"That's what I do - and my digestion goes along 0. K.," says Glenn Hardin, world's champion hurdler
"l'M A GREAT BELIEVERin the way Camels help to ease strain and tension," says Glenn, one of America's great athletes. "It's no wonder Camels are the favorite cigarette of athletes. Take my own case. It wouldn't do me much good to eat and not digest properly. So I smoke Camels with my meals and after. Camels give me an invigorating ' lift.' And you'll notice, the same as I do, that Camels don ' t get on your nerves." Camels set you right! Choose Camels for steady smoking.
COSTLIER TOBACCOS
Camels are made from finer, MORE EXPENSIVE TOBACCOS Turkish and Domestic than any other p o pul a r brand
A feeling of well-being comes after a good meal...and plenty of Camels
F<?Rthat _ luxurious feeling of ease so worth-while at mealtime-light up a Camel. Fatigue and irritability begin t o fade away. The flo w of digestive fluids- a lk a li ne digestive fluids - speeds up. Y o u get in the right mood to enjoy eating. Camels at mealtime and afterwards help to k eep digestion on its proper course. You 'll welcome Camels between meals too! They are milder - better for steady smokin g.
MRS. ANTHONY J. DREXEL 3rd, of the fam o us Phil adelphi a family, ha s won intern at io nal r eco g nit ion for h er ch arm and grace as a h o ste ss. " Camel s are a bri g ht spot i n m y en tertainin g," sh e says " I th ink a me al i s n o t co mpl ete with out them And Cam els are s o mild - so g e ntl e on my throat tha t I sm oke as m any as I lik e Th ey never get on m y n er ves."
THE MESSENGER
"COLUMBIA"
UNIVERSITY 0 F RICHMOND THE MESSENGER
AprilJ 1937 - Vol. LXIIL No. 4
Page by
4 Sweetheart
5 "C olumbia "
11 History of the Law School
15 Moods
16 Virginia ' s Responsibility
18 ToD-
19 S O.L.
23 Bumble Bee
24 Dear Diary
26 To-
27 Labor in Virginia
32 Evolution
33 His Most Roya l Highness - A Fake
35 Surrealism : A Defense
35 Ecstasis
36 A Consolation Song
38 The Deluge
G. MOTTE MARTIN
ALICE BROADUS MITCHELL
HAROLD B. YUDKIN
SAMUEL COHEN
J.H.KELLOGG
RUSSELLS. TATE
W. HAMILTON ENSLOW
G. MOTTE MARTIN
LENORE DINN EE N
G. MOTTE MARTIN
HAROLD B. YUDKIN
LENORE DINNEEN
HENRY SNELLINGS, JR.
DONALD E. TRUMP
DONALD E. TRUMP
SAMUEL COHEN
JOHN S. HARRIS
Published by THE MESSENGER, University of Richmond, Virginia
STAFF: Editor-in -Chief, Russell S. Tat e; Richmond College Editor, Francis \V. T yndall; Westhampton College Editor, Margaret Dudley; Associate Editors, J. H. Kellogg, Katherine Broyles; Assistant Editors, Stuart Graham, George Scheer, James H. Ricks, Julia McClure; Poetry Editors, G. Motte Martin, Margaret Carpenter; Exchange Editor, Jack Staples; Book Review Editor, Martha Ellis. Business Manager, Edward Canada; Assistant Business Manager, Winifred Schenk
Sweetheart
by G. MOTTE MARTIN
You came , but now you ' ve gone again; We loved , b ut since it ' s dawn again , I find you ' ve flown away Thus now my life ' s forlorn again While joy for others born again Respark!es with th e day.
My heart can never doubt you now. I want my arms about you now, I'll love you, dear, till death. I couldn ' t be without you now , Nor live for long without you nou )Come back, my Heart , my Breath!
The birds are singing (in a sense) And dawn's ablush with innocenceIt's strange I hardly care, But Beauty is an inner sense, A balm for men , in any sense, That ' s made for hearts to share.
So hurry back again to me To fill these arms again for me And lift mt1 spirit ' s load. The march is on again for me So come to share again with me Th e beau t y of the road.
~~colnJDbia''
by ALICE BROADUS ~IITCIIELL
In the April, 1906, issue of THE MESSENGER , there appeared an article by Mrs. S. C. Mitchell. This volume has , unfortunately, disappeared from the library shelves. The Editors , therefore , are reprinting this article for a two-fold purpose-( 1) to pay tribute to the Mitchell family , and (2) to make this "lost " article permanent and available to posterity.
MOR E than a hundred years ago one of the ..._ fine old country homes in Virginia was "Kingston," near Petersburg. Here lived Mr. and Mrs. Robert \\l alker, whose borne was a centre of culture and hospitality. Mr. Walker long presided over the bench of magistrates, an honor in that day bestowed only upon a man of education, established integrity, and wealth, that he might be above temptation. Mrs. Walker was a Miss Starke, a sister of Bolling Starke, an influential member of the House of Burgesses. "Kingston" was a large plantation with many slaves, and formed an active little community of its own, all the woolen and cotton cloth worn by the slaves being grown and woven on the place, and indigo raised to dye the goods. A family of ten sons and daughters made a resident tutor necessary, and the girls shared in the thorough education of their brothers. Two of the sons became physicians, educated for their profession in Paris, and returned to practice in Virginia. There were two daughters, Clara and Mary. It was the elder sister, Clara, who left "Kingston" as a bride and came with her husband, Mr. Philip Haxall, to Richmond, where they built this home and called it "Co lumbia ." Mr. Haxall was from Exning, England, and, with a number of his family, bad settled in Petersburg. He and his brother William established here the well-known Haxall Flour Mills, on James River, at the foot of Twelfth street.
I have not been able to find why this house was called "Columbia." Perhaps Mr. Haxall gave the name in compliment to his adopted country. "Columbia" was half a mile from Richmond's
western limits, and was a country home with a garden and farm about it. Mrs. Haxall was an enthusiastic gardener, and the most notable feature of the place soon became the beautiful trees and flowers by which it was surrounded. The laburnum, mimosa, and magnolia are remembered among the trees, and Mrs. Haxall took pleasure in having on her table five kinds of home-grown nuts-the walnut, hickory, pecan, chestnut, and filbert. An English walnut tree still grows by the side entrance of the house.
The lawn was laid out with white graveled walks and box borders. There were roses innumerable, and an unusual variety of other flowers. Mr. Haxall, being a shipping merchant, procured for his wife bulbs and seedlings from foreign countries with which he did business. A Scotch gardener was imported, and was highly efficient in spite of his name of Blight. Strawberry plants were brought here from England, and grew to a perfection which Mr. Haxall reluctantly confessed that the milder sun's rays of his old home could not equal. Not far from "Columbia" lived a Doctor Norton, who was a sort of companion Burbank to Mrs. Haxall, and often consulted her about his experiments in developing our common wild grape. A grand-daughter of Mrs. Haxall recalls the day when Doctor Norton crossed the lawn of "Columbia," bearing an open-work Canton fruit - bowl heaped with clusters of beautiful gr~es. He had brought his first perfected bunches tor Mrs. Haxall to give the grape a name. She bestowed the name "Norton's Seedling," which it retains to this day.
All the milk and butter, vegetables, bacon, and
poultry used were furnished by the place . A ~ea captain once asked Mrs . Haxall what he could bring her from China , and she commissioned him to select her a set of Canton china with eight vegetable dishes, as those she could find here had only SIX .
Eleven children were born and brought up at " Columbia ," and all kept the tenderest recollection of their happy childhood spent here , and especially of the wisdom and goodness of th eir dear mother. One of the sons, Robert , went to Harvard College , and there formed a close friendship with young Oliver Wendell Holmes. Holmes used to say that this was the first Southerner he had ever known. After graduating together at Harvard , the two went to Philadelphia to study medicine . Robert Haxall then announced his intention of continuing his medical studies in Paris , as his two uncles had done, and young Holmes concluded to go with him.
Here Dr. Holmes developed a special taste for anatomy , and made it his specialty , and , as we know , became Professor of Anatomy at Harvard Dr Haxall returned to Virginia , but the two friends kept up a frequent correspondence , and Dr. Holmes sent in two of the letters pencil copies of " The Chambered Nautilus " and " The Last Leaf ," before they were published. When Dr Haxall was in his last illness , Dr Holmes was notified , and a letter from him came a few hours after Dr . Haxall ' s death . The wife did not open it , but laid the letter upon her husband ' s breast and it was buried with him .
One of the daughters of the house , Mary Bell , married Mr. Moncure , and the wedding was at " Columbia ." A daughter of this marriage , Mrs . Perkins , now lives in Richmond . So far as I can ascertain , Miss Mary Bell Haxall' s marriage is the only one in the family which took place at " Columbia. " Mr. Philip Haxall was senior warden of Monumental Church , and any other weddings were doubtless solemnized there.
Mrs Haxall was an intimate friend of ChiefJustice Marshall and his wife , and they were often at " Columbia ." Mrs. Marshall ' s frail health
only redoubled her husband ' s devotion , and Mrs . Haxall used to say that it was like the conMrs . Marshall often got into her little carriage and came out to spend the day at " Columbia ," and Mrs. Haxall would usher her into her guestchamber with loving solicitude , for an hour ' s rest tinual reading of a poem to see the two together. before appearing among the busy household Mrs. Marshall, Mrs Haxall, Mrs. Governor Wood , Mrs Carrington , and a few other ladies , united in founding the first orphanage established in Richmond It is still carrying on its work under the name given by these ladies , the Femal e Humane Association , and has always been absolutely unsectarian. Mrs . Marshall was one of th e early presidents of the Association , and her grand-daughter , Miss Harvey , now occupies thi s post of public service . Through Mrs . Ha x all's influence , an Irish gentleman , Mr . Wall, who was inspector of flour at the Haxall Mills , gave a substantial sum to build the home of the institution , which is on Leigh street near Sev enth . A close friend of the Haxall family , and a frequent visitor at " Columbia ," was General Winfield Scott , whose elder brother had married Mrs . Haxall ' s aunt , Miss Starke. Mrs . Haxall had a skill in medicine almost as marked as her love for gardening , and was often called on to advise and help in times of illness. One night General Scott rode hastily up and call ed under Mrs Haxall ' s window , " Clara ! Clara !" His only son , a littl e fellow , was taken with croup , and the doctor could not relieve him Mrs Ha x all hurried with General Scott to his home , but the child w a s past all help and died in her arms.
The life at " Columbia " was abundantl y comfortable and home-like , but with an utter absence of ostentation . One who was brought up there said to me , " We never heard any talk o f the distinction of classes . My grand-mother impressed me as a child with her boundless charit y and interest in mankind as such , and her anxiet y for us to value what is best in life. Indeed , it w as not till one of the grand - children wished to present her credentials for joining the Coloni al
Dames that we took any special notice that a number of our ancestors had been what is called distinguished men ''
Mrs. Haxall closed her long and well-spent life in Richmond, at the home of her daughter , and is buried in Hollywood. "Her children rise up and call her blessed ," and even the stranger who comes to her old home finds in her example a cherished heritage.
In r 83 2 Richmond College had made its beginning, at " Spring Farm , " five miles from Richmond. The spot is now Bloomingdale Stock Farm, at the head of the Hermitage road The first year there were fourteen students, and the next year twenty-six. In r 834 the trustees bought from Mrs. Haxall the property of " Columbia ," and the whole institution was housed und er this roof, using the upper floor as dormitories , the next for lecture-rooms and library , and the basement for dining-room , chapel, and so on. A small room was cut off from the great front hall , and here the library was kept. Brick out-buildings answered for some of the dormitories and as kitchen and servants ' quarters. The first President of the College was Dr. Robert Ryland , who for thirty-four years held that office, and watched over the infancy and youth of the institution as devotedly as a father. It needs only a glance at Dr. Ryland ' s portrait to see that he was a man of conviction , sincerity , wisdom , and energy , and freely were his powers exerted in the creative work before him.
" Columbia " was still in the country when the College moved in. From this point to Henry street stretched the common, over which roamed herds of cows, and across which beaten paths led to different parts of the city. The walk in to Richmond at night was not without danger. " Screamersville," with its saloons , fierce dogs , and highwaymen , must be passed . The corner of Foushee and Grace was then a large pond , a favorite skating place in winter. The Richmond gas company declined to extend its pipes so far out in the country , and the College built its own works and for a while made excellent gas out
of pine wood; but , finding the expense too great, this had to be given up.
The whole regime of those days at " Columbia " was one of plain living, in preparation for high thinking. The furniture and equipment were as simple as possible. l\fany of the students were men of straitened means ; the sum fixed for board was low , and the fare correspondingly plain . Dr. Ryland quietly observed for himself and his family the same regimen with the students At the meals it was the custom to propose questions that would turn the conversation into useful channels , and on occasion words were given out to be spelled and passed around until all had mastered them.
The sportiveness of the boys led to many amusing incidents. Dr. Ryland recalled that " at the beginning of each session they had a so-called ' Secret Club ,' into which the 'greenhorns ' were inducted with great solemnity every Saturday night. After grave preliminaries and a sacred pledge of secrecy , they invited the novitiate to occupy the chair of honor , between the president and vice-president , and he sat down with much complacency , on a richly-draped chair , to find himself in a tub of cold water." Mrs. Knight , Dr. Ryland ' s daughter , remembers a Portuguese gardener named Francisco , who was in love with the house-keeper , Susan Basket. The boys teased Francisco so much over his love affair that he was afraid to run the gauntlet of being married in their presence , and asked Dr. Ryland if he " couldn ' t marry Susan by herself and me by myself. " When the Prince of Wales was in Richmond , one of the College boys , as a hoax , an -nounced in chapel one morning that the Prince would come out to visit the College that day , at a certain hour. All flew to preparations. Three or four boys at a time pushed the heavy roller over the graveled walks , every stick and leaf was picked off the lawn , extra servants were brought in to get the house in apple - pie order-and it was all for naught.
The two first alumni of the College were Mr. Josiah Ryland and Dr. P S Henson Mr. Ry -
land , in some reminiscences written a few years ago, says : "On one occasion when the bread ran low , and the mischievous students began to sing out, 'Bread , bread , bread ,' in measured cadence , Professor Holmes rapped on the table , and , with the most profound solemnity , exclaimed , ' Gentlemen may cry ' bread , bread ,' but there is no bread .' " Mr. Ryland recalled a colored boy , " Tom , the cup-bearer , who , with more speed than grace , flew up and down the table, trying to serve fifty hungry men at once Tom enjoyed keenly the honors of his position, and regarded himself as one of the early graduates. Picking up little snatches of Latin , he would say , with gravity , 'Mr. Culpepper Brown , will you take your coffee cum lacte or sine lacte ?' "
Dr. Charles Cocke was one of the early students , and had special charge of the lawn about the building. He records that Dr. Jeter one day rode by and complimented him on the neatness of his work, and that his heart swelled with gratification at being kindly noticed by this great man . Some years later Dr. Cocke became a tutor in the College , and took charge of the boarding department for several years. He and Mrs Cocke lived at " Columbia ," and two of his children were born here. Mrs. Booten Hill also lived in this house for a brief space in her childhood Her father , Mr. Albert Hudgins , had a post of trust in the College , but died at the end of one year.
Some of the earliest students of the College were Joseph Walthall, Richard Herndon , father of Mrs. A. L. Stratford, of Richmond , J R. Garlick , Elias Dodson, A. E. Dickinson , and J. L. Shuck . Dr. Garlick made the beginning of his Christian life by professing conversion at a chapel service held at " Columbia , " while he was living here . The earliest students now living are Mr. John Newton Ryland , of King and Queen county , who entered in r 83 3 , and is now ninety -one years old , and l'vlr . A. P. Fox , of Albemarle county Dr C H. Toy , now Professor at Harvard , was one of the early teachers ; so also were Professor George Frederic Holmes , afterwards of the Uni ve rsity of Virginia , and Dr. J C. Long ,
late of Crozer Seminary. Professor C. H. Winston tells me that his first recollection of "Columbia " is of coming to this College as a student from Hampden-Sydney , and attending an entertainment which the boys got up at " Columbia ," where he tried to play the agreeable to one of Mr James Thomas ' s daughters
Mrs. Haxall's beautiful flower-garden continued for many years to be a delight to those who lived at "Columbia." Mrs. Knight recalls , " We had all the flowers we wanted , and plenty to give away. How well I remember , as a child , my mother sitting on the porch and my twining her with roses and wreathing them in her hair. "
A stately visitor of those days used to be Mrs Mary , who lived at " Bellville , " very near by. This handsome home had been built by Mr. Bell, who married Mrs. Haxall' s sister , but was later bought by Colonel John Mayo , the founder of Ma yo ' s Bridge " Bell ville" stood near where the present main building of the College is , but Mrs . Mayo would get into her carriage to make the call, driving around from her picturesque Broad - street entrance . Her carriage had Venetian blinds , steps that let down , and straps behind , by which the footman held. Mrs. Mayo liked to argue , and I fancy that Dr. Ryland could give her a treat in that direction It was one of the interesting affinities , such as we sometimes see, between the gay lady and this " father in Israel. " When " Bellville " burned down , in r 842 , Mrs. Mayo refused to leave the mansion , and Dr. Ryland and one of his students lifted her , chair and all, and carried her from the burning building . I have heard that Mrs. Mayo then sat , with the greatest fortitude , in front of the burning ruins , not making a single lamentation or murmur. One of her daughters had married General Winfield Scott , and another daughter w as Mrs. Cabell, with whom Mrs. Mayo afterwards made her home, on the corner of Sixth and Grace streets , in Richmond.
When the war broke over the South in ' 6 r , Richmond College had r 6 o students and six prof essors Nearly all of these went to the front , and
the College buildings were used as a hospital by the Confederates. Many of the poor fellows died at "Columbia," and blood-stains were long visible on the floors. Mr. Josiah Ryland was once sitting with me in the little room that is now Professor Metcalf' s study, and said, with a tender smile, "In that corner I lay on a cot, after I was wounded in the war. My wife was sent for, and she came in at that door. She looked like an angel."
From April, r 86 5, the College buildings were used as barracks by Federal troops, for eight months. When they left, the library and apparatus were carted off, floors broken through, doors wrenched from their hinges, and general havoc wrought to the buildings and grounds. Much of the endowment had been in Confederate bonds, and these, of course, "represented nothing on God's earth now." Mr. James Thomas, and other friends, came nobly to the rescue, and the work of rehabilitation was begun. Dr. Ryland, however, felt that younger hands than his must undertake this task, and retired from the Presidency. He spent most of the rest of his life in Kentucky, and lived till the age of ninety-four years. His grandson, Dr. Ryland Knight, is pastor of the Calvary Baptist Church, in Richmond. I recall hearing Dr. Robert Ryland address the students here, only a few months before his death, and their presenting him with a large bouquet of flowers.
In r 866 Dr. Tiberius Gracchus Jones became President of the College, and took up his residence at "Columbia." Other buildings were now available for lecture-rooms and dormitories. Dr. Jones had been pastor of the Freemason-Street Church, in Norfolk, ( this church and its parsonage having been built for him,) and also pastor in Baltimore. He was one of the most eloquent preachers we ever had in Virginia, some passages in his sermons being often and again quoted. His father had been a friend and admirer of Andrew Jackson-and must also have been an admirer of the classics and of Roman history, as he named his four sons Tiberius, Gracchus,
Cincinnatus, Telemachus, and Ulysses. Dr. Jones was notably gentle and tender in his home life, and especially towards his wife, who died in the second year of his residence here. The College boys called Dr. Jones' s children "the little Gracchi," and one of these, her father's walking companion, is Mrs. T. B. Jeffress, of Richmond. After three years, Dr. Jones resigned the Presidency, and spent his later years in Norfolk and Nashville. He died in 1895, while on a visit to Richmond, at Mrs. Jeffress' home.
From this point until r 895, when Mr. Boatwright was elected President, the College was managed by a Chairman of the Faculty, and the position was held alternately by Professors Harris and Puryear.
In 1869 Professors H. H. Harris and Edmund Harrison, with their families, came to live at "Columbia," di vi ding the house between them. After three years, the Harrisons took a house down town, but Professor Harris' s family made "Columbia" their home for fifteen years longer. When the two families were separating, Dr. J. L. M. Curry came in, and said: ''Well, well! here are two women who live in the same house for three years, and then cry at parting!" Dr. Harrison had the Chair of Latin, and was so courteous in his bearing toward the students that they called him "the noblest Roman of them all." He was pastor of the Sydney Church, out of which grew Grove-Avenue Church. He was especially interested in State Missions, and a most useful member of that Board. Mrs. Harrison was a sister of Mrs. C. H. Winston, and had much of l\1rs. Winston's unforgetable charm. Dr. and Mrs. Harrison went from Richmond to Hopkinsville, Ky., where Dr. Harrison and his sons conduct a prosperous school for young women.
Dr. and Mrs. Herbert Harris, with their children, were now the sole occupants of "Columbia," which had served manifold purposes for so many years. All would agree that while Dr. Harris lived he was the bright particular star of this College. His seat is vacant, for there is none like him, equally profound and clear, able and
unassuming , magnetic and inspiring Mrs Ha rris was a Miss Bibb , of Charlottesville , and Dr. Harris once showed a friend the site of her old home, and said : " There I found my best Bibb and tuck her. " In Mrs. Harris " Columbia " found another mistress whose example is an inspiration that " goes with the house ." Always active , cordial, and cheery , with sound judgment and the kindest of hearts , in her home-life " she ' s one o ' them things as looks brightest on a rainy da y , and love you the most when you' re most in need of it. "
Many a preacher from down town used to journey up here to consult Dr Harris about h is sermons A number of them, too , formed the habit of coming up to play croquet , in particular Drs . J . L. Burrows , Henry McDonald , and Jeter . They would play till it grew so dark that th ey had to tie their handkerchiefs on the wickets. On e mysterious circumstance I must mention. Wh i le the Harrises lived here it was well known that th eir house was one of those places of entertainment where no stranger who went in ever cam e out again-the explanation being that they cam e out friends. At commencement times , and when the Trustees were meeting , it was a matter of friendly interest to the neighbors to note th e stream of people who poured out of this house in the mornings , after breakfast I like to remember that my father was often a visitor here , and once a guest for some days . He had been Mrs . Harris ' s pastor in Charlottesville , and had baptized her , and had also the warmest attachment to Dr . Harris. At the close of the session , th e " Greek Teas ," given here to Dr Harris ' s classes , became a distinct factor in the life of the College , and students scattered far and wide delight to r ecall them .
Professor Puryear and his family lived at " Columbia " for about :five years, and preferred this house to any other on the campus . Professor Puryear had the Chair of Chemistry , and was a man of fine presence and strong characteristics I had never seen him until one " Field Day " at the College , a few years ago , and then my imm ediat e impression was , " I don ' t know who you are , but you are Somebody. " Like Mrs. Haxall, Professo r Puryear was a notable gardener , and was fond of extolling the man who made two blades of grass grow where there had been but one He had a flourishing vegetable garden over on Franklin street , where Mr. Campbell ' s house now stands , and his delicious strawberries are especially remembered . Professor Puryear contributed to th e press valuable articles upon agriculture and educational matters , and still continues to do so from his country estate , near Madison Mills , in Virginia .
In I 895 we came to the Coll ege, and have been for ten years the latest occcupants of " Columbia. " We seem to have made no history here . On e summer we rented the house to Mr. and Mrs . Coulling, of Richmond . Their little girl, fiv e years old , spoke French very nicely . The amusing thing was to hear the colored nurse , who slipped bits of French into her English , and upon whom the language seemed to have had a refining effect " Now , " she would say to the child , " come to Maman cherie ' s room . Put on le chapeau ; [es gants Tell the lady adieu ."
One word more . I know two little browneyed lads who , if their biographies are ever written , must have it recorded that they were born at " Columbia. " May a benediction from the old home rest upon them as they go out to do the i r work in the world
Harold B. Yadkin, student at the 1". C. Williams School of Law, brings the history of Law School up to date.
IN r 870 the Trustees of Richmond College , then in its thirty-eighth year , established a law school " . .. to implant the great and guiding principles of Jurisprudence , and to impart a philosophic habit of thought. " From the beginning there were able professors , but financial support was uncertain. Four years later the school's struggles ended only to be followed by a second fivey ear attempt , three years later
In memory of T C. Williams , his family , in r 890 , donated $25 , 000 as a nucleus of an endo w m ent for the Law School " to endow a professorship of law as a lasting memorial. " During the opening year of r 890 , Mrs. Harriet Heaton P urcell of Loudoun County gave the school the 7 00 - volume law library of her deceased brother a nd a gift of $3 , 000 which became the nucleus o f the present r 8 , 000-volume library.
The first professor in the revived school was Judge Roger Gregory , of King William County
Court , who served until r 906. In r 895 John B . Minor was added to the faculty , and in r 897 E. M . Long , class of ' 94 .
In 1905 there came to the campus the law school's most beloved professor , Walter Scott McNeil!, whose graduate study had been sponsored by Richmond College's highly honored Professor S. C. Mitchell. The kindling spirit of Dr McNeill brought the school from comparative obscurity to front rank in Virginia The T C. Williams School of Law became the first college in the South to employ the case-book method of law study.
The late Andrew Jackson Montague became the school's first Dean, and the faculty progressively increased. As one of the sixty-odd accredited American law schools , it now has eight faculty members , eighty students , a fourth of whom are from out of the state and from foreign countries
Preparation and Instruction
Until r 9 r 3 , no preparation was required to s tudents wishing to study at the T . C. Williams School of Law. In that year , candidates were req uired to have fourteen high school units and to b e eighteen years of age. The law course was two ye ars long , and brilliant students could complete it in a lesser period by extra work. In r 920 the la w course was made into a three - year period of study with 83 5 classroom hours of instruction required for a degree. In r 922 the school offered r 080 hours for degree candidates. It was not u ntil 1924 that two years of college were made p rerequisite to the award of a degree , altho stude nts lacking such qualifications were admitted sp ecially with the privil ege of studying on the campus .
Only four law schools in Virginia are upon the approved list of the American Bar Association and are members of the Association of American Law Schools. These are Washington and Lee University , University of Virginia , University of Richmond , and the College of William and Mary . Highest ranking in Virginia , for many years, in percentage of students passing the bar examinations , is the University of Richmond . Students are admitted to these schools upon completion of two years of collegiate study , though a study of enrollments reveals that the necessity of profound education is so valuable to professional men , that a large percentage of students boast undergraduate degrees In the very near future, all applicants for bar examinations
in this state must of necessity have the minimum educational requirements of these schools and will have to attend an approved school for a minimum period of time.
What is the most important preparation for a prospective law student? Common sense ! A leading jurist of the Commonwealth recently remarked that a third of Virginia's court litigation could be prevented if attorneys had common sense enough to arbitrate their squabbles out of court.
Most students of law find the typical academic or scientific study in high school invaluable. The common complaint is a failure to have studied shorthand and typing which so facilitate the taking of notes and the compilation of briefs. Collegiate courses most usually recommended are: English, to formulate a better understanding of the written word and an exact method of expression ; Foreign Languages , to understand construction of thoughts and an appreciation of various national ideals; History , to understand the nature of law and the problems confronting humanity in the past; Government , to comprehend civic duties ; Sociology , to know society ' s obligations to fellow-men; Exact Sciences , to learn exactness in reasoning , fortitude to persevere , and a knowledge of human functioning ; Economics and Business, to understand the pecuniary effects on civilization and their correlation to human behavior; Philosophy for conceiving attainable ideals ; and a smattering of Psychology and Public Speaking for oral expression effective enough to convince another.
But even with academic preparation , a student who possesses neither common sense nor an understanding of contemporary problems nor a love for his fellow-man will find little permanent value in law study Common sense is gained by experience, knowledge of contemporary problems from insight , experience , reading into nonfiction , newspapers , news magazines , and discussion. Love for fellow-man is an intangible , found I know not where, but the lawyer without such love is the type of individual commonly branded " shyster. "
Without recommended preparation, many men have become outstanding attorneys , but today such individuals would be exceptions A willing student without such academic knowledge , but possessing common sense , an understanding of contemporary problems and fellowman love can still be admitted to the profession by proper study. The approved law schools will admit such individuals as special students
Today law school curriculum requires three years of law study , but brilliant , hard-working students can complete their course in two years and two summers .
There are at least two unapproved law schools in Virginia , and any number of correspondence law schools ( every one of which is unapproved ).
Practically none of the commercially - minded states recognize such ins ti tu tions ' training in considering fulfillment of admission prerequisites for bar examinations In little ov er a year , they will be outlawed by statute in Virginia. Individuals who desire a minimum of law education merely for their own satisfaction may obtain their knowledge in such manner. But comparative statistics of the American Bar Association show only a small percentage of such students as successful in bar examinations.
University of Richmond ' s typical Southern law school has eight instructors on the faculty and a substantial numb er of itinerant lecturers . Four of the regular members of the faculty also have separate law practices , specializing respectively in appeals cases, corporat e practice , equity , and property. Four members of th e faculty devot e their entire time to teaching law .
What is the education of th e typical Southern law school professor ? The typical instructor at the T. C. Williams Law School attended grammar and high school in Virginia , studied at th e University of Virginia , Richmond , or Harvard as an undergraduate and as a law stud ent. Ther eafter he studied for a Doctorate at Harvard Law School. This representative teacher is a middleaged man who actually practiced law for an average of seven years , and who has been t eaching la w for an average of eleven years 12 ·
Just as newspaper reporters classify the Supreme Court into the liberals , including Brandeis , Cordoza , and Stone ; the waverers , including Hughes and Roberts ; and the conservatives , including McReynolds , Sutherland , Butler , and V anD evanter; so it is easy to classify the typical Southern law faculty of eight into groups of three Holmes-expounding liberals, three Robertswavering middle-of-the-liners , and two property-minded conservatives Thus the student can acquire a bit of the philosophy of each of these systems of thought from his professors
What men do these professors idolize? Except in the pres ent Supreme Court controversy , the typical Southern law teacher praises President Roosevelt ' s social ideas ( privately ) . At least half t he faculty revere the ideals so forcibly expressed in the decisions of the late Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. Other respected jurists are Harvard's Dean Pound and Harvard ' s late Dean Ames. Not one expresses whol eh earted admiration for Richmond's John Marshall or Harvard ' s left-winger , F eli x Frankfurter , or sit-down strikes.
The average Southern law professor is also interest ed in brin g ing about a better system of laws or a better form of government. He may be a firm believer in good gov ernment and highly instrumental in the thus far successful fight for better county gov ernment in the state. He may have been honored by the American Institute of Law to codify the Virginia law on the subject which he has been teaching . Surely he is active in lobbying the legislature for stricter requirements both in being admitted to the bar and in being allowed to continue to practice law. He tries to aid the Bar Associations in the fight for a rigidly ethical profession which regards itself as a group of public servants , rather than as an organized business. A liberal professor , because of his profound knowledge of contemporary problems , may advocate an ultra-strong federal government and amendment to the Federal Constitution ( as promulgated by Westbrook Pegler ) to restrict most present states' rights by repealing all the present Constitution sa ve procedural regulations , and the Bill of
Rights with a resulting investing of power in the Congress ( the NRA decision has decided firmly that the Congress cannot delegate its powers to the executive ). And there are many more legal hobbies
This is the typical faculty of a typical law school where the professional spirit is kindled. The method of study is not the teaching of facts and laws , but consists in the reading of the actual decisions of the courts in actual cases. The decisions taught are usually borderline such that they might have reasonably been decided either way The student is then hammered into thinking the problem to be decided anew , keeping the experience of previously decided cases in mind There is a loophole in almost every law , almost every decision , almost every theory of logic , and this the student must himself discover. Approximately five cases are discussed thoroughly per hour , and thus after three years of study the student has pondered over almost every type case which might come to court.
The average stud ent in our typical law school is twenty years of age , from Virginia , and has had three years of college after high school. He is the more brilliant type of collegian , but usually conservative to the extent of being wary of innovations in the public relations toward society. He prefers movies to symphonies , and has sport for his hobby. He is fairly misinformed on public contemporary affairs and believes what he reads in the type newspapers which represents his system of thought. Half the student body will some day be leading attorneys in their fields.
What is the error in modern law teaching ? Too little effort is placed on teaching common sense from a modern viewpoint instead of propounding legal logical thought from a historic viewpoint In this respect \Vest brook Pegler' s criticisms of law study are correct . The student emerges from law school crammed full of odds and ends of information with little idea of lawyers ' psychology and modern complex society's impressive disruption of classical property rights. The new lawyer , because of his isolation from the world
during his years of study, is an idealist of little practical value, with only a minute idea of what he can do to aid his fellow-citizens.
The remedy-all discussions on this field differ. Yale and Chicago have transformed their law schools into what oldsters would call Schools of Legal Social Science The approach is from today ' s necessities. Old-time courses are regrouped , so that Contracts , Sales , Bankruptcy and Public Control are taught very much as a unit . The student is instructed that the facts of contemporary existence are as necessary for citation to a judge as hundreds of decisions made in the " horse-andbuggy " days . This is Justice Brandeis ' viewpoint . Duke ' s new law school has a Legal Aid Clinic which operates much as a medical clinic. Student lawyers advise and aid poor people in getting social, legal justice, and in formulating better laws . But , a remedy not yet well received ,
is the addition of a regular course of Jurisprudence , in perhaps an added year of study . True , itinerant lecturers including Judges and members of the Bureau of Investigation now address the students , but there is no regular course of current events Regular lectures are needed bringing speakers representing both viewpoints of every contemporary legal problem. Laymen comprehend these matters better than lawyers Editors of liberal and conservative newspapers , jail wardens, strikers , manufacturers , union leaders , criminals, teachers , businessmen , bankers, elected officials and so no can best present their vital ideas. Legal instruction needs new life to adapt itself to civilization ' s new life. Students must be trained to be public servants , not business men . Only by such training can the profession ' s reputation be enhanced and an abler judiciary produced-one above political corruption
Moods
by SAMUEL COHEN
Sadness
The ocean veils its wailing bodes of gloom With moonbeams lapping salt-groomed graves Of folk who , screaming , saw bright dangers loom At once in night and beat upon their slaves Of Death. Life hides its pain and stringent cares Until a sweep of storm removes its fragile wings And it must yield again in shame. It bears Small hearts too weak to stand the lilt of things.
Joy
The waves of seas are speeding laden ships Ahead to shining ports in paradise; As bra z en voices sound , the rudder whips Across the green Flashe s waken eyes To some glowing light that breaks thru night , And the sunlight frolics gently over the sea.
L ' Allegro toasts with wine this godly sight And shares with the world life's breeze-blown glee.
The waves of life are changing with the sea, Though men have smiled and sighed and pined , And shifted hint of mood. It seems to me That moods are made when life can change one ' s mind.
Vi1•ginia's Responsibility
by J. D. KELLOGG
Illustrated by Oscar Eddleton
\VHEN we read that the United Daughters of the Confederacy were offering a prize for the best essay entitled "Virginia's Responsibility to the Nation," we chuckled. Then, just as we were beginning to repent our irreverence, we read further and found that in the judging of the essays ten points would be deducted for each use of the term ''Civil War.'' This time we couldn't contain ourself. We laughed aloud, we cackled, and then turned away, hanging our head in shame before the glares of the enraged crowd around us.
It was apparent from the announcement that the said ladies feel that our commonwealth is possessed of an unique quality which it is our duty to impose on the nation at large. They would have it be our raison d'etre, so to speak. We were aware that this eighteenth-century idea prevails today but we didn't know that it had found such widespread utterance. To it we say nuts. We don't believe that merely being a Virginian is a very worthwhile end in itself.
Perhaps we should indicate at this point that we are a Virginian, born and bred. We omit the "and proud of it, sub , by God, sub!" because we are neither proud of it nor ashamed of it. ( Occasionally we can't help being the latter.) After all, how can we credit ourself with the accidental geography of our birth? We never could share with the typical and professional Virginians the view that Virginia has a monopoly on decency, respectability, and ancestors and that Virginian birth carries with it a license for snobbishness, smugness, and intellectual stagnancy. Yes, we are a Virginian, but so what?
Virginia's superiority complex dates back to pre-Civil War days. Being primarily an agricultural society, Virginia, along with the rest of the South, evolved a manner of living which seemed,
from the standpoint of the plantation owners, to fit the times. The fact that a large proportion of the people, including the Negroes, lived in servility to the landed families was unimportant. The aristocracy alone was chosen, and all other classes existed for the service of the marsters. This concept persists in the minds of a few.
After the Civil War the moneyed aristocracy gradually replaced the landed aristocracy, but the first citizens fought desperately to retain their status. As the shift to an industrial South came there arose the death cries of the inertia class. We
are just now hearing the last gurgles in the throats of this expiring group. This accounts in part for the fumbling activity to keep alive a decaying society, the activity's having assumed the attitude that the salvation of the nation lies in the green hills of Virginia. Except for the comic aspects of this situation it would be a pitiful one. Fortunately, though not many rational persons take this Virginia uber alles seriously.
This living on heredity took a curious turn in Virginia. The vanquished ones in the Grant-Lee fracas saw themselves as the victors. Maybe the rebels claimed some sort of nebulous moral victory, but we can't go on forever living on dreams. The rebels of the present generation have carried over this holier-than-thou attitude toward the
countrymen across the Line, with some very unlovely conduct by the Virginians. Thus were born the professional Virginians mentioned earlier.
While the typical Virginian goes on dreaming in his ivory tower, sighing for the dear dead lavender and lace days, his native state is changing, and in the infrequent moments when this fact pierces his consciousness , he recoils. If he writes, it is of the "old South" or of mythical kingdoms. His inability to adjust himself to the present state of civilization within his bailiwick leads him to try to regain the dead society. This is evident in everythng that he does and says. His organizations formed to glorify the past distort the picture and shift the emphasis on the historical facts We find him living in the musty atmosphere of tombs and sepulchers of state heroes , with a julep in one hand and a birch rod in the other. He contributes nothing to contemporary society and he resents anyone else' s efforts in that direction. All that he has left is his state of being a Virginia gentleman. He represents, as some wag has said, tobacco road in a dress suit.
Our gentleman ( and our lady too) manifest this clinging to provincial standards chiefly by a snobbishness born of plain ignorance and a total lack of social consciousness. It is natural then , that , lacking larger interests , they turn to quibbling over nonessentials. Witness the furor below the Mason-Dixon Line caused by the omission of a star from General Lee ' s collar on a national postage stamp and the franticly feverish frothing at the mouth attendant upon calling a spade a spade and the Civil War the Civil War.
Northern students who come to Virginia colleges often comment on the snobbishness of Southerners and the absence of the heralded Southern hospitality. All that we can do is ask these students not to take too great offense at the boorishness of a minority , influential as it may be. Most Southerners know that Yankees haven ' t had horns since 1865 , and the Southerners no
longer wear walrus mustaches and ten - gallon hats and shoe -string cravats We ' ll go even so far as to risk social ostracism by suggesting that Lincoln ' s parents probably were really married.
If those unfortunates who weren ' t born in Virginia want to come to our state, we can offer them these attractions : fried chicken , a high automobile accident death rate, and a chance to buy their college degrees a little cheaper here than somewhere else. But we warn the D . Y .' s that thought is frowned upon here
In odd moments we find ourself wondering what Generals Lee , Jackson, Stuart , et al. think of the present condition of their native land as they look down from Valhalla . Are they happy in knowing that their people are content to rest on real or supposed past glories and to deify men who were not gods but just men who did what they thought right ? What do the Generals think of the attempted resuscitation of a theory of government , the theory of state sovereignty which they saw interred at Appomattox ? Wouldn ' t they scorn our deification of themselves? Wouldn ' t they have us go forward inst ead of backward ? Wouldn ' t they have us fit into the collective national life ?
The Virginian resents more than anything else any criticism of his state and his mode of living . Eventually , though , he must recognize a basic truth of human experience , which is that we can ' t go on living on dreams and preserve our mental health at the same time No society can continue to rest on its laurels-and the laurels in our case are nonexistent-without drifting downstream
Perhaps the foregoing has been just so much verbiage , leading up to our main point , which is this: We think that Virginia ' s responsibility is the adult responsibility of its citiz ens to put being Americans before being Virginians and to end once and for all their pernicious living in the past. Furthermore , our Virginians would do well to pull in their necks a little-say about a hundred years ' worth .
ToD•--
by RUSSELL S. TATE
If you should take me by t he hand
And with a sharp and clear command Part the waters of some silvery sea, And through that passage safely carry me , Until , side by side , we both should stand U pan a shore of golden sand And gaze upon a kind of fairyland , Whose structures , magnificent and grand Would from my withered soul demand A feeling of meek humbleness and awe , U pan seeing beauty , without flaw.
If stars above were love-dipped points Of Hymen ' s arrows , and if the moon annoints
The earth with a silvery , glowing oil , And nowhere is there a thing to spoil The glories of this perfect nightThe wonders of this magic sight; If all were peace and loving kindness, And men were freed from selfish blindness , And men did live the Golden Rule , And Hate , defeated , could no longer fool Man ' s straining , searching , seeking mind to believe That he must grasp and take, and leave Only what he cannot with profit hold , As he builds his life on a store of gold.
If Man loved Maid with passion pure , And vows were kept , and trysts were truer ; If both , through life , might pass from dust to dust And never feel the talons of an earthly lust , If all were love and romance there And sweet perfume caressed the air, And Youth were an immortal thing , And Life had but one season, Spring ; If Ponce de Leonian founts were flowing And manna from the heavens snowing , If all these things were shown to me I surely would drop on my knee , And cynic that I am , I'd pray , " Oh, Father , let me always stay In this , so fair and lovely place And live beneath Your smiling face :' And I would turn to you in gratefulness And ask that One above to bless You. Though words be inadequate , and fail , my eyes
Would thank you for their glimpse of Paradise.
But , Dear , you give me more than this In just one lingering , tender kiss.
S. O. L.
by W. HAMILTON ENSLOW
Illustrated by the Author
OCTOBER morn-companion piece to the nude lady shyly clutching at her knees, and dated a month earlier? Not a bit of it. Imagine a long , bleak hill, dappled with rather mangy looking snow , more of which was rapidly being applied by clouds about the color and consistency of a " greasy-spoon" wheatcake, hanging close above the hills, the frozen Marne in its trench-like valley, and the further hills on the other bank, looking only less bleak and mangy for their distance. Just below the crest of the hill in an untidy hole created partly by a German shell and partly by a desultory grubbing with an entrenching spade, two officers and a Sergeant crouched on a pile of ragged sacking and splintered boards about a B. C.-scope which, squatting on shortened tripod legs, thrust its two fat arms cautiously spraddled over the edge of the pit. From the bottom of the hole a strand of sheathed double wire ran to a
leaning stake thrust in the mud, and thence staggered uncertainly up the shoulder of the hill, leaning here and there on another crazy prop, and disappeared over the crest. At the near end, this erratic cable terminated in the rectangular leather case of a field telephone, slung across the Sergeant's chest, to which he was now addressing violent remonstrance. Spinning the magneto crank furiously, he listened intently , hunched over the instrument, his curses emerging on puffs of steamy breath as he beat his free hand against his side for warmth. Then, with a groan of relief , he depressed the line switch with a stiffened thumb and commenced to snarl profanely into the transmitter.
"Where you lopeared crums been all night , huh? Whozat-Collins? Well, listen , hunk, if ya got ya beauty sleep out, see if you can raise the battery. Yah , yah,-what ta hell you think we
come up here in the middle of tha night fer, a game ah baseball? I can't help it if ya had ta lay ya line in the dark-how da ya reckon we got this ' n up here ? Lissen-capp ' n here , he says chevrons 're gonna fall like autumn leaves if ya don ' t make that connection pronto."
The taller of the two officers, glaring with sleepless and red - rimmed eyes into the scope , turned from the instrument, dabbing futilely at the snow - fogged upper lenses with a mittened hand. A n ex pression of haggard and settled gloom sat on his handsome face--an expression charact eristic of battery commanders generally , in the w ar of movement , what with the moving of outfits over uncertain roads in Stygian darkness , and being expected to commence operations at dawn with all alike-officers and men-staggering with weariness . The lieutentant , his face flat , leathery and noncommital between tin hat and knit wool helmet, had alternated his time since dawn scratching himself moodily and s w eeping the horizon with a batt ered pair of EE field g lasses. Now he muttered , " Thicker ' n cats ' fur Can ' t see much futher ' n I can spit. What do w e do for an aiming point ?" The captain glanced once more at the very grubby scrap of paper stuck b et wee n the t w o halves of a tripod leg " According to this order , lieutentant , we commence firing at 6 A M on a road crossing between Mergy and Pantel - le - hamea u ; just harassing fire on traffic there . That crossing is beyond our horizon , from h er e, and if I'd known it would be so thick this morning we needn ' t have broken our necks getting up h ere . However , I shouldn ' t like trying to get her e by daylight. " A small flight of German 7 7 sh ells , probably from a battery merely warming up for the day , lent point to his remarks , arriving w ith a sharp multiple hiss , crash, and catlike y o w ling of flying splinters. Retiring batteries on the other side , rather than cart spare shells after them , w ere prone to heave them at anything that s eemed to arous e question. The three men in the obser v ation post huddled lower , and the sergeant , w ho had been all this while fiddling with the field phon e, shifted the tr end of his running remarks
from the phone and his signal Corporal, Collins , to a sulphurous disquisition on the probable ancestry of the German gunners
Captain Goldsborough , removing one mitten , fumbled in his map case and produced a filthy , torn and much-folded sheet, which he proceeded to spread out and examine by the faint grey light of early morning , balancing his marching compass on one knee for orientation " Here ' s our cross-roads , all right , and there ' s a church marked here to the west that ought to be visible from the gun position. See if you can spot it from here , Creighton. Ought to be about there , I guess ," pointing with his free hand , eyes on the map The lieutenant , examining the low ridges in that direction narrowly , gave at last a grunt of satisfaction. " Yessir Right on the end of that third ridge. Couldn ' t see it before , against the other hills that way. Can you see the guns from h ere ?"
" No , but since we must fire from the map anyway , it makes no immediate difference. Damn the luck, I thought we could get observation both ways from here. Picking an 0. P in the dark is a fool ' s game. But the battery we replaced in this position said they were shelled out of the old one-some dumb runner showed himself too much in going up to it , when their phone lin e broke down. "
Producing a protractor and rule from the map case, the captain commenced adding to the confusion of signs , smudges and cabalistic figures which rendered the map almost illegible. The sergeant , straightening up at last with a snarl of " Okay Then keep it that way !" turned and spoke in a more formal tone of voice " Sir , the connection is through to the guns. I got Sergeant Willis on the phone. " " Good ," snapped the captain. " Give me the phone, Monk. " Unwinding the cord which had got into one of those intricate patterns unknown to any Boy Scout knotbook , and reserved especially for the demons who braid field - telephone cords , he spoke in the clipped metallic voice necessary for audibility over those temperamental systems. " Willis , get me Lieutenant Ross What? Oh- '' He turned
Creighton. "Ross' horse shied, fell over a trail, and dropped him on his head. Pity he had his helmet on-it might have killed him. Bob, he's out like a light-they can't bring him to." Ross , a new shavetail of the training-camp vintage, was not popular among officers or men, this being an outfit partly formed of old "regulars" Goldsborough turned again to the transmitter. "Willis, as senior chief of section, you'll have to act as executive until Lieutenant Ross comes out of it. Got a message-pad on you ? Take this firing data. Can you see a ruined church on a ridge about a thousand yards on the left front of the battery ? Well, get this down. Aiming point, left edge of wall of church you just identified. Deflectionplateau zero , drum three-zero. Range five , five hundred. Battery salvo, right. Fire for effectuntil otherwise ordered , H. E. , fuze Mk. III short. Got that ? Read it back to me . Yeah , y eah-all right , hop to it. Put somebody on the phone to report " on the way" when you fire- ·" Another small covey of shells passed with a noise o f tearing silk , a nd came to rest furiously some distance to the rear, over the hill. The captain j i ggled the line button , shouted , swore. " The l ine's out again . Monk , I hate like hell to send y ou out of this-they ' ll be sniping us as well a s you , but see if you can find where the shells cut the line. We ' ve got to ke ep in touch som ehow. " Monk wriggled out , carefully picking t he darker and less snowy earth for his backg round , and , unnot iced, soon disappeared along t he threads of wire , as the two officers, shifting t heir numb frames into easier positions , sat back t o wait developments
II
At the gun positions , occupied by the relieving b attery , just as their predecessors had left it , Sergeant Willis laid down the phone and stood for a moment , as sleepy men will, jaw hanging , scratching his unshaven shin with the field messa ge pad-a short , stocky figure , with the face of a mechanic and the hands of a farmer Under the
snowy camouflage net , which intensified the greyness of the light , the men of the gun sections lounged about the guns , smoking, spitting and talking.
Willis' eye fell on Lieutenant Ross , sprawled on an untidy heap of rotting burlap . " Old Iron Skulled, the ninety day wonder-never around when ya want him. Not but what I can fire the battery better' n him any day. ' ' He raised his voice in a long , drawn howl. " Battree tayn-shun !" Men along the line of guns snapped hastily into action , thrusting cards and hastily stumped cigarettes into pockets. Quickly the camouflage net was raised on its supporting poles , greasy leather muzzle and breech covers were removed, caisson doors clanged open , and the chiefs of section , standing in the rear of their pieces , reported ready as gunners slapped the sights into their sockets and crouched at the left of the slim barrels . Then , as Willis bawled out the order scrawled on his data sheet , shells came sliding from the caisson holes, fuzes selected from a wooden case were quickly screwed in , the shell tossed neatly into the breech , which clanged shut as the gunners , wagging hands rearward , indicated to the cannoneers heaving on the trail how far the gun need be swung to put the sight on the aiming point. Since , for the health of all concerned , the guns of modern artillery must be out of sight of the enemy it naturally follows that those who work the guns never see their target, and the sights are movable on a numbered axis , to right or left . At the order of officers in a distant observation post , the sights are set " off " a known angle right or left , and then trained on an object visible to gunners and observers alike, so that the actual direction of fire will be toward the target , they hope Strange things some times occur , no matter how carefully the angles are figured mathematically A smear on the captain ' s map concealed from him the fact that there was another church much nearer his guns than the one he had intended , and this building , invisible from the 0. P. , was being used by Willis as an aiming point . Chief-of-section at number one gun swung his
arm sharply downward. BRANGGG! , as the gun came alive in a man sized tongue of livid flame, a swirl of fumes and a viperish rearward stroke of the slender, pointed barrel. The trundling whirr of the departing shell died in the splitting crash of number two , and each sergeant in turn , eyes on watch , brought down upraised arm in the chopping gesture that means "fire , " while the cannoneers sent the empty cartridge clanging out on the trail, a second shell " chockh" into the breech, almost before the next gun blazed. The camouflage net leaped and shivered close above the flaming muzzles, and the heavy odor of smokeless powder filled the air. Willis watched pridefullyit was a crack battery , and fired with precision and method-glancing from time to time at Pete , the phone corporal, who lounged on his shoulder blades in the pack-frame of the hand-reel, waiting for the order to cease firing , dangling the dead phone on his chest. Where his shells were going , \Villis neither knew nor cared-that was the bu siness of the officers at the 0. P
III
Those gentlemen awa1tmg the rhythmic thunder of their guns beyond the brow of the hill, felt some anxiety , knowing the impossibility of stopping them if anything went wrong , but their attention was a little distracted by a general strafe w hich seemed to be directed on a point somewhat to their right-German shells of all calibres , at first seemingly heaved about at random , commenced now to assume a pattern-a box barrage , making it exceedingly unwise for anyone in the bracketed area to try to get out. The distance was too great for any attempt at making out the object of it all, and the first blast from their own battery recalled the captain to the business of trying to spot the results of his fire. Creighton , spinning the magneto crank of the telephone call-buzz er at intervals in an attempt at raising the gun position , suddenly dropped the instrument and seized the captain ' s arm . " Lissen a minute . Can y ou hear anything right after our number fou r
gun fires ?" Goldsborough listened intently , head on one side. The battery ran its gamut again , regular as clockwork - blam ! he could h ear in imagination the section chiefs counting one - twothree-blam ! and then , faint as a whisper across their position , the unmistakeable Shroooooo of a 75 mm shell, dying away down the scal e as it passed by Som ething was definitely screwy. He ruffled over the map " Holy hell-if number four is shooting right o v er us at the range I gave , those shells are right in brigade headquarter' s front yard-and about where the Fritzes are putting down all their hardware. God help us , I hope nobody notices the difference between our shells and theirs. Take a look over there. " Through the B C. scopes ' powerful lenses even , nothing appeared but a turmoil of dust , mud , smoke and flame , no chance of distinguishing their o w n contribution in the midst of that storm of flying st eel. Nothing to do but wait for l\.1onk to get his line mended , or Willis to cease firing on his own initiative They w a tched with inner quakings-visions of disgrace and courtmartial. Goldsborough bitterly addressed his stars , in language that would have fried the hide of a mul e. Creighton , in his own misery , had still to admire the captain ' s forceful phras eology , which he himself , with some y ears less service with th e regular army , could appr eciat e but not equal. Even that wid e vocabulary ran out , however , and gloom had reigned unint errupted for some time when the battery , having used all its available shells , lapsed into silence , th e telephone finall y responded , and the German barrage broke up into a general and vicious lacing of t he infantry positions in the alley below.
IV
About noon , Goldsborough and Creighton hunkered down in the lee of the rolling kitchen far to the rear of the battery , regarded each othe r glumly across canteen-cups of steaming brown bog-water , sometimes humorously called coffee The uncertainty of it got you-the axe might fall ne x t minute , n ext week , or never . Almost with
relief they saw Fate approaching in a side-carotherwise known as a rotund and red-faced brigade commander, heaving himself out of the "bathtub" of his sputtering steed with sundry grunts and curses.
Welcoming him with set faces, braced for the thunder he was well known for dispensing, they almost wilted at the shock of his jovial roar.
''Good work, boys, good work. Have you both decorated for this-swear I will. Don't know how you did it. Jerry and his box barrage and his raiding party nearly scooped up the whole headquarters force- must've wanted officers for questioning-but you boys dropped your tinware right in the thick of 'em. Amazin' how you
spotted 'em at that distance-Hey?"
The captain, smiling wanly in spite of a heart which turned over spasmodically as the motor of the general's motorcycle , stammered-
"Coordination did it, sir-we owe it all to our communications system, and the perfect cooperation of all the sections of the battery. No credit to us, sir."
Creighton, his normally expressionless face twisted into a network of wrinkles, seemed troubled with a paroxysm of coughing. To an acute observer it might have sounded like unseemly merriment-but the general wasn't listenmg.
Bumble Bee
by G. MOTTE MARTIN
In the quietly dozing day, Through the flowers deep in May , Came a buzzing bumble bee Droning very drowsily, Vis-a-vis with 'za lias vain , While his shadou) on the lane Danced b eneath his vibrant wing. Then my thoughts were drawn away By the mellow la zy day , And content I dreaming lay, Cool beneath a shady tree, While the busy bumble bee, Vivid, velvet, wav'ring there , Quivered in the sunny air.
Then with humming whine of ease, Zooming down the fragrant breeze, The bumble bee dissolved away , Leaving silence with the day : But there too small for men to see Still droned the busy bumble bee, Adding mem'ries to my mood, Mem'ries swee t in solitude.
DEAR DIARY:
Dear Diary
Monday, March I 5th.
Some day when I am feeling 1yrical, I may even indite an "Ode to Spring," but today though Spring is in the air, I could quite thoroughly give it the "air," for today Spring to me seems greatly over-rated.
Instead of trying to reconcile this rain by singing of the spring flowers as the poets do, I am not deluding myself. Besides, I'm stone deaf anyway, and I know this rain means a fresh spring cold for me. Since no real lady ever has a cold in her head and I have several head colds a year, the prospect does not the least to bolster up my remaining self-respect. My mood therefore is indigo.
Take this morning for instance: Being of an adventurous nature as you know, I gave a ride to a Phi Bete acquaintance-one of lofty dome and penetrating gaze thru horn-rimmed spectacles. He gravely accepted the seat in the car beside me, and asked me what I thought of "can't." Not knowing whether or not he meant to be funny, I smiled in my most ravishing fashion and said that I did not think it was the sublimest word I had ever heard, that I thought "can" a much nicer word. I thought that word "sublimest" would literally bowl him over. Imagine my surprise when he didn't even notice it, but raised imaginary eyebrows (his are frightfully blonde, you know), and patiently explained that he really meant K-A-N-T (spelling it for me, the dope), the great philosopher. Being a fool and admitting it, was never one of my virtues, so I smiled again as sweetly as I could after he had finished and "confesed" that I knew all the time which "Kant" he had meant, but that I was merely joking. At this he turned very red, looked rather doubtful, extremely pained, and apologized. He then entered into a dissertation of his father's ideas on philosophy, and in order to make conversation, I
asked him what business his father was in-Oh, spare my blushes! After he had finished choking, he asked me to please let him out of my car. He felt that he needed some air. His father, it seems, is a very well known and learned Judge. As he stiffy raised his hat on leaving, he looked me up and down in a most appraising manner, and believe you me, Diary, I knew right then and there that he knew he had "buffaloed" me on that "Kant" business.
Be that as it may, as I stopped to let him out, quite a personable young man stepped from the curb to the door of my car and introduced himself to me as the "Inquiring Reporter." He asked me the usual questions that an Inquiring Reporter would ask about my preferences and finally wanted to know which I preferred a Monogram man or a Phi Bete. Remembering my recent experience but not wishing to show my feelings too patently, I murmured that I had had only one experience with a Phi Bete who was a philosopher and entirely over my head. My reporter friend said, "Poor child, everybody is a philosopher of some sort-take me, for instance, my philosophy of life is 'Nothing ventured, nothing gained'-by that I mean, one must plunge right into things to be successful. Just like I stopped you right now. As a matter of fact, I happen to be a Phi Bete too, but of a different sort than your friend, I'll warrant you, and if you will step out with me this evening, I will show you that a Phi Bete can be really quite human. Won't you try my philosophy just this once-remember, 'Nothing ventured, nothing gained'? "
Oh, Diary, I wanted to be so very haughty-I remembered all the things my mother had taught me about talking with strange men, but this one seemed so different. He was so tall and handsome and so frank looking, with the most engaging smile. Finally, I countered weakly-"But I don't even know you-you may even be a married
man, for all I know - are you?" And he said" Did you ever know a married reporter?" To tell the truth I never had , so I protested that I had never known any reporter , married or single , and he kept insisting that I really should know him better , and I almost believe I was surrendering when I heard a cheery hallo from across the street and there was my monogrammed boy friend of last summer. Then I remembered how one day last summer, out at the lake , someone had dared me to jump off the highest diving board , but Buddy advised against it. Not heeding him , I plunged in and simultaneously with my plunge, I heard an omnious r - r-r-ip Perhaps the proper plunge at the right time might affect your whole life-but at that time the only effect of that plunge as far as I could see was on my complexion , which turned from white to rosy red-oh definitely , and as Buddy flung me a towel, he roared- ' 'Fools rush in where angels fear to tread." After that Buddy and I merely nodded when we met
But somehow , I had a feeling that I was again in the lake , feeling just as embarrassed as I did that day last summer , and putting my foot on the starter , I was off in a cloud of dust , leaving my Inquiring Reporter , still inquiring no doubt. That reporter certainly is handsome though
March 16th .
I thought perhaps the Inquiring Reporter might be on the road today so I went out another direction . Just to think that he thought I could be picked up like that - but hang it all, he did have such beautiful eyes.
March 17th.
Buddy called up last night and asked me to go to the Varsity dance with him on Saturday night . We had quite a chat about the good times of last summer , and agreed to let bygones be bygones. I had quite forgotten how nice he is, but somehow I cannot keep my mind on him as I used to I wonder what paper that Inquiring Reporter works for , and whether he really had to talk to people Not that I care , of course , but in that case maybe-
March 18th.
You know , Diary , this philosoph y stuff irks me . The more I think about it , the more mixed up I become. Whether it is better to plunge inor not to plunge in , and the results after you plunge in. Take last summer now-I thought that the only result of my plunge into the water was a ripped bathing suit and a few blushes , but it seems that it was more than that That reporter for instance , he advised " plunging in , " yet it was the very act of plunging in that changed my outlook as far as he was concerned I mean with Buddy ' s bobbing up and my remembering about the lake and all. What a headache I have I must remember to take an aspirin .
March 19th
Raining again today such weather ! I wonder if there is such a thing as love at first sight-I wonder 1 That reporter certainly looked like the answer to a maiden ' s prayer , and he was doing his duty , asking questions Just to think , perhaps I shall never see him again March 20th.
Mother was right , although I hate to admit it -and how I hate men. I simply loathe the beasts . Dad sent me to the other end of town today on an errand and I very nearly had an accident A little fellow about two years old ran right out in front of my car. I slammed on the brakes just in time and his Dad rushed out into the street and picked him up-oh yes , it was his Dad all right , and you guessed it Diary , it was that Inquiring Reporter. Mrs. Inquiring Reporter was standing on the sidewalk almost in hysterics In addition to our Hero , who must have been the answer to her prayer , she had two little answers , twins , the very image of him. Mrs . Reporter wa s holding on to one of them , and he was supposed to b e watching the other one , I take it , and beli eve it or not , when that man looked up at me to bawl m e out for almost running ov er his child , I realized that he did have a very married look indeed - and must be every day of twenty-five . He recognized me too , and just dusted the kid off and stepp ed back on the sidewalk . I am beginning to think that I am
really a little sap. I must remember to get myself some of those big fat chocolate drops. March 21th.
Buddy and I had the swellest time at the dance last night, and he has asked me to go to all of his fraternity dances with him for the rest of the season. It's strange too, Diary , I'd never noticed before how blue his eyes are. Last night in the moon-
light they had the loviest shine--so purposeful looking too, and-but there Diary , you are entirely too inquisitive. I've told you too much already. I think I can safely say , however, that Spring is here. Strange that I had not noticed it before , and if I get the time tomorrow, I shall write a sonnet.
Lenore Dinneen.
To __ _
by G. MOTTE MARTIN
If beauty were wine Your body and face, And infinite grace, Would render divine The fruit of the vine;
And wine where you went, Could never be spent.
If beauty were gold A lock of your hair , The rose that you wear Would bring to the bold A fortune untold;
And you, with your lips , Could Plutus eclipse.
Yet beauty remains As beauty, my love, And high up above Forever distains
To live on these planes;
And ah, that is bliss! For Beauty can kiss!
· 26 ·
Labor in Virginia
by HAROLD B. YUDKIN
Illustrated by Oscar Eddleton
Editor's note: Since the Supreme Court decision validating the Wagner Act has given the labor movement a long-desired stimulant, a consideration of labor trends is quite pertinent.
''rHAT is the future of the fight between YY the Committee for Industrial Organization and the American Federation of Labor?
To understand a solution of these problems, a bit of labor history is necessary.
Industry is composed of four groups: management, finance, skilled labor, and unskilled labor. The management are the ostensible
owners or operators who supervise the actual production of the industry. But because most industry today has been organized with assistance of bank loans and :flotation of stocks and bonds, finance now has a very material interest in the operation of industry. Before an American labor movement became successful, these two groups acquired enormous profits from their investment, partly by ruthless exploitation of their workers who were paid salaries as small as management and finance chose to pay.
Skilled labor in almost every field has always been in great demand except in periods of depression. Just as centuries earlier the nobles of England banded together to force the Magna Carta on King John, so the skilled workers of particular fields banded together to secure fair contracts from their employers. The unskilled workers, who were even more ruthlessly exploited, eagerly joined the skilled workers in this battle, and thus the Knights of Labor was born, only to disintegrate after a brief existence.
I ts successor was the American Federation of Labor which was composed entirely of skilled workers. For example, the carpenters all grouped themselves in one union, the electricians in another, the bricklayers in a third, and so on. Each of these groups existed as a separate organization, but for purposes of presenting an impressive "front" they allied the groups into a central body which was the American Federation of Labor. Its component groups were not formed to aid labor, but merely to aid skilled labor. Now the conspiracy became management and finance, allied with skilled labor, to secure as much profit as possible for themselves at the expense of unskilled labor.
The AFL learned from the failure of the Knights of Labor that unskilled labor is a handicap to unionization. Unskilled workers cannot afford to pay union dues, and unions cannot exist without war chests. Unskilled workers usually do not make enough money to afford union dues, and what makes them still more burdensome is the idea that should they strike for more money, the mere fact that they are unskilled makes their services so easy to replace that their strikes must fail. Hence the AFL excluded Negroes, immigrants, poor whites, and youngsters. Its complex organization consisting of individual groups of
skilled crafts , became just as inimical to unskilled labor as finance and management always have been
Under the Articles of Conf ederation , the thirteen original United States were just as weak as a unit as the federated crafts in the American Federation of Labor. For example , in a large Virginia city the bricklayers ' union was the strongest in the house - building field The other crafts in this same field , such as painters, carpenters, electricians, plumbers , and so on had not been organized in the federation in quite such large numbers. Consequently , the bricklayers received terrifically high wages and the economy-seeking housebuilders were able to force a lower union scale than might have been the case otherwise from the other unions in the house-building field, in order to pay the high wage scale of the bricklayers. Just as the thirteen federated states chose to succeed at the expense of their neighbors. so one craft union in the federation gained labor victory at the expense of co-federated craft unions The AFL ' s " solid front " was a false front It did , however , tend to improve the labor contracts between employer and skilled worker.
Before NRA , there were some groups which , because of industrial difficulties , could not organize along craft lines. The ass embly line and mor e modern manufacturing methods did not depend upon crafts . Among these unions were the United Min e Workers , the United Textile Workers , the Amalgamated Clothing Workers , and the International Ladies ' Garment Workers . But thes e unions were organized in a wholeheartedly popular manner and were composed of a tremendously large number of high salaryearning members High salaried members mean ability to pay union dues ; union dues are necessary to assemble an essential war-chest ; and the AFL was assembled only to accommodate worker s who could afford to pay dues With the money motive in mind , they were accepted into the AFL without attempts being made to split a w a y into craft unions such members of these groups as other w ise might have been eligible for
craft unions. These four unions are examples of industrial or vertical unions. Ev eryone in one industry banded together just as are the United States under the Constitution Skilled and unskilled workers are together . In a craft union strike only the members of the particular craft which is unsatisfied will leav e its work Other crafts , if they chose , may enter into sympathy strike. Under an industrial union , each factory , as a whole-each industry , may settle its disputed as a unit without primarily disrupting other industries. Under a craft union , a strik e of electrical workers , for example , might pro x imately cause closing of every industry where union electrical workers were employed , even though in many such industries there wer e no capital - labor quarrel. The good as well as th e bad employer must suffer.
With the NRA came the famous clause 7 - a providing for collective bargaining. If , for example , every employe e in a given industry were to ask unitedly their employers for a more equitabl e contract of employment , the opportunity for success is more certain than if two or two hundred separate groups individually seek redress In addition , if one agency bargains for the whole group of employees , workmen sitting side-byside will secure equal wages ; if more than on e bargaining agency is in the field , acute dissention would result from differently affiliated workmen sitting side-by-side who earned unequal wage s for the sam e work. The w orker under NRA suddenly realized the rewards of collective as opposed to individual bargaining and clamored fo r unionization. President Roosevelt , as part of hi s promulgation of a New Deal for human right s , advocated unionization , and his psychologica l leadership brought many a wavering laborer int o the union fold. The AFL was unprepared fo r this sudden windfall. Every conglomeration o f assembled workers , factory or trade , demand ed admission to union ranks . To meet this unprec edented onrush of applications , the AFL set u p branches known as Federal or Trade Union s which were organized in local groups .
Into these federal unions were dumped all the workers in a given district ( who could afford to pay dues) until time would allow them to be sorted and deposited into the particular-fitting craft union. Unexpected obstacle to the AFL was the fact that they had unwittedly admitted the more prosperous unskilled workers and many a worker who could not possibly be a member of any existing craft union. For example, many a radio- builder wished to be united only with other radio-builders; AFL attempted to insert them into the electricians craft union. In disgust, they withdrew, as did many another group, from the federation.
It is not the purpose of this article to argue that the old-fashioned idea of building union groups along craft lines has been outmodeled by modern industrial organization which is ceasing to recognize crafts. But it is a fact, even recognized by the AFL, that many a craft has disappeared. For example, the one-time all-powerful cigarmakers' craft union no longer exists as a labor unit, but is kept alive in name only for the sole purpose of paying to its one-time members the pensions and benefits resulting from dues payments, to which they became entitled under the insurance protection idea of that union.
Now the CIO comes into the picture, unionizing along vertical industrial lines all the workers in each given field into that particular field's own union. The CIO accepted the laborers whom the AFL scorned-the poorly paid, the unskilled Negro, the immigrant, the poor white, and the youngster. The CIO then went into the virgin territory which the AFL dared not invade. Auto, steel, oil, textile, rubber, radio and many another industry which the AFL left stranded, were given union opportunity. The CIO is the first modern movement to ally skilled and unskilled labor against management and finance. This was the task which the AFL should have performed.
The CIO's founders were the same type leaders as those who supported Roosevelt's first cam-
paign for the presidency. Men who had given fair trial to the established organization's attempt to solve the nation's need saw the failure of the old order really to help labor and thereupon launched a new campaign. The conservative laissez faire leaders controlling the AFL were more interested in retaining their revenues as union officials than in aiding a national labor cause. The CIO' s leaders were either very brave or very foolhardy, as only the future can disclose.
With but a handful of capable, experienced, cool-headed leaders, the CIO launched an offensive into some of the strongest anti-union industries in the country. Bluff was the CIO' s successproducing weapon, and bluff it used.
Even the Supreme Court of the United States has enunciated the fact that management and finance have an advantage over labor in the threat of refusal to employ a worker. Many a worker in the field which the CIO invaded has been in abject fear of joining a union because of resulting abrupt dismissal, much as Russian peasants were afraid of objecting to their miserable lot under the Czars for fear of death, torture, or banishment to Siberia. Workers in the industries being unionized by the CIO were at a disadvantage because the security of their families was at stake. For this reason they feared joining the CIO until it was certain of accomplishment, or because they were ignorantly tricked into false apprehension of the CIO through activities of rabble-rousers employed by management and finance, they did not join the CIO. Thus, controlling a minority, the CIO had to put on a "show."
To close a plant, either an inside or an outside strike deprives management and finance of its use. An outside strike is possible of achievement, however, only when a majority of its employees concur in striking. Luckily enough for the workers, because of the speed-up system of modern industrial plant mechanical operation, a very small minority of employees capturing a vital process in the plant can close the whole plant by a sit-down strike.
The CIO's leader, John L. Lewis, evidently knew his bluff to rally workers to his cause could succeed only by the show of strength possible only to an infant organization by a sit-down in the vital section of the plants under attack. His financially strong United Mine Workers' warchest was available, but he had not recruited a substantial enough assemblage of applicants to his CIO. The CIO lieutenants beat him to the gun. Dynamic, eloquent, former Minister Homer Martin, impatiently itching for battle, prematurely began the General Motors sit-down. His bluff called early, Lewis threw the entire strength of his organization into the first great battle.
Just as school children are taught that Napoleon's Hundred Days' Campaign had historical interest, so will they some day remember the Forty Days' Campaign against General Motors which was ostensibly ended only because of the level-headedness of Michigan's Governor Murphy. The CIO, after forty days, won only a six months' sole bargaining agency agreement and failed to achieve a closed shop. But for six months the AFL' s few craft unionists in General Motors can not bargain except through the CIO.
The CIO's tactical error now occurred because its general could not control the ranks. Power newly received gives many men exaggerated ideas of their importance. Untrained, headstrong, inexperienced, rash, super-enthusiastic CIO lieutenants precipitated, without reason, one sitdown strike after another, without plan, and without approval of Lewis and his advisory cabinet. Public resentment grew because of these untimely seizures. Next came the period of spontaneous sit-downs, unsponsored by the CIO' s responsible leaders, many in non-union and weak-union mills. Of necessity, then, the CIO' s general began squelching his subordinates, and, just as Stalin has executed his one-time Bolshevik allies, so Lewis must sack many an early warrior who aided him against General Motors. Sit-downs can not succeed against firms not dependent upon public sympathy or not socially minded; such firms can evict strikers. Public re-
spect of property rights cultivated over many centuries cannot be quickly changed to establish the superiority of human rights. Against property usurpation public denunciation is attainable by any property argument or by painting a picture of many willing workers not desirous of unionization who are deprived of work by the minority-controlled sit-down. Only possible legal argument in favor of sit-downs ( which has not yet been enunciated by any responsible jurist) is that one may use his own property only in a manner not obnoxious to the public. For example, a glue factory cannot be established in a home in the midst of Richmond's most exclusive residential section. Nor can one commit a crime nor disturb the peace of his own property with immunity from arrest. If the public interest is such that workers may keep a plant from operation, pending adjustment of a dispute, as our courts admit, by this human rights argument a sit-down is as legal as a picket-type strike.
Here Senator Borah' s recent words are worth remembering: "I am not disposed myself to condemn illegal practices of labor in its fight with capital, also employing illegal methods, so long as those illegal methods do not involve the taking of human life. I do not propose to single labor out and condemn its illegal acts and leave capital free to pursue its illegal methods. 'If that be treason, make the most of it.' "
Has the CIO movement hurt the labor movement's future? Possibly not. Such undreamed of successes as the capitulation of the steel ind us try to the CIO raise high hopes for labor's future. The old maxim "You don't get anything for nothing," is equally as applicable to the employer-employee status as to any other. When the toughest anti-union industry in the nation concedes to John L. Lewis without a struggle, the genius of the CIO' s commander-in-chief is apparent. In the steel campaign material results were achieved, common labor's pay raised from $4-20 to $5.00 a day, hours lowered from 48 to 40 a week, and time and a half for overtime granted.
Just as a mathematician once figured that had the North paid several times the value of all the Southern slaves and had liberated them, the United States would still have spent less money than was expended in the War Between the States , so the steel industry , booming toward an all-time peak of prosperity, was smart in increasing wages to prevent an expensive and enormously wasteful industrial war with perhaps bloodshed of the type of I 89 2 ' s gory battle at Homestead , Pennsylvania . Almost every other firm which recently announced voluntary betterment of labor contracts did not do so because of sheer love of mankind. Lewis' labor scares and militant workers are the real reasons. " You don ' t get anything for nothing."
CIO and APL organizers now found themselves swamped with applications for union locals But dilly-dallying APL President William Green, who talked while Lewis acted, saw his war-chests being gleaned while those of the CIO increased. Punish the CIO , decreed he, by expelling them from the Federation. Sensible state federations disregarded Green ' s advice Massachusetts' federated unionists saw no sense in warring on their fellow workers. New Jersey and many another state ' s federation followed. But Virginia, led by conservative leaders satisfied with Green's do-nothing policy, in an executive board meeting stated " under our instructions from the APL we could take no other action " than suspending the CIO ' s four Virginia unions.
The convention of the Virginia Federation of Labor meeting in Lynchburg next month will probably approve the action of their executive board , but just as the regicide judges of Charles I read their own death warrant as they read his , so will the Virginia Federation read its knell in approving such action in Lynchburg.
Just as the CIO ' s auto campaign showed that poor lieutenants can cause a good general much grief , so can a poor general and blindly-following lieutenants kill the tottering APL. The lieutenants who lead the VFL are as prejudicial to labor as the quick-triggered CIO lieutenants.
In union there is strength. Two labor bargaining entities can not separately exist. The craft idea is outmoded. Conciliation and coeperation in a common endeavor is labor's best outlook. But the AFL ' S reactionary generals will prevent such a movement unless the dues-payers-the lifeblood of the APL-prevent such foolish dawdling. If the members of the VFL who attend Lynchburg's convention go for a walk and think the labor problem out for their individual selves, they will vote to have a united front in solving Virginia's industrial labor problems. Accepting blindly the foolish order of William Green is to admit candidly allegiance to a do-nothing dictator. Remember, only Green's stubborn inactivity policy caused the CIO's creation. Virginia wants none of its laborers spilling the blood of fellowlaborers , as recently occurred, merely because that fellow-laborer is a member of a rival group. Every worker, regardless of affiliation , has a common interest with every other worker.
What will happen if the APL and CIO permanently split in Lynchburg ? The CIO generals are acknowledged master-minds in labor organization. They realize that only when the industrial North has been vertically unionized , only when a few of their available competent generals and lieutenants can be spared from the more valuable background , will such generals and lieutenants be available to " crack" the more conservative Southern labor problem. Sooner or later CIO guns will be trained on Virginia , effectively , lawfully. The outcome depends on the degree of success in the North.
The APL denunciation of the CIO as composed of Communists , or their even more assinine argument that the CIO is Jew-conscious , or their baiting of sit - downs can not stop the CIO advance. Such back-biting is deplorable and breeds European-type strife, unwanted in America.
As far as can be determined by this writer , the CIO has not as yet attempted to carry its movement to Richmond, although it accepts voluntarily forwarded workers ' applications for CIO charters. Its few available Virginia leaders are
fully absorbed in the western part of the state. The South is rugged, reactionary, and well typified by industrialists as sincere! y conservative in thought as Senator Glass. The CIO will do well if such manner of individuals can be induced to give Southern laborers a fairer deal than they have been receiving. But if the CIO dared to organize the super-powerful auto, steel, oil, textile, rubber, and radio industries, so will it dare to carry its humanistic movement to the Fredericksburg, Richmond, Petersburg, and Norfolk areas.
Looking forward, this writer throws forth one suggestion. The CIO is a labor movement, the APL a withering labor organization. Neither deserves a permanent place in our society. Progressively , the labor movement , its rights and privileges, have become quasi-public. They will and should become public. But the public is govern-
ment. Perhaps labor should become a secondary government within our federal governmentwith labor elections held on our national and state election days and with voting only by registered la borers ( as to their labor policy) who are ( as la borers) taxed the cost of actual maintenance of such inner government. The Social Security organization is the organization closest, in existence, to my proposed inner government. Secret lodge orders should not rule industry. Under this system, specially constituted law courts or possibly even arbitration commissions capable of fairly settling labor squabbles and capable of compelling arbitration and its resultant enforcement can be established. Such power is essential according to Hugh Johnson's views. Labor is no longer a problem of a mere group or of only a particular industry. It has become and will become more and more dominatingly national.
Evolution by LENORE DINNEEN
Once I had a little sister who was , oh , so proud of me , She hung upon my every word , she climbed upon my knee , She begged for stories , kicked my cat , and did things to my sewing , But how I loved the little tike and loathed to see her growing.
For I've lost my little sister and I don ' t like her successor; She preens before the mirror , she is quite the worst aggressor ; S h e sneaks my rouge. cribs my books , her alibi ' s euer ready, And with starry eyes and dewy lips , she ' s walked off with my steady. ·
soon however , took the name of Count Cagliostro , by which he was afterwards known And success galore they had What not with Lorenza dazzling the men with her charms , while Balsamo took their fortunes and homes ? And Balsamo , smoothing old ladies ' wrinkles with his magic salves and weird incantations. Or if not this , he would serve their other wants-for a consideration.
For centuries the alchemists had tried to learn how to change baser metals into gold While in Warsaw the Count did-and was caught. After being feted by the whole city , he , with a few of his most devoted followers retired to the country for communion with the spirits, and probably the transmutation of lead to gold. And lo and behold , he did ! In the midst of the blackest night , huddled beside a small fire which were his crucibles containing lead , with all his followers chanting the magic words , there was a sudden blinding flash , and in place of the molten lead was bright shimmering gold !
But the Count was an accomplished magician , and he had been seen the night before melting golden ducats !
Another of his most unusal accomplishments was the founding , or , as he claimed the rediscovery of an ancient Egyptian Masonic order Using his magical tricks , his hypnotic influence , his wife ' s charms , he gained recruits all over Europe . Claiming supernatural powers and calling himself the Grand Cophta , he secured en -
trance into the best circles , there to peddle his wares.
'' For the Queen-only the best ." In all truly monarchial countries this is always the aim. And such was France in I 785 . And France ' s greatest jeweler, Bossange , had , after years of searching and painstaking work , had a diamond necklace-fit only for the beautiful and glamorous Marie Antionette.
And Count Cagliostro , with the scheming Countess LaMotte planned to steal it
And they did. But fate overtook , and they along with many others were banished forever France But would the Count leave with a King ' s ransom in the offing ? No ! A thousand tim es no !
At this time the famed Bastile had fallen , mobs had taken Paris , the nobility was fleeing , murder and robbery were the order of the day . And the World ' s finest necklace was somewhere in France. As is told in the play "Black Flamingo ," this king of villains , recovers his prize only to lose it
He fled to England. Then went to Rome for another of his magnificent schemes , But , here , alas , the unfailing Catholic Inquisition sentenced him to life imprisonment .
What an end for what a man. And he died as he lived-a lie. Demanding religious books , praying , calling for priests-all this when he believed none of them. Truly he was a great liar Greatest of the great ! What man can boast such a record : hypnotist , a queen ' s lover , swindled , scoundrel, alchemist, monk , priest , painter , mason, quack and murderer!
SurrealisDI: A Defense
by DONALD E. TRUMP
The editors are not publishing these bits for the ideas se t forth but for the purpose of mirroring one type of campus writing and for the purpose of seeing just what the reaction of collegiate readers will be. The first piece by Mr. Trump is an explanation of his unique concept of expression, the second an example of his medium. Frankly , we are puzzled.
LET us say they say the things we say they say. This will make it easier for the alert reader to read what he reads and not what he thinks he should read. This will make all things seem as though the words are said which we know and the alert reader who has read what he reads knows that the reader is not reading what they say but what they think they say but only think. The difference lies in faulty thinking because people never say what they say but what they think they say they say.
When we think we naturally without exception think we are thinking thought but we are not think thought but disjointed thoughts which at all times are not joined but are joined by thinking logically. Let us call these thoughts thought spontaneously and only by logical thinking are logical thoughts brought into being through means of the voice , eg., a jig-saw puzzle has many parts and in order that that pattern, form or design may become clear and distinct the parts that
that puzzle contain must be placed in a pattern , form or design which that puzzle was made to be made into. If the pattern, form, or design is made we say that which has been done by the person making it is right and logical. Should he not conclude the conclusion wished to concluded we immediately say he is wrong-but he is not wrong because he has the mental material. What is awry is the combination. The thought process is needed. The reader who reads writers who write pure thought must put himself in the place of the written writer. He must clear his mind of other thought and take courage and make the written thought his thought. Step by step he follows the one he is following building thoughts that are essential discarding those which are subterraneaus until at last he :finds that which he has had built for him but which the writer wished for him to catch and build from embryo is a complete picture or idea.
Eestasis
SUSIE Sr.MPSONwas well loved like most girls are, and in turn loved the boy next door, but he was not a boy. Susie just saw :fit to call him that; that he was not a boy can be verified by his age and manner, which was thirty-two and quite mature, I am sure. Susie was what looked like twenty-one but is not twenty-one, but nineteen. So So for that.
From a good family came our sister Susie, whom we call Susie but whose real name is
Penelope , spelled with a capital "P," and whose family foolishly called her Pen until she was ten , then called her Nell that rhymes with well. So So for all that; Susie came from a fairly good family, for they lived in happy content. (Anent to what I wished I had said in the beginning , that that is this: Susie was pretty young and fragile , pretty and fragile and young; she was small ; she had a brother and a small mother, but her mother's brother not at all. It is silly to seem to
say she had a brother, a brother A.) She also had her brother's brother, which in any language makes as many as two brothers, and no more. Sure.
Every early morning Susie slept in her bed of red and as I said, Susie slept. She slept while I slept well and when I did not sleep well she slept well and when I had well slept she still slept well. This makes very little difference, does it not, because well slept she was when she awakened but she was not well sleeping, but well slept awake.
Susie said she did not dream dreams that dreamers usually dreamed, but dreamed undreamed dreams dreamers never dreamed before, I am sure. One time, so Susie said, she rhymed the dimes of mine with time, sugar with molasses, and cherry tree with silvery shores. This she did in her sleep, she said, which, of course, changes the whole situation.
Susie swears she slept as usual the night she dreamed she did this, but she did not sleep the same because she could not sleep the same, having slept before the time she slept the time she dreamed this. No matter how you make it, she could not have slept the same way twice.
Can you conceive in your consciousness anyone rhyming time with dimes of mine? No, you cannot, can you? No. Susie said she knew this when she awoke when she did, which was early in the morning of the next day after the day she went to bed to sleep, and, of course, dream. Of course dream, because we all dream when we sleep, although, sometimes we think we only sleep, but we dream nevertheless. In fact, all our sleeping are crowded with dreams, some which we remember, and some which we do not. Therefore, we can say with assurance, people do not sleep sleep, but sleep what he may appropriately call "Dream Sleep."
A Consolation Song
by SAMUEL COHEN
When I am loathed and shunned by those Who coolly tread their own long way And whip to senseless, animal clay This heart that shelters all it knows , I feel that somewhere in this peopled sea A few will break their bread with me; And they will come in stress of need To heal their hearts by human creed.
WELL , SEEING IS BELIEVING. l' LL BET IT COMES FROM AFRICA OR SOMESUCI--I PLACE!
NOPE - FROM CONSERVATIVE OLD ENGLAND- AND WHAT ' S MORE , ITS MADE: OF PORCE:LAIN
SEI:: I 7'1-lE STEM IS CURVED AND ' lNTERiWI NED \NAN INTRICATE PAl' "TERN. STRETCHED ouT s,RA1GHT, 1;;:r wou LD MEA WELVE AND .A, t ~ALF FEET. 'l s Pu~~~sE= TO u;:~Q. 01..,.;JHi= SM;;pKe AN E s ~~ !<~R' if Ot;-!GUF,FRO j~~BrTE iif,;tlfo
WELL, ITS CERTAINLY 'THE LONG WAY AROUND TO COOL ' BITELESS ' SMOKING HERE'S "THESHORTEST WAY I KNOWPRINCE ALBERT
- FIRST FOR INTRODUCING 7HE SCIENTIFIC 'CRIMP CUT'AND AGAIN FOR DEVELOPING COME 10 'iHINK THE 'NO-BITE'PROCESS OF IT P.A STANDS FOR THE PERFECT r---- ~ -.,., AI-ISWER TO WHAT APIPE NEEDS
PRINCEALBERT
MONEY-BACKGUARANTEE!
Smoke 20 fragrant pipefuls of ennce Albert. ,If you don't find it .the mellowest, tastiest pipe tobacco you ever smoked , return the pocket tin with the rest of the tobacco in it to us at any time within a month from this dat~, ancl .we will refund full purchase price, plus postage. (Signed) R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
H)37 , R. J. Reyno l ds Tobacco Company
PRINCEALBERT IS SWELL 'MAKIN'S 1 TOO!
The Deluge
by JOHN S. HARRIS
IA WOKE with the feeling that something heavy, oppressive, was bearing down upon me with such force that I could hardly breathe. I gave a shudder and turned my face toward the open window. It was still raining and had been for days and days-just a steady downpour. I got up and walked to the window, hoping to see some break in the raw mass of gray clouds above. It had been the same thing each day, rain and more rain, since May seventh and it was now the thirty-first. It was the worst rain I had ever seen and I was then sixteen years of age.
As I gazed out upon the town at that early hour, I could see a few of the more enterprising countrymen driving their teams slowly down to the market-place. They seemed to have lost all of their accustomed gaiety, for they sat slouched over on their seats, wrapped in some old blankets or canvas duck, seeking the slightest shelter available. The horses looked even more dejected, water flowing off their bodies in torents. The steel tires of the wheels made a dismal sound as they hit against the rough cobblestones of the street. The few pedestrians who were abroad at this early hour were picking their way gingerly around the large pools of water and across the dirty streams which were flowing down the gutters. It was a dismal sight indeed.
I dresed hurriedly and went down the garret stairs to the dining room where I found mother and father talking about the weather. They considered the situation to be a very serious one, as it proved to be. About twelve miles up the valley from Johnstown was located the Conemaugh Lake, a body some two and a half miles long and one and a half miles wide. A thick earthen dam was the only barrier separating these waters from the town. The rains had increased the volume of water so that it seemed to my father highly im-
probable that the dam could last many days longer. He had visited the town mayor but had been assured that there was no real danger. After a short discusion they decided to move out to Aunt Bessie's farm, a few miles outside the town, and to remain there until the waters went down. I was told to make the necessary arrangements for the trip. Putting on my great-coat, I opened the door and vvent out. As I walked down the street I could see only a few feet ahead, because of the beavy rain which pelted me in the face. I stopped at Wilson's Livery Stable to hire a horse to carry us out to the farm. A knock on the stable door failed to arouse anyone; so I went around the corner to Mr. Wilson's home. The old man invited me in and while eating his breakfast , inquired about the rising waters. I replied that every thing seemed to be all right but that our family planned to leave town for a few days. In response to my requests for a horse to carry my mother and a few belongings, he replied that he had several available.
As we walked toward the stable a deadening noise reached my ears. I looked up and stopped in my tracks, horrified. A solid wall of water. thirty feet high, was rolling toward us, sweeping everything before it. Houses were being crushed like egg shells, people were being tossed merciless! y in every direction. Huge trees were swept along like straws, crushing everything before them. The torrent engulfed me, knocked me down, and carried me forward. Just ahead a large barn door appeared upon which I hurriedly crawled. A second later a tree smashed the door and threw me into the water again. Reaching out, I grabbed hold of the eaves of a large frame house which had been washed from its foundations and hoisted myself up on the roof. From this point of vantage I could see hundreds of houses being demolished ,
people struggling in the water , some shouting and some facing death with silent lips. Women with little children were huddled on floating objects , holding on for dear life Screams and shrieks could be heard on all sides as people were crushed in the jam. Every now and then a dead body would come to the surface , its head moving freely with the motion of the water.
As the water swept down the valley it lost some of its momentum . I felt the house grate against the ground and come to rest on what later proved to be a small hill. In an incredibly short time the flood had receeded and all that was left was a mass of weckage It was tragic to behold such a sight. Many bodies , some partly clothed , were scattered among the debris I found a small girl lying on the ground so covered with bricks from an old chimney that only her head could be seen . Her pretty golden hair was somewhat discolored by
the dirty water while her light blue eyes seemed to have a twinkle in them A faint smile was upon her face as I gazed down upon it Turning away sadly , I made my way back to the town , always keeping a lookout for my mother and father Other survivors like myself were wandering around looking for their loved ones Cries of sorrow could be heard whenever anyone found a friend dead amid the wreckage. Orphan children , who a few hours before had been playing happily at their parent's feet , were crying as if their little hearts would break. Suddenly I saw my mother standing by a pile of rubbish , looking at a figure upon the ground With a shout of joy I ran forward and seized her in my arms She burst out crying and I looked down to behold my father lying there with a little child in his arms. He had drowned while trying to save another.
