Technique Magazine - June 1988 by USA Gymnastics

THE OFFICIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION OF THE UNITED STATES GYMNASTICS FEDERATION

June, 1988

PAID Permit No. 7867

India napoli s, Ind.

Vol. 8, No.2

June, 1988

Vol. 8, No.2

Inside This Issue 4- 6 McDonald's Challenge: USA/USSR Men's Report

By Robert Cowan USGF Men's Program Administrator

8-11 Biomechanics Of Release-Reg rasp Skills In Gymnastics

By Hardy Fink Department Of P.E. U. Of British Columbia

12 Giant Counterswing Straddleback To Handstand

By Gerald S. George USGF Director of Safety

By Gerald S. George USGF Director of Safety By Jim Holt Men's Head Coach U. Of Washington

CHANGE OF ADDRESS AND SUBSCRIPTION INQUIRIES: In order to ensure uninterrupted delivery of TECHNIQUE magazine, notice of change of address should be made six to eight weeks in advance. For fastest service, please enclose your present mailing label. Direct all subscription mail to TECHNIQUE SUBSCRIPTIONS, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN 46225. POSTMASTER: Send address change to TECHNIQUE, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN 46225. TECHNIQUE is published quarterly for $12.00 by the United States Gymnastics Federation, Pan American Plaza, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN 46225 (Phone: 317·237·5050). Third class postage paid at Indianapolis, IN . Subscription price: $12.00 per year in United States; all other countries $24.00 per year. Back issue single copies $2.00 plus $1 .00 postage/handling. All reasonable care will be taken, but no responsibility can be assumed for unsolicited material; enclose return postage. © 1987 by USGF and Technique. All rights reserved . Printed in USA.

Publisher Mike Jacki Education/Safety Editor Dr. Gerald George Production Michael G. Botkin

UNITED STATES GYMNASTICS FEDERATION BOARD OF DffiECTORS

Executive Director: Mike Jacki; President: Mike Donahue; President Emeritus: Bud Wilkinson ; Athletic Representatives: Lydia Bree, Thrn Beach, Peter Vidmar, Linda Kardos Barnett, Larry Gerard, Kathy Johnson, Brian Babcoc k, Kelly

Garrison Steves; Amateur Athletic Union: JulIe S lc~els; American Sokol Organization: Norma Zabka; Ameri<:an Turners: David Barthold ; Junior Boys GymnastIcs Coaches Association: Rich Boccia· Men's Elite Coaches Association: Jim Howard· Nationa.1 Association for Girls and Women in Sports: D; Mi.llu Murray; National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Men: Fred Roethlisberger; National Association of Collegiate Gymnastics Women: Judi Avener; National Collegiate Athletic ABso.eiation: Sylvia Moore, Gail Davis, Nancy Latimore, Dave Ml~k~lson; National Federation of State High School AsSOCIations: Sharon \v~ch, Susan 1lue; National Gymnastics Judges Association: Harry Bjerke; National High School ~ym. nastics Coaches Association: John Brinkworth; National Jewish Welfare Board: Courtney Shanken ; Rhythmic Coaches Association: Pauline David; Special Olympics, Inc.: Kate Faber; U.S. Association of Independent Gym Clubs: Ed Knepper' U.S. Elite Coaches Association for Women: Roe Kruet~er; U.S. Sports Acrobatics ~dera· tion: Thorn Blalock; Young Men's Christian AsSOCIation: Cliff Lothery.

UNITED STATES GYMNASTICS FEDERATION EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President: Mike Donahue; Secretary: Judi Avener; Vice President-,W omen: Sue Anunerman; Vice President· Men: Jim Howard; Executive Director: Mike Jacki; FIG Women's Technical Committee: Jackie Fie; FIG Rhythmic Technl· cal Committee: Andrea Sclunid' FIG Men's Technical Committee: Bill Roetzheim; Members-At.Large: Mike Mill· donis, Roe Kruetzer; Athlete Representatives: Kathy John· son, Peter Vidmar, Larry Gerard , Ly dia Bree; President Emeritus: Bud Wilkinson.

Associat. Content Editors SPORTS MEDICINE COMMITTt:t: Merrill A . Ritter, M .D .

SAFETY COMMITIEE Dr. Man: Rabinoff EDUCATION COMMITfEE

FIG BULLETIN If you would like to subscribe to the FIG BULLETIN, please indicate your interest in writing by JANUARY 31, 1988. Due to the fluctuating currency exchange, the subscription price has not been determined. Last years price was $25.00. Send requests to: John Hewett, 201 S. Capitol Ave., Suite 300, Indianapolis, IN 46225. 2

Dr. Garland Q'Quinn

BIOMECHANICS COMMITfEE Dr. Marlene Adrian, Director SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY COMMITfEE Dr. Keith Henschen, Ph .D . EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY COMMITfEE Dr. rat Eisenman, Ph .D . Unless expressly Identified to the contrary. all articles, s tatemen lS and views prin(ed herein are auributed soley to the autho r and the United

5ra(es Gymnasrics Federa(ion expresses n o opin· ion thereon and assumes no re sponsibi li( y thereof.

Technique

1988 McDonald's U.S. Gymnastics Championships ROAD*TO

July 7-10

The Road to Seoul SED U L MCMLXXXVIII begins in Houston Don't miss this exciting national championship competition which also serves as a qualifying meet for the 1988 Olympic Games just two months away!! ~,~ ~'

...

...............

s" '-s 垄LJ'S

Good Seats Still Available

庐

us. GYMNASTICS

U.S. GY11NASTICS FEDERATION

FEDERATION

TICKET INFORMATION

The Summit

Tickets available at all Rainbow Ticketmaster and Ticketron outlets. To order tickets by phone, call Ticketron at 713路526-1709, Mastercard or Visa only. For more information, call The Summit 713-961路9003. Tickets available by mail: The Summit, Dept. T, 10 Greenway Plaza, Houston, TX 77046. All-session passes are available. Ask about special discounts.

COMPETITION SCHEDULE Thursday, July 7 Friday, July 8 Saturday, July 9

Sunday, July 10

Women's Compulsories Men's all-around Finals - session I Men's all-around Finals - sesssion II Women's all-around Finals Jr. women's allaround Finals Men's & women's event Finals

7 PM 7 PM 2 PM 8 PM 10 AM 2 PM

Men's Report: USA-USSR Dual Meet By Robert Cowan USGF Men's Program Administrator ny objections the Men 's Program Committee had voiced about competing with the Soviet Un ion due to lack of opportunity to learn, were erased April 23 during the McDonald 's Challenge : USA/USSR competition. With excellent training sessions both before and after the competitions, with the use of compulsory exercises to pick the USA squad and with the genuine cooperativeness and friendliness of the Soviet coaches, judges and athletes , this was a great step in our preparations for September in Seoul. In an interview with a Phoenix paper, Alexei Tikhonkikh, the Soviet great who became the alternate at this year's event was quoted as saying "gymnastics is serious fun." There are volumes in that one simple sentence . The Soviets do not seem burdened by the moral conscience of most Americans . In other words, they never thought twice about making every effort to win every event, every medal. The U.S.'s highest finish was a fourth place final tally in compulsories by Dan Hayden and a fifth place finish in optionals by Scott Johnson . Yet , even then the Soviets seemed unsatisfied with the results . Not the cold, uncaring automatons the press and other athletes have portrayed them to be , we witnessed Leonid Archaev, the Soviet national coach wrestling with Yuri Korolev twotime world all-around champion and all-around champion of the 1988 USAUSSR dual meet. The Soviets enjoyed meeting the L.A. Lakers, and they genuinely enjoyed laying around the pool soaking up Arizona rays and signing autographs for the young female groupies which inundated the hotel. It is always difficult to equate how realistic scores are in a dual meet, as the usual games are played . The Soviet judges did not write down one thing, rather watched as interested tourists the routines and then flashed

After finishing third in the NCAA Championship meet the week before, Kevin Davis came into the McDonald's Challenge: USA/USSR and gave a consistent performance. Above he executes his compulsory rings dismount. (All USGF photos ÂŠ 1988, by Dave Black)

a score, sometimes with apparent signals of ear touching, head genuflection or other attempts to communicate. However, in the opinion of all who were involved, the scoring was very accurate in an international way. Certainly higher than the USA, but one the less realistic in terms of international scoring . COMPULSORY SESSION

he USA improved the compulsory team score from Rotterdam by almost 7 points and even if this as doubly more than realistic , 3.5 in Rotterdam would have moved the team up four places . Overall , the

USA has improved tremendously but still notably deficient in several areas. Some of these areas are simple to correct and hopefully with the input of Abie Grossfield, Mas Watanabe and the knowledge gained from studies of the films of the Soviets, this will be done by September. Floor Exercise-The biggest differ" ence here is the rhythm with which the Soviets work. The U.S.'s backhandsprings appeared to be shorter and choppier than the Soviets. Also, the extension of the legs, toe point, and the power into and out of certain skills and entire passes was more noticeable. Other areas : The Soviet's planche down to the splits from the handstand; they are more erect with their posture Technique

Tom Schlesinger, who was recently the recipient of the 1987 Nissen Award, was part of an overall good performance by the American squad against the Soviet Union.

and U.S. scales are piked somewhat, where theirs are fully extended . Pommel Horse-The most noticeable difference here appeared to be Soviets swinging bigger than the Americans. Also, the Soviets were more square before and after skills. In other words, each skill looked finished. It had a definite beginning and ending , where the USA skills appeared hurried, cut off and even shrunk. This "BIG" swing appears to come from swinging higher (from the chest) and their shoulder flexibility seemed very apparent on this event. Also, they are looking further out when they swing. NOT UP, but out. In other words, if a gymnast of equal height from the hands to the head were swinging, their focal point might be 7 feet from the horse, and the Soviets might be 9 or 10 feet from the horse. Also, when their legs are split, they are "VERY" split. I feel this is strength, not flexibility which allows them to carry the split position through the skills. Still Rings-This is probably the event where the biggest difference

shows up, both compulsory and optional. Notable differences: the strength in the front lever; the straddle "L" was not held, but simply shown VERY well ; the swing in the front giant was not labored, but very quick ; they do use wide arm bails, even though we are told these are to be deducted; the swing through handstand positions was very precise and definite with a infinitesimal pause prior to dropping or bailing; their inlocate was more like a giant rather than a backrise hand and their entire swing was bigger or rounder, not elliptical. Vaulting-The big difference here was the apparent opening of the vault prior to landing. However, of the six guys who jumped, there were at least three different and noticable techniques. However, the best vaults demonstrated a tuck, then an opening through a pike in the chest, then a. definite pike , then a stretch, then a stick on the landing. There was an ex-

Curtis Holdsworth was part of the U.S. ef'fort which was the closest event between the two teams.

Technique

treme FAST opening of the legs. The best example of the manner in which the body opened is a New Year's Eve noisemaker which rolls out when air is blown into out and then curls up when finished. Parallel Bars-This was the event, where the U.S. is closest to the Soviets. Highlights of the Soviet 's routine were: a. jump to near 45 degrees on the mount b. mount with straight arms near handstand c. double leg cut is LOW and locks in with NO movement. U.S . is high and sometimes the kids dip (0.1-0 .2) d. straight arm peaches, EVERYONE e. back rise hand into the pirouette is smoother, faster and totally nonappearing to have strength . The Soviets keep their chest down or "in" on this skill. Horizontal Bar-The biggest differences here are that the Soviets hit EVERY handstand possible in the routine. It appeared that their swing is more elliptical at the ending of each skill, rather than circular. For example, on the weiler kip, it stalls at the top then kips in . It almost looked like parallel bar swinq . Also, the dismount is a mid5

It was nice to see Tim Daggett back and competing during the closed compulsory session. For his pommel horse routine Daggett scored a 9.75.

saito twist. The Soviets set off the bar, twist, spot the floor for brief instant and then stick. In an interview with the New York Times, the reporter asked if I thought our team was intimidated or scared . It answered firmly and with conviction, "NO". However, after a few of our guys had committed errors and knew that they were going to be knocked out of the optionals, the wind appeared to go out of them. This bothered me. As a team, every man has to compete 100 percent, regardless of whether his personal goals are no longer attainable. The Men's Program Committee had made this event a qualifying meet and ALL who went into optionals qualified. back kip to "L". Press to handstand, back giant, back giant, guczoghy, whippet, swing h.s.; Layout full out, OPTIONAL SESSION The optional session was one of the stick. Vaulting was another event in which best in which the USA has appeared since 1983, when the USA beat the the U.S. competed very well (0.7 behind the Soviets) but how realistic this Soviets in Florida. Starting on floor exercise, the USA would be in the Olympics or World team hit all six routines with only a line Championships is uncertain. Two fault deduction for Kevin Davis who did vaults are 9.4 vaults and yet received a 112 turn prone out of bounds. Valeri 9.65 and 9.55 respectively. Also, Mike Ljukin attempted this famous triple and Rice and Korolev did the same air-walk opened early and earned 9.45. Korolev layout Tsuk with the noticeable differwent 10.0 with a great routine and Ar- ence being Korolev's form, distance temov was second at 9.9. Team score and the fact that it is really a 9.4 vault after floor was USSR-49.20 and USA which scores 9.90! With the code hav48.30. The 0.90 difference was about ing 4 vault tables (8.7,9.0,9.3 and 9.6) the I:J.S. better have all 9.6 vaults in the what had been expected. Pommel Horse was the best event future . Parallel Bars continues to be an of the night for the Americans with all six men hitting and Belozerchev falling event where the U.S. needs to spend on on his 4th D! The difference in team a lot of time. Not only on technique, score was 0.20 and the USA was 1.1 difficulty and swing, but also on preparing the bars. It took as long as one behind after two events. Still Rings as mentioned earlier is minute per gymnast to prepare the the U.S.'s nemesis as the U.S. simply rails. This needs to be cut down to does not have the strength and Soviets 20-30 seconds very soon. Chaplin led and other nations have. They are ex- off for the USA and broke on his setremely strong , despite being so thin. cond healey, receiving a 9.1 . KorobTheir arm muscles are almost un- chinsky went 9.8 for the first Soviet noticeable. They give the appearance routine, and Holdsworth (USA) took of having swimmer's smooth muscle. steps on his dismount to go 9.45. The exception is of course, Belozer- Novikov went 9.85, Rice answered chev who is built like a freight train . with a stuck set at 9.65. Korolev and However, the USA dropped only 0.85 Davis went 9.9 and 9.85 respectively. to the Soviets as the team performed The scores continue to see-saw back extremely well , hitting all routines and and forth with the Soviets always getwith few steps on dismounts. Lyukin ting a 0.1 more. In all, the Soviets and Belozerchev tied at 9.95 but Lyu- defeated the U.S. by 0.925 on this kin's routine was the best. Back kip to event. All together the meet lasted 3'/2 planche, bounce to cross (flawless), hours and unlike the China dual meet

in 1985 which went five hours, this one was friendly in appearance. Most notable routine was Belozerchev's 10.0 performance of Straddle cut mount, flairs to straddle planche, straight arm peach to glide, swing to handstand, healey, back stutz, but to "L", Pressback toss, back toss, pike double STICK. Horizontal Bar was a great finale with the only break being Mike Rice missing a yeager and scoring 9.25. The Soviets outdistanced the Americans by 0.85 and scored two 10's, a 9.95, a 9.90 and 9.85. The USA high score was Dan Hayden at 9.90 with a great routine, much improved on the Kovacs and a step on the dismount. Notable routine was Korolev who mounted stemme piroutte, 1 arm giant, 1 arm tkachev, kip change to jam to inverts (2), yeager, kip hop and layout 1/1 out. Final score was USSR-295.65 and USA 291.175. A major improvement and considering that Tom Schlesinger and Charles Lakes were not in the line-up also gives hope to increased improvement by the Olympic Games. A goal has to be for the USA to finish in the top six in compulsories and hopefully hang on to stay in the top six. The U.S. MUST improve over the past two international efforts which results in a 9th place finish. Finally, it was good to see Tim Daggett up working (he did pommel horse in the compulsory meet) and aSSisting Head Coach Fred Roethlisberger and Bill Meade in the optional meet. Technique

Insure your success with the nation's strongest program of gymnastics memberships to insure your club your staff and your students.

New Quarterly Fee Reductions

***

New Non-Gymnastics Coverage Available to Member Clubs

***

Trampoline Coverage Included

***

Master Policy Based on June 1 to June 1 Year

2 D

***

Liability & Medical Benefits for your club,

CLUB MEMBERSHIP PROGRAMS

100% CLUB MEMBERSHIP

Add members to your club insurance by name as they join your club.

*** *** One fee for all, reduced in

No minimum number to join quarterly increments for those joining your club later during the policy year.

***

PEAK ENROLLMENT MEMBERSHIP

No reporting of names. Fees based on highest number of staff and students during your peak month of year.

*** Reduced rate*** for age 6 and under *** Fees based upon quarter in which your club joins program. ***

100 student minimum

your staff and students include: • $1,000,000 Comprehensive General Liability Coverage • $50,000 Excess Accident Medical Benefit ($250 deductible) • $10,000 Accidental Death and Dismemberment Coverage • Lifetime Catastrophic Medical Insurance Program • Owners, Landlords and Tenants Liability Coverage • Hired and Non-Owned Auto Liability • Personal Injury Liability • Independent Contractors Coverage • Extended Bodily Injury Liability Coverage • Premises Medical Payments For more information on these outstanding Club Membership programs, call or write. USGF Member Services Pan American Plaza Suite 300 201 South Capitol Indianapolis, IN 46225 1-800-345-4719

The Biomechanics Of Release - Regrasp Skills In Gymnastics By Hardy Fink Department of Physical Education University of British Columbia he recent evolution of release skill on horizontal bar has generated considerable interest in how each of these skills is performed . It has also somewhat concealed the fact that release skills are regularly performed on various other men's and women 's apparatus. The profusion of release and reg rasp skills in gymnastics has been so extensive that it would require volumes to describe and explain them all. It is far better to thoroughly understand the few underlying principles and then apply them to the study of existing skills of interest or possible innovations. As the name "release-regrasp" suggests each of these skills has several parameters each of which must be understood: 1. Release phase 2. Flight phase 3. Regrasp phase

Release Phase The most important determinant in th ~ successful performance of these skills is the "Release phase" or, perhaps more precisely, the "moment of release. " It is during that phase and at that moment that each of these critical parameters is decided. 1. Trajectory and path of the centre of gravity a) angle of release (of C. of G.) b) possible angle of regrasp (of C. of G.) c) vertical velocity d) horizontal velocity e) height f) distance g) direction 2. Time in the air 3. Angular momentum of the body a) moment of inertia about the axes b) angular velocity Even without discussing these parameters in depth (many of them are interrelated) it follows that if a performance error is identified as involving anyone of them , then the error was made during the "release phase." Most of the errors that we attempt to correct in the "flight phase" are only symptoms of a release error. In all cases that release error is one of incorrect force application because the characteristics of the ap8

plied force (magnitude, direction, point and/or time of application) during the "release phase" completely determine the characteristics of the subsequent "flight phase." More specifically - and this will become clear in the ensuing discussion - three biomechanical concepts are crucial to the "release phase." These are: 1. Transfer of angular momentum 2. Action - reaction 3. Reaction force These three are interrelated in the sense that the existence of one implies the existence, usually, of the others. For this discussion the interaction of these three concepts requires external contact - in fact only "action-reaction" of the three can occur without external contact. 1. Transfer of angular momentum A strong flexion or extension at the hips (for example) creates considerable angular momentum (AM) in the legs. If the legs are then suddenly stopped it can be said that AM will be transferred to the total body. 2. Action-reaction Assuming the body is free of external forces or of external contact then a strong action (i.e ., lifting the legs (hip flexion) will have the effect of causing the torso also to flex towards the legs as a reaction. 3. Reaction force In external support situations the reaction to the action (i.e ., lifting the legs) is restrained because of the contact. This will cause a force to be applied in the direction of expected reaction at the contact point or surface. The contact surface responds with a reaction force in a direction opposite to the applied force . All "release-reg rasp" skills can and should be analyzed during the release phase according to the interplay of these three concepts as the following examples should illustrate: The Tkatchev This contemporary skill , though conceived in 1969 and first performed in 1975 is still of considerable interest and is still poorly understood. Prior to discussing the critical components necessary for success it should be mentioned that the swing parameters must be optimized . 1. The Tkatchev is initiated with a strong extenstion at the hips (leg extension, frames 2-4). This relates back to the three concepts as follows: Technique

â&#x20AC;˘

)

â&#x20AC;˘

a) The strong leg extension introduces a component of angular momentum in the forward rotating direction. When the extension stops just prior to release at about frame 7 or 8 that component of angular momentum is transferred to the whole body in the desirable forward direction. b) The strong leg extension results in a concommittant hyper extension (reaction) in the upper body and arms. This reaction however is restrained by the contact with the bar and serves therefore as a downward force on the bar. c) The downward force on the bar is accompanied by the desired upward reaction force of the bar at the point of contact (the hands) . This serves to raise the body of the gymnast vertically and also, because it is applied far from the centre of gravity, serves as a torque which causes forward rotation during the "flight phase." The Jaeger The Jaeger saito was first performed internationally in 1974 in the form shown below: 1. The Jaeger similarly to the Tkatchev, is initiated with a strong leg extension at the hips (frames 3-6). Again this relates to the three identified "release" concepts as follows:

Technique

a) The strong leg extension introduces a component of angular momentum in the forward rotating direction. When the extension stops (around frame 6) that component of angular momentum is transferred to the whole body in the desired forward direction. b) The strong leg extension is accompanied by the reaction of an upper body extension but this is restrained by the contact with the bar, and therefore acts as an approximately upward directed force against the bar. c) The force applied against the bar as a result of the reaction to the leg extension action results in the bar exerting an equal and opposite reaction force: In this case directed downward. Since it acts far from the centre of gravity it serves as a torque which gives the body additional forward angular momentum during the flight phase . Flight Phase The flight phase in all skills including the Tkatchev and the Jaeger is relatively easy to understand because all of the parameters critical to success have been determined during the release phase. In most cases, and it is evident in these two skills ,

GYMNASTICS SAFETY

SECg

l\LWAYS VIDEO

n an effort to upgrade safety awareness in the gymnastics community, the United States Gymnastics Federation has developed a safety video, that gives athletes, coaches and club owners easy and enjoyable method of disseminating safety informa tion. Featuring Olympic gold medalist Bart Conner and Peter Vidmar, along with silver medalist Kathy Johnson, Abie Grossfeld, Greg Marsden, Judy Avener and Bela Karolyi. Truely a state of the art method to teach gymnastic safety and awareness . Delivered price: $29.95 to USGF Members* $39.95 to non-members *Please provide membership number to receive discount. Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State _ _ Zip _ _ _ __ Ph one Order #

Qty.

2601

Total

Description

Safety Video Member Non Member

$29.95 $39.95

To tal Amount

the body should be relatively stretched at the moment of release (large moment of inertia). This permits the body to be piked and straddled in the air which causes an increase in the angular velocity of the gymnast such that the skills (which both require considerable forward rotation) can be completed. Regrasp Phase If the skill has been performed well then the gymnast will have time to stretch again prior to contact (frame 19 Tkatchev; frame 12 Jaeger). This has the effect of slowing down the speed of rotation (angular velocity) and allowing the gymnast to control the reg rasp and to reduce the jerk often seen after a regrasp.

II gymnastics skills that involve a "release phase" or a "takeoff phase" should be analyzed in tis manner in order to understand how the skill should be performed. Some practice with sequence photos or drawings should help coaches become proficient at this form of analysis. It is possible to work backward or forward in the process of analysis. For instance working backward, one can determine that it is important to generate forward rotation and then identify the reaction force that will serve as a forward torque; then the force applied to which the apparatus reacted; then the reaction of the body that created the applied force; then the action to which the "contact end" of the body reacted. In most cases this action also serves to transfer angular momentum in the desired direction to the body. Working forwards one can follow the steps as illustrated here for the Tkatchev and the Jaeger. Many of the present generation of "release and regrasp" skills and all of the next generation of such skills will require maximum reaction forces from the apparatus. To create these the initial body action (i.e., hip extension, etc.) must be maximally strong and must create maximum angular momentum (fast and stretched!). Stated in another way: For each of the three concepts of transfer of angular momentum, action-reaction and reaction force the gymnast must be able to generate enough power (fast force) in the major muscle groups and to do this with maximum extention of body parts (good form). To achieve these results it is important for the gymnasts to have undergone excellent physical and technical preparation. It is not the impressive "flight phases" that are difficult; it is generating correct forces in the "release phase" that is. Only by concentrating on and understanding that phase can our frequent "fright" elements become the flight elements we desire.

For credit card only, call

(317)-237-5060

USGF Merchandise P.O . Box 5562 Indianapolis, IN 46255-5562

VISA 0 MasterCard

Card Number _ _ _ _ _ __ My card expires _ _ _ _ _ __

Technique

Thesday & Wednesday, June 14 & 15, 1988 East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania - 7:00-1O:00pm both evenings International Gymnastics Center Course Director: Dr. Gerald George 318-988-1220 Local Contact: Bruno Klaus - 717-629-0244 This course will be conducted concurrent with the 1988 USGF International Coaching Summit. Send registrations to the USGF address listed below.

u.s. GYMNASTICS FEDERATION

SAFETY CERTIFICATION TESTING Everyone Needs To Be Safety Certified 1. Promotes a safer teachinsneaming enviroriment. 2. Reduces insurance premIUms. 3. Identifies your commitment to your profession, your sport and your athletes. 4. Implementation of stricter safety practices will help reduce the chances of accidents and/or injunes. 5. Helps in membership recruitment.

General Points of Information

1. The text book for the Certification Course is the USGF GYMNASTICS SAFETY MANUAL. This text/reference manual is to be purchased and studied prior to course participation. 2. The course will take approximately six hours, including the test. 3. The Course fee is $100.00 (retest cost is $25.00). 4. Certification is good for four years .

Participation Registration Form Name: Mr.lMrs.lMs. Address: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ City: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State:c--_ _ _ _ _ __ Telephone: ...,(Hc.O.)L-_ _ _ _ _.I. O(B:. L)_ _ _ _ __ Course Director: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Course Location: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _D=a.!..::te:..:..:_ __ Organization Represented: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ If USGF Member, List Type and Number: _ _ __ Form of Payment: Check

Visa

Mastercard _ _ __

Name on Card: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Number: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ Expiration Date: _ _ Signature: _ _ _ __ __ Please make checks payable in fu ll to: USGF SAFETY CERTIFICATION Mail Registra tion Form and Payment to Respective Course Contact. '~O

NOT WRITE BELOW THIS LINE -

FOR OFFICE USE ONLY'

Registration Form Received : _ _ _ _ _ __ __ Confirmation Mailed: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Saturday, July 9, 1988 Houston, Thxas - 9:00am-5:00pm Stouffers Greenway Plaza Hotel 6 Greenway Plaza East Houston, TX 77046 713-629-1200 This course will be carried out concurrent with the 1988 USGFlMcDonald's US Gymnastics Championships by several USGF National Certifiers. Send registrations to the USGF address listed below. Thursday, July 14, 1988 VIrginia Beach, VIrginia - 2:00-9:00pm Pavillion Thwers - 800"468-2224 Course Director: Cathy Finkel - 201-263-1534 Course Contact: Geri Johnston - 201-762-5222 This course will be conducted concurrent with the Region VII Mini CongresslNAWGJ Regional Symposium. Sunday, July 17, 1988 Harrisonburg, VIrginia - l:00-8:00pm James Madison University Goodwin Hail, Room 106 James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA 22807 Course Director: Scott Gauthier - 703-568-3684 Sunday, September 11, 1988 St. Louis, Missouri - 12:00n-7:00pm Double 'free Hotel 16625 Swingly Ridge St. Louis, MO Course Director: Ray Overmann - 314-569-1179 Local Contact: Pam Weber - 314-569-1179 This course will be conducted in conjunction with the Mid-West Coaches Conference. Thursday, October 13 & Sunday, October 16, Anaheim, California Anaheim Hilton and Thwers 777 Convention Way Anaheim, CA 92802-3497 714-750-4321 These courses will be conducted by several USGF National Certifiers during the USGF National Congress. Please send registrations to: USGF Department of Safety Pan American Plaza Suite 300 201 South Capitol Indianapolis, Indiana 46225 317 -237 -5050

Dates, Times and Locations will all be listed in USA GYMNASTICS and USGF TECHNIQUE. They can also be checked by calling the USGF Department of Safety and Education at (317) 237-5050

Giant Counterswing Straddleback To Handstand Gerald S. George, Ph.D. U.S.G.F. Director of Safety E-F-G-H A-B-C

Keep Wrists Flat. Do not arch (hyperextend) wrists onto top of bar. Keep wrists aligned with forearms. Complete 9/10's of a Giant Swing. Body sequentially unfolds from a hollowed shape into a straight-line shape and arrives just short of top-dead-center. Drive Heels into a Slightly Arched Total Body Shape. Maintain eye contact with bar. Quickly Hollow in Shoulder/Chest Area and Slip-Grip. Notice the "pronounced" overgrip reg rasp (E).

COD D-E

H-I-J

K-L-M

GRID O.1ANGÂŁ,

Extend Total Body into a Slightly Arched Shape. Hollow the Body in a Progressive Sequence. First bend at hip jOints, then lumbar, then trunk and finally at the shoulder jOints. Straddle Laterally and NOT Frontally. Maintain for-downward push (tension) against bar. Release-Regrasp Must Be Instantaneous. Quickly reach for and reg rasp lower rail as legs continue to straddle laterally en route to a straight-line body shape. Attain Fully Extended Body Shape in Handstand Position.

AT ÂŁ,

Giant Counterswing Straddleback to Handstand

Technique

GD.ID CWANGE.

G,QIP

c...

TWI~

· lNLARGlMlNTS 5WOW QIGI-lT WAND WSAD.ING TWO FING('R DOLL GRIP

NOT TUI.:J

•

scrl- e ;f!

TeChniqUe gives the gymnastics professional, as well as the enthusiast, a clear jump on the rest of the community. As you know, education in our fast-paced sport is essential to the development of a safe and effective program. Technique gives you that vital information. Take advantage of this most important resource . Subscribe today. Please enter my subscription immediately.

Enclosed is $12 check or money order for 4 issues

~*' ~rf$'~

~%'

r*,

fh.

.& ~~&..&.i.W'&~ U.&:d THE OFFICIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION OF THE UNITED STATES GYMNASTICS FEDERATION

Name Address City, State, Zip Phone Check one 0 Gymnast/Age __ Parent 0 Coach 0 Other _ _

USGF Department of Education & Safety Pan American Plaza Suite 300 201 South Capitol Ave. Indianapolis, IN 46225

~rn~[iJu CALENDAR EVENT SCHEDULE (Dates & Events subject to change or cancellation)

1988

14-16 18-19 21-28 23-26 24-26 TBA

June International Coaches Summit Stroudsburg , PA Atlanta , GA U.S. Classic Nationals (W) Moncada Cup (M/w) Santiago City, Cuba JR/SR Training Camp Classic Qualifier (W) TBA Junior Olympic Boys Nationals (M) Albuquerque, NM Canadian Classic (W) Canada

July 1-2 Princess Grace Cup (R) Monaco 1-8 Jr. Pan American Games (M/w/R) Puerto Rico 5-12 Rhythmic Coaches/ Marquette, MI Judges Clinic 7-10 McDonald 's U.S. Gymnastics Houston, TX Champs (M/w) 14-17 Region VII MiniCongress Virginia Beach, VA 14-19 1989-92 Jr. Olympic Compulsory Routine Filming Indianapolis, IN 19-26 SR Elite Training Camp (R) Marquette, MI 26-Aug 2 JR Elite Training Camp (R) Marquette, MI 29-Aug 7 Olympic Trials (M/w/R) Salt Lake City, UT TBA Women's Training Camp Indianapolis, IN

2-9 5-7 9-16 13 13-18

August Class I Training Camp (R) Marquette, MI JR. International Invitational (M/w) Cuba Class II Training Camp (R) Marquette, MI JeHerson Pilot Olympic Promotion Charlotte , NC 10-12 J.O. Boys Colorado Springs , CO Cam~

14-26

Jr. Boys Development Camp Colorado Springs, CO 14-Sep 6 Men 's Olympic Team Camp (M) Indianapolis, IN 14-Sep 6 Women 's Olympic Team California Camp (W) 16-23 Class III Training Camp (R) Marquette, MI 26-Sep 3 JR . National Team Camp Colorado Springs , CO

26-Jan 3 Jr. Boys National Testing & Training Colorado Springs, CO 26-Jan 4 National Team Training Camp(R) TBA ·BAGA International TBA Tournament (M/w) London, England TBA • JR/SR Training CampClassic Qualifiers (W) TBA

1989 September 11 -15 FIG Congress 17-0ct 2 Olympic Games (M/w/R)

3-15 13-16 29-30

October Wacoal Cup (R) USGF National Congress Konica Cup Rhythmic Int'! Invitational

Seoul, Korea Seoul, Korea

·9 Tokyo, Japan Anaheim , CA Springfield, MA

TBA TBA TBA

November SR Nat'! Team Coaches TBA Training Camp (W) Junior Boys Development Camp Colorado Springs, CO • Swiss Cup (M/w) Switzerland ·Chunichi Cup (M/w) Japan • Brazil Cup Brazil

2-4

December DTB Poka Cup (M/w)

4-6 5-23

·4-5

Stuttgart, W. Germany 2-8 Pacific Alliance Championships China SR Nat'l Team Training . 9-12 Camp (W) TBA 11 -18 FIG Men's 7th Int'I Judges Course Magglingen, Swit. 15-18 Senior National Team Training Camp (M) Colorado Springs, CO 24..Jan 1 Israel Cup (M) Jerusalem, Israel

TBA USSR TBA

TBA TBA 13-15 14-15 ·28-30 TBA TBA TBA

19-22 20-21

March McDonald 's American Cup (M/w) • Fairfax , VA McDonald's Int'I Mi xed Pairs (M/w) TBA • USSR International Tournaments (M/w) Moscow/Leningrad , • Austrailian Games (M/w)

Melbourne, Australia

April U.S. Rhythmic Gymnast ics Champs (R) TBA American Classic TBA Nationals (W) NCCA National Championships (M) TBA NCAA National Championships (W) TBA McDonald 's Challenge TBA USA vs USSR ·World Sports Fair (M/w) Tokoyo, Japan Int'I Tournament of Champions (M/w) Cottbus , GDR Coupe D'Excelience (M) Montreal, Canada May 1989-92 JR Olympic Compulsory Workshop (W) Terre Haute, IN SR. Elite Regionals (M) Various Sites

Microcomputer software for gymnastiCS scoring, written exclusively for the United states Gymnastics Federation. • For IBM and IBM 100% comparable microcompurers (wirh 2 fl oppy disc drives or hard drive) • Handles 60 reams and 999 gymnasrs percomperirion • All USGF Jr. Olympic age group divisions • Compulsory Only or Compulsory/Opriona l com peri rions • Team sco ring • All-Around Resulrs page includes all gymnas rs ' placings on all events • Configured for your hardware • Program suppon and service provided by 110 Darabasics on all sales

o o

Women's Version 1.0 (Order# 3011) . $325.00 Men's Version 1.0 (Order# 3021) . .. $325.00 All priffS inrind, shipping and handling

r--------------USGF Merchandise P.O. Box 5562 India napo lis, IN 46255-5562

I I I I

Name _______________________________________

Add ress,______________________________________ C iry, Srare, Zi p ------------------_____________ Phone _____________________________________ Compurer make ____________ model _____________ Pri mer make _______________ model _____________

o o

Fo r c redir card on ly, call Visa M as rerCard 317/237-5060 Card Number ____________________ Exp . _____

Technique

THE ROAD TO SEOUL STARTS IN SALT LAKE PRE

SEN

u.s. OLYMPIC

GYMNASTICS TRIALS JULY 29 THROUGH AUGUST 6,1988 ee the best of America in the Salt Palace as Salt Lake City hosts the top 60 Olympic hopefuls. A men's and women's gymnastics team, along with a rhythmic gymnastics team, will be selected to go for the gold as the United States Olympic Gymnastics Team in Seoul, Korea! Gymnasts will compete in a broad variety of events, induding floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vaulting, parallel bars, horizontal bar, balance beam, and uneven parallel bars. In addition, enjoy the elegance of rhythmic gymnasts competing for a spot on the Olympic squad.

SCHEDULE OF EVENTS: Rhythmic Preliminaries .... July 29 Rhythmic Finals .......... July 30 Practice Days .. . . ... August 1 & 2 Men's Compulsories . . ... August 3 Women's Compulsories .. August 4 Men's Finals . . . ........ August 5 Women's Finals .... . . .. August 6 Note: Tentative schedule - dates may VIII)'.

FOR TICKETS: 1-8Q0.888-SHOW TICKET INFORMATION: 1-801-363-7681 HEADQUARTERS: Little America Hotel 1-800-453-9450 VISITOR INFORMATION: 1-8Q0.831-4332

HOSTED BY:

United States Gymnastics Federation

Giant Swing To One-Half Turn Gerald S. George, Ph.D. U.S.G.F. Director of Safety A-B-C

C-O-E-F

F-G

G-H-I-J-K

Maintain Fully Extended StraightLine Body Shape. The total body unit maintains full extension for as long as possible during the descent phase. Hollow the body in a Progressive Sequence. First bend at hip joints (0), then lumbar (E), and finally in the upper back region (F). Progressively bend the body only as much as is necessary to clear the lower rail. Drive Heels into a Slightly Arched Total Body Shape. This rapid body shape change should be achieved just as the feet clear the lower rail. Quickly Accelerate Feet Through the Bottom and into the Upswing. Body forcefully moves into a hollowed shape by a vigorous foot-lead action. This is accomplished by first bending at hip joints (I), then lumbar (J), and finally in the upper back region (K). The total body should be positioned slight-

Iy to the side of the intended direction of turn. However the actual initiation of the turn should not as yet have occurred. Body Extends INTO the One-Half Turn. First the body begins to extend (sequentially unfold) from its hollowed shape and then the one-half turn is initiated by using a counterlorce push of the hands against the upper bar rail. The one-half turn should be initiated with as much of the total body unit as possible.

K-L

INTERPRETATION I - BLIND CHANGE UPON RELEASE Maintain Vigorous Back-Downward Push Against the Bar with the Support Hand As the body extends into the one-half turn , the support hand continues to push forcefully against the bar in a back-downward direction. Maintain eye contact with bar. The entire one-half turn should be initiated, executed and completed dur-

L-M-N-O

USGF Official Gymnastics Safety Manual -

Official manual for USGF Safety Certification Program Designed to raise the level of safety awareness in the en tire industry.

U.S. GYMNASTICS FEDERATION

Includes chapters on: The Need for Safety; Legal Responsibility of Instructor; Accident Prevention

A Must For Every Serious Gymnastics Professional To orde r e ith e r th e Gy mn astics or Trampolin e Sa fe ty M ~ nllals , sp nd check or money order to: USGF Me rcha ndi sing P.O . Box 5562 Indi a napoli s, Indiana 46255-5562 #6001 USGF Safety manual (quant.) _ _ x $16.45

= __

#6002 Trampoline Sa fety Ma nual (quant.) _ _ x $ 9.95 All ow 4-6 weeks for d t路 li ve ry. Ed ited by

Gera ld S.

= __

Total amount e nclosed _ _ Edited by

Ct' lIr~t..路 .

Ph .D.

Willi a m A lli so n

Technique

O-P

ing the second-half of the upswing phase. Fully Extended Body Shape Slightly Short of Top Dead Center. Upon mixed-grip regrasp, performer immediately changes to a double overgrip handgrasp in preparation for the next element. O-P

L-M-N-O

Technique

INTERPRETATION II - HOP PIRROUETTE Essentially the Same Mechanics as in the Blind Change Except That

There is a: 1. More vigorous body extension action. 2. More forceful back-downward push by both hands against the bar prior to initiation and release . 3. A one-two sequence cadence for both release and reg rasp phases. Fully Extended Body Shape Slightly Short of Top Dead Center. Performer arrives in said position with a double overgrip handgrasp in preparation for the next element.

Running Technique For Vaulting By Jim Holt University of Washington he potential effectiveness of any vault is largely predicated on the quality of the run. Obviously, the faster the gymnast runs in his approach, the greater the force he generates as he makes contact with the vaulting board, and the greater the postflight height and distance. While recently a significant amount of literature 1 has been directed at step sequence and other forces generated at the hurdle, there has been little commentary in the gymnastics community on the running techniques which enable a gymnast to attain maximum speed. Speed in running is the product of length of stride and stride frequency. "Running speed is completely determined by just two factors. Stride length(SL) and stride frequency(SF). The product of these two factors is equal to the speed . For example, an athlete with a stride length of seven feet and a stride frequency of five per second is running at 35 feet per second. Speed SL x SF 7 feet x 5 per second = 35 feet per second." 2 Therefore, the ONLY way in which a person can improve running speed is by improving one or both of these factors. The techniques of sprinting must be rehearsed at slow speeds and then transferred to runs at maximum speed. In this sense, sprint training is directly related to gymnastics as an exercise in motor learning. Stride length can be improved by developing muscular strength, power, strength endurance, and proper running technique. 3 It should be noted that flexibility is an important component of the physical preparation for running due to the importance of appropriate range of motion on technique. The first step in developing a gymnastics sprint program is to instruct gymnasts on the correct techniques of running. Efficient technique maximizes

= =

stride length and allows development of stride rate. Watching videos of track and field athletes such as Carl Lewis or Daley Thompson is an easy way to illustrate proper technique to gymnasts. Sprinters run with the head neutral and with a slight forward body lean. The amount of forward lean will be contingent on acceleration . The facial muscles and jaw should be relaxed. The hands have thumb and forefinger touching, and the other 3 digits curled and relaxed. The hand should be open

Scott Johnson sprints up the vaulting run路 way during the team finals of the 1987 World Championships in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. (USGF photo 漏 1987, by Dave Black)

(as opposed to a fist) . These elements keep the musculature in the chest and shoulder girdle relaxed, and allow the arms to swing freely and powerfully through their full range of motion. As the arm swings forward, the knuckles of the hand should lift to chin height. The arm bend between the Technique

forearm and the upper arm creates an angle less than 45째. On the backswing, the elbow is at shoulder height and arm angle should open to 90째 . Also, the direction of the arms should be directly forward and backward, like pistons. The elbows are in close to the body and the arms should lightly brush the lats. The hands should not break the plane of the body. Any deviation from this will create an automatic body compensation that will retard the development of speed. For example, when the left arm breaks the plane of the body on the front swing, a common compensatory motion is a lateral externil whip of the lower right leg. Gymnasts should note the interrelationship between arms and legs in running. As an athlete strides forward with the leg, the opposite arm will swing forward in synchronization. Therefore, the more powerful an arm swing, or longer the range of arm motion, theoretically the longer the stride length will be. It is vital then, within currently known parameters that gymnasts not compromise arm action on their vaulting approach. Conversely, when runners utilize faulty arm swing, the mechanics of the stride of the legs are directly (and of course adversely) affected either by a shortening of the stride or its rate. The knees should lift to hip height during the front part of the stride. The lower leg does not fully extend at ground contact and the ball and then the heel should make contact, not vice versa. The trail leg extends fully, driving powerfully off the foot and upon release from the ground, the heel kicks powerfully up into the gluteals/buttocks. This is the key body action since the heel kick will a.) throw the femur forward, and thereby increase the stride length due to the action/reaction transfer of momentum, and b.) allow the leg to move more quickly to the shortening of the radius during the forward swing.4 Therefore, the greater and more powerful the heel lift, the longer the stride. It is important that the legs (as the arms) drive straight forward and not move laterally. Additionally, the feet should be pointed straight ahead and the legs should be in a forward direction during the stride. The heel kick should also extend straight up and down. The contact with the ground is a rolling action on the balls of the feet. While there have been great sprinters with idiosyncratic styles (Bob Hayes and Elry Hirsch come immediately to Technique

mind), it is imperative to recognize the impediments to speed development that faulty mechanics entail. 5,6 While we have largely confined ourselves to the mechanics of the stride "during the run," the start should be examined as well. While it is known that optimal velocity can be reached in 12-13 strides 7 , the sooner a runner reaches top speed, the potentially more powerful the vault. This relates to the theoretical application of power as it pertains to the alactic nature of the punch and block phases of the vault. s The most effective means of getting into a stride quickly from a standing p0sition is a "rocking step" in which an athlete shifts his weight from a back leg to a front leg while simultaneously swinging his opposite arm. Unlike sprinters, gymnasts cannot take advantage of starting blocks; unlike distance runners, we have the advantage of not having to initiate our run in response to a starting gun. Since a gymnast knows which is his first step, he can put that foot back, shift his weight, and synchronize his arms so that he can drive into his stride on the first step rather than take several steps to accelerate into a run; a vaulter who does not rock into his first step is largely wasting the first 3-4 steps of his run! There are many drills that can be used to enhance technique and to develop stride length and cadence: 1. Heel kicks: The heel kicks are the single most important sprint exercise. 9 Gymnasts should run at 1/4 to 1/2 speed taking relatively short stride lengths but emphasizing lift of the heel; for purposes of the drill, hitting the buttocks with the heel is quite acceptabe; emphasis is placed on a quick, powerful lift off the ground, but attention can also be paid to proper arm swing. 2. Running in place with tubing: gymnasts in this exercise can concentrate on technical aspects of striding as well as the cadence. Because of the phenomenon of synchronization, if one speeds up the arm action, the legs will automatically increase their rate. Because a gymnast is running stationary, he can be placed in front of a mirror where he can actually see his technique. Stationary running is an excellent way to not only work on technique, but to attempt to increase stride rate. Because stationary running heightens a gymnast's awareness of the synchronization between the arms and legs, speeding up the arm action (by moving through an increasingly

smaller range of motion) will increase stride rate. 3. Little feet: although the possibiliy of significantly increasing stride rate is disputed 10 by many track and field experts, exercises that emphasize this element of running are included in most contemporary sprint programs. This drill exclusively focuses on rate; over a 40-50 foot length, a gymnast runs as fast as he can taking the smallest steps possible; also, emphasise very quick, small arm swing (the hands will move in small circles). 4 . Running downhill: is a relatively controversial exercise, whose intent is to increase stride rate. Incline should be no more than 5 0. This is not considered a good exercise for young athletes due to the stress on the patellar tendon on impact. 5. Running backwards: an excellent drill for emphaSizing heel lift and technique, gymnasts should run backward at half-speed, lifting heel to gluteals and reaching or "crabbing" backwards with the lower leg, and lifting elbows high at the end of the backswing. 6. High knee kicks: promote stride lengths by emphasizing the lift of the floor and the power kick in the front part of the stride. 7. Stag leaps (also called Bounders): is the oppOSite exercise to Little Feet; an athlete attempts to travel using the fewest number of strides possible. In this exercise, he exaggerates the left off the back leg and the knee kick on the front side to create the longest possible stride . 8. Power Skips: is an exercise combining High Knee Kicks and Bounders: a gymnast should skip with exaggerated arm swing on both sides and high knee lift to create a long, powerful skip; the skip with the lead leg should be a quick thrust forward. 9. Frog Leaps: develop strength and power in the front quadriceps; this relates exclusively to development of stride length; CAVEAT: this exercise should be approached with caution by children due to the stress put on the knee joint. 10. Running Stairs: is a timehonored means of developing power and strength in a stride; adolescents should not use this particular exercise due to stress on the achilles on ascent and jarring of knees on descent. Additionally, there is some evidence that Osgood-Slaughter's can be aggravated by such an exercise;ll stairs should be avoided until the epiphesis of the bones close. 19

Table 1: Running Drills: What they develop Drill heel kicks tubing little feet downhill backwards high knee kicks bounders power skips frog leaps stairs

Technique x x

Stride Length x

Stride Rate x x x

x x x

x x x x x

The optimal time for working a running mezocycle for vaulting is at the beginning of fall training ; a sample training program might follow the schedule below:

WEEK FOUR Monday -heel kicks 4-6 x 30-35 m. -backwards 2-4 x 35 m -high knees 4 x 35 -power skips 6-8 x 35 WEEK ONE: 3 workouts, 20 minutes -little feet 4-6 x 20 each. -proper running technique is in- Wednesday troduced and drilled @ '/2 speed -tubing 6-8 x 20 secs . (sprints of approx. 30 meters) -heel kicks 4 x 35 -power skips 4 x 35 WEEK TWO -bounders 4 x 35 Monday -little feet 2-4 x 20-25 -1/2 speed technique 6 x 30-35 m. Friday -heel kicks 4 x. 35 m. -heel kicks 4 x 35 -running backwards 6-8 x 30-35 m. -power skips 4-6 x 35 (heavy emphasis on form) -bounders 4 x 35 -races (30-35 m.); put athletes in Wednesday groups and allow them to go full -heel kicks 6 x 35 m. speed ; this is excellent group activity -high knee kicks 4-6 x 30-35 m. ('/2 after several weeks of drills speed) -little feet 2-4 x 20 (after races; most -running in place with tubing: 10 male gymnasts will go to next event minutes laughing!) Friday -'/2 speed 4 x 35 m. -heel kicks 4 x 35 -backwards 4-6 x. 35 -power skips 6-8 x 35 WEEK THREE Monday -tubing 10-15 x 20 seconds -1/2 speed technique 8 x 35 m. -power skips 6-8 x. 35 m. Wednesday -1/2 speed technique 4 x 35 -heel kicks 4 x 35 -backwards 4 x 35 -powr skips 4 x 35 Friday -1/2 speed technique 2 x 35 m. -heel kicks 4-6 x 35 m -backwards 2 x 35 -power skips 4-6 x 35 -little feet 4 x 2-25 m. 20

WEEK FIVE Monday -'/2 speed technique 4 x 35 -heel kicks 4 x 35 -high knees 4 x 35 -power skips 4 x 35 -bounders 4 x 35 -rock steps (practice in conjunction with 3 step acceleration to vaulting board) Wednesday -heel kicks 4 x 35 -backwards 2-4 x 35 -high knees 2-4 x 30-35 -power skips 4-6 x 30 -bounders 4-6 x 30 -little feet 4 x 20 Friday -heel kicks 4 x 35 -power skips 4 x 30 w/heavy emphasis on arm action -races

WEEK SIX (optional) Monday -heel kicks 4 x 35 -high knees 4 x 35 -bounders 2-4 x 35 -power skips 6-8 x 35 Wednesday -tubing 10 x 20 secs. -heel kicks 4 x 35 -rock steps in conjunction with board drills Friday -heel kicks 4-6 x 35 -power skips 6 x 35 -bounders 6 x 35 -full sprints 6-8 x 25 (heavy emphasis on technique) WEEK SEVEN -introduction of board drills with emphasis on hurdle step and preflight; this is opportunity to heavily emphasize rock step, and its transition period to vaulting over the horse In conclusion , there is a direct correlation between the power generated in the run and the postflight height and distance on the vault. It is therefore vital to the outcome of the vault to develop proper running mechanics and the concommittant strength and power to maximize running speed . This in turn entails a reassessment of the preparatory phase of an annual training cycle as it pertains to vaulting . By adapting the techniques, drills, and body of information already established through track and field studies, vaulters can build a foundation which will ultimately advance the limits of the event. NOTES 1. specifically Sand , W. & Cheetham , P., (1986). " Velocity of the Vault Run ," Technique (USGF Technical journal) V.6 N.3 pp 10-14 and Mizoguchi, H. & Cheetham , P. (1984) " Number of Steps in Vaulting Run. " Paper presented to 1984 United States Gymnastics Federation Coaches Congress, Indianapolis, Indiana. 2. Hay, J.G. (1984) " Speed Development", National Strength and Conditioning Association Journal, January 1984 p. 12 3. McFarlane, B. (1984) " Developing Maximum Running Speed ", NSCA Journal Oct-Nov. 1984 p. 24 4. Brittenham , D.R., (1984). " Speed Development" NSCA Journal, Jan. 1984 p. 18 5. Mann , R. (1984) " Speed Development" NSCA Journal, Jan . 1984 p. 14 6. a subject for future study would be to compare and contrast the runn ing styles of world class sprinters with the Men's Vault Finalists from the last World Championships. 7. Mizoguchi, H. & Cheetham, P. (1984) op. cit . 8. Fink, H. (1984). " Considerations for Gymnastics Conditioning ", Technique V. 4 N. 4 pp. 4-7 9. Atwood, D. (1984). lecture presented on stride technique at University of Washington , Nov. 1984 10. Wilt, F. (1984). " Speed Development" NSCA Journal op. cit. p. 14 11. Siottow, T. (1986) . clinic on adolescent conditioning , U. Wash . Oct. 1986

Technique

NATIONAL USGF TEAM T·SHIRT LOGO PIN Wear your sport on your shirt. The new national team logos are presented in Red and Navy on a 50/50 cotton t-shirt. 9101-9107 Women's National TeamT 9201-9207 Men's National TeamT 9301-9307 Rhythmic NationalTeamT $7.95

USA SWEATSHIRT This soft white sweatshirt is embroidered with USA in red and Gymnastics in blue. Perfect for your favorite gymnast. 5311-5317 $22.95

TRAVEL KIT The USGF logo is presented on a navy, nylon travel kit. Perfect for your grips and overnight trips . ------------------e Order# 0\'1' '2ilDescription Total :

co\o~

5551

$6.50

OFFICIAL I WORKOUT I BAG

Total Amount Apparel & T·Shirts , digit of order # Jnates the size desired Adult sizes XL L M S Last Digit 1 2 3 4

Name__________________________ Address _______________________

USGF Merchandise P.O. Box 5562 Indianapolis , IN 46255·5562

317·237·5060 0 MasterCard Card Number ____________________

City, State , Zip Phone For credit card only, call

My card expires

VISA

I I I I I I I I I

Perfect for carrying all your stuff to the gym. This navy nylon bag is 18 x 10 with white straps and the USGF logo in red and white. 5421 $9.95

The USGF Logo Pin is red, white and blue under soft enamel-1". 4201 $2.00

NATIONAL TEAM PINS Select your team pin and show the sport you support! The new logo pins are 1" x 1" with the particular event displayed in red, white and blue. 4203 Women's National Team 4204 Men's National Team 4205 Rhythmic National Team $2.50

USA GYMNASTICS COFFEE MUG Your favorite hot drink will have an extra twist with a USA Gymnastics Coffee Mug. USA Gymnastics is in red on a white ceramic mug. 4601 $6.00

TOWEL The USGFTowel is 34" x 60" and displays the USGF logo in red and blue . Perfect for the shower or for the beach . 5701 $20.00

Announcing the . . .

1988 USGF CONGRESS Once again, the USGF will present an outstanding program, featuring the finest clinicians and professionals in the sport. The 1988 Congress wi ll provide you with essential, useful information on coaching technique, rules interpretation, running a successful , profitable operation , and more .

1988 USGF CongressFacts at a Glance Date: October 12· 16, 1988

The highlights of the 1988 Congress in Anaheim:

Site: Anaheim Hilton & Towers

• Compulsories! Updates on 1989-92 Elite Compulsories • Previews of New J.O. Compulsory Program • Safety and Educational Programs • The Latest Trends in Developmental Gymnastics • Good Friends, New Friends, Fun Times • Disneyland!

777 Convention Way Anaheim,CA 92802·3497

7141750 ·4321 1·800/HILTONS When making reservations , ask for " 1988 USGF Congress special rates." Sufficient rooms are reserved for Congress up to September II , 1988. Reserve early to assure room and special discount rates.

Rates: $79 single $89 double $99 triple/quad

Travel: The official airline of this year's Congress is American Airlines . Th ey are offering five percent off any Super Saver Fares or 45 percent off Coach. Call toll free, 1·800·433 ·1790 . Ask for the USGF's S.T.A.R. account #66815.

Fee: $70 for USGF professional members postmarked by Sept. 2, 1988. $80 for USGF professional members postmarked after Sept. 2 , 1988. $90 for non·USGF professional members regardless of date .

Fee Includes: • Free entrance to all lectures, master clinics, demonstrations, open meetings and general assembly. • Free entrance to exhibit area featuring the industry's finest products. • Final Awards Banquet and Dance Registration is non· refundable after October I , 1988. NO EXCEPTIONS.

'88 USGF CONGRESS REGISTRATION FORM ONE NAME PER REGISTRATION Name_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ __ __ __ Name of Club/Program _ __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ Home Address,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ City_ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ State Phone (Day) Please check appropriate box: o Women 's Program Men's Program Rhythmic Program o Coach

o o

Judge Club Owner/Administrator Other

$70 if postmarked by Sept. 2, 1988 $80 if postmarked after Sept. 2, 1988 $90 Non·(JSGF Prof. Members regardless of date USGF PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIP #1 Expiration Date

Zip _ _ _ _ __

Phone (Night),_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Prof. Members

Please return this registration form with check for fee to USGF Congress: Pan American Plaza 201 S. Capitol , Suite 300 Ind ia napol is, IN 46225 Note: Registration is non· refundable after October 1, 1988. NO EXCEPTIONS

AMF American, an official sponsor of the United States Gymnastics Federation, is the all-around favorite. The one selected for use in the Olympics, and the Olympic Trials, the World Gymnastics Championships, the Pan American Games, the World University Games .. .and many other major tours and meets. Why this unequaled popularity? Because our concern rests with the athlete. Because we believe gymnastic apparatus should enhance an athlete's performance, never hinder it.

It's no wonder AMF American is the choice of champions. Shouldn't it be your chOice, too? Bring out the best in your athletes, bring out AMF American. For information about the complete line, call Ken Cysewski at 1-800-247-3978 toll-free today. Telex 910-520-1031.

IAmerican ~F 200 American Avenue Jefferson. Iowa 501 29. U.S.A.

U.S. OLYMPIC TEAM VISA® CARD Preferred Applit:ation

Complete this section if you would like a Joint Account.

.. consideted.foLthi£..ac_C.Q\!Jlt.~Q!l _ must be able to answer YES to these questions:

Full Na me of Co-Applica nt

0 Yes 0 No

Do you have a minimum incom e of at leas t $15,000? If no, you ma y wis h to consid er a Co-Applica nt whose incom e may also be included. Is your credit hi story cl ea r of any bankruptcies, legal actions or delinquent accounts?

Add ress (If diffe ren t from applicant's) Socia l Secu rit y Numbe r

0 Yes 0 No

Please complete the following:

"B-u~ s i-ne -ss-;N ""am-e-o -r-;E~m-p-;Ioy -er ------

Date of Birth $ Annual Inco me

Business Stree t Address Fu ll Name Ci ty Apartme nt N umber a nd Na me

(

Street Address

State

Bu siness Phone

Yea rs There Position

O ther Income' Cit y

State

Ho me Ph o ne

Length of Rl'sidener

Socia l Securit y N umbe r

Live w ith Parents

Da te of Birth $

Mon thl y Mor tgage or Re nt

For Bank Purpose O nl y: Sta te

~Bu -s~in-e-ss "' N'ame-()r""""E~m-p-;-ll, ye-r- - - - - - --

Sta te

Zip

- - A nnual I nco m e

Zip

YeMs ~B-u~ s i-n-es-''s""""P~h-o-ne----- YeaTS T Ill.' Tl' "P'llS~'i""'ti(-ll-'- - - - - - - - - Sllurn.' Yl'a rs

Previous Bu siness Address

State

Cit y Applicant 's

S i~natuTl'

Zip Datl'

Please mail this application to: U.S , Olympic Team VISA Card CORESTATES BANK OF DELAWARE, NA P.O, Box 8847, Wilmington, DE 19885-94091085-11-501 On l y n :sith: nlS of lilt." Conti rH.:nt;11 lJnitl'd States arc digihk for this ofll'r.

Date

Variable Rate Index and Spread

Annual Membership Fee

Grace Period for Purchases

15.9%

The APR md' increase, a n will be determined by adding 6% to th e Pnme Rate of The

$25

Fina nce charges will not accru e o n new furchases i you pay yo ur e ntire bala nce by the payme nt due date shown o n yo ur monthl y statem e nt.

Cash Advance Fee None

Position

Code

Annual Percentare Rate APR)

( •

$ O ther Income

Da te

CoreStates Credit Account Disclosure

Bus iness Add ress City

Co-A pplican t's Signa ture

"Alimony, child support , or se para te mainte na nce need no t be revea led if yo u do not wi sh to have it co nside red as a basis for repa ying thiS obliga tio n . . . We ma y obtain a credit report in co nn ettion with yo ur applIcalIon . If you aSK, we w ill tell you w heth er we have ob ta ined a credit report and the name of th e credit burea u that supplied it.

Previou s Address

Cit y

Source

Zip Years

D Ow n 0 Rent

Zip

Years

Transaction Fee None

Philad e l~hi a

National ank. As of 1/1 /88, the APR wa s 15 .9%.

Late Fee $15-

Over-TheLimit Fee $15-

-Exce pt in Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Oklah oma, South Carolina, Uta h a nd Wyoming whe re fees are waived.