet."

Thiokol's liquid sulfide polymer, however, still principally used as rocket fuel and as a sealant, is the firm's leading product, accounting for about 25 per cent of its sales. Much of the company's success and growth is attributable to the policy of investing a large portion of sales revenue in research. Almost a thousand scientists were on the payroll in 1961, and all were encouraged to spend at least 10 per cent of their time on pet projects. Most of the heavy outlay for research, however, has gone into applied research. Approximately 92 per cent of the company's sales in 1960 were under research and development contracts for the Department of Defense.

Before the Minuteman series of contracts began, Thiokol had worked on several missiles systems. By 1957 they had produced power plants for the Falcon, Nike-Hercules, Nike-Cajun, Lacrosse, Terrapin, X-7 test vehicle, and the Matador B missiles. Work done under contracts during succeeding years has included, besides the former weapons systems mentioned, the following: Little Joe, Subroc, Sergeant, Corvus, Honest John, Bullpup, Matador booster, Sparrow III, Mace, Minuteman, Pershing, Nike-Zeus, and Bomarc booster. The firm also developed the power system of the X-15, which is the first manned vehicle to have flown essentially outside the earth's atmosphere, and at speeds of more than 4,000 miles per hour.

The high reliability of Thiokol products is seen from recent news releases. Reduction of an 18-shot test string to 8 in the "silo" launching experiments conducted on Minuteman in 1960 was done because no mishaps had occurred.17 Aviation Week reported a perfect firing record for 3,000 motors made at the Elkton, Maryland, plant during a 12-month period in 1958-59.18 By 1958 Thiokol had also fired the largest solid-propellant engine known then, containing over ten tons of propellant,19 and now claims to have the largest horizontal-thrust test stand in the United States, capable of testing engines up to 1.5 million pounds of thrust. " Salt Lake Tribune, May 4, 1960.

18 Michael Yaffee, "Thiokol Expands Quality Control System," Aviation Week, LXXI (September 7, 1959), 54.

10 Michael Yaffee, "Largest Solid Propellant Engine Static-Fired in Thiokol Fuel Test," ibid., LXVIII (February 24, 1958), 31.

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It was in response to suggestions by the Air Force that Thiokol announced on April 30, 1956, its plan to build a $15 million research and development center for large rocket motors, 27 miles west of Brigham City on an 11,000-acre tract of rangeland. The company opened its doors in Utah on October 17, 1957. By November, 1959, when the Minuteman production contract was awarded to Thiokol, the company had spent $77 million on the research and development work for the propulsion phase of Minuteman.

The site near Brigham City was chosen because it offered sufficient space to test large solid-fuel rocket motors and space for expansion when the occasion for it arose; it represented a sufficiently isolated position for safety and security; and it afforded excellent transportation to its facilities in Maryland, Texas, and Alabama, and to other aircraft and missiles contractors on the west coast. In addition the land was available for outright purchase at a comparatively favorable price, and it was in an area of surplus "educated" labor.

Thiokol apparently felt the necessity of owning a facility which would give them the freedom they needed to pursue such phases of rocket and missile development as they felt were of value. For this purpose the company raised most of the funds for the first Brigham City plant by stockholders' subscriptions. By 1959 the facility consisted of 83 multicolored buildings of various sizes, shapes, and descriptions, 31 of which were paid for by the Air Force and the remainder by Thiokol. By the end of 1961 the facility consisted of some 180 brightly-colored structures.

Employment at the Utah Division has grown from 115 in December, 1957, to 1,119 in December, 1958, to 3,149 in December, 1959, to 3,700 in December, 1960. By 1961 total company employment was 10,400, of which 44 per cent was in Utah. The payroll in Utah grew from $209,000 in 1957 to $22 million in 1960. Sales of the Utah Division grew from less than $1 million in 1957 to over $100 million each during 1959 and 1960. All of the work was government-contracted.

While most of the early technical and professional personnel were recruited from out-of-state, many of the nonprofessional workers were part-time farmers or workers in Box Elder and Cache counties. By 1961 some 1,133 employees were commuting daily from Cache Valley.20 ThiokoPs payroll in Utah in 1961 exceeded $30 million.

The formal Air Force announcement, in November, 1959, that Thiokol would build in Utah the first-stage or booster engine for 20

Logan Herald-Journal,

November 1, 1961.

Thiokol Chemical Corporation's solid-propellant research and development facility in northern Utah. This plant has grown from a few buildings and 115 people in 1957 to 180 buildings and 5,000 people in 1961, and operates under the largest defense contract ever granted a Utah firm.

COURTESY THIOKOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION

Thiokol Chemical Corporation's second division plant on 3$0Q acres adjacent to her original site, is being constructed to provide facilities to build the first-stage or booster engine for the Minuteman missile. This Blue Creek plant is scheduled for completion in April, 1962.

COURTESY THIOKOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION

-- ^'--

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Minuteman resulted in the creation of a second division on 3,500 !acres adjacent to the original site. This production division, known at Thiokol as its "Wasatch Division," was officially designated Air Force Plant 78, and includes 108 structures being built 12 miles west of Tremonton. Ground-breaking ceremonies were held in November, 1960. This Blue Creek Valley facility — four miles south of Howell — is scheduled for completion in April, 1962, and will cost Thiokol about $2 million and the Air Force some $26 million. Employment at Plant 78 is expected to reach 1,500 persons in 1962. In the meantime, the facilities of the Wasatch Division contain 540,000 square feet of area and include 160,000 square feet of rented space at the Naval Supply Depot at Clearfield. To co-ordinate the firm's missiles activities, Thiokol built a new $200,000 Rocket Operations Center at Ogden. Begun in October, 1960, and occupied in May, 1961, this is the nerve center for several key divisions creating weapons for all three services. Several top company executives were moved to Ogden to carry on this activity.

The Utah and Wasatch divisions were combined into a single organizational structure known as Wasatch Division in March, 1961.

The manager of contracts and customer service — one of the five top jobs in the new organization — is held by Lawrence C. Taylor, a young Utah State University graduate in economics.

Thiokol has made heavy use of local industries in the state for subcontracting. Universities, too, have taken subcontracts. The University of Utah received a $75,000 contract for research on composite propellants, $47,200 for solid-propellant studies, and $3,000 for rocket hardware studies. Utah State University received a basic research contract for $50,000 to be used in civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering, and $126,000 for handling carriages for the first-stage engine of Minuteman. The Utah Scientific Research Foundation, at Utah State University, developed and built a number of giant 30-ton truck-trailer transports for Thiokol.

In 1961 Thiokol established a new division in Logan to manufacture and market the "Trackmaster" — an off-the-road, all weather vehicle designed to travel over snow, mud, sand, swamps, and other difficult types of terrain. These rugged vehicles are sold to the Air Force, Soil Conservation Service, ski resorts, construction outfits, and other enterprises which are confronted with difficult terrain problems. A new facility became available later in the same year when Thiokol leased the long-idle Pocatello, Idaho, Naval Ordnance plant for use in its Minuteman contracts. Thiokol is also proposing to the National Aeronautics

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and Space Administration a preliminary design on super-rocket launchers which could put 100-ton manned satellites in orbit or on the moon during the 1960's. The giant three-stage NOVA vehicle would require four engines, each 20 feet in diameter and weighing 2.6 million pounds, and would develop 21 million pounds of thrust, which is the equivalent of the combined horsepower of a million American automobiles.

As producers of the first and "Trackmaster," a versatile all- largest stage of the Minuteman — weather vehicle manufactured co- a weapon with a warhead thirty operatively by Thiokol Chemical times more powerful than that of Corporation and the Utah Research the atomic bomb of World War II Foundation, Utah State University. — Thiokol plays a strategic role in COURTESY THIOKOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION America's defense efforts. The nation is relying heavily on this missile and expects Thiokol to produce hundreds — perhaps thousands of engines; reductions or cutbacks in the near future seem unlikely. As Utah's largest employer in this new industry, Thiokol, well ahead of schedule, confidently prepares for mass production of the versatile Minuteman during 1962.

HERCULES POWDER COMPANY

An old-timer in point of time established in Utah, yet the newest of the missiles contractors in the state, is Hercules Powder Company, Wilmington, Delaware, with facilities at Bacchus and at Magna, about twenty miles southwest of Salt Lake City.21 Hercules Powder Company was formed as a result of an antitrust suit against the E. I. du Pont de Nemours organization in 1912.

21 References include: William S. Dutton, Du Pont: One Hundred and Forty Years (New York, 1942); Hercules Powder Company, Hercules Powder Company: A History (Wilmington, Delaware, 1949), Bacchus Works, Magna, Utah (n.p., ca. 1960), Hercules Powder Company Welcomes You to the Bacchus Works Family Day (Magna, Utah, 1960), How Hercules Helps (Wilmington, 1956), and Missilani, a company magazine; Edith T. Penrose, "The Growth of the Firm — A Case Study: The Hercules Powder Company," Business History Review, XXXIV (Spring, 1960), 1-23; and annual reports for the years 1959 and 1960.

Bacchus, about 1930, at the junction in the "company" town (recently abandoned) built for employees who produced blasting powder. The town was named for T. W. Bacchus, a vice-president of Hercules Powder Company.

COURTESY HERCULES POWDER COMPANY

Formed in October of that year, with $65 million each in stocks and bonds, Hercules began operations the next January as an explosives manufacturing firm. The new company owned fifteen plants and offices in various parts of the nation and employed about 1,000 people.

The Du Pont family and related interests continued predominant ownership, but primarily on a nonvoting basis.

Shortly after its formation, in 1914, a plant to produce blasting powder for the copper and coal mines of Utah was begun at Coon Junction, 18 miles southwest of Salt Lake City and at the foot of the Oquirrh Mountains, just four miles south of Magna. The plant was named after T. W. Bacchus, vice-president of the company. A "company" town was built which only recently has been abandoned. Because of the high transportation rates on sensitive explosives, the company followed the practice of the blasting powder and dynamite industry and located the plant near the market. The production of black powder at Bacchus was discontinued in 1924.

Hercules underwent tremendous expansion during World War I, with a period of seven months seeing the work force multiplied ten times. More than 50,000 tons of smokeless powder were produced by the company during World War I. After the war, Hercules officials sought to utilize the large capacity for manufacturing chemical cotton and to provide employment for its accumulated work force by developing new uses for this nitrocellulose. Photographic film, plastics, and

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lacquers, particularly for the growing automobile industry, began to account for a high percentage of the company's output.

As with each of the other firms in the missiles industry, the company diversified and expanded beyond the explosives field into naval stores, synthetic resins, fertilizers, weed killers, and wallpapers and paints. The company now has overseas plants in many countries, particularly Australia, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Several hundred different industries depend at least partially upon the many industrial chemicals and related products made by Hercules from cellulose, rosin and terpenes, nitrogen, and petroleum. The second largest producer of dynamites and blasting caps for general industrial and agricultural purposes, Hercules now ranks eighth in size among more than 11,000 chemical-manufacturing establishments of the nation. The company now has about 17,000 stockholders.

During World War II Hercules produced, on various governmentowned facilities, all of the rocket propellant used by the United States Armed Services. The bazooka antitank rocket, for example, was propelled by a Hercules solid-propellant engine. In addition to its own plants, Hercules operated government-owned arsenals in Virginia, West Virginia, and Kansas. However, by 1960 only 9 per cent of the company's revenue came from sales to identifiable military uses, including fees for operation of government arsenals. At that time, the company employed approximately 14,000 persons, with about 5,000 others employed at three "GOCO" (Government-Owned, CompanyOperated) plants. Hercules plants and property at the close of 1960 were worth about $285 million, at cost. Net sales in 1960 were $337 million. Among its development and production contracts are those for the Terrior, Talos, Minuteman, and advanced Polaris missiles.

Like other Utah missiles concerns, Hercules has also followed a consistent policy of investing heavily in research. In one recent year alone forty new products were in the laboratory stage, twelve were in pilot plant production, four in introductory sales stages, and eight were added to the regular sales list.

In 1955 Hercules invested $2.5 million in an important modernization and expansion of its Bacchus explosives plant. This provided an improved method of producing nitroglycerin, which has since been used to advantage in the company's missiles work. Hercules' participation in missiles activity began in March, 1958, at Bacchus when it initiated construction, on a large company-owned acreage contiguous to the dynamite works, of a $5 million research and development

30

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

facility for solid propellants. As with Thiokol, Hercules wanted its own large facility to carry on independent and competitive research and development. With subsequent contracts, Hercules' initial investment in company-owned facilities was expanded many times over by the end of 1961.

When die Air Force awarded the Bacchus plant a research and development contract for the third stage of Minuteman, in August, 1958, construction of the new facility quickly accelerated. Since that time, Hercules has entered into contract after contract, and the Chemical Propulsion Division at Bacchus has been virtually on a "crash" expansion basis. The work force, which had remained fairly constantly near the 100 mark since 1915, jumped to over 600 within a year, and to over 3,000 in three years. It is expected to reach 5,000 by April, 1963. About 80 per cent of these new employees are from the Salt Lake region, and a large proportion are university graduates. As of the end of 1961, approximately two-thirds of Hercules' employees at Bacchus were native Utahns. Late in 1961 only 50 workers were engaged in making dynamite (at the rate of 1,500 tons per month), and the company announced its intention of discontinuing dynamite production at the end of 1961. Approximately 90 per cent of the activity at Bacchus since 1958 has been identified widi defense contracts.

The most important activity of Hercules has been its development of the third-stage engine for Minuteman. When announcement was made in August, 1960, that Hercules had been awarded the $100 million contract for the mass production of this engine, plans were drawn for the construction at Bacchus of Air Force Plant 81. The construction of this $15 million plant got under way in July, 1961, and is scheduled for completion in March, 1962. Production is scheduled to begin in September, 1962, with 1,500 men employed at this plant alone and a total of 4,000 men on all of Hercules' Minuteman contracts.

The Minuteman contract calls for expenditure of $40 million per year over a two-and-one-half year period.

On the basis of its splendid research in chemical engineering, Hercules also received, in October, 1961, a $50 million contract to produce an improved second-stage solid-fuel rocket motor for the Polaris A-2 Fleet Ballistic missile. The Navy was particularly attracted

by Hercules' spun fiberglass-plastic engine casing — "Spiralloy" — which is far lighter and much tougher than steel. This same casing, together with solid propellant, both produced in Utah, were used in the "Altair" motors which boosted the Pioneer and Echo satellites into

Hercules Powder Company, present facilities of the newest missiles contractor in the state. The work force of Hercules which had remained consistently near the 100 mark since 1915 jumped to over 600 in 1948 and to over 3,000 in three years. It is expected to reach 5,000 in 1963.

COURTESY HERCULES POWDER COMPANY

Old-time method of handling explosives manufactured by Hercules. In 1961 only 50 employees were engaged in making dynamite, and the company announced its intention of discontinuing production at the end of 1961.

COURTESY HERCULES POWDER COMPANY

32

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

orbit. Some 500 of the Polaris missiles are expected to be produced in the next few years, and employment at Bacchus in this work is expected to reach 1,000 persons by the end of 1962. For the production of this speciality, Hercules also rents considerable space at the Naval Supply Depot at Clearfield.

Hercules also has other contracts. In August, 1960, the Bacchus works was awarded a contract by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to provide retro-rockets for the Ranger moon shot development program. Upon the capsule's approach to the moon this retro-rocket will cushion the landing of a sensitive instrument package which will radio back data from moon to earth. This is the first space exploration project to be undertaken in Utah. The Bacchus works were also assigned the design and production of propellant for the RP76 target missile "drone," which is launched from an aircraft as a training target for antiaircraft and ground-to-air missile practice firing.

Hercules' large plant expenditures, the advanced research programs being conducted at Bacchus, and die large contracts for Minuteman, Polaris, and other missiles and space vehicles including the Apollo man-on-the-moon project, offer convincing proof that Hercules Powder Company will continue for many years tt> contribute to the growth and health of the intermountain economy, as well as to the defense posture of the nation. The annual payroll at Bacchus was approximately $12 million in 1961, and procurement expenditures in Utah, primarily to small businesses, were in excess of $4 million.

THE BOEING COMPANY

The most recent missiles contractor to locate in Utah is The Boeing Company, formerly the Boeing Airplane Company, whose headquarters are in Seattle, Washington.22 Boeing Airplane Company was founded in 1916, just prior to the entrance of the United States into World War I, when William E. Boeing, son of a wealthy timberman, had the idea he could build better airplanes than those he had previously been able to see and ride in. He formed a partnership with a naval officer, Conrad Westervelt, who had some knowledge of engineering, and together they began an operation to build "B & W" seaplanes. Before they had finished the 22 References include Harold Mansfield, Vision: A Saga of the Sky (New York, 1956), annual reports for 1959 and 1960, and Boeing Airplane Company News Bureau!

"Short History of Boeing Airplane Company," mimeographed, 1960.

UTAH'S

MISSILES

INDUSTRY

33

first of these "stick and wire biplanes," Westervelt had been transferred to the East.

Incorporation at first was under the name "Pacific Aero Products Company," but was changed shortly after to Boeing Airplane Company. During World War I, orders were obtained for a number of trainers and flying patrol boats, but the Armistice was signed before the completion of the first contract. Desperately attempting to stay in business after the war, the plant shifted from aircraft to the production of bedroom furniture and Hickman sea sleds. Some improved types of observation and pursuit planes were developed, however, and the production of military aircraft dominated the company's activities in the early 1920's.

After the United States government got out of the business of flying the mail in 1926, Boeing got the contract to carry the mail across the continent. First planes assigned to the route had a top speed of 135 miles per hour and 550 mile range, with two passengers and 1,200 pounds of mail. The pilot flew from an open cockpit. In connection with this contract the company perfected the Boeing Monomail — the first successful low-wing, all-metal plane. Its basic design continued in importance for a number of years thereafter, the first modern bomber, the B-9, being developed from this type. It was faster and could fly higher than the pursuit planes of the time.

Separation of the huge corporation into air transport (United Air Lines), eastern manufacturing (United Aircraft Corporation), and western manufacturing (Boeing Airplane Company) was accomplished in 1934. During the same year the Kaydet, first completely standardized primary trainer, was brought into production at Wichita, Kansas. More than 10,000 of these planes were sold to both the Army and Navy — nearly twice as many as the total of primary trainers from all other United States manufacturers. No longer used by the military, the Kaydet may still be seen doing yeoman duty as a crop duster and in some other civilian functions.

The beginnings of the Flying Fortress, or B-17, also came in 1934, when the Army announced competition for a "multi-engined" bomber.

The prototype was produced in 1935 and was so impressive that others were immediately ordered. With the war threat growing in Europe, the United States ordered many more of the long-range (3,010 miles), fast (236 miles-per-hour top speed) heavyweights (they carried a 4,800 pound load, 5 machine guns, and 8 men). The later addition of

34

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

turbo-superchargers made the Fortress into a substratosphere bomber which cruised higher than most pursuit planes were effective. Before war's end, more than 12,000 Flying Fortresses had been built — about half of them by Boeing.

The Boeing Superfortress, or B-29, first completed in 1942, was the first large airplane for which sizeable production was planned before the prototype had flown. Refinements such as increased range and capacity, coupled with pressurized air system and remote-controlled gun-firing system made it far ahead of the other bombers of the day. Nearly 4,000 of the Superforts were built during World War II, two of which dropped nuclear devices on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in a dramatic climax to the war.

Since World War II, Boeing has developed the B-50 Superfortress (first plane to circle the globe nonstop), the B-47 Stratojet, the B-52 Stratofortress (three of which went round the world nonstop in 45 hours and 19 minutes), the C-97 tanker transport, and the KC-135 jet tanker. Boeing's deluxe entries in the commercial transport field include the Stratocruiser, and die more recent 707 jet airliners which are flown internationally by more than a score of airlines.

Acquisition of Vertol Aircraft Company in 1960 heralded entrance of the corporation into the vertical take-off and portal-to-portal airplane line. Boeing now develops and manufactures both tilt-wing and helicopter types. Another pioneering effort has been the development of a gas turbine engine, now finding use in helicopters, executive aircraft, and earth-moving equipment.

While it was a major manufacturer of large commercial planes and jet bombers, Boeing early interested itself in guided missiles, and carried out extensive tests and experiments during the period 1945 to 1949. Its first production program for pilotless aircraft was the Bomarc, ground-to-air pilotless interceptor, for which full-scale production was begun in 1958. The missile, used in Canada and the United States, has a "homing" device which "locks on" its target after it is electronically guided from the ground to height and the general target area. Newer versions of the Bomarc have almost doubled the more than 200-mile range of the "killer." As previously mentioned, the Bomarc uses ramjets from the Ogden Marquardt facility for sustaining drive after an initial rocket boost. Boeing was also assigned to produce Dyna-Soar, the Air Force's prized maneuverable space vehicle, designed to be boosted into orbit by the Titan missile, and capable of a con-

UTAH'S

MISSILES

INDUSTRY

35

trolled glide for atmosphere re-entry and landing. Also in 1958 Boeing was given responsibility for the assembly and test of Minuteman during its research and development phase.

The recent trend toward increasing reliance on guided missiles has profoundly affected the firm. Once with over 100,000 employees, the company, in 1959, was forced to lay off more than 20,000 persons as the trend toward larger requirements for highly-trained scientists and a smaller demand for semiskilled production personnel continued.

Boeing employment now remains fairly constant at near 80,000 employees. Total sales are in excess of $1.5 billion per year, making the company the third largest defense contractor (after General Dynamics and Lockheed Aircraft) in the nation. Boeing's total investment in plant, property, and equipment is about $165 million, but Boeing leases or operates for the government more plants and equipment than those owned by the company. Boeing's military contracts account for about 75 per cent of its total sales.

Boeing's missiles operations in Utah began widi the start of construction of the Minuteman assembly plant in the west section of Hill Air Force Base in September, 1960. Located on the old Ogden Army Arsenal area, Air Force Plant 77, as it is called, will cost approximately $11 million and includes the modification of 57 buildings, construction of 9 new buildings plus heating plant, electrical distribution and utility piping systems, and 6 miles of road. Here will occur the assembly and checking out of the first, second, and third stages of the Minuteman before deployment to launching sites. Deployment will be primarily at selected sites in the western states, and secondarily on mobile railroad trains capable of acting as launchers. Associated logistics operations will be under the immediate direction of the Ogden Air Materiel Area. A $3 million facility for repair and recycle of the stored missiles by the Air Force is being built near the assembly plant.

Plant 77 was located at Ogden because of its nearness to the engine manufacturers and deployment sites, the availability and reliability of transportation facilities of all kinds, and the appropriateness of Hill Air Force Base as a logistical support headquarters. The assembly plant is entirely government-owned; Boeing is a lessee for the course of the Minuteman contract, which at present runs to 1965.

Although Boeing's Minuteman contracts amount to several hundred millions, it cannot be said that Boeing's present impact on the Utah economy equals that of the production facilities previously dis-

cussed. Employment at the end of 1961 was 300 persons. Build-up plans indicate an ultimate payroll (mid1963) of 1,000 persons, 75 per cent of them from Utah. T h e annual payroll will then approximate $5 million.

Local procurement will be limited to supplies and services, since all major segments of the missiles will be shipped to the plant from other Utah and western contractors. T h e important consideration is that this segment of Boeing's extensive operations further augments Utah's role in the production of die strategic Minuteman.

PROGRESS WITH STABILITY

All together, defense contracts in force in Utah late in 1961 totaled more than $500 million, and die end is not yet in sight. Unquestionably^ Utah is destined to assume an accelerating role in the missile and space program of the nation. Therei have been, and will continue to be, undoubted repercussions on the socioeconomic structure of the state.

Economists estimate that the 13,000 persons now employed in missiles manufacturing, by their spendings, provide employment for at least 20,000 other Utahns, possibly several thousand more. These 33,000 workers, in turn, support about 100,000 family members — approximately one ninth of the state's population. T h e Bureau of Economic and Business Research of the University of Utah has estimated that the five leading missiles The Bomarc, ground-to-air pilotless interceptor, is designed to intercept supersonic planes at an altitude of 100,000 feet and 450 miles away. Present scheduling calls for the "phase out" of the Bomarc in 1962.

COURTESY THE BOEING COMPANY

UTAH'S

MISSILES

37

INDUSTRY

companies pumped $115 million into the Utah economy in I960.23 At the same time, the prediction was made that the outlay for construction of plants and production of Minuteman alone would total $250 million in 1961.24 "'"Missiles — A Terrific Impact," Salt Lake Tribune, January 18, 1961.

'Abid., January 11, 1961.

Minuteman assembly plant under construction in the west section of Hill Air Force Base. Here the first, second, and third stages of the Minuteman will be assembled and checked before deployment to launching sites.

Boeing is the lessee for the course of the Minuteman contract (1965).

COURTESY THE BOEING COMPANY

38

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

Utah's phenomenal contributions to the Space Age, both actual and potential, place her among the leaders of a technological revolution which promises to expand her horizons and production potential far beyond anything she has dreamed. The peaceful and commercial uses of space sciences, which at the beginning of 1962 are just beginning to be realized, offer an alternative to the inevitable short-term usefulness of missiles plants in "beefing up" America's defenses. The exploration of space offers Utahns and their compatriots the most exciting opportunity for "high adventure" in the epoch of man.

When confronted with the fact of their primary role in missiles production, however, Utahns exhibit a sense of uneasiness and disquietude. Is missiles-making to be the ultimate destiny of the land which their pioneer forefathers struggled and sacrificed to reclaim from the desert? Is the desert to blossom only in rose-colored rocket engine plants ?

Much of this disturbed feeling is a product of die misreading of pioneer history, for a large share of Utah's immigrants were skilled craftsmen and operatives from the shops and factories of die Midlands, Wales, and Copenhagen. As they arrived in their "Promised Valley," it was not from preference but from necessity that they abandoned the trades they had learned to clear the land, get water to it, and raise crops. Their leaders — Brigham Young, George A. Smith, John Taylor, and George Q. Cannon — sought by every means at hand, sometimes desperately and often heroically, to stimulate manufacturing and improve Utah's industrial posture. That their grandchildren are excelling in missiles and spacecraft production — the most sophisticated and technologically-advanced industry of our day — is a tribute to the excellence of their foundation, and signifies that Utah's long-desired manufacturing has finally come of age.

Moreover, Utahns have a long tradition of resiliency and intelligent planning which would serve them well if shifts and cutbacks in defense expenditures produce serious economic and social problems.

And not of least importance, Utah's acceptance of a prime role in missiles production symbolizes the earnestness of her dedication to the task of defending the cause of freedom.

Despite its size, undeniable importance, and continued growth, however, even the spectacular missiles industry can never dominate the Beehive State. Side by side with this glamorous new industry, Mormon villagers and their neighbors continue to plant their crops, tend their flocks, and dig for copper and coal. School children mix

UTAH'S

MISSILES

INDUSTRY

39

their learning of Space Age mechanics with tease and play. Utah as always continues to represent a combination of the old and the new: agriculture and astronautics, mining and missilery, saddle-making and satellite-launching. 25 In this way Utah seeks to temper the wind to the shorn lamb — to achieve progress with stability.

Only a man harrowing clods. . .

Yet this will go onward the same Though Dynasties pass.

Yonder a maid and her wight. . .

War's annals will fade into night Ere their story die.

25 An article which has caught the spirit of this combination of the old and the new in Utah is Robert Cahn, "The New Utah: Change Comes to Zion," Saturday Evening Post (April 1, 1961), 32ff.

7

-H'4(

«

^<77i^7K7ii7 ay

i*

\

^r

route followed by the Bartleson-Bidcompany after leaving the Oregon â&#x20AC;˘I at Soda Springs, Idaho, in an att>t to find a shorter way to California.

COURTESY DAVID E. MILLER

THE

FIRST

WAGON UTAH,

TRAIN

TO

CROSS

1841

By David E. Miller*

In 1841 the Bartleson-Bidwell party of California-bound emigrants drove the first overland wagons through Utah. This company was an offshoot of a larger expedition captained by John Bartleson, accompanied by Father De Smet, and guided by none other than that famous mountain man, Thomas Fitzpatrick. Several families, including some fifteen women and children, were in the original company which numbered over sixty persons. With the west coast as its destination, this pioneer band had left West Port, Missouri, in May, 1841. At his own insistence Bartleson had been named captain, but because John Bidwell had been an active organizer of the company and because he kept a daily journal of its progress, the expedition is always identified with his name. Sometimes it is referred to as the BartlesonBidwell company â&#x20AC;&#x201D; sometimes simply as the Bidwell company.

As this group arrived at Soda Springs, Idaho, following the regular Oregon Trail, Bartleson and several others (including Bidwell) determined to leave the regular track and follow Bear River southward through Cache Valley. They planned to skirt the north end of Great Salt Lake and strike for the Mary's or Humboldt River which they would follow across Nevada and thence into California. * Dr. Miller is professor of history, University of Utah, and one of Utah's foremost authorities on historical trails.

42

UTAH

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QUARTERLY

Some members of the company had been led to believe that one or more rivers flowed out of Great Salt Lake to the west coast, and that, if the going got too rough for wagons, boats could be built on the lake and the party could float downstream to San Francisco. Bidwell had brought tools for the purpose of constructing boats, should it become necessary. This fact alone shows how little any but the mountain men knew about the Great Basin a half-dozen years before the Mormon migration.

Fitzpatrick and Father De Smet would hear none of this nonsense of leaving a well-traveled route in favor of the supposed short-cut and so continued along die regular road toward Fort Hall, taking half the single men and all the families but one. However, thirty-two men and one woman (Nancy Kelsey) with her young daughter chose to try the new route. The woman and girl were the wife and child of Benjamin Kelsey and have the honor of being the first white females known to have crossed Utah and Nevada. There were probably ten wagons in this small train; the Kelsey family had two of diem.

Like most students of Utah history, I had long known of this first wagon train to cross our state. That is, I had heard of it but actually knew very little about it. Just what route did this company follow? What were some of its major campsites? What was the nature of the country over which they passed? These questions I found vaguely and only partially answered. Charles Kelly had prepared the only available map showing the likely route of this expedition; but he had covered only part of that route in his study of early trails across the Great Salt Lake Desert.1 So as part of my larger project to explore and map the routes of early travelers who crossed Utah before the coming of the Mormons, I decided to include an examination of the Bidwell trail.2 Armed with a copy of the Bidwell journal, adequate maps and other equipment, our party picked up the Bartleson-Bidwell 'Charles Kelly, Salt Desert Trails (Salt Lake City, 1930).

Some results of my findings have already been published: "Peter Skene Ogden's Trek into Utah, 1829," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LI (January, 1960), 16-25; "The Donner Road Through the Great Salt Lake Desert," Pacific Historical Review, XXVII (February, 1958), 39-44; "Peter Skene Ogden's Journal of His Expedition to Utah, 1825," Utah Historical Quarterly, XX (April, 1952), 159-86; "William Kittson's Journal Covering Peter Skene Ogden's 1824-25 Snake Country Expedition," Utah Historical Quarterly, XXII (April, 1954), 125-42.

The field work for the Bidwell project, most of which was done during the summer of 1958, was supported by a grant from the University of Utah Research Fund.

Professor W. H. Snell, of Brigham Young University, was my primary associate in the field; other persons lent assistance from time to time: Bernice Gibbs Anderson, Dr. Henry J. Webb, and Jesse Jameson. =

UTAH'S

FIRST

WAGON

TRAIN

43

route at Soda Springs, Idaho, and followed and mapped it all the way across Utah and on to the Humboldt River in Nevada.

The Bartleson-Bidwell company left the big bend of Bear River at the present Alexander, Idaho, August 11, 1841, and headed downstream along the river's west bank. That night, after a trek of twelve miles, they camped opposite the present site of the Grace hydroelectric power plant. Bidwell and a companion (whom he identifies as J. John), after fishing unsuccessfully in the Bear River for some time, were intrigued by the snowcrested summit of Mount Baldy lying in clear view to the west and decided to hike up to the snow and cool off a bit. But the distance was deceptive; the two failed to reach the snow before darkness overtook them. After an unpleasant night on the mountainside, they succeeded in reaching snow early the following morning and finally returned to camp with as much of the white stuff as they could carry. In the meantime the company had been placed on close guard, in the fear that Indians had killed the two> missing men who had left camp without disclosing their destination.

After this first rather exciting day and night, the company continued southward along the west bank of Bear River as far as die upper end of the Oneida Narrows. At that point they turned westward, up Cottonwood Creek, and followed a course more or less identical with that of present Idaho State Highway 34 to the vicinity of Banida. Bidwell's statement is quite descriptive: "Continued our journey over hills and ravines, going to almost every point of the compass, in order to pass them." 3 Although wagons had certainly never gone that way before, a well-traveled Indian trail could not be mistaken.

The same route had been used by Peter Skene Ogden and his trapping brigade in the spring of 1825, and it had doubdess been followed by numerous other fur men as they plied their trade along Bear River and into Cache Valley.

From the vicinity of Banida the company continued southward through Weston, crossed the 42nd Parallel into Utah on August 16, and camped just north of Clarkston. Bidwell made special mention of the "abundance of Choke Cherries, very large and exquisitely delicious, better than any I ever ate before, . . ."

The company had intended to stop and rest a few days in Cache Valley, but passed along the west side of it and over into the valley of 3 John Bidwell, A Journey To California With Observations About the Country, Climate and The Route to this Country (San Francisco, 1937). All quotations from the Bidwell journal are quoted from this publication.

44

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

the Great Salt Lake via the Long Divide (north of the gorge through which Bear River has cut its way into Great Salt Lake Valley) without realizing that they had by-passed their objective. Today this is difficult to understand. But no member of the 1841 expedition had ever been in that vicinity before. They had no real concept of the terrain, and, of course, had no maps. What they saw from its west side evidently did not coincide with their mental pictures of what Cache Valley should look like. Furthermore, "a large smoke" observed rising from the mountain slopes immediately before them indicated that Indians were aware of the trespass of strangers through their domain. Even though the natives were believed to be friendly, the observance of what appeared to be smoke signals would tend to make the trekkers nervous.

The evening of August 17 found the expedition camped on the ridge northeast of present-day Fielding.

One of Bid well's important journal entries is that of August 18: Traveled but a short distance, when we discovered that a deep salt creek prevented our continuing near the [Bear] river. In ascending this stream in search of a place to cross it, we found on its margin a hot spring, very deep and clear. The day was very warm and we were unable to reach the river, encamped on this salt creek and suffered much for water, the water being so salt we could not drink it, distance 15 miles.

This "deep salt creek" that halted the company's progress southward was surely Malad River whose waters are often found to> be extremely brackish. After searching up and down that stream, they finally located a place to ford, probably near the hot spring mentioned in Bidwell's journal. In 1958 we identified this "spring" as the Udy Warm Spring. There are actually several springs quite close together located on the west bank of Malad River, a short distance southwest from the town of Plymoudi.4 As far as I am able to determine, the "hot spring" of Bidwell's journal has never before been properly identified. Prior to our research there was quite a prevailing notion that the spring referred to by Bidwell was the one located at the south base of Littie Mountain some ten miles northwest of Corinne. But this is impossible; it simply does not fit the journal descriptions whereas the Udy Warm Spring does fit perfectly.

Once across the Malad the Bidwell company continued southward through present-day Garland, Tremonton, and Bear River City, then 4 Several years ago a bathing resort was operated at the springs. But we found the place abandoned â&#x20AC;&#x201D; even the buildings had been removed.

Udy Warm Spring, looking slightly north and east toward the town of Plymouth. The Bidwell party "discovered" the spring August 18, 1846.

COURTESY DAVID E. MILLER

skirted the east side of Little Mountain and soon found themselves heading into a trackless salt desert. Says Bidwell of this day's march: T. 19. Started early, hoping soon to find fresh water, when we could refresh ourselves and animals, but alas! The sun beamed heavy on our heads as the day advanced, and we could see nothing before us but extensive arid plains, glimmering with heat and salt, at length the plains became so impregnated with salt, that vegetation entirely ceased; the ground was in many places white as snow with salt & perfectly smooth â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the midday sun, beaming with uncommon splendor upon these shining plains, made us fancy we could see timber upon the plains, and wherever timber is found there is water always. We marched forward with unremitted pace till we discovered it was an illusion, and lest our teams should give out we returned from S. to E, and hastened to the river which we rached [sic] in about 5 miles.

A high mountain overlooked us on the East and the river was thickly bordered with willows â&#x20AC;&#x201D; grass plenty but so salt, our animals could scarcely eat it; salt glitters upon its blades like frost. Distance 20 miles.

T h e journal needs little elaboration. Completely confused by mirages and the ever worsening condition of the salt impregnated terrain south of Little Mountain, the company turned in desperation toward

46

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

the east and soon reached Bear River a short distance downstream from the present site of Corinne. T h e Wasatch Mountains stood out in bold relief directly to the east. Exploration conducted the following morning disclosed the fact that they had reached Bear River some ten miles above its moudi and for the first time the disappointed leaders realized that they had passed through Cache Valley without recognizing it.

After a day's rest the company turned again to the northwest, paralleling the route later followed by the transcontinental railroad and currendy by Utah State Highway 83. After traveling some eight miles they bisected their own tracks of August 19 and realized that they had negotiated a complete triangle in the salt desert.

W h e n the original expedition had divided at Soda Springs on August 11, some members of the Bidwell company had been sent on to Fort Hall to purchase supplies, and possibly obtain a guide. The least that was hoped for was some much needed information regarding the terrain through which the wagons would have to pass. It was expected that these men would soon catch up with die rest of the company so, says Bidwell on August 2 1 : "At diis intersection of the trails, we left a paper elevated by a pole, diat the men, returning from Fort Hall, might shun the tedious rounds we had taken."

As expected, the men returning from Fort Hall picked up the Bartleson-Bidwell wagon tracks and followed them southward into the valley of the Great Salt Lake. However, they had become separated en route, and over-anxious as they were, the ones in the lead failed to notice the Bidwell signpost and followed die wagon tracks around the triangle through the mud. All arrived in camp, probably at Connor Spring, on August 22 with the disheartening report that neither guide nor definite information had been obtainable at the Fort.

Continuing in a northwesterly course, a long day's journey (August 23) took the wagons over Promontory Mountain (via the pass later used by the transcontinental railroad) and on to Cedar Spring west of the summit. Bidwell's journal entry for the day is of interest: M. 23rd. Started, bearing our course west, in order to pass the Salt Lakeâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;-passed many salt plains and springs in the forenoon, the day was hot â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the hills, and land bordering on the plains, were covered with wild sage. In passing the declivity of a hill, we observed this sage had been plucked up, and arranged in long minows [windrow], extending near a mile in length. It had been done by the Indians, but for what purpose we could not imagine, unless it was to decoy game. At evening we arrived in full view of the Salt Lake, water was very scarce. Cedar grows here both on the hills and in the valleys, distance 20 miles.

UTAH'S

FIRST

WAGON

TRAIN

47

Although the company had been traveling along the north margin of the lake, they obtained their first clear view of it from the summit above Cedar Spring. T h e small trickle of water furnished scanty supply for the personnel of the outfit but not enough for the stock which strayed in search of a drink.

After a ten-mile trek the following morning the expedition arrived at the Salt Wells. Bidwell's description is significant: . . . day was warm â&#x20AC;&#x201D; traveled about 10 miles in a W. direction, encamped where we found numerous springs, deep, clear and somewhat impregnated widi salt. The plains were snowy white with salt. Here we procured salt of the best quality. The grass, that grew in small spots on the plains, was laden with salt which had formed itself on the stalks and blades in lumps, from the size of a pea to that of a hen's egg, this was the kind we procured, it being very white, strong and pure.

After a day of rest and salt gathering August 26 turned out to be one of die longest marches of the whole trek.

T. 26th. Traveled all day over dry, barren plains, producing nothing but sage, or rather it ought to be called, wormwood, and which I believe will grow without water or soil. Two men were sent a head in search of water, but returned a little while before dark unsuccessful.

Our course intersected an Indian trail, which we followed directly north towards the mountains, knowing that in these dry countries, the Indian trails always lead to the nearest water Having traveled till about 10 o'clock P.M. made a halt, and waited till morning â&#x20AC;&#x201D; distance about 30 miles.

In retracing the Bidwell track I concluded that this day's long march had taken the company around the north end of Great Salt Lake, past M o n u m e n t Point and on toward the present location of Kelton. A few miles east of Kelton, after traveling some twenty miles, they intersected the trail (doubtless used by Indians in their frequent trips to and from Locomotive Springs) and started to follow it northward toward the Raft River Mountains. However, darkness overtook them, and the weary, thirsty company bedded down for the night about midway between Kelton and the mountains.

Daylight disclosed a beautiful bright green area on the southeast slope of the mountain, so the expedition headed for it, and the spring was found to be about five miles distant from the campsite. This was the T e n Mile Spring where Peter Skene Ogden had twice camped more than a decade earlier. Bidwell's reports of some experiences of

48

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his party while camped there convince me that this campsite was indeed at the Ten Mile Spring and not at the Pilot Spring west of Snowville, or some other spring found in the Hansel Mountains, as some persons have supposed. The cedar groves, Indians visited on the mountain, other springs of water, and the general description of the country lead definitely to this conclusion. Furthermore, distances are just right for the preceding day's travel as well as those of later movements.

From this point (August 29) Captain Bartleson and Charles Hopper went ahead to seek out a route to the Humboldt River, while the body of the company remained in camp at Ten Mile Spring. However, by September 5, after a week of waiting, the anxious campers became restless and decided to start moving slowly in the direction the scouts had taken. Thus they passed dirough Park Valley, somewhat south of the present town. On September 9, Bartleson and Hopper returned to report that the Humboldt was still five days away. So the company pushed forward as fast as possible, skirting the east end of the Bovine Range rather than negotiating Emigrant Pass, later used by the stage and freight lines.

On the evening of September 11, probably at Owl Spring, Benjamin Kelsey decided to abandon his two wagons, pack all his family's belongings on the backs of oxen and horses and continue the journey in that fashion. Charles Kelly reported the finding of the remains of an old linchpin type wagon hub at Owl Spring several years ago.5 This might very well have been the remains of one of the Kelsey wagons left there September 12, 1841. Of course, there is no proof of this.

From Owl Spring the course continued toward the south, through present Lucin and along the east base of the Pilot Range, "between Salt plains on the E., and high mts. on the W." September 13 found the company at one of the famous Pilot Springs, probably the one designated as Patter Spring on some maps, located eight miles north of the Tooele-Boxelder county line. It has been supposed by some writers that this Bidwell camp was at the main Pilot Spring at what is now Peter McKellar's ranch. But this seems quite unlikely since the following day's travel, which Bidwell estimated at twenty-five miles, would have placed the company too far west â&#x20AC;&#x201D; beyond Silver Zone Pass. And we know that the party camped that night (September 14) a few miles east of that pass. ' Kelly, Salt Desert Trails, 32.

UTAH'S

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49

Furthermore, if the campsite of September 13 had been at die main spring (McKellar ranch) it seems quite probable that some evidence of their camp might have been noticed by Fremont in 1845 or by numerous others who passed that way in 1846. However, the only reference to the Bidwell wagon tracks is found in Edwin Bryant's journal of 1846, and he noticed them during the day's march, after having traveled ten miles southward from his camp at the main spring.6 The Bidwell wagons had evidently mired in the soft mud at die edge of the Salt Desert as the expedition skirted the southeast tip of the Pilot Range.

Obviously, the Bartleson-Bidwell party were the first white persons known to have visited these famous springs that flow from the east base of Pilot Peak. These springs were destined to be "rediscovered" by John C. Fremont's 1845 expedition â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Kit Carson acting as guide â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and would soon become a famous watering place as Edwin Bryant, the Harlan-Young, Lienhard, and the Donner parties of 1846, and numerous other California-bound wagon trains crossed the Great Salt Lake Desert in subsequent years. None of these later companies attempted to follow the Bidwell tracks to the springs, but rather reached the spot from the southeast, after having passed around the south end of Great Salt Lake instead of following the north shore as Bidwell had done.

Early on September 15, after spending the night "in the middle of a dry plain destitute of water," the Bidwell company doubtless found good water (although Bidwell does not mention it) at a small spring in Silver Zone Pass where the Western Pacific Railroad and U.S. Highway 40 cross the Toano Range today. Although unmarked, the spring is still flowing, and passing motorists occasionally obtain water from it to cool overheated automobile engines. This historic spring should be identified by a highway marker; after the Bidwell party passed that way it became a significant point on the Hastings Cutoff portion of the overland trail.

After refreshing themselves at the Silver Zone Spring, the Bidwell party climbed to the summit of the pass and pushed on across the Goshute Valley to the springs at the present Johnson ranch some ten miles away. Here they found water in abundance.7 But the strain 0

West From Fort Bridger, Utah Historical Quarterly, XIX (1951), 97, 98.

A pipeline now carries water from the big spring at the Johnson ranch to the town of Wendover, Utah, which also gets part of its water from the Pilot Springs at the east base of Pilot Peak.

7

50

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of the past month had been too much for man and beast, and the decision was now made to follow the example of Benjamin Kelsey and abandon the rest of the. wagons at that point and continue the trek on horseback.8 After a busy day of transferring the necessary baggage to the pack animals (many items had to be abandoned â&#x20AC;&#x201D; to the great delight of a native recipient), September 17 found the mounted company headed southward from the springs. The expedition evidently crossed the Pequop Range by way of Shatter Pass westward into Independence Valley. This was the same pass used by Peter Skene Ogden in 1828-299 and John Work in 1831. We found a good road through it in 1958. s Emigrant parties following the Hastings Cutoff in 1846, came across the remains of these abandoned wagons. See, West From Fort Bridger, Utah Historical Quarterly, XIX, 161, and Dale Morgan, The Great Salt Lake (New York, 1947), 172. " W h e n wagons again rolled through Goshute Valley in 1846, they continued southward from Johnson Springs to Flowery Lake and crossed the Pequops by way of Jasper Pass. The Western Pacific Railroad built its original line over the same pass and later constructed the Jasper Tunnel to avoid the steep grades. Much of the present road over Jasper Pass is built on the abandoned railroad grade.

Pilot Peak and Springs seen from the Pete Mcf ranch. The Bidwell company was thefirstw party known to have visited these springs. T landmarks were the goal of later mig ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ across the Salt D COURTESY

DAVID E. V.

UTAH'S

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51

Once inside Independence Valley the Bidwell company headed for the H u m b o l d t Mountains in clear but distant view to the west.

They evidently passed to the north of Spruce Mountain and thus missed Mound Spring which became an important campsite for later expeditions. F r o m the springs at the present W a r m Creek ranch in the south end of Clover Valley, the company crossed a south spur of the East H u m b o l d t Range and entered Ruby Valley.

Bidwell's September 21 description of the hot springs located in Ruby Valley is the earliest k n o w n to me. Many future overland travelers would find them equally interesting — just as we did in 1958. O n September 23 the Bidwell company crossed the Ruby Mountains by way of Harrison Pass and arrived at die south fork of the Humboldt.

It is not within the scope of this short report to trace the Bidwell route all the way to the west coast. Suffice it to say that on November 4, haggard and worn, they straggled into the ranch of Dr. John Marsh in the great valley of California. It had taken them six months to complete their tedious journey.

•tson Spring, where the Bartleson-Bidwell y abandoned their wagons and continued r trek t0 California on horseback- A •line now carries water from this ng to Wendover, Utah.

ESY

DAVID

E.

MILLER

nograph of Hosea Stout about 1852. â&#x20AC;˘ narrative . . . of his life, . . . 'rangely fascinating, and reads like mpossible tale. And it is beautifulold, with great simplicity. . . ."

AUTOBIOGRAPHY 1810

OF H O S E A TO

STOUT,

1835

Edited by Reed A. Stout*

INTRODUCTION Few people have had a greater sense of history than the Mormons of the middle nineteenth century. Possibly none have been more disposed than they to make a day to day record and chronicle of their experiences, thoughts, and observations.

That this is so is quite understandable in view of the early Mormon certainty that they were living in a period of apocalypse. To them, the heavens were again opened after being closed for almost two thousand years. Man was once more in communication with God, and a prophet was again on earth receiving the word and the will of the Lord. The divine church was in process of being restored, and the holy priesthood, long ago taken from man, was being returned.

Events were preparing the world for the second coming of Christ. * Mr. Stout, a great-grandson of Hosea, is a practicing lawyer in Los Angeles, California. Numerous individuals have provided assistance in editing this autobiography: Leslie Bliss, of the Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California; Norma Chadwick Arnold, great-granddaughter of Hosea Stout, Portland, Oregon; Lafayette C. Lee, grandson of Hosea Stout, Salt Lake City, Utah; Helen Claire Stout, great-great-granddaughter of Hosea Stout, Washington, D.C.; Herald F. Stout, author of Stout and Allied Families, San Diego, California; E. L. Cooley and Juanita Brooks, of the Utah State Historical Society; and Earl E. Olson, of the L.D.S. Church Historian's office.

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Miracles and heavenly manifestations were commonplace. In such a period it was only natural that whatever reasons men have even in ordinary times to keep diaries and write memoirs would compel diese early Mormons to record the exciting and stirring things they were seeing and doing.

But perhaps even more important in giving these early Mormons a feeling of history and a reason for keeping journals and records, were the examples and instructions of their leaders. Their prophet, Joseph Smith, kept a daily journal, and in the earliest days of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, he instructed his chief lieutenant, Oliver Cowdery, to act as historian and recorder.1 Other church leaders likewise kept daily journals. Early in the year 1831, just a few months after the church was organized, the keeping of official records was given a divine stamp of approval when Joseph Smith announced a revelation calling John Whitmer to be church historian "to keep the church record and history continually."2 Not only did Joseph Smith see to it that persons in authority in the church kept regular records of their own, but he also urged the ordinary rank and file of the church to do die same.

With die murder of Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum June 27, 1844, the leadership of the church passed to the Quorum of Twelve Apostles and its president, Brigham Young. The keeping of records and writing of journals received added stress and impetus under this leadership. Willard Richards was appointed church historian, and he and other of the authorities labored day after day compiling a history of the church. Committees were designated in Nauvoo to write histories of various organizations of the Mormon people and events in the life of die church. In the priesthood quorums each member was urged to prepare his own biography as part of a regular quorum project. As the Mormons evacuated their city of Nauvoo in 1846 to escape a growing storm of hostility and as tiieir exodus to the valley of the Great Salt Lake got under way, they were given specific instruction by their leaders, "Let every Elder keep a journal . . ." 3 1 Joseph Smith, History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1902), I, 166. ' The Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Salt Lake City, 1954), Sec. 47.

3 "General EspisUe from the Council of the Twelve Apostles to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, abroad, dispersed throughout the Earth, . . ." written at Winter Quarters and signed by Brigham Young, December 23, 1847, in behalf of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. The Latter-day Saints Millennial Star, X (Liverpool, England, 1848), 85.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

OF H O S E A

STOUT

55

So, whether because of a natural tendency man has to keep diaries or because of the examples and instructions of their leaders, the early Mormons have bequeathed to us a wealth of records, journals, diaries, biographies, and personal histories. In these they have traced the days of the church as it moved from New York State, through Ohio, and on to Jackson and Caldwell counties in Missouri, and then to Nauvoo, Illinois. In greater measure, they have chronicled their struggles from Nauvoo through the snow, rain, and mud, past the way-stations of Garden Grove, Mt. Pisgah, and Kanesville, Iowa and Winter Quarters, Nebraska. And in even more abundance they have pictured the minutiae of daily pioneer life in their diaries and histories as the Saints (as the Mormons called themselves) rolled in covered wagons, pushed handcarts through the heat of summer and bitter cold of winter over the prairies to the Rocky Mountains, and as they established their homes in the Great Basin. Historians, reviewing the writings of the early Mormons, have marveled at the persistence and tenacity with which they combined the writing of their journals and histories with the privations of pioneer life.

Among the most persevering and thorough of the early Mormon diarists was Hosea Stout. His journal commencing in 1844 and continuing until 1866 provides a vivid picture by a keen observer of critical periods in the history of the Mormon people and their church. As chief of police in Nauvoo, clerk of the high council, and colonel and acting brigadier-general of the Nauvoo Legion, he was an active participant in the period of confusion in Nauvoo following the murder of Joseph Smith and in the subsequent conflict leading to the abandonment of the city. He and the police directed the first crossings of the Mississippi River from Nauvoo. His detailed descriptions of the crossings and the hardships of the journey of the advance parties of Saints across Iowa to Winter Quarters are unmatched by any account heretofore published.

As an on-the-spot observer, clerk of the high council, and captain of police at Winter Quarters, Hosea Stout chronicled in his journals the turmoil of establishing a temporary home for thousands of refugees; the task of providing protection against marauding Indians; the jealousies, bickerings, and falling away by many of the Saints from the church; and the preparations for the journey on to the Rocky Mountains. While not a member of the first pioneer group to enter the valley of the Great Salt Lake, Hosea led an expedition west from Winter Quarters for the relief of the band under Brigham Young

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returning in the fall of 1847 from the Great Basin. Moving from Winter Quarters to Salt Lake City in 1848, he acted as attorney for Brigham Young and was appointed attorney general for the territory of Utah. In these capacities and as regent for the University of Deseret, judge advocate of the Nauvoo Legion, member of the territorial legislature, publisher of an early newspaper, and as an interested participant, Hosea Stout observed and recorded from day to day die details of early pioneer life, conflict with the federal government, and the growth of an empire in the Great Basin.

The Stout journals, except for a portion in the library of the Historian of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints covering a period of a few months, are in the library of the Utah State Historical Society in Salt Lake City. In addition to the journals there exist two autobiographies, one at the Historical Society, the other at the L.D.S. Historian's library. Typescripts have been made of the journals and the autobiographies, and these have been deposited in several libraries across the United States. In these libraries, the journals and autobiographies have received the attention of students and writers dealing with western and Mormon history and have been extensively quoted.4 Recognizing the importance of the Hosea Stout journals and the interest that would be given them if made available for more general circulation, the Utah State Historical Society is now engaged in having them prepared for publication under the editorship of Mrs. Juanita Brooks,5 well-known writer in the field of western and Mormon history. Since the autobiographies are likely to be of as much interest to some scholars as the journals themselves, they will appear in this and following issues of the Quarterly.

4 The Hosea Stout journals and autobiographies have been the basis for a biography written by Wayne Stout, Hosea Stout, Utah's Pioneer Statesman (Salt Lake City, 1953) and have supplied material for a family history by the same author entided Our Pioneer Ancestors, Genealogical and Biographical Histories of the Cox-Stout Families (Salt Lake City, 1944). The Hosea Stout journals have also been referred to and quoted in numerous articles appearing in periodicals and various books concerned with western and Mormon history. Among such books may be mentioned Bernard DeVoto, The Year o) Decision: 1846 (Boston, 1943); Preston Nibley, Exodus to Greatness (Salt Lake City, 1947); Juanita Brooks, The Mountain Meadows Massacre (Stanford, 1950); Dale L. Morgan, ed., The Overland Diary of James A. Pritchard from Kentucky to California in 1849 (San Francisco, 1959); LeRoy Hafen and Ann W. Hafen, Handcarts to Zion (Glendale, 1960).

5 Juanita Brooks has written numerous articles on the subject of Utah and the West appearing in the Utah Historical Quarterly, Western Humanities Review, and other periodicals. She is author of The Mountain Meadows Massacre (Stanford, 1950) and John Doyle Lee, Zealot â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Pioneer Builder â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Scapegoat (Glendale, 1961), and co-editor of A Mormon Chronicle: The Diaries of John D. Lee, 1846-1876 (San Marino, 1955).

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

OF H O S E A

STOUT

57

The autobiographies provide an introduction to the journals and touch upon subjects of interest in the early history of Kentucky, the Shaker religion and life in their communities, incidents in southeastern Ohio and central Illinois during the early part of the nineteenth century, the religious fervor on the frontier during this period, the Black Hawk War, and events and references to persons in the earliest days of the Mormon Church.

During the winter of 1846-47, the first autobiography was written

by Hosea Stout at Winter Quarters on the banks of the Missouri River, where the Saints were stationed after their crossing of Iowa from Nauvoo to prepare for the coming move to establish their homes in the Rocky Mountains. At the time he was writing this autobiography, Hosea was perhaps mindful that Brigham Young a short time before had instructed him to continue his daily journal because the period through which the Mormons were then passing would be among the most important in the history of the world.

Until February 6, 1847, Hosea Stout and his family lived at Winter Quarters in a tent, the same tent he had lived in for a year since he first pitched it on the west bank of the Mississippi River after leaving Nauvoo. After that date he lived in a log house built by himself, which he describes as "12 feet square on the outside." In these cramped quarters, but protected from the cold, wind, and snow encountered while on patrol duty, and after the minutes of the high council of which he was clerk were written, Hosea Stout went to work on his autobiography.6 The first autobiography covering the period 1810 to 1835 was written in a notebook 6J4 x 3% inches in size. After continuing in considerable detail for 125 pages, the narrative abruptly ends. That Hosea Stout intended to continue is manifest from his statement in the next to last sentence in the autobiography in which he refers to his purchase of a mill seat that resulted in a lawsuit "as will be hereafter seen." Certainly the promise of a further statement regarding the lawsuit is inconsistent with his discontinuance of the autobiography.

Possibly, however, the press of duties of pioneer life, the preparation " Concerning Hosea Stout and the autobiography, John Henry Evans wrote in Charles Coulson Rich, Pioneer Builder of the West (New York, 1936), 2 1 , "His narrative . of his life, which has never been published, is strangely fascinating, and reads like an impossible tale. And it is beautifully told, with great simplicity. . .

"Stout had some rare gifts. A student by nature, he observed men and events with curious scrutiny. His mind was keen and penetrating. He was particularly concerned with mathematics. Always industrious as well as ambitious, he had gone to school more than most Westerners of the period. . .

58

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for the move to the Rocky Mountains, and the time required to keep up his daily journal prevented further work on the autobiography.

The second autobiography written by Hosea Stout in 1845 for the Eleventh Quorum of Seventies in Nauvoo, Illinois, is much shorter than the first and touches briefly upon the period covered in the first.

However, where the first autobiography ends in 1835, the second continues until 1844. Herein Hosea describes his move from Illinois to Missouri to join the Mormons in Caldwell County where he participated in the conflicts between Mormons and Missourians. After the battle of Crooked River, Hosea recounts his flight from Missouri and other events leading to the period in his life when his journal begins on October 4, 1844.

The narrative here appearing is exactly as written by Hosea Stout as he sat in his small log cabin over a century ago. Original spelling, grammar, and punctuation have been retained.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY In giving the history of ones life it is necessary also that a person should give a short account of his ancestors; which I will do and also somediing about my fathers family and the family of my mother.

My grandfather,1 who was a quaker, resided in North-Carolina, Oxford County, where also my father was born [June 25, 1773],2 and raised untill he was about sixteen or seventeen years of age. About that time my grandfather, after loosing nearly all his property by lawsuits, and family removed to East Tennessee, where they lived untill my father was about twenty-five years of age. My father then went back to North Carolina to the house of my grandmother, who was a widow, by the name of Pleasant Smith,3 who was also a Quaker. She was an aunt to my father that is his mother's sister. She had five daughters and two sons. Her daughters names are Esther, Anna, 1 Hosea Stout's paternal grandfather was Samuel Stout, born April 10, 1740, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, a son of Peter Stout, a Quaker who moved with his family in 1762 to a Quaker setdement on Cane Creek in Orange County, North Carolina. On October 10, 1762, Samuel Stout married Rachel Chancy (or Chauncey), and about 1786 moved to Tennessee, but returned to North Carolina in 1792. Samuel Stout's son Joseph, was father of Hosea.

2 The years in which events occurred in the lives of members of Hosea Stout's family are inserted by interlineation in the autobiography, but they do not appear to be in his handwriting. Moreover, the years as inserted are not always correct. Since these do not appear to have been supplied by Hosea Stout, the years here shown in brackets have been corrected where incorrect, and the full dates, where known, have been added.

3 Pleasant Smith, here referred to by Hosea Stout as his grandmother, was his maternal grandmother. She was a sister of Rachel Chancy, Hosea Stout's paternal grandmother. She married Daniel Smith, who died in 1791.

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60

UTAH

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Abigail, Sarah, & Rebecca. Her sons names are Thomas and Daniel.

They were but boys when my father came there. He staid there one summer and raised a crop with them and in the fall he was married [November 3, 1798] to her daughter Anna.

Now the widow was not well pleased with them, for they ran away and was married contrary to the rules of their society, which thing is esteemed a sin among the Quakers, and will excommunicate one from their society if they do not make satisfaction. Nor could they do any other way for my father had been previously cut off from their Church for enlisting in the army. However they came home again & was received by my grandmother.

Shortly after my father & mother removed to East Tennessee where they stayed till they had five children namely Rebecca [1799?], Sarah [1800], Samuel [1802], Mary & Margaret [1804]. The two latter were twins, and the two boys [Samuel and Daniel] died when they were very young. They then moved to Madison County Kentucky and there remained untill they had two children more namely Anna [1806] and Daniel [1808] they then removed to Mercer County, [Kentucky,4 where] Myself Cynthia [1812] and Joseph Allen [December 5, 1815] was born. (I was born September 18th 1810) Cynthia died when she was but 4 or five years old. He [my father] lived near a Shaker5 Village called Pleasant Hill when I was born. About or a little after Cynthia was born he [my father] had bad luck, from sickness and other misfortunes, which quite discouraged him; and indu[c]ed him to put his children out. The Shakers, finding he was inclined to let them go, came and influenced him to let them have 1 Mercer County is in the central portion of the state of Kentucky, south of Frankfort in the bluegrass country. r ' Shaker is the name commonly given to members of the religious sect properly named "The United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing," also known as "The Millennial Church." Having its beginning in a Quaker revival in England in 1747, the sect moved to America in 1774. Under the leadership of Anna Lee, disciples were gathered in New York and in New England. In 1805 Shaker preachers were sent to Kentucky, where they acquired converts and established a temporary settlement on Shawnee Run in Mercer County near Lexington. From 1805 to 1812, the Shakers acquired 3,000 acres of land nearby, and in 1812 they established their settlement at Pleasant Hill near Harrodsburg, the county seat of Mercer County. There they constructed some twenty brick and stone buildings. The Shaker settlement at Pleasant Hill flourished until about 1875, and then commenced to decline, and was finally ended in 1910. The Shakers refused to accept marriage as a Christian institution, and believed in a life of celibacy, common possession of property, nonresistance, and open confession of sins. Their common name "Shaker" was derived from their practice of accompanying their religious worship with singing and dancing and the shaking and contorting of their bodies.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY

OF H O S E A

STOUT

61

them, to go to school, accordingly all his children were taken by them.6 My brother Joseph Allen was not yet born.

My Sister Rebecca was, at this time about sixteen or seventeen years old. It was in the Spring of the year 1814. She, I think, joined them from her own free will and accord, and remained with them untill she died. She was, ever from the time she joined them, a firm believer in their faith & doctrine and became an influentual and worthy "Sister" among them, one on whom they bestowed their greatest confidence and was appointed what they call a "Deaconess" 7 who have the charge and superintendence of work of the "Sisters". She died about the year 1825 of the consumption. The first year we were there my Sister Cynthia died. About three years after we went there [about 1817] my Sister Sally [Sarah] left them and went home to my father's house.

After we went there we were separated, as is their custom. The boys are taken & classed with a family8 of boys of their own age, and the girls are taken and like-wise classed with girls of their own age;9 each class was put under the superintendance of one or more "Sisters" acording as the number may require.

After the boys became larger, say, seven or eight, they were taken and put under the care of one or two men. I was first put under the care of two women with the smallest class of boys; but the man, who had the charge of the larger boys had also the oversight of us, to see that we might be kept in proper subjection, least we might become to unruly for the "Sisters." I had not been there long before I was called upon to "confess my sins." I had been, previous to this, allowed to run almost at large, to go where I pleased & make as much noise as I saw proper, which was not allowable widi those who were diciplined and brought under the rigor of their rules. They had however excelent rules for the government of their children They were not al0 Membership in the Shaker faith consisted solely of converts and the unmarried mothers and homeless children the Shakers took in. The Shaker birth rate of zero resulting from their edict against cohabitation of married couples, and the growth of outside social services that drastically cut down the numbers of children brought to them to care for, have made the sect virtually extinct.

7 In the Shaker community, deacons and deaconesses had charge of temporal matters and elders and elderesses of spiritual affairs. Edward Deming Andrews, The People Called Shakers (New York, 1953), 255-60. s Shakers were organized in orders referred to as "families.'' The Shaker community at Pleasant Hill, which attained a maximum membership of about 500 persons, was composed of eight families. Ibid., 58, 291. ' The Millennial Laws of the Shakers provided that boys and girls "should never be schooled together." Ibid., 276.

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lowed to fight and quarrel nor have any disputation among themselves.

In playing they were not allowed to make much noise, nor go only on certain prescribed premises; and a transgression of these rules were a sin which we had to confess, which we always did; we were afraid not to do it least the "bad man" should get us; and if this was not enough we were still afraid least some one of our comerades would betray us, and then we would come under the displeasure of the Mistress, and also, be in danger of going to the "Bad place" which place was often held up to us in a most aggravated sense. I have sat and trembled for myself while hearing this awful place described, by them, to my young mind.

These rules were necessary to keep a large company of boys in proper subordination. Perhaps I may say more of their instructions and rules as I go along: but to return to my subject. At the time I was called upon "to confess" I was playing with some other little Shaker boys and while I was passing by a house a man, by the name of John Shane, who had the superintendance of the larger class of boys, and consequently over me too, called me into> the house, and asked me if I did not think it was time I had confessed my sins. This embarrassed me, I told him I did not know. However I knew very well what he ment. He then had me confess. I do not now recollect what I did confess. I remember that he asked me if that was all. I told him it was.

He, then, let me go and join my comrades again. From this time I had, as also all the rest of the boys, to confess our sins every night,10 so strict were we taught to confess the truth & tell all that we had done, that was wrong, that I have known them sometimes to get up out of their beds and confess things which they had forgotten: not daring to let it go till the next night for fear they might die and the "Bad man" would get them. We would scroupulously tell all we had said or done through the day that was not according to the rules laid down, though it might cause us to get a severe reprimand and sometimes a moderate flogging. '"Concerning confession of sins, the Millennial Laws of the Shakers provided; "No Believers [Shakers] can be justified in keeping any sin covered, under any pretence whatever, but all are required to make confession thereof to those who are appointed in the order of God to hear them.

"2. If any member should know of any sin or actual transgression of the Law of Christ, in any one of the family or society, and have reason to believe the same is not known, or has not been confessed in order, the member to whom the matter is known is bound to reveal it to the Elders, so that sin may be put away, otherwise they participate in the guilt and condemnation thereof."

Ibid., 261.

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I staid a considerable length of time in this class, but I do not know how long.

While living here my little sister Cynthia died [December 4, 1815] & I well remember seeing the funeral concourse of people marching to her burial.

From this place we were removed to another part of the village and put under the care and instructions of two Sisters by the names of Nelly Flemmings and Maria Sailor, if I mistake not.

In a house adjoining, to the one in which we were put, was a larger class of boys, who were from about 8 to 16 years of age.

They were under the care of a man named Anthony Dunlavy, who also had the oversight of us. But he never administered in this part of his office only when some of us were too unruly for the women.

Here we had something to do besides play. There were, I think, about 20 maybe 30 of us.

We were now learned how to brade straw for hats. Those in this class were from 4 to 8 years of age and some of this class were lately brought in from the country and entirely undiciplined.

It was astonishing to see the work we done.

While at our work, we were seated on long benches, as in a school, and each one had his task to do, which he generally done.

I have known some of them to move the mark (a piece of straw tied around their brade) on their brade and thus get his task done a long time before the rest of us But he was sure to be detected For when he should have braded enough for a hat, it would be all examined and measured over again and if he had cheated he was sure to be severely punished for his dishonesty.

The usual methods of punishment, which those two women used with us, were whipping, making us stay in the house in play time, and sometimes brade in the mean time, putting us under the floor in a little dark hole dug out for the purpose of putting roots &c in to keep them from the frost.

While there, if this did not humble us enough, they would frighten us with horid stories about the "Bad man" coming and catching us.

I have been almost scared out of my wits while in this dark and dreary place and would make any kind of a promise they would demand to be liberated and so would almost all the rest.

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I shall never forget one time when one of the most obstinate boys was frightned into submission. He had been whiped about the time we were going to bed and would not hush crying.

They in vain attempted to stop him untill at length diey told him if he did not hush they would call in the Bad man who would carry him away.

He still continued to ball louder than ever, while some of the rest of us were in great suspense least he might thus bring the old gentleman on to us. At len[g]th one of the women went to the door and commenced calling. Our fears increasing at the same time.

In a few minutes we heard a loud gruff surley voice demand what was wanting, to which she replied there was a bad boy who would not mind her & she wanted him to take him away to the bad place (hell) He then called quite loud for the boy who was still crying and did not stop untill she commenced pulling him out of bed.

This was Dunlavy who had altered his voice.

This left an impressive lessen on our minds and made us more ready to mind When we first heard the old man speak, we covered up our heads (for we had just gone to bed) and lay trembling least we should be all carried away together.

Such stories as these were continually impressed upon our minds and such was my ideas of the "Bad Man" being around my bed of night that I have often lain trembling with fear, not daring to move, and imagined that I could see him ready to take me "of[f] to' his dark hole" But now for the subject again: After we had done brading we were allowed to go and play awhile and then come in and larn our books. It was here that my young idea was first "taught to shoot." I here learned my letters & soon after learned to spell.

The times for our lessons, our brading, & our play, was judiciously arrainged, not kept at either long enough to weary us.

I consider the regulations good and well adapted to keep a large number of boys in subjection.

In the morning when we get up after washing and performing our morning devotional services, which was by singing and dancing The "Sisters" under whose care we were would sing a Shaker song and all the boys dance. At certain parts of the song, we had to

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run around in a circle, sometimes also clapping our hands, shouting, & making a great noise & uproar.

The like performances were gone through in the evening.

Always at meal time, when seated around the table, before we commenced eating, we had to kneal down and shut our eyes about one minute then all rising up at the same time, would take our seats again and commence eating While eating we were not allowed to speak unless spoken to, by those who waited on the table.

We were taught when we wanted any thing though it was from the smallest person, to ask them to do it "if they would be so kind",

It was in a comparable Shaker schoolroom at Pleasant Hill, Kentucky, that Hosea first "learned my letters & soon after learned to spell."

COURTESY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS. The

People

Called

Shakers,

BY E. u. ANDREWS.

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and after they had done it, the person would say, "I thank you kindly".

To which the other answers "you are kindly welcome", and such like civilities in all cases were punctually observed.

I have often thought if fathers and those who have die charge of families would adopt some of their rules and mode of dicipline, it would be a great improvement to their peace and social happiness.

Thus having good order and quietude instead of a continual scene of disobedience bickering, strife, quarrelling, contradicting each other, bad language backbiting, and the like, and an eternal rotine of ill manners, bad conduct &c. the example being allways set by the parents or guardian.

But now for the subject again The first time that ever I remember seeing my brother Joseph Allen was while living here.

My mother used to come to see me and bring him along with her.

She would bring apples and other little articles to please me.

I remember that she took me out doors once, to have a talk with me & gave me an apple telling me to be a good boy, and had me to eat there, least the other boys might get it away from me. I reluctantly went out with her and was in a hurry to go in again, least the boys might think I loved her, for we were taught to spurn the idea of paternal affection. I did not yet realize the kind hand of maternal affection that was want to administer to me but deprived of the privelege only in this clandestine way.

We were moved from, this place to another part of the village & there put under the sole care of Anthony Dunlavy & James Davis Here we had more priviledes only We were kept at our books and other employments, as they saw proper from time to time.

While here I learned to read tollerably well.

On the 21st day of August 1818, (on the Sabbath) some of the boys told me that my father was coming ("Old Jo. Stout" as we called him) whereupon I ran and hid but Dunlavy made me come back. It was while the Shakers were gone to meeting.

He told Dunlavy that he had come after me to go and stay a week with my mother as she was very anxious to see me.

Dunlavy, aware of his intentions, would not consent.

They had a long talk but to no purpose. In the minetime I went off to play rolling a hoop, & still holding on to it slowly.

At length my father came to me and endeavoured to pursuade me to go But I refused, all his arguments had no effect on me.

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After both of us returned to the house, Dunlavy still refusing my father picked me up and set me on his shoulder and walked off with me.

I screamed and cried as loud as I could; and tried to get away but, in vain. My nois soon aroused the whole place and out came the "Sisters," screaming crying and begging him to let me go. There was no resistance offered by the men, it being contrary to their faith.11 Had there been any, they might have easily prevented him & rescued me.

Among the rest of the women were my own sisters who were more earnest than the rest for having me retained.

He Stopped a while to expostulate and told them that he would bring me back next Sabbath, but this done no good towards satisfying, so he went off with me.

I had been taught that the "worldlings" had nothing to eat and if I left them, [the Shakers, I] would starve so when my father started away with me I was frightened because I did not expect to live untill next Sunday, and thought that my doom was sealed and I must surely die. As he was travelling along I took particular notice of every thing I passed & viewed the situation of the country intending to run away the first chance.

At length we passed through a low bottom of sugar maple where the dark gloom which overshadowed me, caused such a lonesome & solitary feeling as I viewed this dark cool, damp, "wildering maze, as I sat on his shoulder & the cobwebs drawing over my face that I gave up the last & my lingering ferlorn hope of escape for I was affraid to pass alone through this trackless, and dismal forest I had never before been in a thick forrest like that.

My last hope had now f[l]ed, to starve was inevitable now & I was almost in despair and began to weep and wail my unhappy fate.

But my father assured me that I should not die but have plenty to eat and return next Sunday. But I did not believe him. So> strong had the impression been made on my mind that the "worldlings" did not have enough to keep them from starving allmost & sometimes to> death.

At length we arrived at home, where I met with my mother, Sister Sarah & brother Joseph Allen, all who were very glad to see me, But to me it was no joy, for the fear of starving still lingered within me, and I felt more like a condemned criminal than a son just returning to the sweet embraces of an affectionate and doating mother.

11 "All wrestling, scuffling, beating, striking, or fighting'' was forbidden by the gospel of the Shakers. Ibid., 278.

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My father at this time was tending a mill for Robert Reagan on Shaw[n]ee Run creek, some four or five miles from Pleasant hill & perhaps as far from the junction of that stream with the Kentucky river He lived in an adjoining room to the mill.

I had not been there but a few hours, before I went to play with my brother, and in throwing stones in the mill dam, I undioughtedly hollowed, and was immediately, so consience smitten at that transgression that I stopped my sport a few minutes and finally resolved that I would remember & confess it when I returned to Pleasant Hill the next Sunday. So strictly scrupulous was I to obey the instructions of my Shaker tutors. In the afternoon my father and all the family went down die creek to amuse me by fishing I thought this a most flagrant violation of the law of God, and, although well amused, was still afraid of the consequences but comforted myself with a determination to confess all, when I returned next Sunday and this satisfied or lulled my conscience.

After we returned home several of the neighbours came in to see me. All with one accord endeavoured to turn me against the "Shakers.

Among the rest was a Mr. Lee, who came swaggering along half drunk & commenced praising me & telling me what a fine boy I was giving me as he spoke a dollar in silver and wanted me to say if I would not leave the Shakers, to which I consented to do, as I became now convinced that they were my friends & were kind to me and would not kill me nor starve me to death as I had been taught. I began to think the Shakers had taught me wrong & first gave up the idea of confessing my sins any more & in a few hours more was entirely converted over to the ways of the world and at dark was perfectly turned against the Shakers and would have abhored the idea of going back any more.

A new scene of things now had to be entered into. Being now out of the reach of Shaker dicipline & having no sins to confess, no boys to tell on me, but all willing to hide every mean trick, I soon was well initiated into all the rude mischief which the white, black, and yellow customers of a large mill & distillery could bring forth and went forth and acted in all cases perfectly free and uncounscience-bound and had now only to seek to keep it from my parents & no fears of the "Bad-Man" My mother paid strict attention to my education and kept me at my book more or less every day, and I was sure to have a lessen to studdy every time I was caught in mischief.

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During the winter my uncle Ephraim Stout12 and his sone, Ephraim, came to see us from Misssouri. They were on a general visit to see all his brothers & sisters. They remained there some time and while there he induced my father to move to Ohio to my uncle Isaac Stout13 Accordingly in die following spring he [my father] started, and stopped [on die way to Ohio] about one week in the edge of Pleasant Hill. Here I had an opportunity of seeing my four sisters [Rebecca, Mary, Margaret, and Anna] and old playmates again, all who earnestly endeavoured to induce me to come back and live with them; but I was now as much averse to them as I was to the worldings last fall when I was taken away I even scorned die idea of being called a Shaker boy.

We passed dirough Lexington & I think Georgetown and crossed the Ohio river at Cincinnatti and from thence to Lebanon, and arrived at my uncles in Clinton County, Ohio about three miles West of Wilmington the county seat, on Lytle's Creek14 We were conducted to the residence of my uncle's by a man named James McVey, one of his neighbours, who announced to- him that we had come whereupon they all ran out to meet us in great joy & excitement. Some weeping some laughing.

My uncle Isaac came hobbling down the hill to meet us. I was astonished to see how much he resembled Anthony Dunlavy, my old Shaker tutor for he looked almost exactly like him We stayed here perhaps three or four weeks, during which time I became very intimate with my two cousins Isaac jr. & Isaiah the latter in particular, in whose company I had great pleasure. " E p h r a i m Stout, brother of Hosea Stout's father, appears to have been an adventurous and restless person who preferred not to live too close to civilization. Born in North Carolina in 1775, he lived a while in eastern Tennessee and then moved to Washington County, Missouri. Of him, it was written in Dr. E. Duis, The Good Old Times in McLean County, Illinois (Bloomington, Illinois, 1874), 217-18: "Ephraim Stout was a great hunter, greater than Nimrod, or Esau, or Daniel Boone, indeed the latter had been a companion to Ephraim, and many were the stories told by him of their adventures together. When Ephraim was a young man he became married, of course, but no sooner had he done so than he regretted it bitterly. H e loved his wife with all the love of a young husband, but he happened to meet with Lewis and Clark, government agents, who were going to explore Oregon Territory, and his marriage prevented him from going with diem. Then there was wailing and gnashing of teeth, and he declared he would give five hundred dollars to be unmarried!"

13 Isaac Stout, an older brodier of Hosea's father, moved from Tennessee to Clinton County, Ohio, in 1807, where he died in 1853.

14 Hosea's uncles, Isaac and David, his Aunt Mary and Cousin John appear to have settled near Wilmington on Lyde's Creek, a stream flowing westerly from Wilmington to its junction with Todd Fork about a mile east of the westerly line of Clinton County.

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My father rented a farm bout one mile South from my uncle's, & we removed there & began to clear and prepare the ground for a Spring crop. My situation was now materially changed, being separated from my two cousins society, I was put to work, picking up and burning brush. This was fine sport for me at first, but I soon found that it was work, which I did not relish quite so well as playing with my cousins: but when I would not pick brush fast enough to suit my father, he would apply one to my back, as a prompter for me to put away childish things.

When summer came I was put to pulling weeds: but as soon as I was left alone would stop and go to play, which seldom failed to bring down the prompter on me when my father came: it done good however, about as long as it was in opperation, for he was no sooner gone than I was to play again.

One day, being impatient at my indolence and me arguing that I was not used to work; after giving me a severe flogging, [my father] put a chain around my neck and started away, swearing that he would "usen" me.

I supposed he was going to hang me forthwith & began to beg most lustily and promise to do better: but he went on paying no attention to me & took me out in the corn field, to a green beach tree and tied me to a long "swinging limb" and there set me to pulling up the weeds which were "in the reach of my cable tow" and went away.

As soon as he was gone & I saw he had no notion of hanging me, I laid down in the shade and went to sleep soundly. The next thing I knew he had me by die chain using a beach limb as usual, swearing it was more trouble to make me work than my neck was worth.

The above is a fair specimen of my industry for several years Sometimes I wished myself back among the Shakers, who I thought would not want me to work so hard, & if they did I would not be so solitary and alone; but knowing I could not get back, [I] would comfort myself with the idea that I would some day be "Big enough" to treat my father as he had me & to this end would try & remember all he said to me that I might return the same to him, which was no small comfort to me.

I sometimes could prevail on my mother to let my brother Allen go out to work with me, but never failed to set him at something he could not do & on his failure would most unmercifully beat & whip him and then make him promise not to tell on me, swearing if he did I would kill him the next time I got him out.

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The little fellow would not know what to do. If he went with me I was sure to beat him shamefully & if he refused to go [I] would whip him for that the first oppertunity. If I chanced to mark him, I told him what to say when questioned which he never failed to do but once and was not then believed but I learned him better than to ever tell again.

Notwithstanding my tyranny and ill treatment, he always loved, feard and obeyed me & was kind & docile, ever ready to take my advice & instructions, which made me repent of my abuse to him & [I] would resolve to do so no more, which would last till he done something to displease me.

Thus passed away the summer of 1819. The first summer after I came to Ohio. In the fall my father took a place about one quarter of a mile East from here, which had belonged to my cousin Jessee Stout.15 Here my sister Lydia was born on the third day of January 1820.

The settlement where we now lived was Quakers as also [were] my Uncle and all my relations & we were all or nearly all who were not.

My mother had a long and severe spell of sickness this winter & was unable to go out of the house untill in the spring.

My father opened a large sugar orchard this spring and made a great quantity of sugar. Here he would leave me to attend the camp alone in the night.

When summer [1820] came I was again put to work in the corn field & other like agracultural pursuits, with about similar specimens of industry on my part as last summer. He [my father] raised also this season a large crop of excellent wheat.

This year a man named Joel Allen, a distant relation of my fathers came into this settlement and put up at my uncle Isaac's, [and] commenced shoe-making for a livelihood, but in reality as a cover to his real character, for he had not been there long before he started to run away with one of my uncle's girls (Lydia) 36 & was overtaken by the old man and she was brought home and saved from infamy and ruin, for soon it was ascertained that [he] had been previously maried several times. He married several times near here & left his wives after living with them about seven or eight months.

15

Jesse Stout, born in 1794, was a son of Isaac Stout.

Lydia was Isaac Stout's seventeen year old daughter. She died in 1824. She is not to be confused with Hosea Stout's younger sister Lydia Roena.

10

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This fall My-self and Allen had a hard spell of the Mumps. I in particular was very bad.

This winter I was sent to school to a man by the name of Hiram Madden; but did not go long before a difficulty arose between me and some other schollars, and my father interfearing, caused a general disturbance, & I was taken away.

A.D. 1821.

This spring we moved about a half a mile south from where we now lived, to a place which my fadier had made some kind on contract to purchase, but never did. Here we raised another crop and also a very large crop of flax which yielded uncommonly well This summer we recieved a letter from two of my sisters at Pleasant Hill Kentucky, desiring my father to come after them as they had left die Shakers.

He went after them; but before he got there; the shakers had induced them to come back. So he was disappointed and very much put out both with his daughters & the Shakers.

A.D. 1822.

My youngest sister (Elizabeth) was born this spring. This was my mother's youngest child.

My father had made a bargain, and either rented or leased a place south from here, of a man named Adam Reynard17 where he put in a crop.

Some time in the summer we receved another letter from my sister Mary desiring my father to come again and bring her home, as she had left the Shakers again. He went and found her living at one of his old friends Daniel Burfett's, who had allways been a good frend to my father.

While he was there preparing to start home my sister Anna left the shakers and came also. I had now left with the Shakers two more sisters, Rebeca & Margaret.

It was with great joy that my old mother saw two more of her daughters, who had been absent some seven years, but now restored to her embraces.

17 According to Hosea Stout, Adam Reynard was a distant relative. On June 13, 1834, Adam Reynard, Jr., married Isaac Stout's daughter, Mary. This marriage may be the reason Hosea Stout described Adam Reynard as a distant relative at the time he wrote his autobiography in the winter of 1846-47.

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This winter Allen & my two youngest sisters, Lydia & Elizabeth, had the hooping cough which lasted all winter.

Some time this winter we received another letter from Kentucky from my sister Margaret, who had also left [the Shakers] and was at old friend Burfett He [my father] went after her and took my sister Anna along, thinking perhaps she might induce Rebecca to come also But in this they were disappointed They however brought home Margaret some time in February 1823. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; A.D. 1823.

Earley this spring after returning from Kentucky my father bought in a large quantity of geese and undertook the business of "growing feathers" as the place on which we now lived had an abundance of grass and was well calculated to diat business But in die summer they became so anoying and troublesome to one of our neighbours (Grand-Dadda Simcock as we called him) diat he sold them off again before he effected much in the "feathered kingdom" This summer my father raised a large crop on "Old Reynards place" again consisting principally of pumpkins, squashes, some corn and beans, melons and in the fall a large quant[it]y of turnips & parsnips.

This crop was raised on new ground which he had cleared the last year on a new contract which he had made to have the use of the land thus cleared for five years Some time in the fore part of the summer or in the spring a man who called his name William Stout a weaver by trade came into the settlement and became acquainted with my sister Margaret and obtained my fathers consent to marry her.

When the time drew near to be married he proposed to< go to Lebanon as he had friends there to which my father objected, where upon they ran away, Mary going with them.

This put the old man out very much and he concluded to let them go but some of his friends pursuaided him to go after them.

Accordingly he started taking me along as I afterwards learned, to assist in killing "Bill" When we got there we found at the Clerks office diat they were not married but getting on the track found them about dark about one mile from Lebanon.

He [William Stout] had gone to work at his trade with a good old long faced Du[t]ch Baptist and when he saw us was very much

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disconserted and knew not what to say. My father abruptly demanded to know what he had done as he had for; but Bill could not say much.

The girls were now for the first time convinced that they had acted imprudently; and for the first time had to reflect that their exit from home was looked upon by the public as sencureable and their first impulse was never to return home again. But my father soon got them convinced of the best way to pursue & Mary agreed to return.

That night June the 6th, Bill was married to Margaret, which ended my father's jurisdiction over her. They had a good chance to make a living there by weaving so they staid and the next day we came home, with Mary along with us.

This was the first "Long journey" I had taken being 20 miles, to walk in a long dry summer day bare foot with only a shirt, hat & pantaloons on, my feet wore out on the gravel and I found it hard "sledding" Comming home however was not quite so hard, for about half way home and when very tired we came in company with a man who had two barrells of cider oil, very good. He was drawing it to Wilmington to sell. When he started to travel it commenced to foment and he drew out some and put in water thinking to stop it, but it made it worse. This my father knew but said nothing. At length it became so bad that he commenced drawing it out and we all went to drinking at a round rate. This was fine times for me and made the road easy. It was the first I ever tasted & pleased me well Not knowing its power I drank deep, and long before I got home was under full sail beyond the bounds of cares and sorrow. Everything seemed to rejoice.

We came home thus in the evening of the 7th of June. None of the rest had partook so liberally as I, & were right side up when they came home, and of course I was the only one who could rejoice under the circumstances. So much for Bill.

I was taken down with, what was called the French measles, soon after our return from Lebanon. Allen & my two youngest sisters also had the same complaint. We were very sick and for a while it was doubtful whether we would live or die; but we however all recovered.

We had but just recovered from the attact of the French measles before we were taken down with the spotted measles. My father did not escape this time but came very near dying.

My youngest sister (Elizabeth) after partially recovering was taken down with a relapse and died. All the rest recovered after a very severe spell.

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This fall my father sold out his claims on the "Reynard place" for some cattle & a rifle, to Reynard & he then commenced to butchering and selling beef at which he done well for a short time. This he had also done some summers previously with good success.

This summer my father took a notion to make his fortune by raising castor oil beans and had me and my brother [Allen] to plant large quantities of them both in and out of the fields and in the fall we geathered part of them & they spoilt on our hands and we never made anything by it.

Bill Stout came back this fall to see us and left Margaret at Lebanon He was here a day or two and would give us no' satisfaction as to what he intended to do and so my father got in a rage at him and ordered him away, threatning to shoot him if he did not instantly g[o]. Bill however did not appear alarmed and said nodiing It however proved only a "flare up" for the old man cooled off and done nodiing & Bill went home and moved back in a short time & settled about four miles from here and went to weaving. His wife [Margaret] was very sick this fall and came home to live, but Bill never came in the house again, but went off some where, and was gone untill near spring His wife had agreed to leave him and go to Tennessee to her uncle Samuel Stout, my father's brother18 She accordingly started with a man & his wife, who was here by the name of Stanton. He lived near my uncle Samuel & was here on a visit to see his brother.

Bill came in the settlement soon after they left and started after them and overtook them and prevailed on her to> live with him again.

This fall my mother was taken down with the consumption and before spring was confined to her bed.

This I believe closes the year as to anything of a characteristic nature, in the affairs of my fathers family.

[To Be Continued In Spring Quarterly]

1S Samuel Stout, born in 1771, was an older brother of Hosea's father. He settled in Tennessee, and thereafter about 1827, he moved to Tazewell County, Illinois, being the first setder in a community called Litde Mackinaw.

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Edited by Reed A. Stout [CONTINUED FROM WINTER ISSUE OF THE

Quarterly]

1824 This spring my father put in a crop on the place where he lived & among other things put in a large quantity of cabbage which grew to an uncommon size. I worked with him untill about June and tiien hired to a man named Job Cooley, where I staid about a month and was employed at hoeing corn.

After this, I went to live with a man named Benjamin Howell, who lived some more than a mile from home. When I went there to live, I felt as if I was seperated entirely from my little brother & sister who was very near to me, and for several days I thought of home & cried all the time that I was alone although I could run home any time in an hour; but it was the first time I was ever seperated from them for Cooley lived within a few hundred yards from my fathers I was engaged here at hoeing corn untill harvest and then put to harvesting. This was new work to me and went hard with me & I did not like it, but I was releived however from this for I got word from my mother that she was worse & wanted to see me. So I went home and staid a few days In the meintime [I] informed them how I was treated and my father would not let me go back but sent me back after my clothes. I went but did not tell that I was not coming to live with them any more but said I wanted to stay with my mother untill she got better for that was her request.

Howell was not at home but his wife gave me what clothes I took there and said that he had told her not to let me have any more I suppose they had expected that I would not come back to live. He had bought me some light, cheap summer clothers for "Sunday" amounting perhaps to one dollar and a half.

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So he kept that and would allow me nodiing for my work. He had treated me hard all the time I was with him and in fact he was mean, narrow contracted, and dishonest man & totally unfit to bring up a boy. I had to work very hard while there.

When I came home I found my modier much worse, for she was now very low, she continued to sink untill the 28th day of July when she died By her death I lost the only unwavering friend that I had and our family was now left like a ship without a rudder to be the sport of misfortune and I severely felt and realized her loss, and now when deprived of her, could begin to see my own ingrattitude and disobedince to her, and when too late would gladly have served her.

The rest of the family now remained together a short time but did not go into any arraingements to live but all seemed lossed and knew not what to do, for our helm was gone.

The loss of my mother was a misfortune which reached my heart and caused me deep and lasting trouble, which I feel to this day when I ponder on her tenderness and goodness to me. Notwithstanding the lapse of twenty-three years between us and the many privations, misfortunes, losses in friends & perils which I have encountered since.

Not long after the death of my mother I went and worked for an old fat rich Quaker named John Fallis.

Here I was put at making and mowing or packing away hay. He had a number of hands at work and I enjoyed myself well. I worked for \2y2 cents a day untill I got cloth for a round about coat, and then went to live with his son-in-law Eli Harvey, who lived about 4 miles from there on the Lebanon road. This seemed to me to be going to a strange and foreign land.

When I got there, I was struck with the familiarity of the place for as I came from Lebanon last year as mentioned before, well filled with cider oil, I had stopped to rest on the large projecting roots of a popler of uncommon size, about seven feet [in] diameter which from its singularity & size drew my attention & I had often thought of it It stood close to the road in an old "deadening" where I knew some body contemplated making a farm but appeared to me to be a "wildering maize" secluded from the haunts of man.

Here I found my new home and to me fell the task to convert this wilderness of dead timber into a fruitful field. Fallis took me down there & I went to work . There had been a small crop of corn put in last spring & a house built. Harvey was doing well.

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Drawing of Lebanon, Ohio, 1846. It was in 1823 that Hosea accompanied his father to Lebanon and returned home "well filled with cider oil." The following year, Hosea went to work on a farm on the Lebanon road which belonged to Eli Harvey, a man who made an everlasting impression on him.

COURTESY WARREN COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, OHIO

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My first work was to pick and burn brush. He was a pushing man in business and well calculated to learn a "spoilt child" to work I had to work hard earley and late I generally went home every Saturday to see my folks. He was the best man I ever lived with, good, kind, and obliging19 [He] would exact all that I could do and no more & was a good judge of the amount of work a boy should do. I soon found that he only wanted the fair thing and would not be satisfied without it He never misused, never repremanded or seemed to be dissatisfied with out I was to blame and I soon loved, obeyed, and respectd him and, what was still more strange I worked well and became interested in his welfare a thing before unknown to me.

Eli, was also a Quaker. This was the first summer that he had been married Here I enjoyed myself better than I ever had done before and felt that I was in a way to learn to be some account Hitherto I did not think I was doing well and had nothing to encourage me, but now, full of hopes and bright expectations I assumed new life and determined to be worth something I staid here till cold weather and went home again and again sank back into dispondency and gloom without anything before me to stimulate [me] to action 18 Eli Harvey was to have an enduring influence upon Hosea Stout. Twenty-seven years after first going to live with Eli Harvey, Hosea Stout named a son born in Salt Lake City, September 17, 1851, Eli Harvey Stout.

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After remaining at home a while inactive, my father took a notion to take me to willmington to learn a trade.

He there put me to live with a man named Isaiah Morris, who was clerk of the circuit court Morris only wanted a boy to do his work, such as making fires taking care of the horses and such like drudgery and to this occupation I was doomed to serve for a season. He never allowed me to eat untill himself and all his family had done and then I came and "picked the bones" He was a very popular and influential man and was withal a good sort of a fellow, but too rich and consequential to stoop to tutor me more than to answer his purpose and further he cared not for my wellfare.

When I first came he gave me very positive orders not to be out after night as was the custom with other boys here, and that I had to be civil and industrous, which I thought at the time was perfectly right and intended strictly to observe it, for I had been thus far raised in a civil Quaker settlement and was in fact an uncommon civil boy, for the simple reason that I had never yet had the opportunity to learn anything else. The sequel will show how well I retained my loyalty and first love for I was not there many days before the Presidential election came off which resulted in the election of John Quincy Adams to the Presidency.

I was not allowed to go to see what was going on and be an eye witness to the election; but was engaged in burying cabbage close to the Court house and could hear the oaths and shouts for their respective candidates usual on such occasions all [of] which was so wild and uncivil to me that I did not know what to think for it was the first election I ever saw or even heard of.

The day passed off, and after dark the boys took the streets and commenced [shouting] mostly for Henry Clay, "Hurrah for Clay."

"Hurrah for Adams, "Hurrah for Jackson" was ringing all over town.

Some of Morris family wanted me to go and stop the boys, and accordingly I went, for I verily thought [this] was most ridiculous.

I did not lecture them long, for as soon as I came in company [with the boys], one of the boys told me to never mind but to Hurrah for Clay, which was no sooner said than I also took fire and commenced I believe louder than any one else. In a moment all my gravity was gone and I was the wildest one in the company, so unaccustomed was I to such freaks that once engaged [I] did not know how to govern myself, but [was] like a tame well diciplined young horse [which when] taken on

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supprise by a frightened wild drove is more impetu[ou]s than the rest, for I knew not what ailed me.

We continued thus along time when I sobered down and went home & very gravely complained at the reckless noisy boys who did not regard the good order of the place.

I was mightily taken up with the lively rude and good natured town boys at this time and thought them far preferable to my old civil Quaker comrades and was now anticipating great joy to be had in their society on "Sundays" when we could rove in innocent civil and friendly droves uninterupted by any thing to mar our good feeling and play; but in this I was doomed to be disappointed for the first Sunday when I met with a gang of them to "bask in plasure" they according to their custom had me to break as they called it for they alway made a country boy fight before they would acknowledge him as a regular playmate This was something I was not prepared for and the last thing which I wished to do for I had the best of feelings for them all and only wanted innocent amusement.

Accordingly they commenced the opperation by aggravating me in every way that they could calling all manner of ill names and cursing me for a coward, while others were on my side & would tell me how to do and what was wanted and if I would whip any of the them all would be right, promising to see me have fair play Others told me how these same boys treated them when they first came in town to live.

There was one boy who I knew before he came to town for he had been one of our neighbours and he was now the foremost one to aggravate me His name was Elihu Millikin. Annother larger boy named Brooks Griffith told me that when he first came Elihu treated him as he was now me and that he took a long stick and began to poke his nose, saying that he would snuff the candle, and that he gave Elihu a good whipping and ever since Elihu had been a good friend to him and if I would only whip him that he knew Elihu would afterwards be a good friend to me and that I would be obliged to whip someone before I could have any peace with the boys Elihu heard all that was said and confirmed it but said I was such a coward that I darst not fight and swore that he would snuff my candle and so saying he took a long mullin stalk and commenced at my nose.

This began to put me in the proper mood for the case in hand.

Previously to this I had declared my unwillingness to fight and my feeling were so wounded at the ill treatment of the 6 boys that I wept with grief and disappointment

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Elihu had not snuffed long at my nose before I told him what he might depend on in case he persisted but this only made him worse & he swore I darst not touch him.

About this time some of the boys gave me a push against him; at which he swore and threatned most bitterly while the boys repeatedly pushed me on him anxious to see a fight and I was now getting in the notion fast and when they pushed would yield to it a few times and at last, vexed all most to desperation I jumped at him and knocked him down and before he could recover, gave him three severe kicks in the small of the back which all most broke him down. He was in an instant scarcely able to walk and now cried and screamed most unmercifully for he was badly whiped. While I was at this the boys all shouted for me and unanimously hailed me as a first rate fellow except Elihu and he swore that he would yet have revenge, but I swore that if he attempted anything again I would whip him ten times worse for I was now ready for any kind of a fight and perfectly regardless of the consequences Such was the manner of my initiation into manners and customs of the town boys.

Elihu, became a great friend of mine afterwards as the boys had told me but not steadfastly a friend untill I gave him three or four more severe whippings, after which he was always ready to take up on my side whether I was right or wrong With all my civil Quaker habits and the disgust with which I first looked on the behavior of these boys I was soon one of the worst in town and in fact many became ashamed of me and often reproved me who I once thought so reckless and wild.

We would meet together late at night and wander in droves stoning houses and abusing the more civil part of [the] community and particularly if we had any thing against a man we were shore to do him a displeasure. This was the first winter I was there.

Such was a specimen of my life with the boys notwithstanding Morris' orders to the contrary.

I went home to see my people once and Allen came part of the way home with me, which was the last time I ever saw any of my people for years.

Not many weeks after this I came to see my people again full of joy and gratification with a light heart at the prospect of again being with my brother and sisters once more.

I came near the house and commenced making a noise to cause some of them to come out to see what was the matter, and then hid to dis-

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appoint them; but I soon found myself more sadly disapointed, for no one came out and wondering at the cause I went to the house and dien found they had gone. The house was desolate. I knew in a moment that they had gone to Cincinnati for father had been making such calculations. I found myself in this lonely desolate place of my former joys, All gone far away & I here alone whereas I had anticipated so much satisfaction at this moment. But O, my people are gone It is impossible to describe my feelings. After looking around on the desolation which now brooded over everything in view I commenced weeping & most bitterly too. It seemed that I was the most forsaken being on earth and now doomed to eternal loneliness and sorrow & I must mourn out the remainder of my day. It seemed that I could heare the weak plantiff voice of my departed mother admonishing me to do better and would look in the house but alas she was gone & I truly alone and where is the family Every object before me was a witness of better & happy day but all gone by all these things conspired to awaken my feelings and sorrow It was now for the first time that my head pained me & seemed that my senses would leave with trouble I wept long and loud.20 At length I washed my face at a brook and dried up my tears and went to our nearest neighbor (Grandfather Simcock) to hear all that I could about the family.

I put on as a cheerful countenance as I could and went in. They confirmed my first idea that they had gone to Cincinnati21 and after staying there an hour or two I started home again, to Wilmington weeping and lamenting as I went & cast many a long lingering sorrowful look back to see my little brother I came to the place where he had accompanied me to when I saw him last and there seemed to part with him again.

It is hard for a person to conceive the agony I was in when I came home and let Morris' folks know what had happened.

20

Hosea was fourteen years old at this time.

In the fall of 1824, Hosea's father, Joseph Stout, with his daughters, Mary, Anna, and Lydia, and his son, Allen Joseph, moved to Cincinnati. After remaining mere a few weeks, they moved to the falls of the Ohio River, near Louisville, where they spent the winter. There Mary married Nicholas Jameson. In the spring of 1825, Hosea's father, leaving his daughter, Lydia, with Mary, but accompanied by Anna and Allen Joseph, set out by river boat for Little Rock, Arkansas. On the way he had a falling out with the boat captain, so went ashore before reaching Little Rock. Eventually, he joined his brother, Ephraim, in Washington County, Missouri, and moved with him to Tazewell County, Illinois. In 1827 he left Anna and Allen Joseph in Illinois and returned to Ohio. A full account of these events is contained in the Journal of Allen Joseph Stout, typescripts in the library of the Utah State Historical Society and in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, at San Marino, California, 21

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A page from Hosea Stout's autobiography describing his feelings at finding himself forsaken by his family at the age of fourteen.

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I served Morris purpose very well for a while but became dissatisfied for he did not treat me well.

He would not get me any new cloths for winter which I needed badly, but would have me wear some of his old one which made me look very odd for he was a large man. I knew I was not well treated and had no reason to expect anything for my advantage Neither good food clothing or any chan[c]e to go to school but saw I was only intended as a servant and I decreed in my heart to be of no use to him. This caused me to seek ways to shune work which thing I found I had quite a tallent and was soon able to make him earn all that I did before he could get me at it right. I would take care of the horses because I loved them and not for his sake.

During this winter I often heard from my father by the mail boys who went to Cincinnati twice a week (about 55 miles) which was some consolation to me even to hear from them and I expected that my father would come after me in the spring & I would go away, which kept up my spirits no little.

Thus passed this year as far as I can remember 1825 This year found me about as before described, and not much advantage to Mr. Morris, and looking for my father to come after me which kept me in great suspense for months and very uneasey. In the spring I was put to gardening. This occupation suited me very well had I been satisfied with my home and future prospects. In the summer I was most of my time rainging around town and through the surrounding country and up and down the creeks, with other like truants I evidently grew worse every day. Some times I would go alone to the destrict of my former days with my brother and rove through the woods whifch] we had been used to and give myself up to weeping & mourning in solitary loneliness It was there I would resolve to amend my ways and do better for I knew I was going to ruin but had not government over myself to keep me strait when in town.

I would resolve to join the Methodist some times but did not know how neither had the moral courage [to] enquire, at other times I would resolve to leave town and go to a place better calculated to teach me better things but did not know how to leave Morris, because my father enjoined it on me to stay there and that seemed sacred to me now.

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Amidst all these good and bad feelings I was tossed and would hardly get into town before all was over for the first boy I met I was as bad as ever notwithstanding my better desires when alone Upon the whole in all my wild career, I was uncommonly wrought on about religion when my mind could be brought to reflection, and had any of the religious part of [the] community undertaken it would soon have brought me to the, "anxious seat" to get religion, but who would have thought so of me ?

Some times I went to see my uncle Isaac's and my cousins. On one occasion I took Elihu along with me, while there I had a quarrel with a neighbor boy who was playing with us & my cousins, which gave them a full specimen of my "manner of speech" which perfectly astonished them for it was to them as rediculous as such tilings was to me when I first went to town They informed my uncle of these things, who was not satisfied to see me let run thus uncontrolled and untaught, so he went and complained to Morris about it and wanted me to come away.

My uncle was a particular friend to Morris & he did not wish to do anything to displease him and so he agreed to do as he [my Uncle Isaac Stout] desired. Thus by doing evil, good came for my outragious bad language & habits served to awaken my uncle to a sense of duty and thus delivered me from such a place which nothing else could for Eli Harvey had been to see me to go and live with him again a thing most desireable to me, but Morris objected & I undertook to run away which he found out and pursuaded me not to do notwithstanding he so readily yielded to my uncle.

Accordingly in December I left him and went and lived with my cousin Jesse Stout, where I staid till the end of the year Here I was at once delivered from all bad company at which I felt happy & had the society of my cousins to play with.

Jesse was a very civil Quaker but would chop fire wood on the Sabbath. This I thought most sacralagious, for it was not alowed in town & I was consciencious about it as bad as I was & thought I would prepare wood for him the day before. Such a mixture of religion and devilment.

1826 This year found me with Jesse Stout. I cut my foot in the later part of winter which disabled my from work and I went to stay with my uncle While here doing nothing I took a notion to learn to wright, so my cousin Isaac, who was about my age undertook to learn me. He

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wrote a good hand. Suffice it to say it was not long before I wrote a tolerably legible hand. When I was able to work I went to Jesse's again and he set me to studdying arithmetic at which I soon learnt the first rules This was a great start to me in education and gave me such a taste for it that I could not be satisfied Had Morris taken any pains with me I now could have been a tolerable good schollar. I resolved now to have an education and to that end all my drought and intentions were bent Some time in April Eli Harvey, learning where I was, came to see me and wanted me to live with him again which I was glad to do & it also suited Jessee very well for he did not need me & accordingly went immediately home with him I now felt perfectly restored and redeemed from all trouble for I had often thought and sighed for the privilege of again living with him. I was here put to regular work again for the first time since I left him & rejoiced at the privilege but found I had contracted indolent habits which however he was well calculated to cure without any harsh words or bad feelings.

I commenced by preparing the ground for a crop, by burning up the logs & limbs which had fallen in the winter.

When the time came I was put to ploughing. This suited me well.

Scene illustrating the period and area where Hosea worked as a farm hand. "[He] was delighted with a farmer's occupation and . . . worked hard."

COURTESY UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

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I was delighted with a farmers occupation and can say that I worked hard this summer.

It was a Quaker custom to go to meeting twice a week and this privilege was granted to me and [I] mostly went and civilly and willingly conformed to all the sober habits of a Quaker life and took a great interest in Harvey's wellfare. All the boys in the neighborhood were civil Quakers & I could have no bad company had I desired it. I felt like I was doing some good for mys[e]lf and hopes began to arise again This summer was spent in all the common occupations of farming and clearing ground at such times as we were not needed on the farm.

I was also very attentive to my book and improved every leisure moment I had and was always assisted by Eli when needed in anythings I could not understand, for he was a good school master, and ready to teach which was a great benefit to me.

I will mention a word about Quaker meetings. When you go to a quaker meeting you will sit with your hat on & nothing said, that is all sit with hats on no one speaks unless the spirit moves him to. Meeting lasts generally about one hour. They "break" or dismiss meeting by the head ones Shaking hands and then all arise and go out. â&#x20AC;&#x201D; This winter Eli took up a school about one & half miles from his house and I went to school to him for a term of three months.

I made great proficiency in my studdies this winter. Besides improving my hand writing considerable I went about one third through the arithmetic. I gave close attention to study and would not allow myself time to play but seldom.

I was well done by this year by Eli for besides sending me to school three month and my victuals and clothes he gave me a new suit of cloths which was entirely ahead of anything I had ever had before and [I] now made a fine tall appearance & I then thought very grand.

This closes the history of this year.

1827 This spring I commenced work; after school was out, with Eli, on new terms. Instead of working for my vuictals and clothes as usual, Eli thought I ought to have something more, so he proposed giving me three dollars pr month for five months, besides doing my washing mending, and making my clothes. I was to "take the weather as it comes" as the saying then was that is counting wet and dry. This was his own arraingement and I agreed to it not doubting his judgement which was

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however for those times about right He also used to give me extra jobs and pay me for it which considerably increased my wages.

I worked out the five months without loosing a single day for if I was sick he always lost the time and not me.

I worked as before at farming. At the end of die five months he was eight dollars in my debt for which he gave me his note five of which was to be in cash and the residue in cloth. This was also his own contract.

After I was done work here I worked at several different places as I met with chances, mostly for eighteen cents pr day and also was back and forth to my uncle Isaac's several times, but my home [was] at Eli's.

In the fall Eli paid me the five dollars in money which was the first time I ever had more than a dollar at once & I now thought of laying it up to buy land as soon as I could get enough.

I went to Willmington this summer a time or two, & there saw my old town mates but had no disposition to live there nor did I like their company, for I was now fairly a Quaker in my heart and intended some day, when I learnt how, to join their society. I was in fact a truly religious boy but no one knew or even supposed that I had any such feelings.

Thus passed off this summer and fall and in the winter Eli Harvey took up another school where he did last year & I went and lived with David Harvey his brother & went to school to Eli I worked evenings & mornings for my board and was to work one week for him after school was out.

I was very attentive to my studies this winter and made about the same proficiency as I did last winter and went about two thirds through the arithmetic. I seldom went to play at noon.

This winter I had an affair with one of the school boys which I believe taught me the first lessen I ever received on human nature. â&#x20AC;&#x17E; There was a boy named Samuel Savage who was not a Quaker. He was a most profane and quarelsome fellow and all the boys and girls at school hated him. He was alway disputing at play time and threatning to fight while he well knew the Quaker boys would not; but I often heard them wish some one would whip him.

At length he commenced abusing me. A thing I would by no means bear so I told him one day in great earnest that I would whip him if he did not behave which only made him worse, for he did not believe me and accordingly the next day he brought a number of small stones in his pocket and showed them to me in time of school and was making his

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brags all the forenoon how he would use them on me if I attempted to hurt him. All the boys and girls expressed their disapprobation at his conduct and unanimously declared that he ought to be whiped I knew I had the decision of the whole school on my side and verily thought it would be a righteous act to whip him and also a great accommodation to all the schollars accordingly at play time I went out with the rest to play ball & he was very crabbid and swore if I hit him with the ball even when it was in order that he would hit me with a stone so die first chan[c]e for a throw I got I aimed at him while he squared himself to throw back; But I was at him before he had time to throw back and while he was taking the stone out of his pocket [I] jumped on him and gave him a most unmerciful beating over the head with my fist which almost entirely disabled me from writing for a day or so.

Eli soon came out and gave me a severe repremand for my "Town boy capers" and threatened to dismiss me from school. The schollars unanimously turned against me and simpathized for Samuel Savage calling me fighter. I now found I had done a thankless job for it was as much to accommodate them as to gratify my own feelings. The fact was they did not really want any one whiped and while saying so did not expect to see it done. Whereas I was in earnest and thought they were also.

This was heralded all over the setdement to my disadvantage but I stood up for myself.

I learned that it was not good policy to do fighting for people who had not corurage or a disposition to do it for themselves and it proved a useful lessen to me in after life and caused me to begin to observe the inconstancy and ingratitude of mankind & no doubt it has prevented me from falling into worse difficulties by trying to help those who will not help themselves For if you ever do you may depend on being forsaken in times of trouble.

My sister Mary, who moved to Cincinnatti widi my father in tHfe fall of 1824, had been married to a man named [Nicholas] Jameson at or near a place then called the 18 mile Island below Louisvill I believe on the Ohio river She was married January 7th 1825 She had one son called Benjamin Walter Jameson, who was born December 3rd 1825 and died October the 3rd 1826.

My father had moved from Cincinnati down the river stopping at several places for a short time untill he came to the above named point

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where Mary was married from whence he proceeded on as will be related hereafter, scattering his family by the way.

This fall My Uncle Isaac received a letter from Jameson which informed us that Ma[r]y was dead. She died January the 5th 1827, of consumption, I think.

During the term of the above named school I went to my uncles on a visit, as was always my custom occasionally when I was informed of the death of Mary & the situation of my peple diere.

This news was communicated to me immediately upon my coming into the hous, which perfectly shocked me and filled me with grief & sorrow which I could only give vent to in a flood of tears.

There is a possibility of me being mistaken in the time I received the above news It might have been last winter.

1828 This Spring when the school was out I was almost entirely destitute for clothes for such had been my eagerness for schooling that I would not stop untill the expiration of the term and on die last day of the school I was litterally flying in rags with both knees out bare and had not went to meeting or any pub[l]ic place except school for a long time.

After the school was out I commenced work again with double dilligence, determined now to fit myself out again widi respectable clothing, accordingly I commenced work again for EH Harvey first for twenty-five cents a day. I then went to work for a man named Ezekiel Hornaday for four dollars pr month at preparing and putting in spring crops. I believe I worked for him two montiis and then Jesse Harvey a Doctor and cousin to Eli came and offered me five dollars a month to work for him. To which propersition I accepted and quit Ezikiel to his great disappointment and chagrin for Jesse had fairley over bid and underminded him. but I Did not think anything about [this] at the time but the first chance Eli Harvey got he told me that Jessee had no right to interfere without first going to see Ezekiel & having an understanding with him. I then thought so too but it was now too late for I had bargained with Jessee and went accordingly.

He [Jesse Harvey] set me to clearing ground and rolling logs alone and of course I done but little.

Sometimes he would come out and work and tear about a while fresh from his apothecary shop and then hint to me that I ourght to work accordingly.

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After a while he set me to ploughing with a weak starved poor team and a bad plough on the new rooty ground at which I made poor headway.

His horses were fed on a scant portion of bran and were in fact unable to work.

He had likewise some old ground to plough at which I done very well at for a while.

He never had enough cooked to eat and this had always been said of him that he starved his hands.

In fact he was a mean narrow contracted little souled man, having but last winter finished his studdies at Cincinnatti & now had this spring set up for business, deeply in debt, and had no practice worth naming.

He sat in his house and spent his time in reading and his studdies and at the same time was unable to support his family, which was large He had evidently undertook to cut a big figure before he was properly qualified for it He was not very po[p]ular. He was ready to grind down a hired boy like me for a trifle.

The result was, I soon became dissatisfied and tried as little to please him as he did to do justice by me and we fell out before harvest and parted.

On settlement he refused to pay me all my dues and acted most rascally and mean with me.

After leaving him I worked but little more in that settlement but while there made my home at Eli's.

During the time of Harvest I went from this settlement to my uncles again and there commenced going to school to George Carter who had taught school at a school house near Lytle's creek meetinghous, almost time out of mind, for all that now lived in the vicinity had been educated by him who were under middle age. He had educated all my uncle's family many of whom were now married & many of his former pupils were now sending their children to him also.

He was a good schollar and teacher. I boarded at my uncles & went to school to him & commenced the studdy of English Grammar by Saml Kirkham at which I had allready quite a smattering. I went about six weeks to him during which time I applied myself closely to my studdys & acquired a tolerable good knowledge of grammar. I also assisted my uncle to do his harvesting.

While here going to school one of my second cousins Stephen Stout came and wanted me to go to the Illinois with him as he was going to move this fall to which I agreed in case he could take also my sister

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Peggy [Margaret] also which he did for it all suited him very well and accordingly I now began to arrainge my business for it.

My sister Margaret had as before mentioned started to Tennessee to my uncle Samuel Stouts with Staunton, but her husband [William Stout] overtook them and she was again induced to live with him and not go to my uncles so they were together a short time & he again left her somewhere in Kentucky, in a most desolate condition shortly after which she was del[i]vered of a son [Samuel] October the 8th 1824 who died Nov. 1826. Being left in her delicate situation in a strange land poor and destitute she suffered incredibly but at length obtained news somehow or other of Jameson & her twin sister Mary his [Jameson's] wife contrived means [for Margaret] to come to her.

When she came she was sick and scarcely able to walk & So was Mary also sick Their meeting can better be imagined than described for Mary was not apprized of her coming untill she saw her at her door & both wept unable to speak for a while. She [Margaret] remained with Mary untill her death and in the spring of the present year came here again and had remained here untill the time now mentioned.

I wound up my schooling sold off my desk & things that I could not move & then went to Todd's Fork22 again to settle up some out standing accounts I had there. While there Eli Harvey wanted to know what I was going to do. I told him I was going to Mackinaw.23 This he did not like, for upon some others corning up and making similar inquiries Eli told them that I was going to the lead mines24 where it was no harm to swear.

He thought that the Mackinaw country [Illinois] & lead mines was all one and such was the universal idea although it was 180 miles to the lead mines from Mackinaw.

The fame of the profanity of the lead mines was proverbial & Eli thought it would be my ruin to go there.

I wound up my business there and bid them all farewell for the last time and have never saw them since. " T o d d ' s Fork begins northeast of Wilmington and flows in a generally southwesterly direction through Clinton and Warren counties, Ohio, to its juncture with the Little Miami River.

23 Mackinaw, Illinois, is about twenty miles west of Bloomington and about the same distance southeast of Peoria. In 1828 Mackinaw was the county seat of Tazewell County, but in 1831, the county seat was moved to Pekin.

24 In the early 1800's, large quantities of lead and zinc were mined in the extreme northwestern part of Illinois, around the city of Galena.

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Shortly after this my sister Margaret & myself went home with Stephen stout to prepare for our intended journey.

He lived on Grassy Run about 12 miles from my uncles & beyond willmington that is North East.

This [the place where cousin Stephen Stout lived] was a level flat wet country and very uninviting being the heads of the Todd's Fork & Lytle creeks and some others. I here had several cousins and formed a fast and quick acquaintance with many.

I here first began to keep company with the girls and now began to wish I was married I staid here some two or three weeks while Stephen was preparing to move & we then moved down on Todds Fork near Centre Meeting house where his father lived and there prepared for his final start.

While here I returned to my uncles [Isaac Stout's] to bid them all farewell and staid all night and the next day went back when nothing now remained but to go but before I start I will say a word about my fadier.

He had returned here about one year ago and had been living mostly by himself during the time & I had been to see him several times and staid all night He came by Jamesons on his way here & had brought back my little Sister Lydia so that now there was five of the family in the settle[ment] of Lytles creek namely Lydia Margaret, Sarah, myself & my father.

Anna & Allen were now in Illinois near where I was going So you see we were now going to have another seperation for none but myself & Margaret were going. My father had bound my sister Lydia to Adam Reynard a distant relation so I did not expect to see them again for years.

After returning from my uncles I believe we started the next day (Sept 9th) leaving my cousins with tears in our eyes, and pursuid our journey West.

We | Hosea, Margaret, and Stephen Stout] traveled through Waynesville Dayton &c Ohio to Richmond and along the National road25 to Indianapolis, Indiana. Allmost all the road from Richmond 2s In 1806 Congress granted an appropriation for the building of a highway leading west through the Appalachians. This highway came to be known as the National Road.

It began at Cumberland, Maryland, and by 1820 had progressed as far as Wheeling. From Wheeling, the need for the road was not so great as westward travel could continue by river boat. Nonetheless, the building of the highway continued toward St. Louis, but in 1836, it was discontinued after reaching Vandalia, Illinois. A. B. Hulbert, Paths of Inland Commerce (New Haven, 1920), passim.

Illustration of travel on completed portion of the Cumberland or National Road, which was begun in 1806. In 1828 when Hosea traveled over the road in Indiana on his way to Illinois, he described it as "full of logs and trees felled across the road and lay there while we had to zigzag from side to side of the road across the State through a disagreeable mud."

COURTESY THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

to Indiana was uncommonly bad. T h e land was a flat level Beech land thick set with spice wood.

T h e National road was now being cut out, which had been let out in different jobs & was now full of logs and trees felled across the road and lay there while we had to zigzag from side to side of the road across the State through a disagreeable mud all the way I drove Stephens cattle and came on foot all the way.

I believe we were sixteen days journeying.

After crossing the Wabash river we soon came to the grand prairie which I had heard so much talk about and it was truly a grand scenery to me for I gazed upon the boundless ocean of meadow before me, which seemed to meet the horrizon on all sides except an ocasional grove which presented a dark line in the distance, with unmingled delight.

It was the first time that my eyes ever beheld such a wide expanse.

Just before me I thought I beheld a beautiful elevation some twenty feet high like a wave & to that I pushed forward to have a more wide and

". . . we soon came to the grand prairie . . . and it was truly a grand scenery to me for I gazed upon the boundless ocean of meadow before me, which seemed to meet the horrizon on all sides except an ocasional grove which presented a dark Hne in the distance, with unmingled delight. . . . I was highly pleased with a prairie country from that day forth until now."

DRAWING BY ROY OLSON

extended view from its sumit of the wide spred prairie but I traveled hard for [a] long time still looking forward to the high grounds before me untill weary and fatigued I looked back & saw another elevation behind me which explained the matter for I did not know how to look upon a prairie & my eyes had decieved me for the country was a beautiful level.

I gazed with admiration and delight upon the beautiful scenery before me as I journeyed along, untill my eyes pained me and my head ached which was in consequence of not being accustomed to such an extended view, I suppose.

It was in the afternoon, & over a level dry prairie before I came to any timber or found watter.

This was my initiation into a prairie life in recieving which I partook of both the good & the bad in a measure, for I was allmost suffocated with heat and drouth when I got through and eagerly plunged into the first brook I came to, with the cattle & all drank together of a putrid stagnant stream & better watter I thought I never drank, but not with standing all this I was highly pleased with a prairie country from that day forth until now.

Suffice it to say our journey was now through prairie all the way passing through groves like islands in the midst of the ocean

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It was a rich & beautiful country through which we passed and [was] now under a rapid state of improvement and cultivation. This was about the 20th day of September, when I first came into the prairie.

We arrived at the end of our journey about the 25th of September where we found my uncle Ephraim and all his family. Jesse Stout, son of my uncle Isaac and some more, settled in a grove called Stout's Grove, from my uncle Ephraim who was the first settler in the grove although there was now a number of inhabitants in it many of whom had good farms, now open & some was just beginning20 But the whole county around was new notwithstanding all the groves had now more or less inhabitants in them.

Stout's Grove was a most beautiful and delightful place, with good timber and prairie well calculated for farming.

It was from one to four miles wide & five or six long and lay about six or seven miles East of Mackinaw town the county seat of Tazewell County in which the grove lay.

From the most elevated parts of the prairie near this grove you have an extended view of the wide spread prairies before you bespotted with beautiful groves of timber so well calculated to captivate the feelings of a new comer & I was truly captivated, and am to this day with that country.

I remained a few days here during which time I visited all my relations in the grove, and rested from my journey, for I was almost given out with sore feet from hard walking and fatigue, after which I proposed going to where my brother & sister Allen & Anna was, a distance of about 20 miles West.

I started on foot and went to a grove about seven miles off on a stream called little Mackinaw Here my uncle Samuel Stout and the most of his children lived. They had lately came from Tennessee. I ~" Stout's Grove was located six or seven miles east of Mackinaw and occupied much of what is now Danvers Township in the northwestern part of McLean County, Illinois.

Prior to 1831 it was in Tazewell County. A map published by Peter Folsom, county surveyor of McLean County in 1856, showed Stout's Grove as containing 11,200 acres. Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois and History of McLean County (Chicago, 1908), I, 626.

In 1825 Hosea Stout's uncle, Ephraim Stout, and cousin, Ephraim, Jr., and dieir families with Ephraim's nephew, Amasa Stout, moved from Washington County, Missouri, to Tazewell County, Illinois, and settled at the southeast corner of Stout's Grove about twelve miles west of Bloomington and about one mile west of the present town of Danvers, Illinois. There they established the settlement of Stout's Grove. According to the journal of Hosea Stout's younger brother, Allen Joseph, he, Anna, their father, and also their paternal grandmother accompanied Ephraim Stout on his move from Missouri to Stout's Grove. Hosea's father, however, did not remain very long but moved on to Galena in northwestern Illinois and finally returned to Ohio, leaving Allen Joseph and Anna at Dillon's Settlement.

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went to my uncles & he not being at home, made myself know to the family, all who seemed glad to see me.

After staying an hour or so and taking dinner I proceeded on passing by some of my cousins, to whom I also introduced myself and was well recieved, from there I proceeded to Samuel Whiten a cousin, and staid all night & in the morning procured a horse of him belonging to Amasa Stout in Stouts Grove, and started to Dillen's Settlement.27 So called where Anna & Allen lived.

I undertook to take a near rout to the settlement through the woods and got lost amidst the hill in an oak woods called "barrens" 2S Here I wandered untill noon and at length found myself to the East of Little Mackinaw grove and finding another new cousin, whom I had not before seen (John Stout, called Big John) 29 [I] got directions how to cross the Mackinaw river and go to the place I intended & so I proceeded onwards and in the evening found Anna & Allen.

Anna was living at Daniel Hodson's formerly of Ohio Clinton County, & Allen with Martin Myers Son-in-law to Hodson.

Anna knew me on sight but Allen had lost all knowledge of my looks & knew me not.

They were doing well and was exceedingly rejoiced to see me.

I came here in a worn out situation for I had had a hard days ride in my wanderings having no saddle.

I here rested myself and some more and in a day or two I set out for Stout's Grove again accompanied by my Sister Anna. We set out on horseback I still had no saddle which made my ride anything but pleasant and agreeable.

We returned home by way of Mackinaw town. I was taken sick on the way and had to lay down several times before I got to town in the prairie for I was very stupid & sleepy and would fall to sleep almost as soon as I was down. Had not Anna been along to wake me up no doubt but I should have lain there till dark for I was very sick, weak & stupid. "' Dillon Settlement, about twenty miles southwest of Stout's Grove, was settled in 1823 by Nathan Dillon, reputedly the first settler in Tazewell County, Illinois. Hosea Stout spells the name of this settlement in various ways throughout his autobiography.

28 Barrens are level tracts of land poorly forested and commonly having light sandy soil, such as pine barrens and oak barrens.

20 Little Mackinaw Grove, about seven miles southwest of Mackinaw, Illinois, on the Little Mackinaw River, was first settled by Samuel and John Stout. Samuel was a brother, and John a cousin of Hosea's father. On June 24, 1827, John Stout and Samuel Stout's daughter Fannie, were married in the first marriage performed after the organization of Tazewell County. He would appear to be the "Big John" hereafter referred to by Hosea.

History of Tazewell County (Chicago, 1879), 211-12.

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171

However we made out to get to Mackinaw town in the afternoon & put up at a public house, which was in fact all the house then occupied in the place. There was some more houses however but no ground improved. The city was thick set with oak shrubs & hazel and all the small shrubry common to the barrens also some scattering oak trees. It looked but little like a town & county seat It lay about one mile East of the Mackinaw river and if improved would be a handsom town. There was no store or grocery The house was kept by Mr. Jonas Hittle,30 a clever, fine man We were well received by his wife who went to preparing our dinner; but I could not set up and called for a bed and laid down.

When dinner was prepared I was unable to eat and had all the symtoms of an approaching spell of sickness and so Anna eat her dinner and went on to Stout's Grove, being very anxious to see Margaret, and left me at Hittle's, where I was kindly treated by his wife for several days during which time I was very sick Mrs. Hittle was kind and attentive to me while here & I wanted for nothing.

As soon as I was able to go I was sent for and took up to the grove and in a few days was able to go around. My sickness came on by hard travelling on the journey & exposure on the road.

I was not here long before I began to think about going to work.

Before I go [telling of my going] to work however I will inform you of another circumstance.

Amasa Stout a cousin was to be married in a short time after I came there. He lived at my uncle Ephraims [and] had been with him for the last ten years There were great preperations being made for the wedding & invitations were given to allmost to all the surrounding country.

The day came at length for the wedding. The party had mostly convened at the girls mothers about 4 miles below my uncles, towards Mackinaw town I was yet very weak & feeble & did not go down; but waited till they came along.

They came forming a long procession by two's on horseback when I & my sister anna joined them. Margaret not being able to go.

30 Jonas Hittle is reported to have been the first justice of the peace in Tazewell County. On March 3, 1828, he applied to the county commissioners' court of Tazewell County for a license to operate a tavern. This was granted, but the license restricted the rates he could charge to 6!4 cents per person for lodging and 18% cents for each meal, ibid., 234.

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We had now to go about six miles to Brown's grove31 to the residence of "Preacher" Brown who was to solemnize the nuptials.

We had a pleasant ride, each one selecting the girl that suited him best and rode with her if he could get the chan[c]e Some however got "cut out" on the way The Parson & family were all ready for us, together with a large company met on the occasion. Bars & gates were opened for us when we came The procession marched three times around his house and then all dismounted and went in. I was introduced to the Parson who gave me his hand for better acquaintance as he said for he knew my father in Tennessee.

We had not been there long before, the parties were lawfully married and seated when all hands went in succession to wish them much joy, shaking hands & the men kissing the bride I did not partake in this for I did not know what it meant for it was the first time ever I saw any one married only in the Quaker way.

My uncle David Stout lived in this [Brown's] grove. He had a large family & some of his boys and girls were along with us.

After we were through here we all returned to the Brides mother's, (widow Smith) where we spent the night in plays, songs chat & sparking according to the New country customs which was entirely new to me, but easy to learn. I joined in all these amusements and enjoyed myself uncommonly well We spent the whole night.

I in the morning we all went to uncle Ephraims to the "Infair"32 where we were recieved well. Uncle took up a large quantity of honey of which he had an abundance and here we feasted and enjoyed ourselves uncommonly well untill we all were willing to go home. So much for the new country wedding.

I was much pleased with the appearance of this company, which was so different from any I had ever before witnessed and yet [was] so easy, familiar, and accessible in their manners.

They were dressed in plain clothes the young men had every variety of "home made" common blue & different home died bark coulered 11 Brown's Grove comprised some 560 acres. It was named for the Reverend William Brown, referred to as "Preacher" Brown, who moved there from Tennessee in 1826, but thereafter moved to Mackinaw. The marriage of Amasa Stout and Susan Smith was performed by him October 15, 1828. Mrs. George Spangler, "Early Marriages in Tazewell County," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, XIV (April, 1931), 145.

32 "Infair" is a Scottish and regional American term applied to a celebration in connection with a wedding, installation of a new minister or other special event.

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jeans, very ordinary hats & in fact every thing made in keeping with the kind of clothes The girls dressed in common calico but few had any thing but calico bonnetts & all made simple & plain all perfectly harmonized with the Quaker teachings of plainess which I had allwa[y]s heard but never saw acted out before.

Some how or other I felt perfectly at home with them although in ohio I considered my best to be but ordinary yet on this occasion I entirely out shined them all, & eagerly drank in the customs of the county, captivated as much at their rustic manners as at the beautiful new country. All these things together made me unusually well contented & I according wrote to ohio to inform my relations there how well I was suited.

After the wedding & I had recovered my strength my cousin Ephraim proposed hiring me a month and offered me ten dollars this seemed a most exhorbitant price for five in ohio was the most I had ever got & the best hands there got but eight.

It was allmost as much as my conscience would allow to take notwithstanding it was the current wages. I was here accounted a full hand.

I finished this month for my cousin & set in for another at eight dollars as it was now in the winter. We was employed at gathering corn mostly.

Business was carried on here very differently from any way I had been accustomed to in ohio for instead of being up and out at work at daylight driving and pushing everything we never went to' work untill after late breakfast and then no hurry and would stop along time before night.

I felt restless at this way of doing business which seemed so verry slow, after working with Harvey as long as I had. I was in a hurry but all was satisfied & would pay me for my time and have it idled away thus.

This winter Margaret was taken with the consumption & her and Anna went to Dillon's Settlement to have her attended by Dr. Griffith33 a celebrated phisician who lived there. They staid there a while and returned back, bringing Allen along with them and he made cousin Ephraims his home and Margaret & Anna made their home at Uncle Ephraims while I was at work as above, alternately for both my uncle [Ephraim] & cousin [Ephraim, Jr.] as it suited my convenience 33 A "Dr. Griffith" is listed as having practiced medicine in Pekin at the time of an epidemic of Asiatic Cholera in Tazewell County in the summer of 1834.

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This was our situation about mid winter. I had in this grove [Stout's], Brown's Grove & Little Mackinaw [Grove] Three Uncles' and about 70 cousins and my old Grandmother Stout now upwards of 90 years old She was not able to walk & was very childish she was very glad to see us and called us Jo's children. She was constantly attended by an old maiden aunt her daughter Margaret Stout who was over 70 years I had likewise another aunt on Little Mackinaw.34 Jesse Stout took up a school late this winter to which I went a short time and improved in the arithmetic and writing, considerably35 His school lasted untill time to stop for spring crops.

[To Be Continued In Summer Quarterly]

31 Hosea Stout's three uncles living in Tazewell County were his father's brothers, Ephraim living at Stout's Grove, David who had settled at Brown's Grove, and Samuel living at Little Mackinaw Grove. The aunt referred to as living on Little Mackinaw was probably his father's sister, Rachel. Hosea's paternal grandmother, Rachel Chancy Stout, at this time was 87 years of age, and his aunt, Margaret, sister of his father, was 63 years of age.

Rachel Chancy Stout died in 1831.

35 Jesse Stout, son of Hosea's uncle, Isaac, had recently moved to Tazewell County, Illinois, from Clinton County, Ohio, where he had previously taught Hosea in school.

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Frontier school, typical of the ones Hosea Stout attended when possible. Eventually he became a school master in 1832 and opened a school in Ox Bow Prairie, Illinois.

COURTESY MISSOURI HISTORICAL SOCIETY

AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF HOSEA 1810 to 1835

STOUT,

Edited by Reed A. Stout [CONTINUED FROM SPRING ISSUE OF THE

Quarterly]

1829 This year found me going to school.

Margaret had been wearing out with the consuption all winter nor did any medical aid do her any good, as all fall under the with[er]ing touch of the consumption, so she fell. She died on the 28th day February and was buried in the buring ground in this grove [Stout's Grove], where as yet there had been but few cases.

I worked awhile for Jessee Stout this spring and then went to work for Mr. James Watson, a brother-in-law to my uncle Ephraim, to fill a prior engagement which I had previously made with him, in the winter to pay for a colt I had purchased of him for 35 dollars in work & had made a turn of 8 dollars to my uncle in the winter & now was to pay the rest in holding the prairie plow at 50 cents pr. day. However I had made 2,000 rails for him previously that is hired most of it done.

I worked along time for him and soon had my colt paid for. This was the first personal property I ever owned. Watson was a good man to work for I like to be with him but more of him hereafter.

The past winter some time my relations, all of whom believed in the Quaker tenets of religion who had any real belief at all, That is

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those in Stouts Grove, took a notion to hold Quaker meetings every sunday at Cousin Ephraim's and according they all would congregate on that day these accompanied by some more who was there who believed in the same faith.

It was the request of the most faithful among them that I should attend punctually as my influence would induce the rest of the youngsters to attend, which thing I consented to for I was yet as Quakerish as ever in my feelings.

We had several old fashioned Quaker meetings when the fame & the novelty thereof began to spread and attract the attention of the other young people and they altogether out of curiosity began to attend also not behaving any too well for they would wink & laugh at each other and inquire if the spirit moved them during meeting This I did not like for some of them were professors of religion and it gave me a very poor opinion of them.

This was the first religious persecution.

The inhabitants of this grove were all friendly and united untill now and after this religious move of the Quakers they manifested a narrow, bigoted feeling towards all the rest, and deprecated all who went to their meetings, which broke out in "open hostilities by & by.36 In the spring the Methodists & Cumberland Presbyterians37 some of each living in the grove, began to hold meetings & Anna who was 30 Of Ephraim Stout and his opposition to all except the Quaker religion, it is stated in Duis, The Good Old Times in McLean County, 218â&#x20AC;&#x201D;19: "Ephraim Stout was a Quaker, and when he settled in Stout's Grove he thought he would make of it a Quaker settlement. He collected Quakers from far and near and everything seemed 'merry as a marriage bell'; but in an evil hour he allowed Squire Robb, who was a Cumberland Presbyterian, to come in to the settlement. Now Squire Robb had married a daughter of a gendeman named McClure [In August of 1821, Matdiew Robb married Mary McClure, daughter of Thomas McClure. ], and when the former setded in Stout's Grove the McClure family insisted on settling there too, and they were followed by some one else, and these by still others until that Quaker settlement was swallowed up, and the soul of poor old Ephraim Stout was racked within him. He was accustomed to live in the wild woods, and did not like to see so many people around him. When he was married he had promised his wife that he would always live in the forest where she could pick her own fire-wood, and when so many people came there and broke up his Quaker settlement, he picked up his gun and all his hunter's accoutrements and started for Iowa Territory and then for Oregon. In 1830 he was an old man, leaning on his staff for support, and when he told the stories of his adventures with Indians and with all the wild animals of the forest, it certainly seemed that it was time for him to rest from his labors and live the remainder of his life in peace; but there was no peace for him within the bounds of civilization, so he gathered together his worldly goods and went out to the still farther West."

37 Cumberland Presbyterians were members of a sect that separated from the Presbyterian Church in 1802 in southern Kentucky and Tennessee for the purpose of licensing and ordaining men who could not meet the educational qualifications established

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a methodist would go, which soon started me & Allen I had no religious motive in going what ever. But when I would go my uncle & cousin Ephraim would show great dissatisfaction & chagrin, throwing out insulting & slanderous insinuations & sometimes lies about them [the Methodists], which soon set me to defending them, when It was not long before cousin Ephraim informed me that if I went to any but Quaker meetings I could not come to his house notwithstanding he was still my friend and if I should be taken sick he would be ever as ready to take me in and administer to me as ever he was.

This information of Ephraim did not have much impression on me at first, but when I came to think upon it and found he had prescribed me in my religious opinions & was ready to turn me out of his house in case I did not hold to Quakerism, I began to despise him in my heart for as yet there had been no impression made on my mind religiously & I felt as well towards their Quaker meetings as ever & was just as willing to attend them notwithstanding I was going to the other meetings and gliding along with the tide of the young people, without having the subject of religion ever spoken of among us. He [Cousin Ephraim] was afraid I would lead his brothers and sisters off from Quakerism and took this method to separate us, for he said my Uncle [Ephraim] was of his opinion about me going to his house This was the beginning of a prejudice between us which never has as yet been overcome.

I was living with James Watson at this time, and soon after I informed him of the conditions which I had to keep the friendship of my uncle & cousin upon and he spoke very positively against any such a bigoted set of religionests and advise me to simply keep away according to their request for there was more respectable people & more liberal minded in die grove than they, and I thought so too, but said nothing about it, and here the matter ended for the present.

There had been a debating school got up in the winter which was composed of all parties at first I was appointed Clerk as I was altogether the best schollar in the grove. This did not continue long before religious bigotry began to show itself through in many places and the school ran out in the spring and died a natural death.

Divisions now began to spread more and more untill in the summer or rather in the spring [1829] a Mr. Archibald Johnson took up a by the old Presbytery. This step was considered justified to meet the increased demand for preachers brought about by the religious revival on the frontier at the beginning of the nineteenth century.

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school for a term of one year38 None of my relations or any of the Quaker party would send to him or have anything to do with it but got up a school of their own in opposition. This was called the Quaker school.

During this time I was living with Watson and working to pay for my colt which I bought last winter of him, and now did not often go among my relations.

Mr. Johnson was a young man of very ordinary talents and not a very good schollar but done well enough to teach a school here. He was a Cumberlanfd] Presbeterian exhorter, a very poor speaker withall & very narrow contracted & bigoted in his feelings but very zealous & would hold meetings & preach every Sunday in the different groves & some times here [in Stout's Grove]. Notwithstanding he was a clever honest & inoffensive man & I liked him tolerably well. He was too lazy to enjoy good health & would lay in bed till school time in the summer which made him look sickly & pale.

About this time I had a falling out with cousin Ephraim and took Allen away from his house and he also came to Mr. Watsons and lived.

Anna had also went away from our relations and was now living with Mathew Robb Esqr. We were now entirely on the anti Quaker party After we were done breaking prairie & the hurry of spring work was over I commenced going to school to Mr. Johnson and boarded at Watsons at 50 cents a week or a days work. Allen was also sent to school with me by Watson.

I suppose I went about three months to school and here improved some little, my handwriting went through Kirkhams Grammar & also studdied arithmetic. Johnson was no very good schollar & when I left of[f] going to him was as good a schollar as he was.

I enjoyed myself well while going to school for I was suited well with my home and school mates, many of whom were about my age [nineteen ] and we there formed ties of friendship which never has been severed.

My uncle Ephraim, who was a wise & cunning old smooth toungued "Snake in the grass" took great umbrage at us all and to revenge himself somewhat, he being one of the County commissioners, reported 38 According to Owenetta Edwards, "Early Schools and Teachers in my County," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, XXIV (April, 1931), 14, "Archibald Johnson, who taught a subscription school about the winter of 1832-3 was the first teacher in Danvers [Illinois]. He was a Cumberland preacher and a good teacher. His price per scholar for a term of four months was $2.00. The second teacher was Lyman Porter; and the third was Hosea Stout, who was converted to Mormonism. He went to Nauvoo and afterwards to Salt Lake City, where he became one of the twelve apostles." The statement that Hosea Stout became one the Twelve Apostles of the Mormon Church is incorrect.

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Allen as an orphan without a home and applied to the Commissioners Court to have a Guardian appointed so as to have him bound out as this would put him entirely out of my control for he was not willing for him to stay at Watson purely out of spite to us.

When I learned this my wrath almost arose beyond endurance however no accident happened & so when I learned the law on the subject I made an agreement with Mr. Watson, who was willing to have Allen bound to him and then we went to the man who had been appointed his [Allen's] guardian & had him bound to Watson. Thus we thwarted my uncle's plans, for he intended to have him away from there. We were now all well satisfied now and here it rested for the present.

From this time forth I detested both my uncle & cousin Ephraim39 for they were doing all that they could to breaks us down, but all the rest of the grove was on our side & we stood high in their estimation & had more friends than they.

Some more of my cousins sided with them but still was friendly to us Uncles David & Samuel did not participate in this crusade against us neither did they say or do any thing in our favor but remained nutral & friendly to both & I never had any bad feelings towards them, notwithstanding I seldom now ever went among any of them.

While I was going to school there was to be a camp meeting in Dillens settlement to which I & some more of my school mates went named Berry who professed to be religious. Anna was at this time there We went and I was introduced to the Preachers, all of whom seemed to take great notice of me and were very friendly & I was now in the midst of the holy Methodist religion and bouyed along on the tide I knew not how but I attended very strictly to preaching and was wonderfully wrought up and went forward to the anxious seat to be prayed for & here I struggled & prayed and contended for religion, a change of heart, to pass from death unto life &c &c. during the whole camp 30 Hosea's uncle, Ephraim Stout, is referred to in Duis, The Good Old Times in McLean County, 217, as the most eccentric man in the area. However, he is described somewhat more kindly in The History of McLean County, Illinois (Chicago, 1879), 567, which says of him as follows: "Ephraim Stout was a large man of commanding presence. His early education had been neglected, so that he could not be said to have much book knowledge; but his practical knowledge of the world was extensive, and his ability to judge the qualities of men almost complete. He and all those immediately connected with him were Friends [Quakers]. This man had a son named Ephraim, who was married and came to the Grove with his father. They lived at the Grove a long time, and then moved farther west, finally settling in Oregon."

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meeting at the proper times, exceedingly sober and surley tried to the best of "my skill and ability" but did not effect anything. Did not realize what I had heard described so often by them & towards the last of the meeting when oppertunity was given I & all my school mates joined the Methodists on trial for six month as was their custom. The young Berrys were Cumberlands before and now came over to the Methodists Thus ended the meeting & I came home under "contrivance of mind" When I came home I still went to school & found that my literary desires were not overcome in the least by my religious ones for I made as great proficiency as ever. Joining the Methodist gave my uncle & cousin great scope to talk about me now and they did so I was very punctual to attend meetings now & after this we had regular preaching every week. & not long after a two days meeting thinking to spread the Holy fire a little more in this grove but in this they failed for no more joined.

Matters rested dius for a time.

Some time in the latter part of the season my father came from Ohio, bringing, Sarah & Lydia along with him He had managed to get Lydia away from Adam Reynard, to whom she was bound when I left, which thing he done by common consent of the parties Our whole family was now together who were now living consisting of six persons in all [Joseph; sons Hosea and Joseph Allen; daughters Anna, Lydia, and Sarah]. My father had got religion in Ohio & said he was glad to see me also inclined religiously.

He was not here long before he began to interfere with the case of Allen's being bound, which caused him to have a terrible falling out with uncle Ephraim about which much was said. Allen and myself still at Mr. Watsons all this while. He [my father] fell out with almost all his brothers before he was here long & so he took a course to suit himself & before spring managed to have the indentures taken and Allen released & took him with him and went to live at Little Mackinaw. Sarah & Lydia was along also but I still remained at Watsons.

This fall [1829] I went to Funk's grove40 about 12 miles south and worked awhile & cutting up corn for which I could get cash and then returned to Watson where I staid all winter 40 Funk's Grove, about twelve miles south of Stout's Grove, was named for Isaac Funk and his brother Abraham who settled there in 1824. The Grove comprised approximately 2,700 acres according to a survey map published by Peter Folsom, county surveyor of McLean County in 1856.

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Our religion still went on & I attended a camp meeting in the Blooming grove41 as a regular Methodist We had also one in Stouts grove at all of these I was very zealous but still could not get the power Mr. Watson got religion at a camp meeting also and we had great times Watson joined the Cumberland & I soon discovered a hostile spirit between them and the Methodist which I thought very uncalled for It threw me much in the back grounds to hear preachers slander each other because of small different of opinion in "nonessentials" so called.

1830 I was quite religious this spring I worked some for Mr. Watson earley in the spring and then went down to Dillin's settlement to hire out in order to get me some clothes as I was now neady, but did not meet with an opportunity and came back to Stouts Grove and staid untill some time in the summer and again set out and went by there again to Pekin,42 a town on the Illinois river, and there found an oppertunity to get work about 15 miles up the river on Ten mile creek where there was a mill in progress of building So I started in the afternoon to that place; but missed my road and got lost and wandered about untill near dark when I came to a man plowing in a field & I went to him to enquire the road & found that I had wandered some four or five miles out of the way.

I staid all night here.

The man's name was Morris Phelps,43 who, on finding out my business, proposed hiring me in case I did not suit myself at the place I was going to.

The next morning I went on & arrived at the Ten Mile [Creek] at noon and went to work and only worked one day not liking neither the place, the kind of work, nor any of the men but felt myself in n Blooming Grove is now a part of the present city of Bloomington, Illinois, the county seat of McLean County.

42 Pekin, Illinois, is located on the east side of the Illinois River about five miles south of Peoria and about fifteen miles west of Mackinaw. In 1831 it became the county seat of Tazewell County.

43 Morris Phelps setded in Tazewell County a few miles west of Pekin shordy after his marriage in 1826. Soon after Hosea Stout ceased working for him, Phelps moved to the northern part of Illinois, where he became a convert to the Mormon religion. Upon being baptized a Mormon in August of 1831, he sold his possessions in Illinois and started for Jackson County, Missouri, to join the members of the church there. He was driven with other members of the church with which he had associated himself successively from Jackson County and from Caldwell County, Missouri, and Nauvoo, Illinois, and lie finally settled in Utah, where he died May 22, 1876.

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perfect confinement so the next day after dinner, taking an order on a store in Pekin for 50 cents for my days work I set out on the back track & came to Mr. Phelp's again and made a bargain with him to work at ten dollars a month.

The next morning I went to Pekin and took up my order & then returned to Dillen's Settlement to Mr. Hodson's where my sister Anna now lived and made arraingements to go to work for Mr. Phelps. I worked at Mr Phelp's two months. He was a tolerably good man to work for notwithstanding he oppressed me considerable in my wages on settlement and was very austeer and grouty at times. However I liked him on the main very well His wife was a fine clever woman and was very kind and good to me. He lived three miles from Peoria on the road leading from thence, through Dillon's settlement to Springfield at a place called the "Willow Springs" I was employed at farming rail making, and some times at work at a mill which he & some more were building on Farm creek.44 I enjoyed myself very well while here. Phelps was a Methodist back slider & his wife s[t]ill good in the faith which was company for me.

I clothed myself up very well here and when I left he owed me seven dollars which he was to pay in a short time. There was a camp meeting in Dillen's Settlement while I was at work here to which Mr. Morris & wife & myself went. It was at the same place where I joined the Methodist last year. We had a good time here again for which I was hectored severely by Phelps & some others afterwards who did not believe in the Doctrine.

While Here I first became acquainted with Charles C. Rich45 & his fathers family about whom we will speak more by & by. Charles was then an uncommon civil steady, honest young man but made no pretentions to religion & I soon had a great regard and attachment for him. " Farm Creek flows in a westerly direction through the northern portion of Tazewell County from near the town of Washington to its terminus at the Illinois River at the southern end of Lake Peoria.

45 Charles Coulson Rich was to become a life-long friend and associate of Hosea Stout, and their association was to become strengthened by their marriage to sisters, Hosea Stout marrying Samantha Peck in 1838 and Rich marrying Sarah Peck in 1846.

In 1832 Rich joined the Mormon Church, and in 1836, he led converts of Mormonism in Tazewell County to Caldwell County, Missouri, to join the Saints there. Largely by reason of Rich's influence, Hosea Stout was himself converted to the Mormon faith and moved to Caldwell County. After the Saints were expelled from Missouri in 1838 and 1839, and established their city of Nauvoo in Hancock County, Illinois, Rich became a member of the city council and also of the High Council of die church there, and rose to high rank in the Nauvoo Legion, the military arm of the Mormons. In 1849 he was ordained a member of the Quorum of Twelve Aposdes of the Mormon Church. Fol-

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Charles Coulson Rich was instrumental in converting Hosea Stout to the Mormon faith.

COURTESY CHURCH OF JESUS CHRIST OF LATTER-DAY SAINTS HISTORIAN'S LIBRARY

While at Mr. Morris Phelps I attended a meeting in Pleasant Grove for the purpose of forming a Temperance Society got up by Neil Johnson, a brother to Archabald, my teacher. He was the most eloquent preacher in all the country and now spoke loud and long against the practice of drinking ardent spirits and I was quite overcome by his arguments and altogedier converted & after meeting he called for volunteers to join the Temperance cause & I and 14 others came forward and gave our name as members. Drinking to excess was a thing which I never had even any temptation for and although I love a dram sometimes yet seldom ever drink when I have it by me Notwithstanding all that, [I am] constitutionally temperate. Yet I here joined the Temperance Society to' be reformed from drinking and at the time did not ever expect to taste another drop of ardent spirits again in my life what an absurdity after all was over I pondered deeply on the subject and continually felt like I wanted a dram yet firm in my resolution not to drink again. That night I dreamed a man handed me a bottle of whiskey & I drank deep. In the morning I still wanted some & did for days during which time I had the offer but refused It was a mystery to me why I so wanted it now for the first time in all my life and that after I had set out not to drink any more, but "when the law came sin revived" I suppose.

Mr. Morris Phelps and all his neighbours thought very little of all this and came very near making me sick of my bargain for it did look foolish to me to quit that which I never did.

While here [Willow Springs] I went over to Peoria, then called Fort Clark.46 It was a beautiful town site with only one or two log lowing the movement of the main body of the church to Utah, Rich, together with Amasa M. Lyman, also one of the Twelve Apostles of the church, founded the city of San Bernardino, California. Evans, Charles Coulson Rich.

"Named after the frontier fighter, Colonel George Rogers Clark, the fort was erected by militia forces in 1813 and partially destroyed in 1818.

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houses on it but did not look anything like a town. The remains of an old fort was still there. Lake Peoria lay on the East of the site and is a most beautiful sheet of water formed by a sudden expansion of the Illinois river. It terminates at the lower part of the town site where there was a ferry. The river here is verry narrow.

When I was done work for Mr. Morris Phelps I went to see Anna and from thence returned to Stout's Grove again well clothed except shoes. I staid here some time and then set in with Mr. Jonas Hittle of Mackinaw town to work at a mill which he was now building on the Mackinaw just above town He had a number of hands at work we had a jolly time all worked well He was a fine man to work for done well by his hands & gave them plenty to eat and was liberal He [Jonas Hittle] furnished whiskey for his men every morning it being necessary for we had to work in the water sometimes. At first I was too conscientious to drink for which I was dully rallied by the rest who considered it worse than folly & nonsense for a sober temperate man to be under any obligations not to drink when it was for his health, & I thought so too. The temperence regulations allowed a man to use ardent spirits as medicine & recollecting this one morning I took the j ug and called the attention of the company who had assembled for the purpose of taking their morning dram, to witness that I took it as medicine at which all shouted applause & after this I always used it as I thought proper & have never since been priest bound on that subject nor done any harm in drinking on my own descretion This closes the history of my temperance society career for I never troubled myself any more about the Temperance cause.

I worked some more than a month at Mr. Hittles & then went to Stouts Grove and set in with Mr. Watson to mow his hay While grinding the sythe I was taken with a severe attack of the fever which was followed by a hard spell of sickness. Mr. Watson becoming alarmed about me, sent to Hodson's after Anna who came and attended on me faithfully. I was sick some time with a fever untill I was very much reduced & weak and feeble The fever was succeeded by the chill fever47 47 In History of Tazewell County, 331, the malady that appears to have stricken Hosea Stout is described as follows: "One of the greatest obstacles, and one which wielded a very potent influence in retarding the early settlement of this county, was the 'chills and fever', or the 'ague', or the 'Illinois shakes', as it was variously styled. This disease was a terror to new comers. In the fall of the year everybody was afflicted with it. It was no respecter of persons; every-

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& this continued to reduce me for a long time during which time I went to Mr. Mathew Robb's to stay, Anna still with me.

While at Mr Watson's, there was a weding to come off at Mr Jonathan Hodges, whose daughter Sarah was to be married to John Ament. Sarah was one of my school mates last summer & we had now become very intimate & she had long since told me all her expectations about marrying and in fact she was a girl of the very first quality. I & Anna attended the weding While there I had a chill & was very sick with a high fever & was out of my senses most of the night. All else went off joyful & gay and all seemed to enjoy themselves except Ebenezer Mitchel another school mate who had always untill a few days since expected to get this fair damsel himself. He was here & look bad enough while she was on the floor as all remarked. He was a dull stupid unsuspecting fellow and had been fairly duped by her.

I had some hopes of soon being well while at Mr Robbs but was taken with a relapse, which was worse than the first spell. This came near using me up for I was now unable to walk around.

Anna took a notion that if I could get to Dillen's Settlement that I would soon get well & so Mr Robb took us there where I staid all winter [1830] having a chill & fever every day I became so stupid that I would not move from the fire when my clothes would scorch till they would smoke. It is incredible what a stupifying effect that fell disease will have on anyone. I was at several different places while here this winter & experienced & tasted the very dregs of adversity for some places I was not welcome & I knew it & could not get away & who knows the disagreeable feeling to be in such a condition but those who have experienced it.

Some time this winter Anna went to see Mr. Phelps to collect the amout coming to me which he promised to pay to her on a certain day in Pekin, and she went to get it and he did not come & we learned afterwards that he disappointed her purposly for he expected to move one shook with it, and it was in every person's system. They all looked pale and yellow as though they were frostbitten. It was not contagious, but was a kind of miasma that floated around in the atmosphere and was absorbed into the system. It continued to be absorbed from day to day, and week to week, until the whole body corporate became charged with it as with electricity, and then the shock came; and the shock was a regular shake, with a fixed beginning and an ending, coming on each day, or each alternate day, with a regularity that was surprising. After the shake came the fever, and this 'last estate was worse than the first'. It was a burning hot fever and lasted for hours. When you had the chill you couldn't get warm, and when you had the fever you couldn't get cool."

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away shortly and cheat me out of it which thing a Mr. Sanford Porter a neighbour of his knowing the circumstances took up for me and made him pay him and he afterwards paid it to Anna.

I will mention one man who seemed to express the warmest friendship and hospitality towards me while there sick and that was Mr William Eads.48 I started out to return to Stouts Grove on foot in the spring and came to his house and he objected to my going because he said I was not able & seemed such a warm friend & so willing [for me] to stay that I tarried longer I had been at his house in the winter and staid some week & was treated well. I never could forget his goodness to me in this one of the times of my greatest afflictions & deepest distress when a friend is so much needed and such a warm friend, in the midst of calamity, when all the world is cold and regardless to> your wants how good and consoling it is.

I went from Mr. Eads' and traveled on foot towards Little mackinaw to Stouts Grove. When I left Mr. Eads' I had not had the chills for some time & thought I could walk to Stouts Grove by taking this rout for I could stop occasionally.

I went about 12 miles the first day it being very warm and pleasant but at night I had a light chill again. The next morning I felt very bad & hardly able to walk but I went on to my Uncle Samuels' about four miles [at Little Mackinaw], where I found them all well & glad to see me. Tonight I had the chill again which increased now and began to bring me down. I staid here a day or two, while here I went to see my father & Allen, Sally [Sarah] & Lydia who lived nearby and found them all well.

I got an opportunity of going to Stouts Grove on horseback, with Saml. Stout jr. who was going there so I ventured & we set out and was overtaken by a rain storm & had to ride hard to get in without a wetting. We put up at Uncle Davids who lived in this grove now and that night I had a sever[e] turn of chill & fever & was out of my se[n]ses but they were very kind to me & done for me all they could.

I had now arrived to the place whence I started and felt myself at home. I went around as I was able to visit my old neighbors & friends all who seemed glad to see me & treated me well but still I was troubled with lingering chills & fevers for a long time.

48 William Eads, together with William Davis, is reputed to have constructed the first grist mill in Tazewell County in 1825 near Pekin. Later on, Eads built a cotton gin in connection with the grist mill.

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1831 The last winter was the hardest winter known in Illinois.49 The corn crops were not geathered The snow was uncommonly deep & people suffered extremely. Hardly able to geather corn to feed their stock & get their wood. For me I had the chill fever all winter which gave me the full enjoyment of its cooling effects. It is to this day well known by the name of the "cold winter" This summer was likewise very cold and crops yielded uncommonly poor. Such as was never known in this country.

After I had made my visits to my friends not being able to do any work I commenced going to school to Mr. Porter50 who> was teaching here & boarded at Mr. Jonathan Hodges where I staid all summer.

Here I finished my education which only consisted in a knowledge of Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, English Grammar, Geography and a tolerable insite of Logic. All excep the last I had a good knowledge and for these times was a good education.

Towards the latter part of the season I began to feel like I could labor again and accordingly set in to do work for Mr. Watson Mowing. I worked untill noon the first day and came in with another chill & was again laid low with the chill fever. I was now entirely disheartened and almost dispaired ever again being able to support myself During this Spell of Sickness I was but an expense again on my friends who however took good care of me, and rendered my situation as comfortable as possible.

Sometime this summer my father took Allen and went down the Illinois [River] to parts unknown to any of the rest of us which was the last I heard of them for years.51 Stout's Grove, which had been famous for religion was now filled with jars and contentions about the "Non-essentials" as they termed some of the different tenats but sufficiently essential to keep them in a " I n History of Tazewell County, 214-15, the winter of 1830 is described as follows: "The big snow of 1830 will be remembered by all the old settlers. The snow began falling on the night of the 29th of December, and continued to fall for three days and nights, until it reached an average depth of about four feet, but drifting in places as high as eighteen to twenty feet. Great suffering was experienced in consequence."

50 Lyman Porter succeeded Archibald Johnson as schoolmaster at Stout's Grove, and was himself succeeded by Hosea Stout.

01 Hosea Stout's father and brother, Allen Joseph, journeyed down the Illinois River with the purpose of going to Texas. When within seven miles of the Texas border, they learned they could continue no further because of the outbreak of fighting between the Texans and Mexicans, they settled in southern Arkansas, where they remained until 1837. Journal of Allen Joseph Stout.

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perpetual quarrel which nearly extinguished my religious fire no[t] believing that any good was in such spirits as they manifested.

There was annother Camp meeting this fall here at which many very able preachers attended and made an uncommon effort to convert sinners to no effect The fact was their internal broils had resulted in a perfect want of confidence in each other and all these things were well known to the sinners who did not believe in them.

This fall I recovered from my sickness again so that I commenced work and had tolerable success for awhile and again bright hopes arose & I began to form schemes to acquire property and make a respectable living.

1832 I lived with Col. Robert McClure52 this winter He was a kind and obliging man My prospects were now very good and I felt cheerful and happy But my joy was again to be turned in to sorrow and dispair for toward the latter part of the winter I was again taken down with a chill and was for three days perfectly delerious and by all die neighbors given up to die.

After I had recovered my senses I was so much reduced that I could not sit up. This was the severest spell of sickness I had ever had but did not last long for I soon recovered so as to go around & in a short time felt quite well but without the hopes of ever being able to labor for a living.

My friends now advised me to take up a school as they said I could do better at that business which would spare my health. This I concluded to do as a last and forlorn hope to a respectable living [for] which a natural backwardness almost disqualified me. Moreover I was now very destitute of clodiing and in fact could not make a respectable appearance among strangers. However by turning the avails of a colt which I had sold to Mr. Watson I made out to fix myself for the intended "Voyage" and earley in spring I set out accompanied by Benjamin Conger53 who was going along for the purpose of going to school to me. I was now fairly well launched out into the world having about 14 dollars in cash & but a poor outfit in clothing. ° ! Robert McClure, an early settler at Stout's Grove, acquired the military title of colonel by his service in the Black Hawk War. " Benjamin Conger is listed as having served in a company of Tazewell County volunteers for service in the Black Hawk War. The Conger family settled at Stout's Grove in 1829.

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We travelled north to the Walnut Grove54 about 12 miles and staid all night at Hon. James Bird's with whom we were well acquainted.

Here we had faint hopes of raising a school but found no chance for every one was busily engaged in putting in tiieir crops and at the best cared but too little about educating their children We went on the next day wending our way North but did not go far before Conger proposed going West down the Illinois river arguing that the best prospects were in that direction, to which I consented & travelled till noon took dinner & he was now quite home sick & dispaired of us ever doing any thing and so he turned in towards Mackinaw town & I journeyed to Dillon's Settlement to see my two sisters Anna & Lydia Here I tried for a school as some were desirious to have one while others did not. After several days of suspense I failed.

I now began to think that I could not raise a school at this season of the year and upon the failure of this school I was left entirely discouraged and knew not what to do. I felt like I was totally abandoned to eternal disappointment, poverty and disgrace. Nothing but dark forebodings in view I retired to the broad prairie and sat down & wept bitterly and there alone & aloud mourned my hard fortune for a long time I felt that my life was only the sport of misfortune and sorrow After giving vent to my feelings I determined to leave entirely the land of my acquaintance & bad misfortunes & throw myself in the midst of strangers & see if a change of fortune would follow Knowing it could not well be worse. But where to go I knew not.

While there I wrote the following letter to my sister Anna & left it with my little sister Lydia giving her instructions to give it to Anna herself & not to let anyone see it as I felt that my situation was perfectly disgraceful & was not willing for it to be known.

Tazwell County Dillon's Settlement April 5th, 1832.

Dear Sister, This is to let you know the situation I am in at present.

I have tried to get a school in this settlement, but failed.

What I shall do next I know not. It seems that misfortune comes upon me at every attempt to make an honest & respectable living. And if I can not make an honest living I am resolved not to live at all.

I hope that Heaven may direct me in the way I should go.

54 Walnut Grove embraced the area around the present town of Eureka, about twenty miles west of Peoria and located northwest of Stout's Grove. Walnut Grove is now a part of Woodford County, Illinois.

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I am resolved to live respectable if I do live I am now in the prairie not knowing where to go I hope you will not be disheartened if I leave the country.

If I stay here I can make nothing.

I will go wherever I think I can do the best and write you when I stop.

If I stay here I am compassed with sickness and poverty & I do not see how much worse I can be off anywhere else.

If I labor, sickness is sure to follow If I try any other way to make a livelihood I am attended with disappointment which is worse than sickness.

What shall I do? I feel like a poor out cast without a friend to council or assist me or even to communicate my troubles to.

May the Lord guide my steps in the right way and dispose of me as he sees best.

If I knew what to do gladly would I drop my pen & do it quickly.

When I shall see you I know not, but do the best you can till then.

The day may come when prosperity may be in my favor & I enjoy life & peace better than I do now.

No more. Your affectionate brother.

Hosea Stout.

After committing the above to my little sister I then went to Pekin, a town on the Illinois river & now the County seat of Tazwell County, with an intention of going with Col. R. McClure, who was going down the river to purchase a lot of seed corn. T h e corn last year being not ripe the whole country had to go south for seed corn, this spring. When I arrived at Pekin I found that McClure had just left, so> that I was again disappointed. My intention in going with him was that if I met with no opportunity of getting into business I might at least learn something about the ways of the world [of] which I knew myself to be grossly ignorant & at the same time I knew that McClure would do anything he could to advance my interest. I found my calculations again futile.

I was now very unwell & hardly able to go about notwithstanding I went on travelling up die river & by falling in with Mr. Holland who had a waggon I rode home with him some 15 miles that night at Holland's Grove again intending to try my fortune to the North.

Mr. Holland tryed to disuade me from going North not believing I could get a school & I had not much hopes myself But being unable to labor I went on the next day to one of my old acquaintance's William Burt on Crow Creek where I staid all night [Here I] was well treated and encouraged in my undertaking. H e [William Burt] lived

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in Stouts grove during my last sickness this spring & from whom I had recieved kind attention.

The next day I went on to the Ox-Bow Prairie55 where I made my intentions and business known to two men who- gave me encouragements of raising a school and refered me to< Mr Asahel Hannum who they said could decide the case for me. This was on Sabbath. I went to see Mr. Hannum & made known my business, who was in favor of a school after very closely criticizing me as to my ability which I believe was to his satisfaction.

He was a very stern man & yet kind & hospitable to me. I staid all night with him & in the morning drew up my article and went around the settlement to procure subscribers.

Suffice it to say that I succeeded in making up a small school here, which was to commence the next Monday. I boarded at Mr. Hannum's untill then and was well treated by him During this week I became acquainted with nearly all the men in this place by going to a rail making frolic at Mr. Harts, & was well pleased with them as a general thing My school commenced and I done well for a short time & I believe to the satisfaction of all.

It is well known by all that the Black Hawk War56 broke out this spring [1832] which after the exaggerated reports of Maj. Stillmans defeat raised such an excitement through this section of country that nearley all business was suspended. We were called upon to defend ourselves being the frontier county (Putnam) and one company raised 55 The Ox-Bow Prairie is the name given an irregularly shaped farming region about five miles in length from east to west and varying from one to two and a half miles in width from north to south. Formerly a part of Putnam County, the Ox-Bow Prairie was a part of the territory cut off from that county in 1835 to form Marshall County, Illinois. Asahel Hannum was one of the first settlers in die Ox-Bow Prairie. '"'' The Black Hawk War arose out of the refusal of a band of Sauk Indians under the leadership of their chief, Black Hawk, to move to a reservation west of the Mississippi River. After defeating a force under Major Stillman that had been sent after them, the Indians began depredations upon the white setdements, and a call was made for volunteers, and several companies of militia were organized as a precautionary measure along the east bank of the Illinois River. One of such companies was the 40th Regiment, Illinois Militia, commanded by John Strawn as colonel. On May 21, 1832, Hosea Stout volunteered for service in the 40th Regiment, and served in William Haws' company. The regiment was assigned to patrol along the Illinois River. As soon as it was determined there was no danger from the Indians in the vicinity, and following the defeat of Black Hawk in the Battle of Bad Axe, the members of the regiment were mustered out of service at Hennepin, Illinois, June 18, 1832. John Spencer Burt and W. E. Hawthorne, Past and Present of Marshall and Putnam Counties, Illinois (Chicago, 1907), 23 and Perry A. Armstrong, The Sauks and the Black Hawk War (Springfield, 1887), 684.

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to rainge and patrol the country, which for a short time left us in the enjoyment of peace.

I was never untill now brought sufficiently near the scenes of war to know what effect it would have on me. I had often heard its horrors portreyed. Often had I heard the demorilizing effect a soldiers life had upon people, all of which I desired to escape. I had yet great religious concern of mind & desired exceedingly to know how to make my calling & election sure & well knowing my own weakness in resisting evil I feared this demorilizing effect of a campaign even if I should escape the scalping knife now so much spoken of together with the horid accounts of Stillmans defeat.

These things caused me deep trouble which however I kept consealed from others.

Black Hawk, from a lithographed On the contrary I deeply felt copy of a painting by C. B. King. the necessity of rallying to the aid COURTESY STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF IOWA of my country & running my chance with the rest. I was certainly as pure and devoted a patriot as ever was.

I felt that the interest of my country was above every thing else & I must defend it at the risk of my life & supposed that every one felt the same I did not even suspect that our rulers were full of the political intrigues which I afterwards learned So upon the whole I was now perfectly uncontaminated.

With all these inocent feelings I attended a second call for more raingers at which the whole entire Regiment turned out & I with the rest not however without undergoing a considerable change of heart for the evil effects of a campaign & the scalping knife had both lost its terror to me & I only desired to march to meet the enemy such is the effect of martial music & warlike speech on the mind of man.

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255

My school was suspended & I engaged with the rest in our rainging excurtions from Hennepin the County seat down the river some twenty miles.

This was the line to be guarded All to the West of the river at this point was evacuated by the whites This new life suited me well for my health had now been on the gain & I was well able to do all the duties of a soldier.

Some time passed thus in the mean time we built a fort in the Ox Bow prairie where all the inhabitants fled for safety Some men were often so terrified that they could not be got to stand guard. False alarms were frequent & I often saw people ready to abandon the fort to the Indians for their own safety.

I found that people were not so purely patriotic as I expected During the time of my service the Indians made a decent on some men who had gone to look to their farms about 15 miles from Hennepin and killed a man named Phillips & at another they killed some 15 persons [named] Halls & Pedigrews & carried two young Miss Halls captive.57 These things created a great excitement. The people in Pekin even fortified themselves.

It is not needful for me to go into detail on this subject.

Once during the war I made a visit to Stouts grove and back again This war was ended after the battle of Bad-ax & I returned to Stouts grove and tarried awhile & again in the fall returned to the OxBow & took up another school for the term of three months, without any thing of particular importance transpiring except some three or four weddings & the two Miss Halls who had been taken captive by the Indians had now returned & were in this settlement. They were afterwards married to two brothers named Munson.58 After my school was out I returned to Stouts Grove again & now in good circumstances & tolerable plenty of money & uncommon good health.

57 One of the depredations by the Indians during the Black Hawk War was upon a little settlement on Indian Creek where the Davis, Hall, and Pettigrew families lived.

After massacring the families, the Indians discovered two survivors, Rachel and Sylvia Hall, age fifteen and seventeen, who had escaped by concealing themselves. The Hall sisters were taken captive, but were eventually ransomed. History of Tazewell County, 261-62.

58 Hosea Stout appears to be mistaken when he states the Hall sisters married the Muson brothers. According to Spencer Ellsworth, Records of the Olden Times; or Fifty Years on the Prairies (Lacon, Illinois, 1880), 118, Rachel Hall married William Munson and Sylvia Hall married William Horn.

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From here I set out for Dillon's Settlement to see Anna & Lydia as I had not hard anything particular about them since I left in the Spring.

Upon arriving there I heard that she [Anna] was married & upon arriving at the place where Lydia was I heard that she [Anna] was married to a mormon widower who had five children58 This perfectly astonished me & I at first felt like simply going to see her for the purpose of telling my mind and then leaving her forever for I considered it a disgrace beyond endurance to be any way connected with the mormons & a widower too was too bad.

I had only heard the gold Bible stories & the fortifying [of] Jackson county Mo60 & in short the common and universal slang then going about them & did not even once think but it was true.

I thought deep all that night intending to morrow to see her for the last time. My agitation of mind was intense but on my way the next day I came to the more sober conclusion not to unbosom my feeling for as she was now fairly into a scrape not to irritate her feelings but let her enjoy herself if she could so I now hastened on with this view.

When I arrived there I was met by her & introduced to Mr Jones who seemed glad to see me & in fact was a very clever & pleasant man against whom I could find no fault and had he not been a Mormon [I] should have been well enough pleased with [him]. But O! the stigma & disgrace inevitable to that name [Mormon]. This bore on my mind & weighed down my feelings while I endeavored to put on a cheerful & happy countenance. The subject of religion was not mentioned to me while I at the same time was anxious to go into an investigation of it.

I found them living on Farm Creek. He [Benjamin Jones] was engaged at a saw mill with N. Wixom. This mill I assisted to build while I worked for Morris Phelps two years ago.

58 Anna Stout was married to Benjamin Jones November 29, 1832, by Charles Coulson Rich. Spangler, "Early Marriages in Tazewell County," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, XIV, 145.

00 Joseph Smith, the founder of die Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints more popularly known as the Mormon Church, claimed a heavenly being gave him information concerning records of the ancient inhabitants of America, written on plates of gold, and buried near Palmyra, New York. He translated the records, which were published as the Book of Mormon. In 1830 he established a church and in 1831 settled with a number of his adherants at Kirtland, Ohio, near the present city of Cleveland. Other of his followers established a branch of the church at Independence, Jackson County, Missouri.

Opposition to the Mormons in Jackson County led to open hostilities against them during most of the year 1833, and at the end of the year they were expelled from Jackson County, many of them thereafter moving north to Clay and other adjoining counties in Missouri.

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257

I staid here several days, during which time I saw C. C. Rich who was now a Mormon Elder. We spent several days together all of which time was spent investigating our religious tenats.

Suffice it to say that we passed over the grounds of our different belief, refering our opinions wherever we differed to the Bible.

It is not necessary to mention our investigation which resulted in all cases in die loss of my position while he always sustained his on the fairest possible terms.

The perplexity which this threw me into can only be realized by those who has been through the same thing with the same anticipations before them that I had. I saw plainly that my positions were wrong & did also verily believe Mormonism to be correct.

All my plans St calculations both spiritually and temporally were now futile. The agitation of my mind was intense & I did not know what to do.

I could not forego the idea of joining the church for aside from the disgrace which would follow I was fearful least I should not live up to its precepts as I did with the methodists. I wanted confidence in myself After remaining here [Farm Creek] untill I had fairly investigated Mormonism & also [I] became acquainted with a number of Mormons whose society I was very fond but did not express it I returned to Stouts Grove where I commenced preaching the doctrine to the astonishment of all who knew me, yet at the same time [I] did not profess to believe it.

I was astonished at myself when I saw with what ease & fluency I could confute any one who would oppose me.

This raised a considerable excitement in the grove.

Emboldened by my success I soon made it in my way to attack even the ministers who I believed did not understand the Scriptures & I also thought I had always the best of their arguments.

Matters rested in this way while I made several visits back and forth to Jones always with one or two new mormon ideas to argue on my return to the grove.

This winter I took up a school in the [Stout's] grove at which I done a very good business.61 01 According to Duis, The Good Old Times in McLean County, 217, the school taught

by Hosea Stout "was attended by thirty or forty children, who came great distances and boarded with the farmers near by."

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1833 After my school was out I went up North near crow creek to Mr. Joseph Phillips and set in with him to raise a crop with him where I spent the summer without any thing of importance transpiring more than my studdying the principals of mormonism as I had opportunity from some mormons near the mouth of Crow Creek. I raised here a good crop of corn.

I made several visits to the [Stout's] grove in the summer & after my crop was laid by I returned to Farm Creek to Benjamin Jones my brother-in-law.

About this time Mr. Nathan Wixom the owner of the Farm Creek saw mill wishing to move North to a more new Country proposed to sell out his mill & improvements to Jones & myself.

We accordingly b[o]ught him out for six hundred dollars. Sep 2nd62 We were to pay one third of the lumber we sawed untill the mill was paid for. This was a very fair opportunity for us for the rent of a saw mill in those days was one third while we could apply it on the payment I now had a permanent home living with my brother-in law Shortly after I came here to live I had a severe attack of chill fever & was sick several weeks.

After recovering I returned to Mr. Phillips & geathered my corn & sold it to Wixom in part payment for the mill During the time I was here Mr. Phillips died. He had been failing all summer.

It was while I was here on the night of the 13th of Nov. that the notable Meteoric shower took place about which so much has been said which happened while the mormons were driven out of Jackson County Missouri and now in the open fields. They hailed this as one of the signs of the Last days.

I confess I did not know what to think of it. The sight was magnificent & grand.63 02 The sawmill on Farm Creek purchased from Nathan Wixom by Hosea Stout and Benjamin Jones was located three miles east of Peoria. oa On the night of November 13, 1833, while the Mormons were being expelled from Jackson County, Missouri, there was an unusually large occurrence of meteors in the skies. This was regarded by the Mormons as a heavenly manifestation connected with their expulsion.

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OF HOSEA

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259

After I returned home from Mr. Phillip's I was busily engaged with Jones in the affairs of the sawmill in procuring logs &c in time for business in the spring.

Here I was well suited with the society I was in. There was mormon meetings once a week to which I attended and became intimate with the doctrines they professed & did most devoutly believe it. but I must confess that I was afraid to join them least I should not hold out faithful & thus make my situation worse.

There was also good society here [Farm Creek] who were not mormons with all I became acquainted & in short was well suited with the people who resided here.

It is hardly necessary for me to record the fluctuating feelings which I necessarily had to encounter between mormonism & the popular sects of the day for every one who had embraced mormonism has, I suppose experienced the same thing.

I now assumed a more business-like life and soon became well known in the country around here which ends this year.

1834 We done good business this season with the mill & in the fall I found my-self in comfortable circumstances.

This summer the Zion Camp64 marched up to Missouri to retake Jackson County under Joseph Smith jr. the Prophet.

Hyrum Smith65 Lyman Wight 06 & others passed by here on their way up to Jackson County & staid several days during which time they preached several times here.

The effect of their preaching was powerful on me & when I considered that they were going up to Zion to fight for their lost inherit04 Following the expulsion of the Saints from Jackson County, a force of about 150 men was gathered at Kirtland, Ohio, to march to Missouri for the purpose of re-establishing the Mormons in Jackson County. By the time this force reached Missouri, its number had increased to about 200. Upon arrival in Missouri, the hostility of the people there to the Mormons made it evident that the "redemption of Zion" would have to await some other opportunity, and the force, k n o w n as Zion's Camp, was disbanded. On the eve of disbandment, cholera broke out in the Camp and thirteen of the members died.

05 From 1837 until 1841 Hyrum Smith, brother of the Mormon prophet, served as counselor to Joseph Smith, president of the church. In 1841 Hyrum assumed the office of patriarch of the church, which office he held until June 27, 1844, when he and Joseph were assassinated by a mob at Carthage, Illinois.

00 Lyman Wight, one of the prophet's most ardent early followers, was appointed an aposde in the church in 1841. Following the assassination of Joseph and Hyrum Smith in 1844, Wight refused to acknowledge the authority of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles under Brigham Young as successor to the prophet and led a body of adherents to Texas, where he died in 1858.

''77 After expulsion of the Saints from Jackson County, a force of men gathered at Kirtland, Ohio, to march to Missouri for the express purpose of re-establishing the Mormons on their lands. The force was known as Zion's Camp.

COURTESY MRS. PEARL WILCOX

ances under the special directions of God it was all that I could do to refrain from going. Jones and I let them have one yoke of oxen.

Elder Charles C. Rich went with them.

The events of this expedition is so well known that I need say nothing about it.

Several were added to the mormon Church here this summer.

So ends this year.

1835 We spent the past winter in cutting & drawing a large number of saw logs to the mill preparitory for the spring and also in getting out and selling a large quantity of hewed timber for the Peoria market at which we done a good & profitable business. We kept some six or eight hands hired at this time.

Early in the spring we purchased an interest in a mill then building on Crow Creek in Putnam County for one hundred & fifty dollars There was two mill seats on this stream one owned by Jos. Martin & the other by Hadlock & Hunter. We bought out Hunter's share which was one half,

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261

This was about one quarter of a mile below Martin's mill & in order to raise water [we] had to back water on him while he was trying to bluff us & thus obtain his mill seat.

In this case we bought with our mill seat also a law-suit67 as will be hereafter seen. We also sold our Farm Creek mill to Jacob Hepperley.68 [To Be Continued In Fall Quarterly]

c7 This may have been the same lawsuit as is referred to in Ellsworth, Records of the Olden Time, 359, "In 1834 Joe Martin put up a mill on Crow Creek, about forty rods below Owens' Mill, but his dam backed water upon the latter, and he could get no sufficient head. A lawsuit grew out of this affair, and Martin finally abandoned his mUl project here and went farther down the stream, where he began again on a sawmill, but shortly afterward sold to Samuel Headlock. . . ."

68 This entry concludes the first portion of the autobiography. The second autobiography is shorter, more concise, and less illuminating. It covers the whole period of Hosea Stout's life up to 1844. There is an overlapping of the years 1810-1835, already covered in this first portion of the autobiography.

Herbert E. Gregory loved and exed vast areas of the world, among ch was the Colorado Plateau from Pour Corners to Zion National Park-

HERBERT PIONEER

ERNEST

GREGORY

GEOLOGIST

SOUTHERN

OF

UTAH

By Reed W. Farnsworth*

It was my great privilege to have known Dr. Gregory over a period of thirteen years extending from 1939 to 1952. This was the period of his life ranging from age seventy until his deadi at age eighty-two.

These would normally be considered die sunset years usually spent in reflection and easing off from taxing commitments and responsibilities. Not so with Dr. Gregory. He always acted as though he had never given any thought to the possibility that his life might someday come to an end. His home was wherever he hung his hat, and speaking of his hat, it invariably was a battered Field Ranger or Boy Scout type, which pyramided in die center and always appeared as though he were facing into a strong wind. It was usually tied widi a lanyard beneadi his chin. This habit was, no doubt, a practical one grown out of many seasons in the field on the windswept Colorado Plateau.

My association with Gregory (this was the name he preferred to be called) was not constant or continuous but intermittent, for his life gravitated about three magnetic poles. The first was Yale Uni* Dr. Farnsworth is a practicing physician in Cedar City, Utah, and member of the Board of Regents, Utah State University.

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versity where he held the Silliman Professorial Chair in Geology from 1904 to 1936; the second, die Hawaiian Islands where he was director of the Bishop Museum from 1919 to 1925; and third, die area of the Colorado Plateau from the Four Corners westward to Zion Park. He preferred to work in southern Utah from quarters furnished him by arrangements through the Department of Interior in Zion Park. It was during his return visits to Zion that I came to know him both professionally and as a friend and fellow explorer of this vast colorful area that he loved so well. It was my good fortune during these years to accompany him on one five-day pack trip into the tributaries of the Escalante River and two shorter trips into* the Navajo Reservation Area and Monument Valley.

It was on these trips, together with the many hours spent in his office and mine, that I gained such profound respect for this most fascinating man. I shall never forget the expression on his face one October afternoon as we were standing on a small ledge gazing out across the cleft of the Escalante River below us â&#x20AC;&#x201D; toward the Water Pocket Fold and the Henry Mountains. His eyes sparkled like a child's on Christmas morning as the wind blew his straggly gray locks back from his face. He was seeing visions and dreaming dreams of the happy days he had spent in this area forty years earlier as a field geologist. He spent his eightieth birthday on this trip, and I feel sure he could not have enjoyed it more on any other spot on the globe.

Herbert Ernest Gregory was born at Middleville, Michigan, October 15, 1869, die eleventh of thirteen children â&#x20AC;&#x201D; eight girls and five boys. His father, a descendant of migrant Scots, moved west from East Sparta, New York, at an early age and tried his hand at several ventures. Becoming increasingly troubled with asdima, he decided to move his family to Crete, in eastern Nebraska. His wife's brother, Herman Bross, a minister, had already settled in Crete. Nebraska had been admitted to statehood only two years before Gregory was born, and he was just seven years old when the family took up residence in Crete.

In 1881 when he was twelve his mother died. The death of the wife and mother created an emergency for the father and the younger children, and in the adjustments that followed Herbert was sent to live with another family, the Lamberts, who treated him as one of their own. His adolescent years were spent like those of most farm youths of the time. He milked cows, helped tend the sheep and odier stock, took part in the hard work of the fields, and attended school in

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ERNEST

GREGORY

79

season. His younger brother remembers him as a boy of exceptional energy, a leader in school sports, fond of pranks, doing his lessons with little apparent effort. In due time he entered Doane College, a small school at Crete, in which some members of the Gregory family long kept an interest. But Herbert's stay was short; his entire class rebelled because of a supposed injustice to one of the members and left in a body via the side window. This window, no doubt, was viewed with a great deal of interest and amusement when Gregory was called back to Doane College a half century later to receive an honorary degree.

During his early school years he found time to play in the band, sometimes as a trumpet soloist, but preferring the bass horn. As he expressed it, "I liked to make a big noise." He also sang in the choir, cultivating a good baritone voice with an interest stimulated by his musical father. During these years he made at least one journey into the badlands of western Nebraska, where he found and dug out some fossil bones. He had some experience riding the range and made one trip as far west as Yellowstone Park. No doubt his interest in geology had its beginning in the early acquaintance with the striking geologic exhibits of Wyoming and western Nebraska.

In 1890 a few months before his twenty-first birthday, Gates College (located in Neligh, Nebraska, but no longer in existence) granted him the B.S. degree. Upon graduation he tried teaching as a career and for a time was superintendent of Chadron Academy in northwestern Nebraska. But he was ambitious to go further with his own education and went back to Gates for studies leading to an A.B. degree, which he received in 1895. One of his instructors at Gates was a Yale graduate who encouraged Herbert to go to New Haven, where he went as a "scrub senior." With one year of study he acquired his third bachelor's degree.

Gregory had a thoroughly good time and was well liked by his fellows during the New Haven student days. He was a born extrovert, friendly, talkative, full of good-natured banter. He was vigorous physically, walked with a swinging stride, his keen dark eyes registering everything and everyone around him. Usually he was in company, and his booming voice and infectious laugh drew attention.

These qualities remained characteristic of him throughout his entire life. Pictures taken after his eightieth milestone show his face creased with mirth, his eyes keenly alert, his broad mouth twisted in relish as he spoke in the jocular vein.

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At Yale Gregory chose his courses broadly; he was interested in biology, and during two years of his graduate study he helped pay his way by serving as assistant in the biology laboratory. In his third year he became instructor in physical geography, a subject to which he continued to give much of his thought and energy. This broad educational base served him well, for several of his manuscripts written later in southern Utah deal with population and sociological studies, cultural as well as geographic, in addition to geologic subjects. He was awarded his doctorate at Yale in 1899, served the next year as instructor in the Sheffield Scientific School, and in 1900 transferred to Yale College.

Gregory's advancement was rapid and his activities were phenomenal. The undergraduate program in geology was in need of reorganization, and he provided vigorous leadership at a critical time, as well as good teaching. In 1904 five years after his first appointment, he was made Silliman Professor of Geology, a title he kept until his retirement.

In 1900 Gregory was appointed assistant geologist in the United States Geological Survey, and he kept his connection with that organization through the rest of his life. It was a U.S. Geological Survey financed trip that I was privileged to make with him into the Escalante River region.

In 1909 he was asked to undertake a reconnaissance study of the vast Navajo Indian Reservation in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah, with the object of finding underground supplies of water badly needed for range animals in that arid region. It was this assignment that first brought him to his beloved Colorado Plateau and southern Utah.

At this time the country was rugged and barren, as it is today, but there were no roads, and the surveying party had to travel by pack train. Grass for the pack animals was scant, and carrying feed for a long stay far from bases of supply was out of the question. The Navajos were suspicious of white men and had to be treated with exceptional care and understanding. It is a tribute to Gregory's resourcefulness and personality that he solved these physical and human problems in three long and arduous field seasons. As the work progressed his love of the plateau country grew, and in later years he seized every opportunity to study and map die high lands bordering the Colorado River and its tributaries. Many of his best scientific contributions are based on his field work in the plateaus from the region of die Four Corners westward to Zion Canyon.

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ERNEST

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81

Two principal publications came from his Navajo work: . . . The Navajo Country, a Geographic and Hydrographic Reconnaissance of Parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah (1916), Water Supply Paper 380; and . . . Geology of the Navajo Country, a Reconnaissance of Parts of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah (1917), Professional Paper 93. Several students who assisted him during one or another season testify to his unfailing energy and enthusiasm and to his pleasant companionship in field and camp. And there was no trouble with the Navajos — in fact the Indians, in their own strange ways demonstrated their friendship. Gregory, with characteristic drollery, cited proof of their gratitude for his efforts in their behalf. On one expedition far back into the reservation, his pack animals were confronted with starvation — their small store of grain was gone, and they could find practically no forage. As the party sat one evening around die campfire, much depressed and convinced that in die morning they must head toward a base, they were startled by an object diat came tumbling from a nearby cliff, followed by several more that rolled into die firelight, where they were recognized as bundles of hay. Some Navajos had seen the plight of the party and had made this contribution without revealing their identity. "I wish," said Gregory, "I could learn the names and addresses of those fellows — I would send every one of them a copy of Water Supply Paper 380." The Navajos' name for Gregory was "Waterfinder." It was for me an inspiration when I accompanied him into some of the Navajo hogans nearly a half century after his work among them to see the fading eyes of some of diese venerable tribesmen light up as they recognized Gregory.

One of Gregory's main objectives was the integration of scientific effort throughout the vast Pacific domain. In 1920 he organized the Committee on Pacific Investigation of the Division of Geology and Geography, National Research Council, and he served continuously as chairman of this committee until 1946.

The Gregorys lived happily and busily in Honolulu while die big research program progressed at Bishop Museum. Though deeply generous personally, the Scotch in his nature was most useful in stretching the slender Museum funds to their fullest potential. Convinced that the basic work of the Museum should be scientific research rather than education, he allocated the funds to carefully planned expeditions and to publication of the results of field work. His powers of persuasion induced many individuals and foundations to augment the funds appreciably.

Photographs taken of a field trip portraying Dr. Gregory amidst the southern Utah settings he loved.

Cave Camp (top) Willow Creek (center) Soda Creek Trail

(bottom)

ri*

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ERNEST

GREGORY

83

Many visitors stopped at the Hawaiian crossroad to- see the Gregorys. But the Gregorys were drawn back to the Colorado1 Plateau for at least part of the summer whenever possible; this was his favorite country, and he longed to complete field studies he had begun over the years. In 1936 he retired as director and Silliman Professor, and thereafter he and Mrs. Gregory were in Utah for a long season each year, returning to their Hawaiian home in winter.

Their favorite stand was Zion Canyon, where he was close to his field problems and could revel in landscape views that to him were the world's finest. I have heard him repeat many times that if he were called upon to select a single podium from which to- view America's most expansive geology, it would be atop the black lava rock mountain just east of Black Ridge, above Ash Creek, looking southeastward toward Mount Trumbull, Kaibab Plateau, Smithsonian Butte, Zion West Temple, and the finger canyons and buttes of the Kolob.

In 1941, the Gregorys were in their home on the Pacific Heights, Honolulu, and early in the morning of December 7 they witnessed the performance of the bombing of Pearl Harbor from a ringside seat.

During the war years they were in the States much of the time, working in the strategic minerals program for the Geological Survey and advancing his reports. Early in 1948 with work on his manuscripts complete, he set out with Mrs. Gregory on a world tour, going first to England for meetings of the Eighteenth International Geological Congress, then to France for three months, then on to Australia and to New Zealand for the Seventh Pacific Science Congress, then home to Honolulu â&#x20AC;&#x201D; his ambition to circle the globe realized. In 1950 Dr. Carl Skottsberg, who had done distinguished botanical research in the Pacific under the Bishop Museum and had become director of the Botanical Garden at Gotberg, Sweden, invited Gregory to be his guest at the International Botanical Congress at Stockholm. Afterward the Gregorys attended the International Congress on the History of Science at Amsterdam, had a lengthy visit in France, and continued eastward by way of Egypt, Ceylon, Singapore, Saigon, Hong Kong, and Manila, where he stopped to help plan the Eighth Pacific Science Congress. The return to Hawaii in February, 1951, completed their second trip around die world.

And for him the end of the trail was near. They lived quietly at their home for some months, occasionally entertaining friends at tea around their big table made of koa wood.

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One of the last monographs, The Geology and Geography of the Paunsaugunt Region, Utah; A Survey of Parts of Garfield and Kane Counties (1951) Professional Paper 226, was published and a copy reached him during his final illness shortly after his eighty-second birthday. He passed away January 23, 1952.

During his long and productive life, Dr. Herbert E. Gregory published sixty-six professional papers. His membership in learned societies included the Geological Society of America, the Association of American Geographers (of which he was president in 1920), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He knew kings, princes, and heads of nations, yet was equally at home with the lonely tribesmen of the Southwest deserts.

The world was his home, and I have never known a person who knew so much about it. His life might well be summed up by the Navajo word, Utenie â&#x20AC;&#x201D; "Doer of Great Deeds."

This record would not be complete without mentioning Edna Hope Gregory who married Herbert Gregory in 1908 and who was constantly at his side through many of his world-wide exploits and who shared his intense enthusiasm for southern Utah. She now survives him, and it is she to whom I am indebted for much of the material concerning Dr. Gregory's background. She is now in her middle seventies and lives in Berkeley, California, where she audits classes at the University of California. But she does not confine her interests to the classroom; within the past two years she undertook the touring of France, Switzerland, and Western Europe in a small foreign-made car and enjoyed every moment of it. She is a most delightful person, and like her noted husband has no intention of contemplating the fact that her life, too, might some day end.

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The Fur Trade. By Paul C. Phillips. With concluding chapters by J. W. Smurr. Two volumes. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961. Vol. I, xxvi + 686 pp.; Vol. II, viii + 696 pp. $16.50) The most recent edition of Hiram Chittenden's venerable classic on The American Fur Trade in the Far West contains a long preface

by Grace Lee Nute, whose burden is that the work is long overdue for supersession. So much research intervenes between Chittenden's day and our own that a new synthesis is desperately awaited.

Enlarging his canvas to include a view of the entire North American continent, the late Paul C. Phillips devoted a major part of his career to the painting of what he hoped would be a vast literary mural of the whole story of the fur trade. The amount of research required for the task today is so staggering that one man's lifetime could not compass it. Although the two volumes of The Fur Trade deal with the complete story, Professor Phillips died before the last part of the second volume was written. His associates had to patch up concluding chapters, chapters which in this reviewer's opinion leave Chittenden unsuperseded. Henceforth we will have to speak of two classics in the area: Phillips and Chittenden.

Yet we have long needed the fuller treatment. For die first time Phillips presents the backdrop of the far western trade; indeed, he demonstrates very clearly that the trappers' push to the Rockies was

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only the concluding phase of similar activity which commenced virtually with Columbus. With his fuller comprehension, Phillips approaches the subject far differently than does his predecessor. We become aware of the ancient markets for furs in Europe and of the consequent economic scheming to supply them which concerned not only merchants but monarchs and empires too. The complexity of all this, while hinted at in many previous studies, breaks upon us so bewilderingly in the present one that we cannot level any valid criticism against its incompleteness. Phillips tramped several continents for his data: no wonder that this researcher's feet could not reach the end.

Yet he succeeds in proving the central role of the fur trade in the whole exploration and settlement of North America, in the European struggles of the eighteenth century for American dominance, in the winning of independence by the United States, and in the development of Canada and our own West from the Appalachians to the Pacific.

Professor Phillips found little comfort in older views of the significance of the fur trade. The Turner thesis seemed to him unworkable for the subject, while romantic dwellings upon the life of the "free" mountain man appeared to varnish over a hard-bitten, aggressive, dogeat-dog business. Phillips, therefore, focuses more upon the entrepreneur, the market, the economic imperialism of governments, and less upon the trapper himself. The result is that certain hitherto neglected chapters in the history of the fur trade, notably in the American colonial and revolutionary periods, loom up much more clearly.

Such an emphasis, of course, will dissatisfy some readers. The Fur Trade does not read like a novel; rather, it reads like an economic history of the western world. In fact, it becomes at times almost an encyclopedia which one could wish were twice as long â&#x20AC;&#x201D; not because one cannot lay it down, but because one hopes to find more detail on some subjects than space could permit. One example: Phillips mentions the Ohio Company in discussing the French-English rivalry for the upper Ohio country, but he omits that company entirely when he comes to the climactic battle at the Forks of the Ohio in 1754. Thus, the company's role in sending Washington out there in the first place, and in prompting, through its British investors, the retaliatory expedition and even the disastrous route of General Braddock, does not appear. The sketch is distorted by its brevity.

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The bibliography, similarly, fills eighty pages and yet is far from complete. Although the trade relations between French and Iroquois receive much attention, the author is apparently unaware of the very significant Wars of the Iroquois by Hunt. Bernard De Voto's name never turns up, despite the coupling of charm and global awareness which he achieved in Course of Empire. (De Voto had his faults, but he could have taught Phillips much about word wizardry.)

This review began by insisting that Phillips does not replace Chittenden. In fact, die one's effectiveness breaks off where the other's begins. Utah scholars have been ignored in the present work, despite their output on the trade in this region. Lest this comment seem like local paranoia, we can find abundant evidences of incomplete use of vital materials in the far western chapters. It is strange, for instance, to read that Etienne Provot was one of Ashley's men when Dale Morgan's Jedediah Smith is cited in several places.

All of which adds up to little more than a wish that Phillips had not been mortal. This reviewer concludes that an exhaustive synthesis of the fur trade is beyond one scholar's grasp. Perhaps an enterprising publisher will gather a stable of experts and co-ordinate dieir work in Cambridge History fashion. But please â&#x20AC;&#x201D; let them not be too dull; let them save the thrills of wilderness conquest; let them remember that sociological and economic concepts cannot fully explain the dreams of those brave young men who took most of their pay in adventure.

PHILIP C. STURGES

University of Utah The Diary of James J. Strang. Deciphered, transcribed, introduced and annotated by Mark A. Strang. With a Foreword by Russel B. Nye. (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1961. xiv + 78pp. $3.75) This little gem of a volume is a rich resource for the study of die social and intellectual makings of James J. Strang, one of the more controversial figures in early Mormon history. It is also an introduction to the Strangite schism he began, when, upon the deadi of Joseph Smitii, and within months of his entrance into the Mormon Church, Strang claimed for himself the right of leadership, and led off Saints to his Kingdom centers first at Voree, Wisconsin, and later at Beaver Island in northern Lake Michigan. One is disappointed to realize diat the only period of the stormy life covered by the diary is the five years

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from 1831 to 1836 (the diarist aged 18 to 23 years); however, there is rejoicing at finding the gem so rich in the many colorful shafts of light it throws upon the thought, character, personality, and aspirations of the man.

From the journal entries appears the image of a typical youth, a good teacher, an able debater, a steady reader, a confused, reflective, ambitious person. His life interests are already shaped. He cannot accept "the nice speculative contradictions of our divine theologians of our age." He waivers between atheism ("I am a perfect atheist") and his own concept of God as the benevolent Spirit of Nature. His own theology is yet to be formed. "I am fond of female company" he frankly proclaims as he tells of his attachments past and present. Ambitions? He has grand designs not short of the English crown. He must do more "if I am ever to rival Cesar or Napoleon which I have sworn to." "My mind has allways been filled with dreams of royalty and power." He might have to settle for less: "Some time since took a resolution which I now solemnly confirm, to be a Priest, a Lawyer, a Conqueror, and a Legislator unless I find better business." Whether he considered Mormonism that "better business," a last chance for him to head a grand design, we may never know. The grandson-editor emphasises his youthful dedication: "I am resolved to devote my life to the service of mankind." Few will agree with the editor, however, in saying that he was "one of the world's great thinkers and teachers."

The diary was previously published in part in Milo M. Quaife, The Kingdom of Saint James, A Narrative of the Mormons. Now the diary is published in full with very important passages originally written in a private cipher fully deciphered, transcribed, and footnoted.

The Foreword briefly sketches Strang's entire life. The Introduction by the grandson-editor attempts to interpret the man and his thought in the light of the diary and other sources. An annotated Bibliography is an excellent introduction to Strangite literature.

S. GEORGE ELLSWORTH

Utah State University "I Was Called To Dixie," The Virgin River Basin: Unique Experiences in Mormon Pioneering. By Andrew Karl Larson. (Salt Lake City: The Deseret News Press, 1961. xiv + 681 pp. $6.50) Although self-explanatory to most Utahns, the word "Dixie" in the title of this book may be misleading to non-Utahns or to those who

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have recently arrived in the state. Utah's "Dixie" is vaguely understood by the average Utahn to be that portion of southern Utah located in the vicinity of St. George. The volume under examination clearly defines Dixie as the region included in die whole Virgin River drainage â&#x20AC;&#x201D; extending into northwestern Arizona and southeastern Nevada. Although never officially given the name of Dixie, the title was bestowed on the area by Mormon converts from the Southern states who were called by their church to settle in that part of southern Utah. They found to their great joy, that they could produce cotton, tobacco, nuts, and other agricultural crops normally associated with the South. The wording of die title should not mislead anyone into thinking that this book is an autobiography of any person. It is much more than that, although the wording is taken from a verse written by one of Dixie's pioneers.

The book is an account of the founding and history of the numerous settlements in the Virgin River Basin. It is extensive in its scope; virtually nodiing is left out. The author has divided the work into six parts of several chapters each: "The Experimental Period," "The Cotton Mission," "The Cooperative Movement and Self-sufficiency," "Agricultural Developments," "Cultural Life in the Cotton Mission," and "Civic and Religious Affairs." As this outline suggests, not only details associated with the founding of the various settlements are given, but economic, social, and cultural developments as well. Herein are found fascinating accounts of Utah's experimentation with cotton culture; attempts to operate successfully a cotton factory, vineyards and wine production (which may surprise some current Mormons); detailed information about Dixie's extensive livestock industry, county fairs, early newspapers, pioneer music and drama, Indian relations, and mining boom; etc. In short, tiiis book opens the door to an understanding and fuller appreciation of the Mormon colonizing effort in a region that has, until now, been virtually neglected by historians. It is a significant contribution to the history of Utah and the West.

Obviously, Professor Larson has spent a great deal of time searching for and assembling the rich supply of original source material from which this history is drawn. His book reflects the excellent use he has made of these documents. Where feasible he lets the pioneer record keepers tell their own story in their own words, thus adding considerable charm and color to the account. The volume is thoroughly annotated with footnotes located at the bottom of die page and con-

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secutively numbered by chapters. It is adequately illustrated with several pages of portraits of Dixie's pioneers, pictures of historic sites and buildings, reproductions of early newspapers, and odier items.

The book contains an extensive bibliography and an index.

Many careful readers will doubtless feel that the years of meticulous and extensive research that have gone into this study deserve a more polished presentation. This reviewer is struck with the feeling that the final typing and the job of actually getting the book published was too hurriedly done in order to meet a real or imaginary deadline.

A careful job of proofreading would have eliminated typographical errors and would have suggested other revisions in the interest of clarity. In a few instances footnotes belonging on one page are placed on the next â&#x20AC;&#x201D; for no obvious reason. There is a lack of uniformity of footnote form from chapter to chapter. Chapter titles and sub-tides are sometimes improperly placed or omitted. Persons not already familiar with the geography of the Virgin River Basin will find die endpiece maps helpful but incomplete. The volume needs a better set of detailed maps. These are minor items that can be corrected for a second edition. But in die meantime diey tend to detract from an otherwise first-class volume. ~ _ ,, DAVID E. MILLER

University of Utah Reports from Colorado, the Wildman Letters, 1859-1865, with Other Related Letters and Newspaper Reports, 1859. Edited, with introduction and notes, by LeRoy R. Hafen and Ann W. Hafen. (Glendale: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1961. 333 pp. $12.00) The Pikes Peak gold rush of 1859 and the consequent settlement of the Colorado region constitute the setting for the letters of Thomas G., Augustus, and Mary B. Wildman and for the reports from newspapers, presented in this volume. The material is arranged chronologically.

Dr. and Mrs. Hafen state that since they portrayed in considerable detail the discovery of gold in the Central Rockies in Volumes IX to XI of the Southwest Historical Series, published by The Arthur H. Clark Company in 1941 and 1942, that in this new work they consider it is "hardly necessary to do more here than outline that period and the preliminary developments."

Thomas G. Wildman, son of Frederick S. Wildman, a land proprietor, capitalist, railway executive, and banker, of Danbury, Con-

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necticut, evidently decided to come West not only to seek his fortune in the gold fields but to try to atone for some of his so-called "past follies."

Beginning widi a letter written to his brother Augustus from Quincy, Illinois, April 15, 1859, Thomas described his trip westward on foot with a freighting outfit, and some six weeks of prospecting, without success, near the Gregory Diggings (Central City).

His letters mentioned many names and events now familiar to students of Colorado history. They also referred to the appearance of "Northern Lights," die clubbing of drunken Indians by a chief, and a description of Thanksgiving dinners with wild turkey.

In October, 1859, Thomas Wildman became associated with R.E. Whitsett, deputy county recorder and city recorder in Denver, and assumed much of die responsibility of that office. Widi the arrival in Denver, on January 17, 1860, of Reverend J. H. Kehler, an Episcopalian minister and the father of attractive daughters, Thomas became intensely interested in helping to found the Church of St. John in the Wilderness, of which he was elected a vestryman.

His brother, Augustus Wildman, arrived in Denver on September 20, 1860, in time to attend Tom's wedding on September 27. The bride was Miss Mary (Mollie) Kehler, the service being performed by the bride's father, Reverend Kehler. (At the same time, according to the Rocky Mountain News, Reverend Kehler also officiated at the marriage of another daughter, Crimona B., and Henry J. Rogers. Mr. Rogers was secretary of the newly-established Episcopal Church and was a vestryman.)

There is evident confusion in this book between Hickory Rogers and H. J. Rogers as they are indexed as one person. H. J. Rogers (also spelled Rodgers), arrived in Denver early in 1859, having traded Missouri land for Denver lots. He became successful in business and in 1865 was vice-president of die First National Bank of Denver.

The reports, covering the period June to December 1859, were gathered from newspapers, according to the editors, some years ago' by Mr. Elmer Burkey, while employed by the State Historical Society of Colorado, and by Dr. and Mrs. James F. Willard, of the University of Colorado'.

The Wildman letters in Part III, which break off abruptly, leave the reader curious to know more about the later family life and accomplishments of the Wildmans, who returned to the East, as did so many of the Pikes Peakers who did not strike it rich.

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Dr. and Mrs. Hafen, authorities on the great stampede to the Pikes Peak country, are to be praised upon having made this additional contribution to their previous valuable works. This book has been produced with the usual high quality of T h e Arthur H . Clark Company's Press-

AGNES W R I G H T SPRING

Colorado State Historical

Society

The Charles llfeld Company: A Study of the Rise and Decline of Mercantile Capitalism in New Mexico. By William J. Parish. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961. xxi + 431 pp. $10.00) That this fascinating study of a pioneer N e w Mexico merchant should appear in the Harvard Business History Series is testimony of the increasing interest in the business history of the American West.

T h e book is the product of a long-time research effort initiated many years ago under the direction of the late Professor N . S. B. Gras, of Harvard. William J. Parish, who is now dean of the College of Business Administration at the University of N e w Mexico, obtained unrestricted access to all the papers, account books, correspondence, etc., of the Charles llfeld Company, which until recently operated many wholesale and retail branches in N e w Mexico. H e has put together an interesting and fruitful study of the changing structure of business enterprise in N e w Mexico.

A German-Jewish immigrant to the United States in 1865, Charles llfeld went into the general retailing business with relatives, and by 1867 was operating his own store. T h e fortunes of llfeld and his family are recorded through three generations, until the 1959 sale of the various remaining enterprises. As Parish describes him, Charles llfeld was: . . . a purveyor of news and a doer of helpful deeds. His letters, and those of his assistants have frequent notations of weddings, births, sickness, and death; of business failures and law suits. He was called upon to write letters for the illiterate, to collect pensions for those not familiar with government red tape, or to send cash for customers to relatives in Germany. He responded graciously to those who asked, and thoughtfully served those who perhaps unknowingly became dependent upon him. Distance and slow communication instilled in [him] a sense of responsibility and thoughtfulness . . . which will be difficult to attain again under the impersonal and limited liability corporation.

To illustrate the nature of his business, Ilfeld's three-story department store building on the Plaza in Las Vegas, N e w Mexico, contained

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five departments. In the basement was the grocery department, with liquor and hardware divisions. On the first floor were dry goods and allied merchandise. In addition to dry goods (wholesale), the second floor had a millinery and dressmaking department. The third floor was set aside for carpeting, to which a furniture department was later added.

The frontier merchant's greatest service was in supplying goods on credit to small businesses, traders, farmers, trappers, lumbermen, and miners. His greatest problem was acquiring die eastern exchange with which to pay for the stock of groceries, hardware, and liquor which he shipped in from the East. (The liquor, the writer explains, was used partly as a "loss leader," for "the tin cup always hung free to the thirsty customer as he dropped in from his hot and dusty trip to town.") Some of Ilfeld's early customers were army personnel occupying the many military posts in New Mexico, and they were able to pay with drafts payable in the East. Other sources of eastern exchange were army contracts, mail contracts, and eastern and European investments in the area, particularly in railroads. The most consistent, reliable, and profitable method of acquiring eastern credit against which drafts could be drawn, however, was through the shipment of wool, hides, and metals.

As the number of sheep and cattle ranchers in die territory grew, the merchant found it necessary to accept dieir stock in payment for mercantile debts. He thus acquired herds of sheep (and cattle), contracted them out, and eventually trailed them off to distant markets.

When collection of the sheep, cattle, wool, hides, and pelts flooded him with inventories, he enlarged his facilities for pasturing the livestock and storing the produce. The disposal of sheep became a major preoccupation during the 1880's, '90's, and early years of this century.

While llfeld was no sheepman, this was the only way he could protect or recover the credit he had extended to his customers.

Western readers of this volume may be irritated by the author's attempt to make the operations of frontier enterprising conform to the framework of a terminology worked out many years ago by Professor Gras to fit an obviously different environment. This reviewer is not convinced that such terms as "petty capitalist," "sedentary merchant," and "mature mercantile capitalism" add anything to the understanding of frontier New Mexico; they seem to be unnecessarily pretentious and pedantic. Parish's terminology gives the impression of a kind of automatic progress from one stage of entrepreneurship to the next; but

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his narrative clearly indicates that business policy was shaped primarily by the environment, rather than by any inherent dialectic. The author also has a tendency to reach out for parallels in completely different cultural contexts; these often detract from the narrative rather than illuminate it.

Despite these shortcomings, the book is well-written. Dean Parish writes with clarity, has a good sense of drama, and concentrates on matters that are significant. With little more than a few letters and account books in front of him, he has magnificently unravelled the thread of pioneer mercantile policy. It would be a great service to Utah history if a person of such caliber were to make an equivalent study of William Jennings, the Auerbachs, or another one of the many important Utah merchants in the 1860's, '70's, and '80's.

LEONARD J. ARRINGTON

Utah State University Man of the Plains, Recollections of Luther North, 1856-1882. Edited

by Donald F. Danker. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961. xx+ 350 pp. $4.75) It was at the insistence of the author and ethnologist, George B. Grinnell, that Luther North set down his recollections of the Scouts, of guarding the Union Pacific, and of cattle ranching on the Dismal River. After Grinnell's death in 1938, the manuscript became the property of the Nebraska State Historical Society. Annotated by the Society's Archivist, Dr. Donald F. Danker, the complete text is now published for the first time as Volume IV of the Pioneer Heritage Series.

The University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, has rendered a service to western historians by reprinting the following books, most of which are classics.

Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk-Tales. By George Bird Grinnell. Reprint. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961. xiii + 417 pp. $1.65) In our fast-moving civilization the Indian, in the process of acculturation, is rapidly losing his "Indian-ness," and there is an urgent necessity to make sure that the traditions and values, tangible and intangible, of his culture are preserved. For this reason alone, quite apart

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from its intrinsic interest, the reprint of George Bird Grinnell's first book about the Indians is to be commended.

Letters of a Woman Homesteader. By Elinore Pruitt Stewart. Reprint.

(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961. xii + 282 pp. $1.25) A young widow with her daughter accepts employment on a ranch in Wyoming and soon after marries the owner. Over a period of years, Elinore Stewart writes to her former employer telling her of her new life in a new country. Her letters endure and give pleasure because she reveals herself, the nature of the land in which she lives, and the work she does in the land which is part of our vanished past.

Them Was the Days, an American Saga of the '70's. By Martha Ferguson McKeown. Reprint. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961. xvi + 282 pp. $1.25) There is an abundance of scholarly work, first-rate textbooks, and standard sources available in subject-matter fields dealing with the American West in the latter part of the nineteenth century. What is difficult to locate are supplementary readings of a kind which will grip and engross the mind: specifically, authentic personal accounts which have sufficient vitality, narrative interest, and detail so diat the scene becomes real, the events exciting, and the reader is led to a sense of identity with the men, women, and children who migrated westward to claim more than half the land of our nation. Them Was the Days is just such an account.

Black Elk Speaks, Being the Life Story of a Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux. As told through John G. Neihardt. Reprint. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961. xv + 280 pp. $1.50) The narrative starts in 1863 when the white man first began encroaching on Sioux territory and ends shordy after the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890, the end of the Sioux nation.

Boy Life on the Prairie. By Hamlin Garland. Reprint. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1961. xxiv + 435 pp. $1.40) This book deals directly and specifically with what it was like to grow up in northeast Iowa in the years just after the Civil War. The book stands as a well-shaped record of a by-gone way of life.

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The Differential Development Among Anglos and Mexicans in the Mormon Colonies of Northwestern Mexico. By LeRona McD. Wilson. (Columbus: Ohio State University, 1961) A Dynasty of Western Outlaws. By Paul Iselin Wellman. (Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1961) /. Bracken Lee, the Taxpayer's Champion. By George B. Russell.

(New York: Robert Speller & Sons, Inc., 1961) The Savage Country. By Walter O'Meara.

Mifflin Company, 1960)

(Boston:

Houghton

Stories of our Mormon Hymns. By J. Spencer Cornwall. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1961)

American Scene — IV, Summer, 1961: "Presents Frederic Remington [issue devoted to Remington as historian, painter, and sculptor]."

The Bulletin [Missouri Historical Society]—XVIII, October 1961: "Kirk Anderson's Trip to Utah, 1858," by Eugene T. Wells, 3-19.

Circuit — September-October 1961: "Where We Stand, Colorado River Project Transmission [Utah Power and Light Company, The Western Colorado Power Company, and Telluride Power Company]."

Deseret News and Salt Lake Telegram, Church News — October 28, 1961: "Vacated Buildings Stir Many Memories [Brigham Young Memorial Building, Barratt Hall, Presiding Bishop's Office Building, L.D.S. Business College, Deseret Gymnasium, and Joseph F. Smith Memorial Building]," by Monitor C. Noyce.

Desert — October 1961: "More on the Image of the West: Two Artists; Two Impressions [Frederic Remington and Gerard Curtis Delano]," by Eugene L. Conrotto, 25-26.

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Esquire, the Magazine for Men — August 1961: "The Adult West,"

by Neil Morgan, 29-40.

From Wilderness to Empire; the Role of Utah in Western Economic History — Monograph No. 1, 1961: By Leonard J. Arrington. Institute of American Studies, University of Utah.

The Improvement Era—LXIV, October 1961: "First Mission to Britain," by Stanley Buchholz Kimball, 720ff.

Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society — LIV, Summer, 1961: "The Nauvoo Legion, 1840-1845 — A Unique Military Organization," by Hamilton Gardner, 181-97.

Millennial Star — CXXIII, September 1961: "The Scottish-Irish Mission," by Bernard P. Brockbank, 410-15.

New

England Quarterly — XXXIV, June 1961: "Mound-builders, Mormons, and William Cullen Bryant," by Dahl Curtis, 178-90.

The Palimpsest — XLII, September 1961: The Council Bluffs Story, Through the Nonpareil's Eyes, "Kanesville," "Council Bluffs Emerges," "A Town Takes on City Ways," and "Those Twentieth Century Years," edited by William J. Petersen [special issue devoted to Council Bluffs, published by the State Historical Society of Iowa].

The Relief Society Magazine — XLVIII, October 1961: "The Last Days of President Brigham Young," by Preston Nibley, 644-50.

Saints' Herald — CVIII, September 25, 1961: "Nauvoo and a Corner of Illinois, Refugees," by Pearl Wilcox, Part I, 14-16; October 2, 1961: "Nauvoo and a Corner of Illinois, Acquiring Land," Part II, 14-16; October 9, 1961: "Nauvoo and a Corner of Illinois, Latter Day Saints Settlements," Part III, 16-18; October 16, 1961: "Nauvoo and a Corner of Illinois, Gathering and Building," Part IV, 16-18; October 23, 1961: "Nauvoo and a Corner of Illinois,

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Historic Trio [The Homestead, Nauvoo House, and Mansion House]," Part V, 15-18; October 30, 1961: "Nauvoo and a Corner of Illinois, Businesses," Part VI, 14-16; November 6, 1961: "Nauvoo and a Corner of Illinois, Journalism," Part VII, 14-16.

The Saturday Evening Post— CCIV, September 2, 1961: "Tourists' New Frontier [Utah's new state parks]," by Richard Thruelsen, 30ff.

Sierra Club Bulletin — XLVI, September 1961: "Udall and Freeman Make History at Four Corners," by Bruce M. Kilgore, 4ff.

Time, the Weekly Newsmagazine — LXXVIII, August 11, 1961: "Mission to Europe [under the title Religion, concerns the work of the Mormon missionaries in Europe, particularly Germany]," 40.

True West — December 1961: "Brigham Young and the Saints Went Marching," by Mark Evans, 20ff.

Utah Archaeology, A Newsletter — VII, September 1961: "The Prehistory of Central and Northern Utah," by Melvin Aikens, 3-15; "USAS — UCRBASP Joint Excavation in the Plainfield Reservoir [test excavations in Plainfield Reservoir area, which is a portion of the Upper Colorado Water Storage Project which will be flooded]," by David M. Pendergast, 15-21.

Utah Educational Review — November 1961: "Council House to Coordinating Council [brief history of education in Utah]," by H. Grant Vest, 16ff.

Utah Engineering and Science — II, June 1961: "The Drought Situation in Utah," by Jay R. Bingham and Richard Vetterli, 2-5; "The First Trail Across the Great Salt Desert," by Henry J. Webb, 8ff.

The Westerners New York Posse Brand Book — VIII, 1961: "George Catlin, A Memoir," by Peter Decker, 25ff.

Westways — LIII, November 1961: "How They Wired the Union [telegraph crossing the continent, Salt Lake City is mentioned],"

by Remi Nadeau, 24-25.

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John Doyle Lee, Zealot â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Pioneer Builder â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Scapegoat. By JUANITA BROOKS. (Glendale: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1961. 404 pp.

19.50) One cannot read the life of John Doyle Lee by Juanita Brooks without feeling deeply indebted to such objective and painstaking research as made this definitive work possible. One's appreciation also grows for those early builders of "the Kingdom" who identified themselves so intimately with it through keeping of personal diaries. Among these diarists, John D. Lee stands pre-eminent. When supplemented by many other personal records and letters such as appear in the Lee biography, the Mormon story takes on a fresh personal quality which reminds the reader how God works through human beings.

The Lee biography lifts this much maligned character out of the fog of prejudice into the light of understanding. Instead of a base plotter of a wholesale massacre, he emerges as a victim of circumstances, and, indeed, a power of strength in the sacrifice of personal interest to the cause of the Kingdom. The Mountain Meadows massacre can only be understood in the perspective of mass hysteria resulting from a combination of bitter past experience, present threat, and religious fanaticism.

Lee was drawn into an organized community defense which erupted into savage vengeance, and in the subsequent search for responsibility in the deed, expediency made him the scapegoat. But in the words of the

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author, "Each man knew that he himself shared a responsibility in the massacre, but each knew also that no man alone was wholly responsible for it."

As the background of this frontier tragedy develops in the westward progress of the church, the Lee story presents some important facets of Mormon history in clearer perspective. Nowhere is the institution of polygamy better presented in all its phases; the "adoption" practice with its virtues and weaknesses is portrayed together with the causes of its final breakup; the significance of the Council of Fifty appears through Lee's varied assignments; the rather lengthy review of the Mormon Reformation is justified because of its direct contribution to the spirit of the time; the Godbeites emerge as a pressure group to force the hand of Brigham Young in his relation to Mountain Meadows suspects; and finally nowhere in Mormon history appears a more stirring exhibition of female courage and loyalty than exhibited by some of John D. Lee's wives.

Trifling as they may appear in such a meritorious work as the biography of John D. Lee, a few items come into question by the historian. Referring to the enlistment of the Mormon Battalion, it is reported on page ninety that "practically all of the first payment of fortytwo dollars each was sent back." The "Brigham Young Manuscript History" records Young's disappointment that only $5,860 out of $21,000 was sent back to the enlisted men's families to which Lee added another $4,000 by his trip to Santa Fe. Mormon readers will be quick to note the slip on page 358 where Laban of the Book of Mormon is made a king and also a confusion of date on pages 173 and 175. The map entitled "The Utah of John D. Lee" presented on a twentieth century countyline background is disturbing until one discovers in small print "present day place names shown in brackets." However, a bracket should not enclose Fort Louisa which was the original name for Parowan. Peteetneet is erroneously located at Springville instead of Payson, and Sevier Lake is misplaced.

The book is a welcome addition to scholarly western Americana.

Mrs. Brooks through Mountain Meadows Massacre, the two volume A Mormon Chronicle: the Diaries of John D. Lee, 1848-1876, which she co-edited, and the present John Doyle Lee has brought clarity to a much clouded phase of western American history, and opened up new vistas of historical development. Several well-selected illustrations add to the value of the book as do a chart and description of Lee's numerous families. Also a bibliographical note helps one appreciate the voluminous

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literary production of the frontier diarist and the difficult task of locating the scattered diaries for present use. Finally, the reader notes with satisfaction, the report of recent "reinstatement to membership (in the church), and former blessings to John D. Lee." GUSTIVE O. LARSON

Brigham Young University The Cattle Kings. By LEWIS ATHERTON. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1961. xii + 303 pp. $6.95) In this publication Professor Atherton essays to analyze and define the role of the cattle king in the development of the western frontier.

In this project he succeeds admirably and has made, consequently, a notable contribution to the history of the cattle kingdom.

It is Atherton's thesis that much of the writing concerning the cattle industry has been devoted to the ephemeral and episodic aspects concerned with the exploits of the cowboys rather than the more substantial contributions of the owners and managers. This thesis he supports by considering carefully the various practices, ideals, and philosophies of the cattle kings. In a relatively short treatment abetted by careful documentation, the author depicts the motivations, methods, and achievements of many of the great figures in the livestock industry. Men such as Charles Goodnight, J. W. Iliff, John Clay, Alexander Swan, John B. Kendrick, and Richard King were, according to Atherton, the real leaders of the stockgrowers, and it is their lives and times to which he apppropriately devotes his attention.

Professor Atherton has presented his material in a manner which poses a number of interesting concepts concerning the cattle kings. He pictures them as emerging from many geographical areas and fields of interest. They were men attracted to the West primarily by the lure of economic gain rather than by their desire for adventure. The cattle kings were in most cases men of deeds, not of words. They were businessmen and entrepreneurs, and their moral, political, and religious ideologies were similar to those of their contemporaries in other economic fields.

Conservative in their ideas concerning the relationships of government and business, they were, nevertheless, progressive in their business methods.

In certain areas Atherton has furnished information often slighted in other treatments of the subject. Several of these aspects are worthy

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of mention. Chapter five entitled "The Moderating Hand of Woman," contains an excellent survey of the role of women in the cattle kingdom.

Since ranching was often a family venture, it is not surprising that women lent stability to the social structure. Nor does Professor Atherton neglect those problems that many women faced in helping to master an environment often lacking in gentility or refinement. Whether the woman was the Indian wife of Granville Stuart or the Scottish wife of Murdo Mackenzie, she was a homemaker and a mother, and most of all, a partner and helpmate to her husband.

Chapter nine considers the cattleman as a manager and co-ordinator of the other factors of production: land, labor, and capital. The author discusses the matter of land ownership and utilization from the era of the open range to the acquisition of private holdings as a struggle of the cattleman to obtain adequate pasturage and water. The cattleman was an employer of labor that was often unpredictable and undependable.

Wages, working conditions, and employer-employee relationships are handled by giving actual examples of specific ranches and managers.

Finally, the means of capital formation and incorporation and capitalization processes are illustrated by reference to actual business organizations.

In his attempt to dispel some of the myths concerning the cowboy and cattleman as depicted in the western novel, television programs, or motion pictures, Atherton decries the fact that the cowboy has usually been the hero and the cattle king the villain. The author explains this partly by the fact that the cowboy has usually been a composite character whereas the "cattle barons" have been types.

Professor Atherton's work has opened many new fields for further investigation. His thesis is well-supported and challenging. The dispelling of myths, legends, and stereotypes concerning the so-called "cattle barons" and the analysis of the personalities, philosophies, practices, and problems of the cattle kings constitute a substantial contribution to the history of the West. The book contains an excellent map on the inside covers, and the illustrations are well-chosen and presented. One might wish that bibliographical notes had been included in the text as footnotes rather than grouped into chapter references at the end of the book, and that there were a separate bibliography, but these are minor defects.

GEORGE W. ROLLINS

Eastern Montana College of Education

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A Majority of Scoundrels: An Informal History of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company. By DON BERRY. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961. xiv + 432 pp. $8.95) A Majority of Scoundrels should be interesting and enjoyable reading to anyone caring to peruse it. It will be of special interest to the person concerned with Western Americana and more particularly the student of the American fur trade. The book is primarily concerned with the fur trade in the Rocky Mountain region during the period from 1822 to 1834, the era when the mountain rendezvous, not the fixed trading post, was the institution which served the needs of trader, trapper, and Indian. Though the Rocky Mountain Fur Company is the central theme of the book, it introduces some information on the activities of the Hudson's Bay Fur Company and the American Fur Company.

Much of the material in Mr. Berry's volume can be found in other books, but there is some new documentary material which serves to enrich the volume. There are also some new and different interpretations which are put forth. Of special mention in this respect is the role cast for Milton Sublette by Mr. Berry. Though one may not agree with Mr. Berry on all his conclusions and interpretations, it is fair to say that new insights are given as well as considerable evidence of work with original sources.

Especially helpful to the reader of the volume are the two folding maps which accompany it. The section of selected illustrations also serves as a source of added enjoyment.

Appendix D could, in my judgment, have been incorporated in the Table of Contents, and accomplished the purposes which the author had in mind. The other elements following the body of the text, I found interesting and worthwhile. Some professional historians, however, may justifiably criticize the informal bibliography found in Appendix C. Mr. Berry does an excellent job of bringing to life the colorful personalities found among the mountain men, but I cannot agree with the implication of the main title of the book. Nevertheless, though A Majority of Scoundrels may not be truthfully descriptive, it may encourage the sale of copies. Even though somewhat deceived by the title, the reader will not be sorry he read this interesting and informative volume.

DELLO G. DAYTON

Weber College

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The Natural History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. introduction, by RAYMOND DARWIN BURROUGHS.

QUARTERLY Edited, with (East Lansing:

Michigan State University Press, 1961. xii + 340 pp. $7.50) Nearly 160 years ago the Lewis and Clark Expedition traveled through a wilderness unknown to the statesmen and biologists of that time. O n e purpose of this expedition was to discover and thoroughly describe species new to natural science. So well-described were certain birds, mammals, and fishes that zoologists, without seeing the creatures, gave them scientific names. Prominently among those reported by Captain Lewis were mule deer, prong-horned antelope, bighorn sheep, badger, prairie dog, sharptailed grouse, sage grouse, magpie, steller's joy, steelhead salmon, and prairie rattler. In addition numerous forms not described so minutely are assigned to the party's discovery on a probable basis. T h e rigors of travel were such that few skins and skeletons were preserved.

T h e bulk of material in each chapter, excepting the first and last, deals with appropriate excerpts from the daily log of the journals of Captain Lewis and Captain Clark. T h e latter, not being trained in natural science as was Captain Lewis, is much more general in his descriptions, usually dealing with first impressions upon sighting a new form. T h e meticulous detail of Captain Clark is shown in a few quotations. Those acquainted with the badger will mark this description as that of a skilled observer: The head on which the hair is short, is variagated with black and white. A narrow strip of white commences on top of the nose about Y2 inch from its extremity and extends back along the center of the forehead and neck nearly to the shoulders. Two stripes of black succeed the white on either side imbracing the nose, the eyes, and extends back as far as the ears. . . .

A bit on animal communities is given in this observation for April 26,1805, near the mouth of the Yellowstone River.

The open bottoms border on the hills, and are covered in many parts by the wild hyssop, which rises to a height of two feet. I observed that the antelope, buffaloe, elk and deer feed on this herb; the willow of the sandbars also furnish a favorite food of these animals as well as the growse, the porcupine, hare, and rabbit.

These excerpts from the journals are introduced in each chapter by a short comment of the editor. In these introductions Mr. Burroughs gives the historical background to the class of mammals, birds, or fishes being described. For example the chapter on Gallinaceous game is or-

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ganized in this sequence â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Prairie Chicken, Plains Sharptailed Grouse, Columbian Sharptailed Grouse, Sage Grouse, Dusky Grouse, Sooty Grouse, Franklin's Grouse, Oregon Ruffed Grouse, Mountain Quail, and Eastern Wild Turkey.

The book is divided into twenty chapters, the first one, "Introduction," describes the geography of the explorers' route and hazards to life and limb encountered at various times from the Indians, the adverse terrain, or the climate. Succeeding chapters are titled and arranged to give the discussion a popular interest.

A few distractions appear. One fault is the use of small-size type; another is that no indication of the name of a creature, appearing at the head of the section of a chapter, tells the reader whether it was actually discovered by the explorers, or probably discovered by them. Likewise the search for notes in the appendix becomes very confusing. On the positive side the average reader will find the book well-organized as to topics, little duplication of comments, and appropriate background dealing with each creature concisely stated. Moreover, the reader will be amazed that the leaders of the expedition could see so much detail and painstakingly write down the multitudinous observations with sustained care while undergoing the rigors of exploration.

This book is recommended for acquisition by public libraries and the personal libraries of biologists and historians. This reviewer has found it extremely interesting. Certainly the editor is to be commended for a painstaking and diligent search through thousands of pages of material for all relevant data. And the timing of the publication of the book coincides with the awakening of public interest in establishing more wilderness areas where animal communities may again be created similar to those observed by Captains Lewis and Clark in 1804-06 while traversing 5,000 miles of new lands in Northwestern United States.

GEORGE H. KELKER

Utah State University The Patriot Chiefs: A Chronicle of American Indian Leadership. By ALVIN M. JOSEPHY, JR. (New York: The Viking Press, 1961. xiv+ 364 pp. $6.00) Tecumseh faced General William Henry Harrison and said: The only way . . . is for all the red men to unite in claiming a common and equal right in the land . . . for . . . it belongs to all. No tribe has a right to sell,

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even to each other, much less to strangers. . . . Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the clouds and the great sea, as well as the earth? Did not the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children?

And thus did the great Shawnee chieftain pinpoint the all-important reason for his resistance to white encroachment and for the opposition by many other Indian patriot leaders.

As white settlements spread across America "like stains of raccoon grease on a new blanket," Indian resentment boiled up into warfare which brought "American troops whose punitive expeditions inevitably became armies of conquest that forced the beaten natives to withdraw from the lands they had been contesting." This, in brief, is the story of Indian America, and Mr. Josephy has done a remarkable job of highlighting this narrative by examining the lives of nine of the greatest Indian leaders.

Beginning with the legendary Hiawatha, the author strips away some of the myth attached to this remarkable Indian and relates his attempts to unite the Iroquois just before the French and English made their settlements. H e next examines the war between King Philip and the N e w England settlers; the expulsion of the Spaniards from New Mexico by the Pueblo revolt under Pope; and the dream of Indian empire by Tecumseh.

Continuing into the nineteenth century, the Seminole leader, Osceola, is seen leading his people against governmental mistreatment; Black H a w k vainly holding his Sauk and Fox against white expansionists; Crazy Horse, desperately fighting widi his Sioux against the relentless military pressure confronting him; and finally, the tragic Chief Joseph speaking for his N e z Perce and nearly all other native Americans, "Hear me, chiefs. I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. F r o m where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever."

With sympathetic insight but objective point of view, the author gives us a vivid portrayal of the lives and personalities of these Indian leaders. T h e only regret, after laying down the book, is that there is not a companion work covering the lives of nine more Indian leaders.

There are maps for each chapter, showing the location of tribes and important battles, plus eight pages of illustrations. T h e book reads easily and displays close attention to scholarship.

BRIGHAM D . MADSEN

Utah State

University

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The Snake Dance of the Hopi Indians. By EARLE R. FORREST. Hopi drawings by D O N LEWIS PERCEVAL. (Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1961. 172 pp. $5.75) O n reading Earle Forrest's account of the Snake Dance, I can see practically no difference between the dances in 1938 and 1958, when I viewed them, and the 1906 version of the dance as the author describes it.

Indeed, the big difference is in the spectators. In 1938 the Navajo visitors came in buckboards and spring wagons instead of pickups as in 1958.

In 1958 the women dudes wore slacks and shorts; in 1906 they wore long skirts, big hats, and veils. But the ceremony was the same. T h e notes taken by Mr. Forrest about the rites in 1906 would, in all essentials, describe those of 1962: the four days spent in gathering snakes, the lustral washing of the serpents, the deft handling of the rattlers with nothing but eagle feather "snake whips" and bare hands, the stamping before the kisi on sipapu (the entrance to the underworld), the fearless carrying of the venomous reptiles between the teeth, and the plunging into the sacred circle of cornmeal to emerge with handfuls of squirming snakes and race off over the mesa trails to deposit the snakes on the desert floor. T h e ancient ceremony remains unchanged.

This book is the work of an enthusiast who has been interested in the Hopis for more than sixty years. T h e work is largely based on the personal experiences and observations of the writer as he visited Snake Dances in 1906, 1907, and 1908. Its tone is, therefore, chiefly reminiscent.

T w o limitations are implicit in the writing of the book. First, the author lacks the background of a trained anthropologist, and second, he lacks the gifts of an imaginative artist. But Mr. Forrest makes no pretense of being an expert and very candidly gives credit to the authorities whom he frequently uses; moreover, he neither sentimentalizes nor romanticizes his accounts. Consequently, there is a blunt honesty about the book that tends to inspire confidence in the reader.

Mr. Forrest's visits to the Snake Dances are reported in considerable detail, and since the dance is in most respects identical in the various villages, the accounts are unavoidably repetitious. Some variety, however, is achieved in the accounts by the author's introduction of various incidents in which he was personally involved on the occasions.

Possibly the strangest thing found in the book is the implication that the whole ceremony is founded on so slight a myth as that told by D r .

J. Walter Fewkes in the Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, about the snake youth, though indeed this assumption may well represent the truth. Perhaps the reader will find his

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greatest disappointment in the book in the fact that so many ceremonial details are described without any attempt at interpretation. But it may be wise to conclude that no interpretation at all is much to be preferred over a white man's guess. Perhaps the reader will find his greatest pleasure, as I did, in the fascinating old photographs, so patently unposed and so reassuring in the witness they bear that the Snake Dance has not changed significantly in sixty years.

KARL YOUNG

Brigham Young University The Towns of Tintic. By 1961. 180 pp. $4.00)

BETH KAY HARRIS.

(Denver: Sage Books,

This little book might be called a tray of hors d'oeuvres — spicy, tempting tidbits which the reader consumes and looks about, appetite whetted, for a full meal. Why has no one done a full-length, full-bodied novel on this neglected area ?

Beth Kay Harris has gathered here a large number of anecdotes about the mines of the Tintic district and the men who made those mines. Many of the names are familiar: John Q. Packard, who gave Salt Lake City its public library; John Beck, of Beck's Hot Springs; the Mclntyre brothers; "Uncle" Jesse Knight. These men made millions in the district; their activity enriched the state; their names appear on business blocks and public buildings and streets throughout the area.

There were others, less well-known — farmers like John O. and William P. Freckleton, businessmen, doctors, and newspapermen who contributed to the development of the communities that supported the mines. And those two historically glamorous figures, Porter Rockwell and Bill Hickman.

With such a cast Mrs. Harris has no trouble keeping her reader interested. And she adds a bonus with tales about men who have not previously been paid the tribute of literary recognition — the little-known but colorful characters who gave vivid life to those mining towns.

It may surprise those of a later generation to learn that those towns were as boisterous and lively as any of the famed boom towns of California, Nevada, and Colorado. That their story has never been adequately told is to the shame of Utah writers, who stray far afield to recount the glory of other states. With such a wealth of material at their doorstep, they seem to regard it with disdain, as the early Mormons regarded the rich ore that was theirs for the taking.

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Mrs. Harris has done what she set out to do: record the lively anecdotes of the Tintic area. But each anecdote suggests a whole story â&#x20AC;&#x201D; for example, the fabulous history of "Uncle" Jesse Knight is condensed into less than ten pages. Some tantalizing references are made and never explained. Who was "the woman in black who wandered the streets?"

Salt Lake also had a mysterious woman in black around 1900. Was she in town from Eureka? As said above, this is a tray of appetizers, and a mighty tempting tray it is.

A few things, however, would have greatly improved the book.

First, an index. This is not a very expensive addition to a volume, but it does add tremendously to its value. Then, more careful editing. The misspelling of Albert Sidney Johnston's name; the use of "pouring" for "poring" and other careless errors should not appear in a book published

by Alan Swallow.

However, if one can overlook these minor faults, one can enjoy a very pleasant hour or two and come away with the feeling that the Tintic district is rich â&#x20AC;&#x201D; not only in ore, but in the stuff of which great books aremade

-

OLIVE W . B U R T

Salt Lake City

The Eyes of Discovery: The Pageant of North America As Seen by the First Explorers. By JOHN BAKELESS. (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1961. x + 439 pp. $2.00) This volume is an effort to describe North America as the first white men in each area saw it: landscapes, forests, plains, animals, plants, streams, the Indians, as they existed before the inevitable change that began almost from the instant of the first white settlement.

A Guide to Archives and Manuscripts in the United States. Edited by PHILIP M. HAMER. Compiled for the National Historical Publications Commission. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961. xxiii 4-775 pp. $12.50) The National Historical Publications Commission is to be congratulated for undertaking a work of this magnitude. Certainly scholars everywhere doing research in the United States will find this Guide a most useful tool.

The completeness of the listings of the various libraries and archives is dependent upon the co-operation and thoroughness of the person who

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responded to the questionnaire circulated by Dr. Hamer. It is unfortunate that all institutional holders of manuscripts were not diligent in their response to the questionnaire. Nevertheless, this Guide is a must for every library serving serious scholars in America. It is well worth the purchase price, and Utah scholars will find numerous entries dealing with subjects of interest to them.

Guide to Photocopied Historical Materials in the United States and Canada. Edited by RICHARD W. HALE, JR. Published for the American Historical Association. (Ithica: Cornell University Press, 1961. xxxiv + 241 pp. $5.00) This Guide sets out "to supply basic bibliographical information on the photocopied manuscripts of interest to historians which are available in depositories in the United States and Canada." It is this reviewer's opinion that the Guide has achieved its objectives adequately and in a very usable format.

The photocopied materials also cover records from various parts of the world. The first portion of the Guide gives a listing of those foreign nations whose photocopied records are located in various libraries in the United States and Canada.

Residents of Salt Lake City should be impressed with the rich source of research materials available in their city. Practically every area of the world listed in this Guide has some type of photocopied material deposited with the Genealogical Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

As is the case with most projects of this kind, the finished work is only as complete and accurate as the material supplied by the participating institutions. It is quite apparent that some existing files were not reported to the compilers. However, a fine piece of work has been accomplished by Mr. Hale and his associates. It will, indeed, be a great aid to historians and genealogists.

Our Pioneer Heritage. Compiled by KATE B. CARTER. Volume IV. (Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1961. xi + 582 pp. $4.50) Mrs. Kate B. Carter has once again brought together in this volume interesting and valuable historical information on Utah and the West.

A wide range of subject matter offers a rich source of research material.

Of great benefit to scholars who constantly draw upon the publications of the D. U. P., this book is typical of the many which have preceded it.

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The fine work already carried on by the Daughters of Utah Pioneers would be enhanced still further through some refinements in editing, warnings to the reader of omissions or deletions, and more than a name index.

The Joshua Salisbury Family Book °f Remembrance. By Louis S. LEATHAM. (Ann Arbor: Edward Brothers, Inc., 1961. xiv 4- 851 pp. $25.00) The beautifully bound volume is an excellent genealogical-historical and biographical dictionary of Joshua Salisbury, his ancestry, his descendants, and allied families. The book is a fine example of how a family history might be compiled. Other individuals considering publication of a family history would do well to follow this example.

King of the Mountain Men: The Life of Jim Bridger. By Gene Caesar.

(New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1961) Christmas on the American Frontier, 1800-1900. By John E. Baur. (Caldwell, Idaho: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1961) | A chapter devoted to Christmas in Utah] Geology of the Bingham Mining District and Northern Oquirrh Mountains. (Salt Lake City: Utah Geological Society, 1961) The American Heritage Book °f Indians. Edited by Alvin M. Josephy, Jr. (New York: American Heritage-Simon & Schuster, 1961) Ishi in Two Worlds. By Theodora Kroeber. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961) [Remaining survivor of Yana Tribe of Indians] James Mercer Kirkham, Highlights of His Successful Life. (Salt Lake City: ElMoineW. Kirkham, 1961) Land in Utah: A Report on Land Status Determination, Present Status, and Land Records. By Claron E. Nelson and Irving N. Fisher.

(Salt Lake City: University of Utah, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, 1961)

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Utah Resources and Land Management: An Inventory of Utah's Resources and the Economic Implications with Respect to the Management of Public Lands. . . . By Claron E. Nelson. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, 1961) The Melville Family of Utah. Compiled by Alton Crane Melville. (1961) Navaho Landâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Yesterday and Today. By Solveig Paulson Russell.

(Chicago: Baida Whitehead Melmont, 1961) The Oregon Country Under the Union Jack- Compiled by B. C. Payette.

Published for Payette Radio Limited. (Montreal, Canada, 1961) [This book contains Alexander Henry's Astoria Journal] Overland in 1849, from. Missouri to California by the Platte River and the Salt Lake Trail, an account from the letters of G. C. Pearson.

Edited by Jessie H. Goodman. Introduction and notes by John Bartlett Goodman, III. Privately published. (Los Angeles, 1961) [Scraps of Californiana VI] The Pony Express Rides On! A History of the Central Overland Pony Express, 1860-61, Between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento and San Francisco, California. By Mabel Loving. (St. Joseph: Robidoux Publishing Company, 1961) The Pueblo Indian Occupation of the Southern Great Basin. By Richard Shutler, Jr. (Tucson: University of Arizona, 1961) [Microfilm, Xerox] These Were the Sioux. By Mari Sandoz. (New York: Hastings House, 1961) University Lands: Their History and Undeveloped Potential. By J. R. Mahoney. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, 1961) The Year of Decision, 1846. By Bernard Austine DeVoto. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1961) [Reprint]

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American Antiquity — XXVII, October 1961: "The Beaver Creek Agricultural Community on the San Juan River, Utah," by Alexander J. Lindsay, Jr., 174-87.

AIA [American Institute of Architects] Architecture — Fall 1961: "The Tabernacle on Temple Square," by Gary Pickering, 20-21.

Annals of Wyoming — XXXIII, October 1961: "Biographical Sketch of James Bridger," by Major General Grenville M. Dodge, 159-77; "Wyoming's Frontier Newspapers [history of the Daily Telegraph, published by Hiram Brundage, Fort Bridger, Utah Territory]," by Elizabeth Keen, 135-58.

Brigham Young University Studies — III, Spring and Summer 1961: "Religion and Economics in Mormon History," by Leonard J. Arrington, 15-33; "Mormon Bibliography, 1960," by Ralph Hansen, 51-54.

Circuit — December 1961: "Bingham — the end is near."

Deseret News and Salt Lake Telegram, Church News — November 18, 1961: "Singing Swiss Colony Brought Songs to Santa Clara in '61,"

by Dorothy O. Rea, 6ff.

Desert — XXIV, December 1961: "Christmas on the Early Desert [Mormons early Christmases are described]," by John Baur, 27-29; "When Lumber Came From the Cliffs of Zion, 'Like a Hawk Flying' [plan to haul lumber off the top of Zion Canyon's east rim led to the fulfillment of a prophesy by Brigham Young]," by Frank Jensen, 20-22; XXV, January 1962: "Who Was Elias B. Woolley, Fifth Riverrunner to Traverse the Colorado?" by P. T. Reilly, 22-36.

Farm and Home Science — XXII, December 1961: "Utah's Population — Its Geographic Distribution," by Therel R. Black, 92ff.

The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly — XLIII, September 1961: "Wagons East Across the Sierras," by Allen Fifield, 276-96.

Idaho Yesterdays — V, Fall 1961: "Pioneer Portraits — Jean Baptiste Charbonneau," 7-9.

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The Improvement Era — LXV, January 1962: "The Beehive House — A Monument to the Past," 21ff.

Life — LI, December 22,1961: "A Man Wins His Dream With a Cable Car [under the title "Big Bitter Battles Rage All Around the Country," concerns the erection of a cable car at Bridal Veil Falls by Rue L. Clegg]," 132; "Water, A Land that has plenty — yet not enough — begins to suffer an enormous, unslaked thirst [photograph of Glen Canyon Dam, hugh spillway of Navajo Dam, and children of Vernal, Utah, splashing near headgate of irrigation canal]," 69-82.

Millennial Star — CXXIII, November 1961: "Truth Will Prevail [historic highlights of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in northern England]," by William Michael Burdett, 515-20.

Nebraska History — XLII, December 1961: "Nebraska's Missouri River Frontier, 1854-1860 [brief history of establishment of Winter Quarters by Mormons]," by Norman A. Graebner, 213-35.

Plateau — XXXIV, October 1961: "Early Trip Up the Colorado From Lee's Ferry to Rainbow Bridge, January 1931," from WetherillFlattum-Stearns Manuscript, 33-49.

The Pony Express — XXVIII, October 1961: "Atlantic Telegraph Cable of 1858 [illustration and brief section on the Salt Lake City telegraph office and events leading to its establishment]," by Colonel Edward Dickinson Baker.

Saints' Herald — CVIII, November 13, 1961: "Nauvoo and a Corner of Illinois, Nauvoo Temple," by Pearl Wilcox, Part VIII, 13-15; November 20, 1961: "Nauvoo and a Corner of Illinois, Politics," Part IX, 14-16; November 27, 1961: "Nauvoo and a Corner of Illinois, Martyrdom," Part X, 16-18; December 4, 1961: "Nauvoo and a Corner of Illinois, Cemeteries," Part XI, 10-12; December 11,1961: "Nauvoo and a Corner of Illinois, Deserted Nauvoo," Part XII, 14-16; CIX, January 1, 1962: "Stake Organization and Function, A Brief History," by Maurice L. Draper, Part 1,6-8.

Sierra Club Bulletin — XLVI, November 1961: "The Spotlight Shines Suddenly on a Land the Ages Forgot . . . The Utah Needles [personal explanation of tour of area]," by Rosalie Goldman, 4-6.

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Think — XXVII, November 1961: "A Visit with George Romney," by Arthur Herzog, 21-23.

Today's Health — XXXIX, November 1961: "Visit America's Lost Country [within boundaries of Grand Canyon is Supailand, home of the Havasupais, our smallest, most remote tribe of Indians]," by Henry and Vera Bradshaw, 44ff.

Utah Farmer — LXXX, December 7, 1961: "Glen Canyon Dam Slowly Rising [concerns construction]," cover ff.; LXXXI, January 18,1962: "Utah's 110 Years of Horticulture," by D. Wynne Thorne, 5.

Utah Law Review — VII, Spring 1961: "Mistake in the Utah Law of Contracts," by J. Thomas Greene, 304-21; "Survey of Utah Law — 1960," by Ronald N. Boyce and Richard L. Dewsnup, 342-66.

The Westerners Brand Book — XVIII, November 1961: "Rails Across the Land — the Union Pacific [story of the Union Pacific from the Missouri to Promontory Point]," by Joel L. Priest, Jr., 65ff.

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Mormonism, Americanism, and Politics. By RICHARD VETTERLI. (Salt Lake City: Ensign Publishing Company, 1961. xviii + 735 + xliv pp. $7.95) This work is an account of and discourse on a Mormon attitude toward the Constitution of the United States and of the political relations of the people and governments of the United States and the Mormon Church, with major emphasis on the Joseph Smith period and territorial Utah. Persons unacquainted with Bancroft, Whitney, and Roberts will find much that is new to them, but those who know these standard histories as well as the monographic literature on the subject will find little that is new and much that is in error and much that should have been said that is missing. It is a compendium of many of the nicest things that have been said about the Mormons, by themselves and others. The burden of Mr. Vetterli's message is that Mormons are loyal Americans and always have been, that "Americanism, Constitutionalism, and Mormonism are . . . divinely inspired, epoch-making, direct dispensations from the hand of an all-seeing God for the temporal and spiritual salvation of a world in chaos" (p. 9). He would include the Constitution with Mormon scripture (see Index, "Constitution"), a tribute to the Prophet Joseph Smith's defense of the Constitution. "Today the political legacy of Joseph Smith has reflected itself in the policies of . . . Ezra Taft Benson'' the writer repeats (see Index,

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"Benson, Ezra Taft"). The work is a preachment against socialism, communism, and the excesses of democracy.

The book is the published version of Mr. Vetterli's Master's thesis in political science, University of California at Los Angeles, 1961, titled "The Twin Relics of Barbarism." Thesis Chapters 1 and 2 are here combined into Chapter 1; the book adds a last chapter "The Constitution by a Thread," and significant editorial changes, additions, and deletions have been made. The thesis itself, narrowly escaping the use of the principles of historical research, is characterized by obvious bias, numerous errors of fact, and inadequate and incorrect interpretations of historical movements. Straddling the fields of history and political science, it fails to be guided by the scholastic discipline of either. There is little evidence to show that the author intended any systematic, impartial examination of groups of primary source material with the view to finding and reporting the truth found there. The primary sources cited, almost entirely, are those found in secondary works. Even in the use of these materials Mr. Vetterli lacks discrimination and fails to make use of the results of recent scholarship. It is my belief that he sought and found and reported only those statements which fitted his view of the subject; that he was incapable of seeing another view though it be contained (perhaps as the major theme) in the very book, or article, or sermon he used for his special purposes. The thesis appendixes were cribbed, complete with notes, from the Master's thesis of Richard D. Poll, "The Twin Relic: A Study of Mormon Polygamy and the Campaign by the Government of the United States for its Abolition, 1852-1890." Others besides Dr. Poll will be offended for the lack of recognition or proper use of their studies.

A greater fault in the book compounds weaknesses of the author's thesis. Editorial changes, taken with the last chapter (definitely inferior in substance and style to the rest of the work), indicate that the thesis is now used for the political purposes of ultra-conservatives. A line-by-line, paragraph-by-paragraph comparison of the thesis and the book reveals that significant changes have been made to support that view. While the thesis itself amounts to a discourse in favor of "Constitutionalism" and "Americanism" â&#x20AC;&#x201D; terms never defined or systematically considered â&#x20AC;&#x201D; editorial changes now plead the special cause of patriotism and conservatism. In so doing, thesis findings are in many cases directly reversed, and for offensive passages have been substituted generalities, half-truth, and propaganda â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and without changing the

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footnote citations! It is difficult for me to believe that Mr. Vetterli is responsible for all of these changes.

The following illustrate the types of changes made: "conservative" must always be used in the finest sense; "equality" should not be included among the ideals of Mormon Utopianism; "liberty" is better changed to "dissent"; minimize Mormon communitarian, socialistic, and co-operative experiences of the last century; minimize any association of Mormonism with frontier liberalism; do not mention the word "secret" in connection with Joseph Smith. We must not show Joseph Smith as trying in his 1844 presidential campaign to win die support of various sections by appealing to their special interests ("appease the North by the annexation of Oregon," thesis, p. 281); no, rather "The great men of that age balked at appeasement, believing it far better to risk war than to endanger the integrity of the United States" (book, p. 255). And Mr. Vetterli also cites Joseph Smith, where he could be used just as sensibly for the opposite position, as seeking peace widi all our neighbors! The Founding Fathers must not be shown as reluctantly making concessions to the people demanding a Bill of Rights â&#x20AC;&#x201D; they would not make concessions! And do not root Mormonism to the democratic movements of the time. The country was safe because the "solid, conservative spirit of the Federalists and the Whigs" were ready to save all from "anarchism, chaos and the rule of the mob" (cf. thesis p. 42-43, book p. 21). Uncomplimentary statements about the Republicans are deleted, digs at the Democrats are added. Passages showing that polygamy would have died a natural death are eliminated, as are pages explaining the Mountain Meadows Massacre on the basis of war psychology, the times, and the place. Frequently, paragraphs and pages are added pleading a special case in the name of scholarship.

Errors in spelling, citations, bibliography, and matters of fact are too numerous to mention here. These are forgivable, but are suggestive of slipshod methods throughout, which taken with the special pleading aspects of die book, mitigate against any confidence that might be built up in the work.

An even greater defect is die author's habit of using most any authority for most any event. Thomas F. O'Dea is used (p. 5) as die authority for the Mormon Church's claim to divine revelation! This sort of thing happens again and again, widi secondary sources being cited when primary sources are readily available. He does not know of the existence, understand the contributions, or how to use correctly and/or properly acknowledge the works of Richard D. Poll, Milton R.

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Hunter, Leonard J. Arrington, Dale L. Morgan, James R. Clark, Nels Anderson, Robert J. Dwyer, Norman F. Furniss, or Hyrum Andrus.

He knows not the Council of Fifty and its relation to the Kingdom of God. He cites not a single reference to any issue of the Utah Historical Quarterly. He is quite incorrect in his presentation of aspects of religious life and thought in Colonial America as well as in the Jacksonian era.

The claims made for the book by the red, white, and blue jacket and the Introduction prove to be extravagant. It is lamentable that the thesis, written in book form away from the UCLA campus without adequate supervision, was "unanimously accepted without a single change" by the committee. Perhaps more lamentable is the fact that professorial praise for a master's thesis, that is not at all as bad as the book, is employed without scruple as an endorsement by scholars of a great university for what is now an instrument of propaganda. This is conservatism without conscience. The University of California at Los Angeles, the cause of conservatism, the Mormon faith, each deserve better treatment than this. Future historians of our age will find its chief value as a work worthy of study as a product symptomatic of our time.

S. GEORGE ELLSWORTH

Utah State University Our Renewable Wild Lands â&#x20AC;&#x201D; A Challenge. By WALTER P. COTTAM. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1961. vii + 182 pp. $1.95) This booklet represents the conviction, observation, and research of a devoted ecologist-conservationist. It deals with the critical question of the relationship of vegetation, soil, and water in semi-arid Utah.

It is arranged in six parts, with Part I titled "Is Utah Sahara Bound?" containing the author's interpretation of vegetation and soil changes which have taken place in Utah during her first century of settlement. In Part II, titled "Historical Facts or Fables," the author questions the use of historical writings as evidence concerning early vegetation conditions by people who are not trained in die plant sciences.

Part III compares the vegetative composition of Red Butte Canyon and Emigration Canyon. Red Butte Canyon has been protected from grazing by domestic animals for sixty years, while Emigration has been grazed by domestic animals since the settlement of Utah in 1847.

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Part IV comprises a study on the meadow and adjacent lands, plant successional changes which have taken place in the historically famous "Mountain Meadows" area of southwestern Utah.

In Part V, "Some Hydrological Facts," Dr. Cottam analyzes some challenging problems facing Utah and the Intermountain West. Do plants affect runoff? What is the relationship of vegetation to flood damage? To what extent do plants use water? He reports on some important watershed management research in Utah and he analyzes the causes and effects of some major floods in Utah's short history.

In "The Need for Research in the Management of Our Biological Resources," the final part of the book, Dr. Cottam makes a plea for public awareness of need of and support for expanded and continuing research in this critical area of resource management. He says The lay citizen should come to realize that there must be the "why" as well as the "how" of land management. He must know the "why" represents the results of carefully planned research on which the "how" of our action program is based.

This thought-provoking booklet is a challenge. Every thinking adult citizen in Utah should read it. Is Utah Sahara bound ? We could agree with Dr. Cottam, it could be if we allow extreme vegetative deterioration.

Dr. Cottam has convincingly shown the relationship of ecological plant succession to use and abuse. Ecologists and land users have recognized this change in plant associations. Natural plant associations, however, may not always be necessary or desirable. Through research and management we have changed the natural association of plants in some areas resulting in improved crops and probably better soil protection.

The reader may emerge from the text questioning the validity of historical evidence of any kind in explaining plant succession, even if the evidence is supplied by trained plant scientists, because he may feel that historical reports, evidences, and impressions are relative. For example, what did "excellent pasture" mean to the explorer when observed in the winter, the spring, the summer, or the fall? What constitutes "excellent pasture" to the traveler coming recently from the green prairie states as compared to the traveler from the hot, dry Southwest ?

Soil loss and water damage in Utah has been severe. Dr. Cottam has supplied some convincing evidence to support this.

The booklet should be read critically. Dr. Cottam has thrown us a challenge. Our natural resources, soil, and vegetation, have deteriorated

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since settlement. There is an optimistic side to the story, however.

Research is giving us some guidelines. Land users are learning to recognize land abuses, and federal and state agencies are applying more management principles.

J. WHITNEY FLOYD

Utah State University Western Politics. Edited by FRANK H. JONAS. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1961. xii + 401 pp. $7.95) In the tradition of V. O. Key's Southern Politics (1950) and Duane Lockard's New England State Politics (1959), Western Politics contributes another regional analysis to the literature of American political life. This book fulfills its stated purpose of bringing the politics, "the making of public policy," of the thirteen most western states (which are united by physiographic features, economic impulses, and political objectives) to the attention of students of politics, both casual and professional.

The organization of the book is logical. There is an introductory chapter by Frank H. Jonas, thirteen chapters — one devoted to each state — written by a professor or team of professors from a major institution within each state, and a concluding chapter on the West in national politics by Neal A. Maxwell. Each state chapter covers nearly identical topics: brief accounts of the state's geography, history, resources, population, and economy; a major portion on the state's political party organization and procedure, pressure group activities, election laws, voting habits, and communications media; and interpretations of some of the major issues which have aroused public opinion such as finance, education, and reapportionment.

Professor Jonas begins the chapter on Utah with a section on "The Position of the Mormon Church in Utah Politics." He apparently concludes that, although the church is not always successful, it does attempt to control politics. In the first chapter the same author overlooked an important source of this control — the personal influence of church leaders — when he mentioned only that ". . . the Mormon Church exerts considerable influence by virtue of its extensive commercial enterprise and high property taxpaying position . . . ." Can it be denied that obedience given to church leaders in the religious realm is often coincidental with obedience to them in the political realm? Political obedience may be independent or dependent upon religious obedience.

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A person may receive obedience to his political pronouncements either from indifference to their content, the habit of being obeyed, the prestige of his position, some kind of coercion, or the fact that he reflects the interests of his fellows. Certainly none of these possible explanations may be dismissed in a priori fashion. There is nothing sinister about the connection of church and state in Utah where the political community is correlated with the religious community by over seventy per cent.

There are a few places where the book could have been improved.

Since it was originally designed to bring up-to-date Thomas C. Donnelly's Rocky Mountain Politics (1940), its first chapter overemphasized the Intermountain area with Utah as its center; and some attempts to compare data from the eight Intermountain states in 1940 with the eleven western states in 1950 and the thirteen western states in 1960 were unsatisfactory. After the detailed state-by-state presentation, it is regrettable that each major analytical section was not summarized and evaluated in terms of the similarities and differences which were revealed. Also, because separate authors contributed separate chapters, there was some duplication and repetition of fundamentals. Perhaps the greatest shortcoming was that, since the aim of the book was to review politics from 1940 to 1960, some authors completed their work before the results of the 1960 census and presidential election were available.

On the whole, the book is well-worth reading. It points out the personal and sectional basis of many states' politics, makes a wealth of material easily accessible to the professional student â&#x20AC;&#x201D; which previously was available only through extended research, and explodes several myths often held by armchair political analysts.

JEDON A. EMENHISER

Utah State University James Clyman, Frontiersman: The Adventures of a Trapper and Covered-Wagon Emigrant as Told in His Own Reminiscences and Diaries. Edited by CHARLES L. CAMP. Second Edition. (Portland: Champoeg Press, 1960. 352 pp. $25.00) This second, revised edition of Camp's work on Clyman has been needed badly for a long time. Because of the advances of the last thirty years in our knowledge of the era of the mountain men and the early overland migrations, much of Clyman's material is subject to new

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interpretations. An additional notebook kept by Clyman has also turned up in the interim. Finally, the first edition was so limited, 330 copies, that it was a rare book almost before the ink had dried.

James Clyman was a lovable, oddly speculative soul who endured a full share of frustrations during his ninety years. Following frontier service in the War of 1812 his attempts to break out of the dull routine of middle-western farm life were largely unsuccessful until he was past thirty years of age. Then in 1823 he joined William H. Ashley's famous Rocky Mountain Fur Company enterprise, shared the dangers of the disastrous battle with the Arikaras, moved with his companions to the Overland Trail that led through South Pass, came to the Intermountain country, and experienced the hazardous, grueling existence of his new calling. He left the mountains in 1827 and settled in Illinois, where his battle with the mosquitoes that Abraham Lincoln made famous in the future president's account of the Black Hawk War constituted Clyman's thrilling adventures for the next seventeen years.

In 1844 Clyman again came West, this time as a guide for emigrants moving to the Pacific Coast. His diaries of this year and the next two constitute his most important contribution to our history. Eventually he settled in California and in near old age married and fathered five children, only tt> lose all but one in a childhood epidemic.

Camp's editing of this rich collection of source material is careful and thorough; he leans heavily on such sturdy audiorities as Dale Morgan in his revised account of the fur trade. The choice to include the previously mentioned notebook of Clyman's, which belongs to the Illinois years, and a few long poems is questionable. The notebook is filled with philosophical speculations, and Clyman was significant neither as philosopher nor poet. Much more interesting is his little epitaph suggested for Moses Harris: Here lies the bones of old Black Harris who often traveled beyond the far west and for the freedom of Equal rights He crossed the snowy mountain Hights [sic] was free and easy kind of soul Especially with a Belly full.

This reviewer's only serious quarrel with this new edition is really with the publication policy. It seems peculiarly unfortunate that a rare book like this, so valuable for all students of the West, should appear once more in a limited edition and at a prohibitive price. The Champoeg Press is certainly not the only publisher to undertake SO' obviously

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commercial a venture into the sources of western history, but the appearance of every book in this fashion drops the silver curtain between one more rich document and the scholar.

PHILIP C. STURGES

University of Utah Peter Skene Ogden's Snake Country Journal, 1826-27'. Edited by K. G. DAVIES. Assisted by A. M. JOHNSON. Introduction by DOROTHY O. JOHANSEN. (London: The Hudson's Bay Record Society, 1961. lxxii 4- 255 pp.)

Readers of the Utah Historical Quarterly will not have to be reminded of the importance of Peter Skene Ogden in the history of Utah and the West. Appointed by Governor George Simpson (1824) to head the Snake Country expeditions of Hudson's Bay Fur Company, Ogden became that company's outstanding field captain. He led the British forces against the Americans in the hotly contested competition for domination of the fur trade and ultimate occupation and control of the whole Oregon Country â&#x20AC;&#x201D; the Pacific Northwest. In the halfdozen years of this active field leadership, Ogden led larger trapping brigades through more unexplored country than any of his contemporaries. Obviously his own detailed journals of these expeditions, plus journals kept by his associates, are valuable historical documents. They give the earliest written descriptions of major portions of the West in addition to details of the management and operation of large trappingexploring expeditions. The Hudson's Bay Record Society is performing a valuable service to history by including these journals among its significant publications. The book under examination here is Volume XXIII of the series.

If this book contained nothing more than Ogden's journal of his 1826-27 expedition it would be well worthwhile, but it contains much more than that. The rather lengthy Introduction by Professor Johansen gives a good summary of Ogden's earlier activities and sets the stage for his 1826-27 journal which follows. The Ogden journal is followed by five important appendixes which contain significant and interesting documents relating to the opening of the Northwest: (A) Snake Country Correspondence, 1826; (B) A. R. McLeod's Journal South of the Columbia, Summer 1826; (C) A. R. McLeod's Umpqua Expedition Journal, 1826-27; (D) South of the Columbia and Umpqua Corres-

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pondence, 1826; (E) Account of Sundries supplied the Snake Expedition outfit, 1826. The book also' contains two pocket maps: one shows the routes of Ogden and McLeod, 1826-27, the other is a landform map of Oregon. It should be pointed out that these 1826-27 activities were conducted almost entirely within the present state of Oregon.

DAVID E. MILLER

University of Utah President James Buchanan, A Biography. By PHILIP SHRIVER KLEIN. (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962. xx + 506 pp. $750) During his life-long study of James Buchanan, Professor Philip Shriver Klein has written two monographs and several articles of merit.

He now presents the full results of his investigations in the first comprehensive biography of Buchanan since George T. Curtis' apologia of 1883.

The title of this book is something of a misnomer, for Klein does not concentrate exclusively upon Buchanan's unhappy days in the White House. Instead, he devotes more than half of his work to events occurring before 1856, since "the presidential years . . . have been described very fully by many scholars, notably by Roy F. Nichols." Thus he chronicles in detail Buchanan's political career as minister, senator, and secretary of state. But Mr. Buchanan's presidential administration receives its share of attention, and so the reader may here relive the coming of the Civil War. Klein's book deserves praise. It is based upon thorough, one might even say staggering, research as the footnotes and exhaustive bibliography display. The author's excellent style makes many parts of the book enjoyable. Furthermore, he has fulfilled his introductory promise of strict neutrality. Accordingly, Buchanan's strength and weakness botii appear on these pages: his kindliness, gentleness, courtesy; his vanity, suspiciousness, essential shallowness.

Such historians as Nevins, Nichols, and Fish have dealt harshly with Buchanan the president. Klein does not accept their judgments wholeheartedly. At one point in his narrative, it is true, Klein does show that Buchanan became "unnerved"; in other passages the author also describes the president's agonized indecision. And yet the usual picture â&#x20AC;&#x201D; of a "nervous-Nellie" praying only that his term may end

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before the deluge â&#x20AC;&#x201D; does not appear. Rather we see an old man trying to save the Union but handicapped by his political convictions, and perhaps overwhelmed by an irresistible conflict.

This book is open to one major criticism, arising from the author's decision to explore in detail Buchanan's activities before 1856. Although Buchanan lived a long life, one spent almost entirely in public office, it was unfortunately the case, as Klein shows, that he "always stood on the periphery'' of the great happenings of his time: the arrangement of the Missouri Compromise, the Nullification crisis of the 1830's, the development of the Compromise of 1850, and the passage of the provocative Kansas-Nebraska Act. Any long biography which "condenses the treatment of the presidential years" must therefore contain many dry passages, particularly those dealing with the interminable jockeying of political factions in Penny si vania. The trouble is that Buchanan was (in Klein's words) "dignified, restrained and rather dull," and any detailed study of the man must suffer from this fact.

At one time in his salad days James Buchanan would get tipsy and dance on the top of a table. One wishes that such exuberance had appeared more often throughout his life.

NORMAN F. FURNISS

Colorado State University World of Wakara. By CONWAY B. SONNE. (San Antonio: The Naylor Company, 1962. xii 4- 235 pp. $4.95) The World of Wakara is an interesting account of the period of first contact between the Mormons and the Ute Indians. The historical materials are drawn from many sources, and the author's interpretations appear to be generally sound. The book has less to offer as a description of Ute life. One wonders why there is no mention made of the Ute bands in western Colorado, with whom the Ute bands Sonne is writing about, visited, intermarried, and hunted with. This omission seems to be a serious one, especially since the Colorado Utes had incorporated more of the Plains Indian culture traits into their way of life than had the Utah Utes. Raiding, horse-stealing, and organized bands were much more characteristic of the Colorado Utes than of the Utah Utes, and there is every reason to suppose that much of Walker's time which is unaccounted for was spent in western Colorado.

It is also most probable that Colorado Utes accompanied Walker on his trips to California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico.

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There are other problems. The use of the term "chief" is misleading. The Utes never had chiefs in the sense that we ordinarily use the term. Walker undoubtedly was a leader and a man of influence, but he, in company with other Ute leaders, did not have real authority over his followers. Any person or group could choose whether to follow or not. The leader was a wise person whose opinions were listened to, but he had no absolute authority to enforce his decisions.

Sonne refers from time-to-time to Walker's brothers, reporting Gunnison's estimate that Walker was one of about thirty brothers. Both Sonne and Gunnison are apparently unaware of the Ute kinship system, which is of the Hawaiian type, in which all consanguineous relatives of one's own generation (cross-cousins, parallel cousins, and siblings) are grouped into four categories in which the only distinctions made are between older and younger, and male or female relatives of the one generation. Thus many of the persons referred to as Walker's brothers were, in reality, cousins. Misinterpretations of Ute social and kinship systems such as those cited above indicate that Sonne's descriptions of Ute culture and motivations must be accepted only with serious reservations. On the other hand, his accounts of Mormon-Indian contacts deserve more attention.

Y. T. WITHERSPOON

University of Utah Blackfeet and Buffalo: Memories of Life Among the Indians. By JAMES WILLARD SCHULTZ (APIKUNI). Edited and introduction by KEITH C. SEELE. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962. xvi4-384 pp. $5.95) Editor Keith C. Seele's Introduction is itself a good review of the text which it introduces. He cautions against regarding Schultz's stories as history, because of discrepancies concerning dates and persons, and principally because he considered himself a storyteller. We agree that Apikuni's tales are to be read and enjoyed as adventure stories, with any historical or anthropological information thrown in as a bonus. When one keeps in mind that Schultz did not come West until 1877, it is clear that many of the stories are based on episodes long past, but die reader easily gets the impression that the events were occurring during Schultz's own time. The historian notes that by the mid-eighties Montana had two railroads, numerous towns, a booming range cattle business, and even a college in operation. This is not a

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setting for the tribal warfare among Piegans, Assiniboines, and Crows described by Schultz. Nevertheless, there are many sections that appear reliable for the student of history or ethnology, among them the accounts of the last trading posts in Blackfeet country, of Schultz's explorations in present Glacier Park, and of tribal ceremonies and folkways.

The picture revealed in these stories is such as to cast doubt on the popular concept of pre-white Indian life as a time of happiness and peace. The Piegans and all their neighbors are seen living in constant fear of enemies, anxiety for absent warriors and hunters, and dread of offending the "Above Ones" or losing face within the tribe; they appear as absolute slaves to superstition and custom.

Two episodes recounted in some detail will attract die specialist in Indian history, dealing with the murder of Malcolm Clark in 1869 and the resulting Baker Massacre of the Piegans. The Indian view of the massacre is substantially that of white historians, but die circumstances of Clark's murder are quite unfamiliar. As Seele points out, current research at the Blackfeet Agency at Browning has produced information on matters discussed emotionally by Schultz, particularly relations between the Indians and John Young, their agent during the early eighties. The documents seem to refute some of his strongest contentions, but his version is still valuable for its statement of the Indian feeling in the matter. In fact this is the book's real contribution, the presentation of the Indian viewpoint, whatever may have been the facts of history, science, or frontier politics.

The many photographic illustrations are well-chosen and effective, and their captions informative. Books never seem to have enough maps (maybe we should review an atlas next time); but the single map of the Blackfeet country is useful. A detailed map of the Glacier Park area would help, especially since today's nomenclature is not identical with that of eighty years ago. An example is "Flat Top Mountain," now assigned to an elevation west of die Divide and many miles from the one described by Schultz, north of St. Mary's Lake. A Glossary of Geographic Names partially meets the need, and is indispensable in translating Indian and white designations. Footnotes are at a minimum; their utility would be greater if the author of each had been identified as either Schultz or the editor, as this is not always clear.

Editor Seele is probably correct in his guess that this final volume of Schultz stories will be most welcome to readers who were fans for

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his boys' tales thirty and more years ago. But it is also likely that new readers, who meet him here for the first time, will be moved to go back and enjoy some of the earlier thirty-seven books by Apikuni.

STANLEY R. DAVISON

Western

Montana

College

Great Westerner: The Story of Kit Carson. By BERNICE BLACKWELDER. (Caldwell, Idaho: T h e Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1962. 373 pp. $6.00) Kit Carson was not two years old when he moved from Franklin, Missouri, westward to the Missouri border following the example of Daniel Boone. At fourteen, his stepfather apprenticed him ttÂť a saddler, and it was from this shop that Kit ran away in 1826 to join a wagon train starting for Santa Fe. Thereafter he was to be and ever remain a part of the West.

In the beginning he found a variety of jobs. H e drove a mule team to El Paso, was a cook at a trappers' boardinghouse, and went, as interpreter, with a group of traders into Chihauahua, the most southerly venture of his life.

Carson then explored with Ewing Young, trapped with Broken H a n d ' s Brigade, and while a mountain man married an Arapaho Indian in 1834. She died in 1841 while he was a hunter for Bent's Fort.

In 1843 he remarried and became a guide for Fremont's expedition to the Rockies. Again in 1845-46 he joined Fremont's expedition as guide.

H e was with Kearny's Army of the West and traveled twice across the continent in 1847-49. Carson became a rancher, was appointed Indian agent in 1854, received a commission in the army as colonel and later as brigadier general. H e retired from the army and died a few months after his wife in 1868.

An account of Kit Carson's experiences, is, in a sense, a narrative of the development of the West.

Lost Mines of Death Valley. By HAROLD O. WEIGHT. Second Edition.

(Twentynine Palms: T h e Calico Press, 1961. 80 pp. $2.00) It was silver, discovered by the original forty-niners which touched off a century of searching, leading to other strikes of gold, silver, and borax, which in turn shaped the history of Death Valley. T h e more important lost mine legends of the valley have been selected for this

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book. The author has attempted to trace them to their origins, follow their histories and variations, assay them for authenticity, correlate the stories with known geographic landmarks and historic facts, and point out obvious errors and probable truth. The original details are not changed or colored to fit personal convictions.

Eight years of continued delving since the first edition of Lost Mines, has led to much new information which has been added to this second edition of the book.

Old Bill Williams, Mountain Man. By ALPHEUS H. FAVOUR. Introduction by WILLIAM BRANDON. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1962. xv 4-234 pp. $4.00) The mountain men of the early nineteenth century were a breed apart â&#x20AC;&#x201D; hardy trappers and trail finders, with their own lingo and way of life. And of the mountain men none was more colorful or more individualistic than William Sherley (Old Bill) Williams of the flaming hair.

Born during the American Revolution, Williams was a child of the early frontier. In his young manhood he became an itinerant preacher and appointed himself a missionary to the Osages, who converted him rather than the other way around. After the death of his wife, an Osage girl, Old Bill forsook civilization and made die wilderness his home. He was a master trapper, one of the guides of die Sibley survey of the Santa Fe Trail in 1825, and some twenty years later was a guide with two different Fremont expeditions.

Old Bill Williams was a controversial figure in his own time and has remained so ever since. According to some stories, he was vicious and treacherous, but according to others, he was kind and trustworthy.

Above all, he epitomized the wildness of the mountain men; among all the tattered, tough, and untrammeled company, he was the most tattered, the toughest, and notoriously the least trammeled. There may be other candidates for the title of greatest of the mountain men, but Old Bill Williams is indisputably one of the most interesting.

Scenes of Earlier Days, In Crossing the Plains to Oregon, and Experiences of Western Life. By CHARLES HOWARD CRAWFORD. (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, Inc., 1962. vi +186 pp. $5.25) This book is a highly personal and realistic set of memoirs, revealing as much about the life of a frontier minister as of the area and die people he served.

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Born about 1830, Charles Howard Crawford was ordained a minister in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church. In 1851 he left western Illinois and settled near Portland in a pioneer town, but the damp winters of the Pacific Northwest drove him south to Stockton, California, a rough town of about 1,000 persons. For three years the young minister with a realistic and somewhat worldly outlook grappled in his own way with the social and religious problems of the town.

During the Civil War Crawford followed the little gold rush to the Powder River mines in Oregon, to dig and to preach. He became an indispensable functionary at the various hangings, funerals, and other occasions of retribution for violence in the rough-and-tumble community.

Crawford returned to California after the war and located at Santa Rosa. For the remainder of his life he lived in this area, continuing to play his active and colorful role of a pioneer parson long after the frontier had gone.

Scenes of Earlier Days is a valuable source for the color and quality of life in the small towns and mining camps of the West in the last half of the century.

The Troopers, An Informal History of the Plains Cavalry, 1865-1890.

By S. E. WHITMAN. (New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1962. 256 pp. $4.95) The men who bore the fighting brunt of the government's Indian policy following the Civil War were the soldiers of the cavalry arm of the United States Army. The campaigns of that Indian-fighting cavalry have been told and re-told. This book concentrates on the lesser known facts of the troopers' daily lives â&#x20AC;&#x201D; where they lived, the clothes they wore, and the food they ate; what they were paid and how they spent their wages; the horses they rode and the weapons they fought with; the women they loved and sometimes married; officers' wives and "army brats"; discipline and punishment; hierarchy and protocal; jealousies and rivalries; hardships and deprivations; grubbiness and the occasional glory.

In brief this is a fond but clear-eyed description of the troopers as they really were, written by an authority whose novels about diem have thrilled thousands of readers.

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The University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, has rendered a service by reprinting the following books in inexpensive editions.

Blackfoot Lodge Tales: The Story of a Prairie People. By GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL. Reprint. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962. xvii + 310 pp. $1.50) This book contains narratives just as they came from the lips of the Indians. From these tales the reader can get a true picture of the real man who is speaking. H e is not the Indian of literature, but the real Indian as he is in his daily life among his own people, the true, natural man.

Plenty-Coups, Chief of the Crows. By FRANK B. LINDERMAN. Reprint.

(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962. ix-l-324 pp. $1.50) T h e real Indians are gone. T h e change from a normal to an uncertain and unnatural existence came so suddenly to the Plains Indian that his customs and traditions could not flourish, and they all but perished with the buffalo in the early eighties. One is startled that so brief a time could wipe away traditions ages old, and after contemplation wonders how much truth we know of ancient people.

T h e author has written the story of Plenty-Coups, w h o had seen much of the old life of the Plains Indian, as he told it so that a genuine record of his life might be preserved.

Old Jules. By MARI SANDOZ. Reprint. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962. x4-424 pp. $1.60) T h e biography of Jules Ami Sandoz is the biography of a community, the upper Niobrara country in western Nebraska. T h e biography tells of his struggles as a locator, a builder of communities, and a bringer of fruit to the Panhandle.

Reminiscences

of a Ranchman.

By EDGAR BEECHER BRONSON.

Reprint.

(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1962. xiv-t-370pp. $1.50) Edgar Beecher Bronson, the real-life prototype of that now familiar character, the tenderfoot from the East, went out where the West began when it began. H e was the first m a n to carry a herd of cattle into the Sioux country, and there locate and permanently maintain a ranch.

The story of Bronson's apprenticeship on the range and his evolution from a greenhorn puncher into an experienced old hand has come to be regarded as a classic of cow country literature.

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The Adventures of Captain Bonneville, U.S.A., in the Rocky Mountains and the Far West. Digested from his journal by Washington Irving. Edited by Edgeley W. Todd. The American Exploration Series, Number 34. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961) California Mormons by Sail and Trail. By Annaleone D. Patton. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1961) Classification Schedule and Subject Headings for Mormon Literature.

Utah Library Association Technical Services. Second Edition.

(Salt Lake City: Utah Library Association, 1962) The Devil's Rainbow. By J. C. Furnas. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1962) [historical-fiction concerning Joseph Smith] Great Western Rides.

Books, 1961)

By Dabney Otis Collins. (Colorado: Sage

History of Tooele County. Tooele County Daughters of Utah Pioneers.

(Salt Lake City: Daughters of Utah Pioneers, 1961) Jacob Hamblin, Buckskin Apostle. By Tom Bailey. Reprint. (Los Angeles: Westernlore Press, 1961) Mormonism Now and Then. By G. T. Harrison. (Salt Lake City: Author, 1961) Of A Number of Things. By Parley A. Christensen. (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1962) One Hundred Years in the Heart of Zion. By Ruby K. Smith (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1961) [history of the Eighteenth Ward] Rio Grande Mainline of the Rockies. By Lucius and Charles Beebe.

(Berkeley: Howell-North Books, 1962) Sketches of the Old West. By E. C. Matthews. (St. Louis: New Era Studio, 1962)

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Brigham Young and His Wives. By John J. Stewart. (Salt Lake City: Mercury Publishing Company, Inc., 1961)

Arizona Highways — XXXVII, May 1962: "The Arizona Strip," by Scott Hayden, 42-47.

AIA [American Institute of Architects] Architecture—Spring "Old Salt Lake City Hall," by A. R. Mortensen, 24-27.

1962:

American Heritage — XIII, February 1962: "The Prairie Schooner Got Them There [references to Mormons in the text and two paintings by W. H. Jackson of Mormon wagon trains]," by George R. Stewart, 5ff.

Arizona and the West — III, Autumn 1961: "Lieutenants Pershing and Stotsenberg Visit the Grand Canyon: 1887," edited by William Swilling Wallace, 265-84.

The Denver Westerners Monthly Roundup — XVII, December 1961: "Some Little Known Facts Concerning the Lewis and Clark Expedition, With Detailed Instructions Given by President Thomas Jefferson," by Nolie Mumey, 5-10.

Deseret News and Salt Lake Telegram, Church News — January 27, 1962: "Spring Start Planned for Major Church Building Project [Administration and Archives buildings to be erected. Mission Home, Sherrill Apartments, L.D.S. Business College, Barrett Hall, Brigham Young Building, Old Presiding Bishops Building, Deseret Gymnasium, Joseph F. Smith Memorial Building to be wrecked for new building plan]," by George L. Scott, 8-9; February 10, 1962: "Mormons in Congress, LDS Lawmakers Hail From Five Western States [Wallace F. Bennett, Frank E. Moss, David S. King, Morris Blaine Peterson, Ralph R. Harding, Morris K. Udall, Howard Walter Cannon, John Emerson]," 7; March 3, 1962: "Utah Cultural Epic Born 100 Years Ago [Salt Lake Theater, photograph of early view, architects model, actors of theater era and inside view of theater]," by Hal Knight, 8-9; March 31, 1962: "Huge Storage Vault Bored In Granite Mountain," by Monitor

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C. Noyce, 13ff.; May 12, 1962: "Tourist Bureau Nears Completion [photographs showing construction of the building]," by Arnold J. Irvine, 8-9.

Desert, Magazine of the Southwest — XXV, April 1962: Special Issue: Southern Utah, "Biography of a Fantastic Landscape," by Arthur F. Bruhn, 6ff.; "Southern Utah is the Story of People," 8-10; "A Regional Family-Car Guide to Soudiern Utah, Roads, Camping Places, Scenic Attractions, Points of Interest, Local Celebrations," llff.; "Bold Plan to Save the Canyonlands," by Weldon F. Heald, 18-21; "In the Henrys," by Joyce Muench, 24ff.; "Through the Narrows of Zion," by Frank Jensen, 26-28; "Kon Tiki of the Colorado," by Rosalie F. Goldman, 29-31; May 1962: "He Founded: '. . . a place where the best of Christianity and the Indian way of life could merge' [founding of St. Christopher's Episcopal Mission to the Navajo Indians, Bluff, Utah, by Father H. Baxter Liebler]," by Frank Jensen, 12-13.

Ford Times — LV, March 1962: "Big City Weekend: Salt Lake City,"

by Jack Goodman, paintings by V. Douglas Snow, 61-63.

Harper's Magazine — CCXXIV, March 1962: "George Romney: The Brightest Horse in the Stable," by John Fischer, 16ff.

The Improvement Era — LXV, February 1962: "The Wentworth Letter [history of the church by Joseph Smith]," by Preston Nibley, 96ff.; "Why the Pioneer Memorial Theater," by Ila Fisher Maughan, 152ff.

Life — LII, February 9, 1962: "Here Comes the Rambler Man, Politics Beckons George Romney," 32-41.

The Masterkey — XXXVl, April-June 1962: "Navaho Silver [part 1],"

by Elizabeth Compton Hegemann, 44-59.

Military Affairs — XXV, Fall 1961: '"Buchanan's Blunder,' the Utah War, 1857-1858," by Richard D. Poll and Ralph W. Hansen, 121-31.

Museum News — XL, December 1961: "The Bee Hive House of Brigham Young [restoration of]," by Georgius Young Cannon, 32-37.

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National Geographic — CXXI, April, 1962: "Shooting Rapids in Reverse! Jet Boats Climb the Colorado's Torrent Through Grand Canyon," by William Belknap, Jr., 552-65; May 1962: "Cities of Stone in Utah's Canyonland [where the Green River joins the Colorado, bristling pinnacles and arch-studded canyons form a little-known wonderland that may become a national park]," by W. Robert Moore, 653-77.

National Parks Magazine — XXXVI, February 1962: "Land of the Painted Cliffs [Capitol Reef National Monument]," by Natt N .

Dodge, 12-14; "Your National Parks Association at Work [information on the closing of the Glen Canyon Dam and the filling of Lake Powell]," 15ff.; April 1962: A Special Grand Canyon National Park Issue, "Interpreting the Grand Canyon," by Freeman Tilden, 4-8; "An Hourglass for Geologists," 9-11; "Campaign for the Grand Canyon," by Anthony Wayne Smith, 12-15.

Nebraska History — XLIII, March 1962: "Courthouse and Jail Rocks: Landmarks on the Oregon [or Mormon] Trail," by Earl R. Harris, 29-51.

Newsweek, the Magazine of News Significance — LIX, February 19, 1962: "Dark Horse —Off and Running [George Romney]," 23ff.

Pacific Historical Review — XXXI, February 1962: "Taine's Essay on the Mormons," translated with introduction and notes by Austin E. Fife, 49-65.

The Relief Society Magazine — XLIX, February 1962: "Funeral and Burial of President Brigham Young," by Preston Nibley, 84-88.

Saints' Herald — CIX, February 1962: "Jackson County's historic Jail Is Now a Museum," 18-19.

SUP News — N\l\, November-December 1961: "Building of Historic Salt Lake Theater," by Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr., 7; "Theater Dedication Takes Place March 6, 1962," by Franklin L. McKean, 8; [pictures of theater and activities], 10-11; IX, January-February 1962: "Historic Saltair Beach and Great Salt Lake — Brief, Brief Story of Its Past, Present and Future," 2.

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Time, The Weekly Newsmagazine — LXXIX, January 19, 1962: "Salesmen-Saints [under the title "Religion," concerns the missionary program in England]," 56ff.; February 16, 1962: "Michigan, Fresh Face in an Open Field [George Romney]," 21-22; March 2,1962: "Michigan, The Mormon Issue [George Romney]," 21.

Utah Archaeology, A Newsletter — VII, December 1961: "Artifacts From a Site in Box Elder County, Utah," by Warren C. Hageman, 15; "A Preliminary Report of 1961 Archeological Excavations in Moqui Canyon and Castle Wash," by Floyd W. Sharrock, 6-11; "Archeological Survey and Testing in Moqui Canyon and Castle Wash, 1961," by Kent C. Day, 12-14.

Utah Educational Review — LV, January 1962: "Utah in the Eyes of the Nation," by L. H. Kirkpatrick, 15ff.

Utah Farmer — LXXXI, May 3, 1962: "Utah's New Canyonlands National Park — To Be Or Not To Be?" Iff. Utah Libraries — V, Spring 1962: "Utah Under the Library Service Act the First Five Years," by Russell L. Davis, 7-8.

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Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States With a More Detailed Account of the Lands of Utah. By JOHN WESLEY POWELL. Edited by WALLACE STEGNER. (Cambridge: T h e Belknap

Press of Harvard Press, 1962. xxvvii + 195 pp. $5.00) The name of John Wesley Powell is well known to most Utahns, but to many what he did for the arid region is too little known. This publication edited by one of America's foremost historians and conservation writers, Wallace Stegner, "is one of the most significant and seminal books ever written about the West." In the opinion of the late Bernard DeVoto "it is one of the most remarkable books ever written by an American. In the whole range of American experience from Jamestown on there is no book more prophetic. It is a scientific prophecy and it has been fulfilled â&#x20AC;&#x201D; experimentally proved."

"Wes" Powell submitted more than a bureaucratic report or a scientific work. H e established the conditions under which, in Powell's own words, "these lands must be utilized â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a system for their disposal which would be adapted to the wants (needs) of the country."

The early western settlers had been reared in a country of adequate rainfall. They had never heard about irrigation. Powell in Stegner's words, Almost alone among his contemporaries looked at the Arid Region (centered in Utah) and saw neither desert nor garden. What he saw was the single compelling unity that the region possessed . . . its rainfall was less than twenty inches a year. His program . . . went far beyond the limits of his own

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survey . . . and it went far beyond any possible definition of his duties as a public servant.

His program was supplemented by two decades of hard missionary effort.

Stegner states, Essentially Powell's report was a sober and farsighted warning about the consequences of trying to impose on a dry country the habits that have been formed in a wet one. In the West which characteristically has not been so much settled as raided â&#x20AC;&#x201D; first for its furs, then for its minerals, then for its grass, then in some places for its timber, in some for its wheat, in some for its scenery â&#x20AC;&#x201D; consequences have habitually been ignored and yet the very condition of aridity from which Powell's warning stemmed makes the consequences of mismanagement catastrophic.

In essence this is the major point of the report.

Stegner also said, "It was also one of his [Powell's] distinctions that in an age of boodle he would persist in an ideal of public service which most public men of the time neither observed nor understood."

Powell's study and intimate knowledge of the arid region convinced him that unless the nature of the region was recognized it could be "chopped to ruinous bits."

T h e chapter on irrigable lands of the Salt Lake Drainage System,

by G. K. Gilbert; the treatise on the valley of the Sevier, by C. E. Dutton; and the section on the lands of Utah drained by the Colorado River and its tributaries, by A. H . Thompson, will be of particular interest to readers in Utah. These reports, no doubt reviewed and edited by Powell, are outstanding examples of the excellence of this book.

T h e West in general and Utah in particular owe " W e s " Powell much for the farsightedness he exhibited eighty-four years ago. His book is one which should be read by every good citizen of our state.

CHESTER J. OLSEN

Ogden The Lewis and Clark Expedition.

By MERIWETHER LEWIS. Introduction by ARCHIBALD HANNA. Three volumes. T h e 1814 Edition Unabridged. (Philadelphia and N e w York: L. B. Lippincott Company, 1961. Vol. I, xxi + 286 pp.; Vol. II, x +287-590 pp.; Vol. Ill, xi +591-889 pp. $12.50) This excellent account of America's most famous official exploring expedition is the product of several pens. As the editor says, it consists

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of "Lewis's journals, supplemented by those of Clark, edited and cast into narrative form by Biddle, and finally revised by Allen. . . . The present work, however, if not exactly as Lewis planned it, comes closest to his original design" (p. xii).

This edition is the latest in a long series of reprints, among which are included issues in English, French, and German. It is a popular reprint, not a scholarly work with annotations.

Dr. R. G. Thwaites gave us in 1904 the most complete account (eight volumes) of the Lewis and Clark expedition, "printed from the original manuscripts," and "for the first time published in full and exactly as written" (from his title page). But Dr. Thwaites says of the 1814 edition, "[it] will always remain one of the best digested and most interesting books of American travel" (p. xiv). T h a t is a considered judgment, and one in which the present reviewer concurs as he appraises the volumes here being reviewed. Little more need be said.

The editor might have gone on to tell us of developments since the issuance of the Thwaites edition of 1904 â&#x20AC;&#x201D; of the publication of the Lewis journal of his trip from Pittsburgh to the Missouri River, and of Ordway's diary, the only personal journal kept daily without interruption throughout the journey, both published in 1916; and of the Clark papers that have recently come to light.

This publication is the first in a series of reprints of "classic narratives of Western history" undertaken by the present editors and publisher. It is a commendable undertaking.

L E R O Y R. H A F E N

Brigham Young

University

Stories of Our Mormon Hymns. By J. SPENCER CORNWALL. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1961. x4-300 pp. $3.95) This is the second volume from the pen of Mr. Cornwall since his retirement after a quarter-century's distinguished service as conductor of the Salt Lake Mormon Tabernacle Choir. His A Century of Singing was a historical resume of that unique choral ensemble.

Stories of Our Mormon Hymns is just that â&#x20AC;&#x201D; whenever a story is available. It is the continuation and completion of the late George D .

Pyper's Stories of Latter-day Saint Hymns (Deseret News Press, 1939).

Mr. Cornwall acknowledges incorporation of that volume within his own.

Those familiar with the Pyper book will recognize immediately that Mormon hymns with most fascinating "stories" were contained

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therein. Most hymns treated extensively in the Cornwall volume are reprints from the Pyper. The most interesting hymns are "Oh, How Lovely Was the Morning," "O My Father," "Our Mountain Home So Dear," "O Ye Mountains High," "We Thank Thee, O God, for a Prophet," "The Spirit of God Like a Fire," and "The Morning Breaks, the Shadows Flee." All are rich in Utah-Mormon history.

The significant service performed by Mr. Cornwall is in making available, as complete as possible, a "story" catalogue of the current hymnal. This has required painstaking research, endless correspondence with distant kin of authors and composers, patient waiting for requested information, etc. His success as to "completeness" can be measured by the fact that only one of the hymnal's three hundred and eighty-seven numbered selections (No. 338, "Come, Lay His Books and Paper By," for male voices only) is omitted.

Mr. Cornwall's job was essentially that of compiler, and this he did with thoroughness. But he is even more gifted as a writer, which is evidenced in his occasional brief introductory notes. One wishes that time might have permitted him to couch the "story" material in his own words rather than quoting directly from his heterogeneous informants. This would have made for more unity and reader interest.

The volume is a welcome addition to Mormon-lore. It will be most valuable to Mormon choir directors and Sunday school choristers hellbent for successful song practices. It should also be of interest to the general reader.

Apparently, it was whipped together in some haste during the time just prior to publication, as well as during printing. The material deserves a more effective, tasteful (especially in view of the subject matter) format. Printer and publisher should have devoted more time and money to the appearance of the book's "inners." It has an attractive outer jacket, a mediocre permanent cover, and a poor inner format.

The Table of Contents is nonprofessional, confusing, and of little value. The Index, on the other hand, is better. Proofreading was hurried. Numerous misspellings occur (i.e., "Pesus, Mighty King in Zion," p. 292). On the ledger's positive side is the helpful cross-listing of composer-authors who have multiple hymns to their credit.

Worthy of a more prominent spot is Mr. Cornwall's own essay, "The First Latter-day Saint Hymn Book," buried just prior to the Index. It points out that fifty-three of the original ninety hymns contained in Emma Smith's hymnal remain in the current version. Of the original ninety, twenty-nine were by W. W. Phelps, fourteen by Isaac

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Watts, two by the Wesleys, two by Eliza R. Snow, five by the Pratt brothers, and twenty were anonymous. "The First Latter-day Saint Hymn Book," might very well be the title of a worthwhile future volume "in depth."

Finally, another noteworthy contribution of this volume is information concerning recent and present-day Mormon composers.

LOWELL M. DURHAM

University of Utah The War in the Far West: 1861-1865. By OSCAR LEWIS. (Garden City: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1961. 263 pp. $3.95) The primary value of this study is that it brings together some of the Civil War military operations occurring in the Far West along with the operations of California troops in the East. The author analyzes the attitudes of Far Westerners toward the war and the conditions in California upon its outbreak. In entertaining fashion he tells about the recruitment of the "California Regiment" and the "California Hundred" and their participation in eastern campaigns. The major military actions in the Far West centering around the march of the California volunteers into Utah to guard the overland trails and the Confederate invasion of New Mexico, which was repulsed by Colorado volunteers, are told. The importance of the California Column in the campaigns of the Southwest is also treated.

Chapters six through nine contain a strange hodgepodge of miscellaneous items largely pertaining to California. Although the author devotes considerable space to San Francisco harbor defenses and to only one of the two visits of Russian warships to that port, he overlooks the important role of the United States Pacific Squadron along the entire West Coast as well as the army's occupation of Catalina Island. A ten-page account of the "Chapman incident," a Confederate attempt at outfitting a privateer in San Francisco to capture gold shipments, is disappointingly superficial and appears to be based mainly upon Asbury Harpending's The Great Diamond Hoax. Throughout, Alfred Rubery is referred to as "Rubrey." This is undoubtedly a typographical error, but to refer to Rubery as a nephew of John Bright is an historical error merely repetitious of Harpending's own error. Among other topics discussed are the press and pulpit in California and the sanitary commission.

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To the literature of its subject this small book makes no substantial contribution. The quotations, particularly those from secondary sources, appear too numerous, lengthy, and distracting. Also disconcerting to this reviewer was the occasional neglect of a person's first name and use of initials instead of given names. Hence, the mention of "Governor Andrews" of Massachusetts (p. 59) at first was confusing, until it was realized that this was a typographical error and obviously in reference to John A. Andrew. It seemed puzzling that the author in his Foreword should refer to Elijah R. Kennedy as "one regional historian," who had criticized historians for not recognizing the significance of the West Coast in the Civil War. Albeit this 1912 criticism still holds true, Kennedy should not be called a historian because of his unreliable account of The Contest for California in 1861. Although Lewis uses the term "Far West" to mean the area between the Rockies and the Pacific, he tends to overstress what happened in California, particularly to the neglect of the Pacific Northwest. Unfortunately, the book has neither a bibliography nor an index.

BENJAMIN F. GILBERT

San Jose State College J. E. J.: Trail to Sundown, Cassadaga to Casa Grande, 1817-1882, the Story of a Pioneer Joseph Ellis Johnson . . . . By RUFUS DAVID

(Salt Lake City: Joseph Ellis Johnson Family Committee, 1961. xu-r-516pp. $5.00)

JOHNSON.

This entertaining and informative history of Joseph Ellis Johnson and his numerous progeny is authored by Rufus David Johnson, presently residing at Washington, Utah. He is the youngest and only surviving member of Joseph E. Johnson's twenty-nine children. It was a happy choice when the Johnson clan commissioned Rufus D. to write the family history. One is at once impressed with the devotion, skill, humor, and the careful scholarship that produced this excellent biography. Through its pages moves J. E. J. (1817-1882), tall, thin, and frail â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a man of driving, restless energy. Weaving his sources into the narrative, the author bases his account on numerous family letters, legal papers, diaries, and newspapers, many of them J. E. J.'s own. The book is well illustrated with photographs but has no maps, bibliography, or index. These would add much to this otherwise splendid volume.

As a youth J. E. J. was inclined to bronchial trouble. Realizing his problem, he determined to learn all he could to overcome this handi-

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cap. He studied medical books and combed the lovely Pomfret area of his youth (New York) for the many medicinal roots, leaves, barks, and herbs that were common remedies for every human ailment. This experience led to his lifelong interest in botany and his later forays into the manufacture and sale of family medicines, good for man or beast.

At an early date J. E. J. joined the Mormon Church with his mother and other members of the family (the father, Ezekiel Johnson, never joined but remained congenial).

During his busy life J. E. J. engaged in many varied activities and occupations. He became "Yankee schoolmaster," postmaster, job printer, nurseryman, and superintendent of schools. He liked merchandising and established stores in nearly every place he called home. He directed his vast energy to making family medicines; producing seeds, fruit trees and vines, and flowers; and organizing gardeners' clubs and pomological societies. Wherever he alighted his green thumb was soon in evidence. He was manager of what was probably the first Indian wild west show in America, and even established an "ice cream saloon."

As a newspaper reporter he was a "natural," and with his acquisition of the Kanesville Frontier Guardian, newspapering got into his blood. He edited and published the Council Bluffs Bugle, the Omaha Arrow, the Crescent City Oracle, and the Huntsman s Echo. Freighting his press to Utah (1861) he successively published the Farmers' Oracle at Spring Lake, Our Dixie Times (later the Rio Virgen Times) and the Utah Pomologist and Gardener at St. George, and the Silver Reef Echo.

It is difficult to write about one's own father and family and avoid the temptation to make them saints and paragons of virtue. Sympathetic but honest with his subject, Rufus D. Johnson sprouts no wings on the Johnson tribe; one will look in vain for the faintest hint of smugness.

From his gifted son's charming narrative J. E. J. emerges as a fascinating, many-sided character whose activities make a valuable addition to the Mormon story and the history of the West.

ANDREW KARL LARSON

Dixie College Edward Kern and American Expansion. By ROBERT V. HINE. Yale Western Americana Series, I. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1962. xix+180pp. $6.00) Robert V. Hine has presented in this slim, well-made, and attractive volume an excellent account of the role played by the artist-topogra-

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pher and amateur natural scientist, Edward M. Kern, during 1840-1860.

The name of Edward Kern, as that of his brothers Richard H. and Benjamin, is familiar to most students of the American West in the pre-Civil War period. A river, a lake, a city, and a county in California were named for him, yet he has remained a dim background figure to all but a few until quite recently.

"Ned" Kern was one of that legion of persons who took part in the United States government's scientific explorations in the West. He participated by sketching, painting, map-making, specimen-collecting, note-taking, measuring, and aiding in the gathering of data and its preparation for official publication in written and illustrated form. He accompanied and assisted officers of the U.S. Army's Topographical Engineers â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Fremont, Abert, Simpson, Parke, Pope, and others â&#x20AC;&#x201D; in their field explorations and surveys. He took part in the conquest of California as an officer in Fremont's California Battalion, serving as commander of Fort Sutter for a time. After again accompanying Fremont on the disastrous private expedition to the southern Rockies in the winter of 1848^19, Kern was a civilian member of the army's inconclusive military expedition against the Navajo tribes of New Mexico in 1849. Turning from the army to the navy, and from topographic to hydrographic survey work, in the 1850's Ned was a valuable party member in two prolonged cruises of the U. S. Navy's North Pacific Exploring Expedition which followed up Commodore Perry's opening of Japan to the western world. After brief service as a Union officer in Fremont's short-lived command of the army of the West in the first year of the Civil War, Ned returned to his native Philadelphia. There, in his family home, Ned Kern died in November, 1863, at the age of forty years.

The author claims neither too much nor too little for his subject's role in American history. He has diligently researched in the scattered source collections of material by and about the Kerns, and has skillfully presented his findings in a highly readable and informative narrative.

The book makes a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the scientific data-gathering side of the federal government's exploring activities, which subject has been receiving special attention from historians in the past decade. The Bibliography, Index, and fifty-four illustrations keyed to the text enhance the utility and value of the book, and the footnotes are in their proper places.

EDWARD H. HOWES

Sacramento State College

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Pioneer Theatre in the Desert. By ILA FISHER MAUGHAN. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1961. xii-f-172 pp. $2.50) In the Introduction to Pioneer Theatre in the Desert, the author worries as to whether there is need for a new work about the theatre in Utah. Much of the trouble with the book derfves from this concern.

Actually, she need not have worried for what has already been written on Mormon drama has barely scratched the surface. Mrs. Maughan's problem is principally that she has shouldered the impossible task of cramming eighty-five years of intensive theatrical activity into one hundred and fifty pages of print.

Pioneer Theatre is obviously a labor of love. While the author is frequently beguiled from the mainstream of her thesis, she has produced a charming etude full of anecdotes and tidbits of pioneer theatrical lore.

Perhaps it was not Mrs. Maughan's intention to follow the dramatic history of the Mormon people. If not, then she has succeeded in what she set out to do. Her collection of data is a sort of hors d'oeuvre to a more serious and entensive study. It is wonderfully entertaining reading for the dilettante of Utah's admittedly fascinating history.

One of the more obvious faults of the composition is the tendency to idealize the participants. In fact this tendency is carried to the extent of dehumanizing the early actors who were in reality pretty robust and rebellious. Brigham Young is always the victim of this dehumanizing process. His omnipotence and omniscience are fables which destroy the fundamental greatness of the man because they make him a kind of plaster saint.

With so much to tell, the book is sometimes crowded. In her desire to tell as much as possible, Mrs. Maughan rushes along at a prodigious rate. Facts come dashing at the reader so furiously that they cannot be savored before they are succeeded by others. The effect is the same as hooking onto a chain-drive roller coaster and being dragged to a summit and flung uncontrolled into a series of breath-taking drops. All the wonderfully interesting things clammering for attention flash past the corner of the mind's eye which is focused on the next drop.

The author's great love for her subject and her profound respect for the environment which produced it have drawn her into occasional errors of fact. The book, unfortunately, perpetuates some of the mistakes recorded by Lindsey, Lambourne, Pyper, and Henderson even though subsequent research has disproved them. For example some of

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the material concerning the visit and career of Julia Dean Hayne is pure folklore and speculation.

Nevertheless, and in spite of these minor mistakes, I recommend highly Mrs. Maughan's charming little volume. Written with loving reverence for a way of life, this book is a monument to the gentleness and sincerity of its author and as such deserves a place in the growing body of research and investigation into the history of the theatre among the Mormon people.

RALPH E. MARGETTS

University of Utah Indian Art in America, The Arts and Crafts of the North American Indian. By FREDERICK J. DOCKSTADER. (Greenwich, Connecticut: New York Graphic Society, 1961. 224 pp. $25.00) Frederick J. Dockstader, director of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, has written a lucid and long-needed survey of Amerindian art. Printed in Holland, the book sings with one hundred and eighty black and white illustrations in gravure and seventy color plates of high quality.

If there is any significant weakness in the volume, it is also a strength. As the author states, circumstances connected with the Carnegie study, out of which die volume grew, dictated that the bulk of the specimens come from the collection of the Museum of the American Indian. A great collection this is, and a great thrill it is to see so many of its masterpieces reproduced.

The greatest number of examples from any one culture — over a quarter of the total — is of Northwest Coast Indian art. This is understandable, since this region was probably most consistent in maintaining a high level of quality and plastic expressiveness in its art, which was often created out of purely aesthetic concerns as opposed to the usual utilitarian motivation. The works are well chosen and the accompanying text — here as elsewhere — is quietly informative.

Less flamboyant, but possessing the timeless, intense, and poignant qualities which characterize Sumerian and Etruscan sculpture are the fine examples shown of the moundbuilders' work. These remarkable people were equally at home in the creation of striking ornaments of mica or copper, finely modeled pottery, and fiercely beautiful sculpture.

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T h e superb animal effigies from Key Marco show yet another side of American Indian art and forcefully demonstrate — if still necessary — that there is much more to Indian art than "totem" poles and tomahawks. T h e richness, the diversity of style and medium strike one again and again throughout these pages. T h e work of the Key Dwellers has such grace and sophistication that one deeply regrets that most of the pieces immediately warped and shrank when excavated.

Although they do perhaps bring the selections "up-to-date," one, I think, may question the inclusion of a half-dozen examples of contemporary Indian painting — especially when such words and phrases as "spirited," "outstanding," and "remarkable feeling" are used to describe them. They look somehow pathetic here, pale and flaccid. Dr. Dockstader cautions that, in any discussion of the art of the American Indian, or to achieve an understanding of what it represents, it is imperative that many preconceptions and judgments based on an evaluation of European art must be thrown out.

All very well and good — but when a contemporary Indian paints watercolors in the European easel-painting tradition, even though the subject be Indian-traditional, we must judge the results according to European standards. Otherwise we are lost in nostalgia and must consider the objects as items of curiosity, not art.

As it becomes better known, another culture, only touched upon in the text and plates (again largely because of the limitations of the Carnegie study) will surely gain recognition. Recently many outstanding examples of Columbia River stone sculpture and ornaments have been unearthed. Dignity, repose, rugged bulk, and, occasionally, great sophistication distinguish diis art, which has excited a number of contemporary American sculptors.

Why more American artists have not responded to, and been influenced by, American Indian art is something of a mystery. Other primitive art, especially African sculpture, has had potent effect. O n e reason may be that our indigenous art has not been favored with such lavish and loving treatment as in the present volume. Its publication fills a lacuna and should stimulate the artist and the general public to gain a greater understanding of the rich heritage we have too long neglected or distorted.

JAMES L. HASELTINE

Salt Lake Art

Center

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On Desert Trails, Today and Yesterday. By RANDALL Angeles: Westernlorc Press, 1961. 357 pp. $5.00)

363 HENDERSON.

(Los

Desert lovers will welcome this book by a man who has dedicated his life to exploring and interpreting the natural and human wonders of our great arid Southwest. In fact, if the expression were not too trite, Randall Henderson might well be called "Mr. Desert." While a young reporter on the Los Angeles Times in 1912, the wide, unfenced places called him and, except for service in two world wars, he has lived on the southern California desert ever since. First a reporter and newspaperman, Mr. Henderson established the Desert magazine in 1937 and was its editor for twenty-one years. Seldom has a publication so thoroughly reflected the personality of one man, and every page glowed with his transcending devotion to everything Southwestern. In 1958 Mr. Henderson sold the magazine and retired to become a full-time writer. On Desert Trails is the first of a scries of books he intends to produce.

In easy, readable style the author roams a vast territory in southern and Baja Calilornia, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada. He includes history and geography, water supply and development of resources, immigration, settlement, Indians, desert characters, and the Southwest's unique recreational features. There are chapters on Death Valley Scotty; legends of lost mines and treasure; exploration of remote desert wilderness; the mysterious fate of the nomad artist, Everett Ruess, in southern Utah; and the life and customs of the red man, ancient and modern.

There is even a chapter called "Sahara Interlude," in which the author tells of his experiences as a World War II air corps officer on the African desert. Although largely factual, the text is warmed and colored by the Henderson philosophy, familiar to thousands of readers through his Desert magazine editorial page, which he still writes each month.

The book is perhaps a bit elementary for desert-wise SouthwesternLTS, but it may be read as a pleasant refresher course. The treatment, too, is somewhat choppy, discontinuous, and sprinkled with information easily obtainable elsewhere. This is disappointing because Randall Henderson himself is an outstanding desert phenomenon. Although we appreciate his modesty, we keep hoping that he will drop the objectivity of observer, recorder, and philosopher, and meet us face to face on the pages of his book. This he never does. So we can only look forward to another Henderson saga relating the chronological story of his amazing lifty-ycar love affair with the desert, and the many and varied experiences along the way.

364

UTAH HISTORICAL

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Westernlore Press, as usual, is to be congratulated on an excellent job of bookmaking — materials, cover, binding, and printing are all superior. There are thirty-one photographic illustrations bound together in the middle of the book, striking black and white designs by Don Louis Perceval, and fifteen graphic map illustrations by Norton Allen.

WELDON F. HEALD

Tucson, Arizona

Story of The Amalgamated Sugar Company, 1897-1961. By J. R. Bachman. (Caldwell: The Amalgamated Sugar Company, 1962) The Everlasting Fire. By Jonreed Lauritzen. (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1962) [historical-fiction concerning the Mormon Church] Indians and Outlaws: Settling of the San Juan Frontier. By Albert R. Lyman. (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, Inc., 1962) The Last of the Indian Wars. By Forbes Parkhill. (Riverside, New Jersey: Collier Books, 1961) Mission to the Navajo. By Betty Stirling. (Mountain View, California: Pacific Press Publishing Association, 1961) The Navajo Yearbook- Compiled, with articles by Robert W. Young.

(Window Rock, Arizona: Navajo Agency, 1961)

AIA [American Institute of Architects] Architecture — Summer 1962: "Downtown Planning, A Progress Report [Salt Lake City]," 7-11; "Main Street 1868," by A. R. Mortensen, 13-15.

Agricultural History — XXXVI, July 1962: "The American Frontier as a Safety Valve — the Life, Death, Reincarnation, and Justification of a Theory," by Ellen von Nardroff, 123-42.

Annals of Wyoming — XXXIV, April 1962: "1852 On The Oregon Trail," by Mae Urbanek, 52-59.

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Arizona Highways — XXXVII, August 1962: "God's Dog, Story of the Coyote," by Charles C. Niehuis, 2-9; "Charlie Spencer and His Wonderful Steamboat [largest craft ever put on the Colorado River]," by W. L. Rusho, 34-39.

Arizoniana — III, Summer 1962: "John C. Fremont: Territorial Governor," by Harold C. Richardson, 41-47.

The California Historical Society Quarterly — XLI, June 1962: "Vigna Dal Ferro's Un Viaggio Nel Far West Americano, translated and edited by Frederick G. Bohme, 149-61.

Deseret News and Salt Lal{e Telegram, Church News — May 19, 1962: "Brigham Young Farmhouse Still in Use [photographs of the farmhouse |," by Arnold J. Irvine, 8-9; June 30, 1962: "More Room for Genealogists [photographs of the new quarters]," Iff. Corral Dust, Potomac Corral of the Westerners — VII, June 1962: "The Peripatetic Press — A First Class Mystery," by Neil West Kimball, 21.

The Colorado Quarterly — XI, Summer 1962: "Notes on America [Salt Lake City is mentioned]," by Charles Oscar Gridley, 67-96.

Ensign — Spring 1962: "Freedom to Farm," by Ezra Taft Benson, 17-22.

Esquire, the Magazine for Men — LVIII, August 1962: "Utah — How Much Money Hath the Mormon Church ? A Million Dollars a Day . . . What With Tithing, Real Estate and Commerce. . . ." by Neil Morgan, 86-91.

The Improvement Era — XLV, July 1962: "Nauvoo," by Stanley Buchholz Kimball, 512ff.; August 1962: "Trek To The North [Mormons in Canada]," by C. Frank Steele, 568ff.

The Instructor — July 1962: "A Mountain Full of Records [vaults built to store the Mormon Church records]," by Virgil B. Smith, 224.

Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society — LV, Summer 1962: "Nauvoo Times and Seasons [newspaper published by Mormon Church]," by Parry D. Sorensen, 117-35.

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UTAH H I S T O R I C A L

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La Palacio, A Quarterly Journal of the Museum of New Mexico — LVIX, Summer 1962: "The Significance and Value of the Overland Journal," by Dale L. Morgan, 69-76; "Hoskaninni: A Gold Mining Venture In Glen Canyon," by Dwight L. Smith, 77-84.

The Master key — XXXVI, July-September 1962: "Navaho Silver [conclusion]," by Elizabeth Compton Hegemann, 102-13.

Millennial Star — CXXIV, May 1962: "This is the Place [the BBC producer and scriptwriter describes his visit to Salt Lake City and Temple Square]," by Charles Chilton, lOOff. Plateau — XXXIV, April 1962: "Further Baldrock Crescent Explorations: San Juan County, Utah, 1960," by Christy G. Turner, II, 101-12.

Saints' Herald — CIX, June 15,1962: "Section 132 Utah D.&.C., A New Look At That Document on Polygamy," by Charles A. Davies, 13ff.

The Saturday Evening Post — CCXXXV, June 2,1962: "Scooter Maker [under the title, 'People on the Way Up,' Ralph Bonham, invented the 'Tote Gote']," 24; May 26,1962: "George Romney: The G.O.P.'s Fast Comer," by Stewart Alsop, 15-21.

Sierra Club Bulletin — XLVII, February 1962: "Adventure on Wilderness Waters [Colorado River]," 8ff.; June 1962: "Glen Canyon: The Year of the Last Look," 7.

Time, The Weekly Newsmagazine — LXXIX, May 18, 1962: "Stamina's Reward [under the tide, 'The Press,' awarding to David Mullins, Deseret News, the Pulitzer Prize]," 59-60.

True West — IX, July-August 1962: "Coming of the Iron Monster [wedding of the rails at Promontory]," by Glen W. Perrins, 44ff.

USA * 1, Monthly News & Current History — April 1962: "The Struggle for Michigan [George Romney]," by Rodney Campbell, 24-33.

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367

Utah Archaeology, A Newsletter — VIII, March 1962: "A Preliminary Report of 1961 Excavations in Harris Wash and on the Kaiparowits Plateau," by Don D. Fowler and C. Melvin Aikens, 5-13; "Report of an Indian Skull Find," by John L. Cross, 14-19; "A Burial From an Open Site in Willard Reservoir, Box Elder County," by David M. Pendergast and Francis K. Hassel, 22-24.

Utah Farmer — LXXXI, July 19, 1962: "Flaming Gorge Dam Site," by David H . Mann, 5; August 2, 1962: "Indian Farm of Long Ago [Sanpete County]," by David H. Mann, 18.

Utah Fish and Game — XVIII, July 1962: "Canyonlands Question," by Harold S. Crane, 8-9; "Utah's Lake Superior," by Arnold Bangerter, 10-11.

Utah Law Review — VII, Fall 1961: "The Utah Marriage Counseling Experiment: An Account of Changes in Divorce Law and Procedure," by Brigette M. Bodenheimer, 443-77.

Utah Science — XXIII, June 1962: "Changing Patterns in Utah Agriculture, 1950-1960," by Brigham D. Madsen, 46ff.

The Westerners Brand Book ~ X I X > M a Y 1 9 6 2 : " I r o n ° r e Wyoming," speech delivered by Alvin L. Krieg, 19ff.

in U t a h and

HISTORICAL

NOTES

RECORDS CENTER A Records Center has recently been opened in the basement of the Capitol under the supervision of Mr. F. T. Johnson, records manager of the Society. For the first time, Utah is providing facilities for the orderly control and retirement of her non-current records. And die services of the records manager are much in demand.

A special vote of thanks is due to the Secretary of State Mr. Lamont F. Toronto and his Deputy, Mr. Wendell L. Cotterell, for their splendid cooperation in making space available for the Records Center.

GIFTS TO T H E SOCIETY In the past few years, the Society has won a place in the minds and hearts of many Utahns and ex-Utahns. Their love and respect for the work their Society is doing has prompted them to present to the institution gifts of considerable value. One of the foremost donors has been Mr. Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr., who> has presented his library, a photograph collection, works of art, and special funds to assist in the cause of history. Several other persons have made significant contributions to the Society Library â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Mr. Charles Kelly, Mr. Hugh F. O'Neil, the Hosea Stout Family, the John and Samuel Bennion Families, the Hamilton Gardner Family, Mr. M. Wilford Poulson, Professsor Levi E. Young, Mr. A. C. Lambert, the Rulon S. Wells Family, Dr. William Mulder, and Mr. J. Cecil Alter whose gifts of books formed the nucleus around which the Library has grown.

The memory of Governor Charles R. Mabey evokes a feeling of gratitude in our hearts for a step he took several years ago in making an annual donation to the Society to be placed in a Trust Fund for the purchase of "special" items for the Library. We appreciate his thoughtfulness and encourage other individuals to follow his example.

Since the Society's move to the Mansion, some members have been most generous in donating pieces of art work, furniture, and money in order that the Mansion might be preserved and shown to its best advantage.

100

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

We have received paintings from Mr. Nicholas G. Morgan, Sr., Mr. Raymond Nilson, Mr. Cornelius Salisbury, and Mrs. James H. Durgin. Dr. Leon Watters, besides gifts to the Library, has presented to us a noteworthy photograph collection and a lovely old Brussel's tapestry, which now graces a wall of the Mansion.

Within the past few weeks another significant gift came to the Society to add to our growing collection of art. Mrs. James A. (May Cooley) Eldredge presented to us a Lee Greene Richards oil painting, valuable French Empire vases, a lovely china cabinet, and other porcelain pieces. The Board of Trustees of the Society accepted these gifts at their October meeting and voted an expression of thanks.

The names mentioned above do not constitute a complete list of our generous members and friends who have made gifts to the Society. They are just a few who come readily to mind.

RECENT GIFTS TO T H E LIBRARY Of special interest to Utah scholars is an addition to the manuscript collection of the Society. Miss Helen Laws, of Murray, Utah, representing the John Tidwell Family, presented to the Library a "Journal of the Emigration Company of Council Point Pottawatamie County, Iowa, From the Time of Their Organization Untill Their Arrival into The Great Salt Lake Valley In the Summer of 1852."

John Tidwell was captain of the company, and the clerk of the company was George Bowering, who wrote the Journal, a notebook 7/4 by 9 inches and 72 pages in length. The Journal has been in die Tidwell Family until its presentation to the Society on October 13, 1961.

We are deeply indebted to Miss Laws and the other descendents of John Tidwell for this gift.

Another item of significance was the loan of the Levi W. Hancock Autobiography, 1803-1836. It covers a period of his life in Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, and Missouri. This autobiography was brought into the Society by Mrs. Clara Lloyd, of Taft, California. We were permitted to microfilm it, before its return to the Hancock Family.

Dr. Russell G. Frazier has made a significant gift to the Society of some thirty letters (1933-35) of Frederick S. Dellenbaugh. These added to the ones we have already received from Mr. Charles Kelly and Mrs. R. T. Stites (Research Librarian in the Society) offer a rich source of information on Dellenbaugh and the Colorado River. It is the plan of the Society to edit and publish the letters in the Quarterly.

UTAH

STATE

HISTORICAL

SOCIETY

BOARD OF TRUSTEES (Terms

Expiring

April

1, 1965)

LELAND H . CREEK, Salt Lake City

(Terms J.

Expiring

STERLING

April

ANDERSON,

1, 1963) Grantsville

DELLO u. DAYTON, Ogden

RICHARD E. GILLIES. Cedar City

JACK GOODMAN, Salt Lake City

j . GRANT IVERSON. Salt Lake City

NICHOLAS G. MORGAN, SR.. Salt Lake City

MRS. A. c. JENSEN, Sandy

JOEL E. RICKS, Logan

L. GLEN SNARR, Salt Lake City

(Ex-Officio

Member)

OFFICERS 1961-63

LAMONT F. TORONTO, Salt Lake City (Honorary

Life

Member)

j . GRANT IVERSON. President DELLO G. DAYTON, Vice-President

LEVI EDGAR YOUNG, Salt Lake City

EVERETT L . COOLEY, Secretary

ADMINISTRATION EVERETT L. COOLEY, Director

JOHN JAMES, JR., Librarian

F. T . JOHNSON. Records Manager, Archives MARGERY W. WARD. Associate Editor ROEERT w. INSCORE, Registrar, Military Records Section EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTIONS: The Society was or-

ganized essentially to collect, disseminate, and preserve important material pertaining to the history of the state. T o effect this end, contributions of historical items are solicited, such as diaries, journals, letters, and other writings

by Utahns; also original manuscripts by present-day writers o n any phase of Utah history. Treasured papers or manuscripts may be printed in faithful detail in the Quarterly without harm to diem, and without permanently removing them from their possessors.

Contributions for the consideration of the Publications Committee, and correspondence relating thereto, should be addressed to the Editor, Utah State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake City 2 , Utah.

The Editor assumes no responsibility for die return of unsolicited manuscripts unaccompanied by return postage.

The Utah State Historical Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to this publication.

MEMBERSHIP: Membership in the Society, which includes receipt of the Utah Historical Quarterly, is $4.00 per year. Life membership is $100.00, and a student membership is available at $2.00 per year. Membership is open to all.

Current issues of the Quarterly are available to non-members at $1.25 per copy.

Checks should be made payable to the Utah State Historical Society and mailed to the Editor, 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake City 2, Utah.

SPECIAL MEMBERSHIPS On January 30, 1960, the Board of Trustees of the Utah State Historical Society created three special categories of membership. The purpose of these memberships was to permit business firms or individuals to make donations, in the form of memberships, to further the cause of history.

The Society is always hampered by an insufficiency of funds â&#x20AC;&#x201D; particularly in carrying out special projects such as the editing and publishing of noteworthy diaries and manuscripts.

For those individuals and business firms who wish to support the special projects of the Society, they may do so through making tax-exempt donations on the following basis: Sustaining membership

$ 250.00

Patron membership

f 500.00

Benefactor membership

$1,000.00

These persons making contributions will be recognized at the Annual Dinner Meeting of the Society and will have their names listed annually on this page of the Quarterly.

We invite you to give consideration to this means of furthering Utah history.

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HISTORICAL

NOTES

DALE L. MORGAN Of interest and satisfaction to members of the Society is the recognition given to Mr. Dale L. Morgan (staff member of Bancroft Library) by the California Historical Society. On the evening of September 27, Mr. Morgan was presented the Henry R. Wagner Memorial Award for his outstanding contribution in historical publications. Specifically he was cited for his excellent editing and annotating of The Overland Diary of James A. Pritchard and California As I Saw It: The Diary of William McCollum.

While the award itself recognizes an author's works of the preceding two-calendar years, Mr. James D. Hart, acting director of the Bancroft Library who made the presentation, recounted the excellent historical work of Mr. Morgan, not the least of this being his numerous publications. Certainly there is no living author who has written so extensively and penetratingly on subjects which touch upon Utah's past.

In 1941 Mr. Morgan was primarily responsible for the production of Utah: A Guide to the State. In addition to this work he directed the Historical Records Survey carried on by the W.P.A. in Utah and personally wrote many of the historical sketches which appear in Utah's county records surveys. In 1942 The Humboldt, Highroad of the West was produced, which won very favorable reviews and comments.

During the war years Dale Morgan served in a defense post in Washington, D.C. Then at the close of the war, as a Guggenheim Fellow, he carried on his research of libraries throughout the nation, compiling a bibliography on Mormon literature. Thousands of listings were noted and are deposited with the Utah State Historical Society. It is hoped that this work can be updated and published as Dale Morgan's "Union Catalogue of Mormon Literature."

While this project was being carried on, Mr. Morgan was doing research and writing several other books. He has never discontinued this practice. At any given time he has several books at various stages of completion. Only his meticulous scholarship keeps him from rushing into print with a half-dozen books at the present time.

HISTORICAL

NOTES

193

But this is not Dale Morgan's method of publication. He is careful, thorough, and above all an interesting writer of history. His The Great Salt Lake led Bernard DeVoto to claim it was "the most interesting volume of the [Lake] series." Even more praise was heaped upon him for his Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West which appeared in 1953. More recently he has co-operated with Carl I. Wheat in a series of volumes entitled Mapping the Transmissippi West. Individually he has produced for Rand McNally a Pioneer Atlas of the American West.

Perhaps because of Dale Morgan's modesty and his reluctance to detract from the efforts of his friends, Mr. Hart in his award presentation speech failed to mention the very significant editorial work of Dale Morgan on several volumes published by the Utah State Historical Society. Volume XIX, Utah Historical Quarterly, West From Fort Bridger (1951) was largely the product of his efforts. This volume has been widely acclaimed for its scholarship. The two other volumes published by the Society, The Explorations of the Colorado River in 1869 (Volume XV), and The Explorations of the Colorado River and the High Plateaus of Utah in 1871-72 (Volumes XVI and XVII) are also products of his careful editorship.

For these many contributions to Utah's history, the Utah State Historical Society made Dale Morgan one of its first "Fellows" in 1960, and Utah can take pride in this most recent recognition which has been given to one of her native sons. We rejoice that the California Historical Society has given this award to our own Dale L. Morgan.

STATEHOOD DAY Utah has her Pioneer Day celebration, observed generally throughout the state. She gives proper observance to Independence Day through appropriate ceremonies. But Statehood Day is ignored, unknown, and uncelebrated. All this will soon be changed. For as a result of action taken at a recent meeting by the Board of Trustees of the Utah State Historical Society, this organization will henceforth sponsor a program for the proper observance of this important historical event.

Remember the day, January 4,1963; the Society will begin an annual program commemorating Utah's entry into the Union as the forty-fifth state.

HISTORY CONFERENCE On October 12, 1961, over three hundred people from all over the nation assembled for the "Conference on the History of Western Amer-

194

UTAH

HISTORICAL

QUARTERLY

ica," held in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The sessions dealt with a variety of western subjects.

An outgrowth of this conference was a determination that this type of meeting should continue on a regular basis. An organizational committee was established and a 1962 meeting scheduled for Denver, at which time a formal organization will be effected.

GIFTS TO T H E SOCIETY Several notable gifts of interest to scholars have come to the Society in the past few weeks.

Mrs. Helen Hackett Brown of Bountiful, Utah, presented the Society with a letter of considerable interest. It is in the handwriting of Jessie Benton Fremont and dated January 14, 1880, New York City.

Jessie Fremont draws a rather complete verbal picture of "our old friend 'Kit Carson' " for the benefit of an artist who was painting a likeness of the mountain man.

Readers of the Quarterly will remember some of the contributions to these pages by Hamilton Gardner. Colonel Gardner died recently, but through the interest and generosity of his son the research carried on by Hamilton Gardner will benefit scholars for years to come. Dr. James H. Gardner, of Alexandria, Virginia, has deposited with the Society his father's papers which consist of numerous unpublished manuscripts : "History of the 222d Field Artillery," "Utah Territorial Militia," "The Biography of Colonel Philip St. George Cooke," and other shorter items dealing widi different phases of Utah's military history. Numerous photographs, maps, microfilms, correspondence, and rough notes collected by Colonel Gardner, make up this noteworthy gift.

One of the fastest growing and most used facilities of the Society is its well-arranged photograph file. Practically all the photographs have come as gifts ranging in number from a single print or negative to as many as 1,500 mounted photographs.

In January of this year, the American Museum of Natural History of New York City, presented to the Society some eighteen albums containing 1,467 photographs taken between 1922-29 by Charles L. Bernheimer when he was carrying out explorations in southern Utah and northern Arizona for the American Museum. These views of geologic formations and Indian pictographs are a welcome addition to our photograph collection.

Willard R. Harwood also recently made a significant pictorial gift to the Society. His gift comprised twenty-seven glass-negative scenes of

HISTORICAL NOTES

195

Salt Lake City, taken about 1910. Some old landmarks still remain with us, but some have passed from view. One particularly interesting photograph shows one branch of City Creek spilling from an underground conduit to discharge its waters into an open bed at the corner of North Temple and Main streets.

We welcome all these gifts and invite other members to bring family diaries, letters, business day books, and old and new photographs to the Society. Here they will be protected and serve the cause of history.

UTAH

STATE

HISTORICAL

SOCIETY

BOARD OF TRUSTEES (Terms Expiring April 1, 1965) LELAND H. CREEK. Salt Lake City

(Terms Expiring April 1, 1963) j.

STERLING ANDERSON, Grantsville

DELLO G. DAYTON, O g d e n

RICHARD E. GILLIES. Cedar City

JACK GOODMAN. Salt Lake City

j . GRANT IVERSON. Salt Lake City*

NICHOLAS G. MORGAN, SR.. Salt Lake City

MRS. A. C. JENSEN, Sandy

JOEL E. RICKS, Logan

L. GLEN SNARR, Salt Lake City

(Ex-Officio Member)

OFFICERS 1961-63

LAMONT F. TORONTO, Salt Lake City

j . GRANT IVERSON. President

(Honorary life Member)

DELLO G. DAYTON, Vice-President

LEVI EDGAR YOUNG, Salt Lake City

EVERETT L. COOLEY. Secretary

ADMINISTRATION EVERETT L. COOLEY, Director

TOHN JAMES, JR., Librarian

F. T. JOHNSON, Records Manager, Archives MARGERY W. WARD. Associate Editor ROBERT w. INSCORE, Registrar, Military Records Section EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTIONS: The Society was or-

ganized essentially to collect, disseminate, and preserve important material pertaining to the history of the state. To effect this end, contributions of historical items are solicited, such as diaries, journals, letters, and other writings

by Utahns; also original manuscripts by present-day writers on any phase of Utah history. Treasured papers or manuscripts may be printed in faithful detail in the Quarterly without harm to diem, and widiout permanently removing them from their possessors.

Contributions for the consideration of the Publications Committee, and correspondence relating thereto, should be addressed to the Editor, Utah State Historical Society, 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake City 2, Utah.

The Editor assumes no responsibility for the return of unsolicited manuscripts unaccompanied by return postage.

The Utah State Historical Society assumes no responsibility for statements made by contributors to this publication.

MEMBERSHIP: Membership in die Society, which includes receipt of the Utah Historical Quarterly, is $4.00 per year. Life membership is $100.00, and a student membership is available at $2.00 per year. Membership is open to all.

Current issues of the Quarterly are available to non-members at $1.25 per copy.

Checks should be made payable to die Utah State Historical Society and mailed to die Editor, 603 East South Temple, Salt Lake City 2, Utah.

TENTH ANNUAL MEETING

Each year the Utah State Historical Society holds a banquet meeting to hear the report of the president of the Board of Trustees, to listen to an address by an outstanding scholar on an historical subject, and to witness the recognition of persons chosen for their contributions to the cause of Utah history.

On May 12, Reverend H. Baxter Liebler, missionary to the Navajo Indians at Bluff, Utah, will be the guest speaker. His years of study and life among the Indians qualify him to speak with authority on "The Social and Cultural Patterns of the Navajo Indians." President J. Grant Iverson will give the address of welcome and report on the Society's activities for the past year. Mr. L. Glen Snarr, chairman of the awards committee, will make the presentation of "Fellow" to two outstanding scholars and award one "Honorary Life Membership."

Reserve the date, May 12, Panorama Room, University of Utah Union.

UTAH

STATE

HISTORICAL

SOCIETY