SEPTEMBER20TH, MONDAY, 11 :00 A. M.-First Chapel Assembly.
OCTOBER8TH, FRIDAY-Applications for Degrees Filed.
NovEMBER 25TH, THURSDAY-Thanksgiving Holiday.
DECEMBER16TH, THURSDAY-Examinations begin.
DECEMBER22ND, WEDNESDAY,12 NooN-Close of First Term.
SECOND TERM,
1927
JANUARY4TH, TUESDAY, 10 :00 A. M.-Second Term begins.
JANUARY4TH-5TH, TUESDAY AND WEDNESDAY-Special Examinations.
MARCH 14TH, MONDAY-Examinations begin.
MARCH 19TH, SATURDAY,12 NooN-Close of Second Term.
THIRD TERM,
1927
MARCH 28TH, MONDAY, 10 :00 A. M.-Third Term begins.
MARCH 28TH-29TH, MONDAY AND TUESDAY-Special Examinations.
MAY 28TH, SATURDAY-Examinations begin.
JUNE 5TH, SUNDAY, 11 :00 A. M.-Baccalaureate Sermon.
JUNE 6TH, MONDAY-Class Day Exercises.
JUNE 7T~, TUESDAY-Annual Meeting of Trustees, Alumni Reumons.
JUNE 8TH, WEDNESDAY, 10:30 A. M.-Commencement Day. 3
Officers of Administration
FREDERICK WILLIAM BOATWRIGHT, M.A., LL. D. President
BENJAMIN WEST TABB, B. A. Vice-President and Treasurer
Morning School Faculty
WILLIAM LOFTIN PRINCE, M. A. Dean and Professor of Education
RALPH B. HARRIS, M. A. Professor of Business Administration
HAYNIE H. SEAY, JR., M.A. Professor of Economics
HENRY BRANTLY HANDY, M. A. Professor of English
CLEMENT T. GOODE, PH. D. Professor of English
SAMUEL CHILES MITCHELL, PH. D., LL. D. Professor of History and Political Science
ROLVIX HARLAN, PH. D. Professor of Sociology and Social Ethics
ROBERT COLLINS AsTROP, M.A. Professor of Psychology
ROBERT EDWIN GAINES, M.A., LITT. D. Professor of Mathematics
ROBERT EDWARD LOVING, PH. D. Professor of Physics 4
GARNETT RYLAND, PH. D. Professor of Chemistry
HORACE E~WIN HAYDEN, ]R., M. A, Professor of Biology
EMIL FRANCIS SAVERIO , PH. D. Professor of Romance Languages
CLEMENT ORESTES MEREDITH, PH. D. Professor of German
HUGH SANGER MEAD, A. B. Professor of Business Administration
SIDNEY STEVENS NEGUS , PH. D. Associate Professor of Chemistry
LELAND G. EDINGER, B. s., M. A. Associate Professor of Business Administration
CLARENCE LAIDLAW DODDS, B. A. Assistant Professor of French
Instructor in Business Law
LUTHER E. DRURY, A. B., M.A. Instructor in Business Administration
FRANK M. DOBSON Director of Athletics s
Evening School Faculty
RALPH B. HARRIS, M. A.
Professor of Business Administration
Director of Evening School
H. H. SEAY, JR.
Professor of Business Administration Professor of Economics
HUGH s. MEAD, A. B.
Professor of Business Administration
LELAND G. EDINGER, B. s., M.A.
Associate Professor of Business Administration
ROBERT E. LOVING, PH. D. Professor of P lzysics
ROBERT E. GAINES, M.A., LITT. D. Professor of Mathematics 6
ROBERT
A. STEWART, PH. D. Instructor in Modern Languages
Instructor in Business Law
LUTHER E. DRURY, A. B., M. A.
Instructor in Business Administration
STILES H.
ELLYSON, M. A.,LL. B. Instructor in Real Estate
General Statement
Business Administration has witnessed a more rapid development in the past fifteen years than any other field of collegiate study. Up until that time it was generally felt that training for a business career could be acquired only by experience; that it was not like medicine, law and other professions. Since that time, however, business organizations of all kinds have come to recognize that business itself is not able to furnish the extensive training now required and are co-operating more fully each year with colleges and universities to develop their schools of business. These schools now have become one of the chief sources from which business fills its increasing need for trained men, qualified by education, to fit themselves most quickly and efficiently into the complex system of modern organization.
The city of Richmond is one of the finest fields in the South for the training of those young people who expect to enter the business profession. It is primarily to meet the growing demand of the community that this Department of Richmond College and also the Evening School of Business are being developed.
The University of Richmond established a Department of Business Administration in 1919. The classes have been taught in morning hours as part of the work offered in Richmond College. These courses will be continued and expanded, and, in addition, there was opened in 1924 in the new building of the T. C. Williams School of Law on West Grace Street an Evening School of Business Administration with classes from 6 :45 to 9 :25 P. M. Completion of entrance and degree requirements in either School will lead to the University degree of B. S. in Business Administration. 8
The Morning School
For full announcement concerning entrance, living arrangements, expenses, administration, etc., for students who take the courses of the Morning School of Business Administration, which are part of the regular work of Richmond College in the University of Richmond, reference is made to the general catalogue of Richmond College, copy of which will be sent upon request. Dean W. L. Prince, University of Richmond, Va., has charge of the registration and matriculation of students in Richmond College, and will furnish full information concerning board, lodging, entrance, etc. It may be said in brief that fifteen high school units, usually attested by graduation from a standard high school or academy, are necessary for entrance. Very few specials students are admitted, and these must be at least twenty years of age. Richmond College is not co-educational and, therefore, only young men can be admitted to the Morning School. The regular fees of a student in Richmond College, not including laboratory fees or room and board, are: college fee, $35; tuition, $125; contingent, $5; medical, $'5; athletic, $15. Tuition is payable one-half at entrance; one-half February 1st. Other fees are payable at entrance. For full information concerning all college expenses, including living expenses, reference is made to the general catalogue of Richmond College.
MORNING SCHOOL COURSES OF STUDY
1. PRINCIPLESOF BUSINESSPRACTICE. An introductory course in business designed to acquaint the student with the economic background of business and the inter-relationship of the numerous phases of commercial activity. Business in its relationship to other sciences, the forms of organization, financing, management, labor, credit, accounting and other problems are studied in order to give the student a view of business as a whole before taking up in a technical way the detailed study of particular aspects as covered in specialized courses. This course is a prerequisite to other courses in the Department unless otherwise arranged with the head of the Department. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
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5. BusINESS LAW. Practically all business relationships have a legal background in that they involve some contractual undertaking. Business law, therefore, constitutes an essential part of training for business. A careful study is made of those phases of law which are related most closely to the successful conduct of business transactions, with special emphasis upon the principles of contracts, negotiable instruments, sales, agency, partnership and corporation law, and carriers. Attention is given throughout the course to business forms and papers which are common to each kind of relationship studied. This course is required for the degree. Not open to Freshmen. Prerequisite, Business Administration 1. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
6. TRANSPORTATION.Modern life, economic, political and social, is completely dependent upon the existence and uninterrupted operation of the systems of transportation. In the United States the railroads are of first importance. This course is confined largely to railroad transportation, touching upon other systems largely in the way they supplement or compete with railroads. Following a survey of the early history of railroad development, a detailed study is made of the systems as they exist today. Railroad capitalization, inter-railroad relations, consolidations, rates, classifications, carrier contracts and governmental control are studied carefully fom the viewpoints both of the railroads and the public. Prerequsite, Business Administration 1. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
7. AccoUNTING I. Elementary Accounting, which is a beginning course intended ( 1) as an introduction to the subject for those who intend to become Certified Public Accountants, and (2) for those who intend to enter business in any field and who consequently need an understanding of the fundamental principles of accounting. The student is instructed in the modern use of accounting as an indispensable aid in the solution of practical business problems of many kinds. The course includes thorough practice in handling books of account and in the preparation and interpretation of simple financial statements. Some of the topics to which attention is devoted are as follows: the balance sheet, the profit and loss statement, application of debit and credit in double entry bookkeeping, classification of accounts, the work sheet, regular and periodic bookkeeping routine, types of
original and final entry records, special features in connection with the single ownership, partnership and corporate forms of organization. Required for the degree. Prerequisite, Business Administration 1 except by permission of the Head of the Department. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
8 AccouNTING II. Advanced Accounting, which is a continuation of Accounting I. It is confined largely to the more complex problems of corporation accounting from the organization of the corporation through dissolution. Careful consideration is given to the general question of valuation, depreciation, theory and practice, receiverships, financial statement analysis and branch house accounting. Prerequisites, Business Administration 7 and 5 except by permission of the Head of the Department. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
9. AccouNTING III. Auditing and Cost Accounting, which is intended both for the student who is preparing for the accounting profession and for the general business student. For the future auditor, the course provides a thorough grounding in standard auditing procedure. Practice work is provided on audit problems and careful attention is given to theory. For the general student, the course will furnish a knowledge of the purposes of an audit and give something of an auditor's critical insight into what constitute correct and adequate accounting methods. The work in Cost Accounting is designed to acquaint the student with such knowledge of the purposes, principles, procedures and records of Cost Accounting as will give him a foundation for attacking the cost problems of a business in which he later may be interested or a basis for further study in this highly specialized field. Prerequisites, Business Administration 8, Economics 1 and 2. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
10. ACCOUNTINGIV. Systems and C. P. A. Problems, which is designed especially for students preparing for State Certified Public Accountant examinations. The course includes the study of special accounting systems as are used in particular fields of business and public administration. Also, considerable time is devoted to the study of problems and
UNIVERSITYOF RICHMOND BULLETIN
questions which have been given in past examinations by Virginia and other States. Prerequisite, Business Administration 9. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours. (Not offered in 1926-27).
11. ECONOMICGEOGRAPHYAND FOREIGN TRADE. Its economic resources has enabled the United States to develop a position of first importance among nations, both as a supplier of raw materials and of manufactures. Foreign markets as an outlet for manufactures is steadily becoming of greater importance to our industries. The purpose of this course is to give an acquaintance with the foreign countries with which we have important commercial relations and to explain the methods of carrying on our foreign trade. The first half of the year is devoted to Economic Geography. Herc a study is made of the basic materials entering into our economic life. Emphasis is placed on the relationship of nautral environment to economic development and the place of the basic commodities in world commerce. The second half of the year is devoted to a practical study of the foreign trade of the United States. Special attention is given to the organization for overseas trade and to the peculiar condtions affecting different markets. Prerequisites, Business Administration 1, Economics 1. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
12. MARKETING. Due to modern methods of production, marketing has become the most expensive phase of industry. This course aims to give a knowledge of efficient marketing methods and policies. During the first half of the course a study is made of the methods actually used in the distribution of numerous leading commodities. The second half of the course is devoted to a study of advertising in its relation to modern marketing. This study will include the principles of advertising, the way in which advertisements are create_dthe subject of mediums and the work of advertising agencies. Prerequisites, Businss Administration 1. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
13. INSURANCE. The subject of insurance, as a safeguard against contingencies, is being applied to a wider range of risks each_ year. A knowledge of the subject, therefore, is of specific v~lue both to business men and the public in general. This course, therefore, is open to all students except
Freshmen. The course covers the general field of insurance, dealing with the principles and practices as well as the main legal phases of the subject. Attention is given to the various types of insurance as follows: life, accident and health, liabilty and compensation, fire, marine, and other forms of casualty, such as automobile, etc. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
15. LABORPROBLEMS. This subject is one which is approached from several points of view, depending on the general field of which it is a part, such as Sociology, Psychology and Business. In this course it is treated in its relationship to business. After securing a historical background, emphasis is placed upon the relations of capital and labor, including the problems of unions, personnel, administration, maintenance work, etc., as they are found in various industries. Field work and individual students reports constitute part of the course. Prerequisites, Business Administration 1, Economics 1. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
16. CORPORATIONFINANCE. This is an advanced course dealing with the financial problems confronting business men as a result of the tremendous growth in the size of modern industrial organizations. The course gives the student an insight into the organization and management of corporations, dealing with the legal and financial problems involved in promotion, capitalization underwritig, etc. Attention 1s also given to consolidatons and reorganizations as well as the relation of security markets to corporate financing. Prerequisites, Business Administration 1, 5, 7, Economics 1. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours. For other courses carrying Business Administration credit see Department of Economics, Department of Mathematics and Department of Romance Languages.
1. PRINCIPLESOF ECONOMICS. This is the basic course m the theory and teachings of Economics and is required as prerequisite to all courses in this department, and for the degree of B. S. in Business Adminstration. The underlying theories of Economics are developed by reference to specific conditions. (Not open to first-year students except upon permission from the head of this Department.) Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
UNIVERSITYOF RICHMOND BULLETIN
2. MONEY AND BANKING. During the first term a study is made of the history and problems of money and banking. The second term is devoted to bank accountancy. Regular banking sets are used in order to familiarize the student with the functions of each department. Attention is also given to the analysis of business financial statements as a basis for granting credit. The third term consists in main of a thorough study of the Federal Reserve System. In addition, the main features of the Canadian banking system and the banks of England, France and Germany are considered. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
3. PUBLIC FINANCE. The first and second terms are devoted to a detailed study of State and local expenditures and revenues. Third term: the financing and policies of the Federal government. Especial attention will be given to the Federal income tax and budget Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
5. MATHEMATICSOF INVESTMENT. This course is given primarily for students in Business Administration, and includes such subjects as compound interest, annuities of various kinds, amortization of debts, sinking funds, depreciation, bond valuation, and life insurance. Instruction is given in the use of the slide rule and of mathematical tables and other devices for securing speed in calculations. Much attention is given to the financial problems which arise in investments and banking, and in many commercial enterprises. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
Drawing and Surveying, Monday and Wednesday, 2:00-4:00.
The Evening School
PURPOSE
The Evening School of Business Administration has been established for the purpose of affording opportunit y of college education to persons unable to devote their entire time to study. It will also enable others to take up special studies, either for credit or not for credit, which they find will be helpful to them in their business.
LOCATION
The School is located at Lombardy and Grace Streets, in the same building with the T. C. Williams School of Law of the University, in part of a new building designed for the purpose. Situated as it is near the heart of the city, it is easily accessible from all sections.
BOARD AND ROOM
To those students who come from outside of Richmond to attend the Evening School, every possible assistance will be given in secur· ing a comfortable place to board and room as well as in securing positions. Numerous boarding and rooming houses are available in different sections of the city at prices ranging from $10 to $15 per month for furnished room and $6 to $8 per week for table board.
ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS
Three classes of students are provided for in the Evening School, as follows:
( 1) Degree Students, who desire to take the regular collegiate degree of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. Such students must meet the entrance requirements as stipulated below.
(2) Special Students, who do not intend to take the degree, but who wish special work and desire credit for the work taken. Such students will be required to meet the regular entrance requirements, 16
as they are free to apply such credits toward a degree. A certificate will be granted to special students after the completion of eighteen credit hours.
(3) Observation Students, who are unable to offer the necessary entrance credits, or who do not wish credit, but who desire to attend the classes for the benefit they can secure. Such students will not be required to take the tests and examinations.
(a) For Admission
The requirements for admission to the Evening School are stated in units. A unit represents a standard session's study in any subject, and constitutes approximately a quarter of a year's work Fifteen units from an accredited secondary school are required for admission. Of these fifteen units, the following are prescribed: English, 3; Algebra, 1,%; Plane Geometry, 1; History, 1; Science, 1. The remaining units are elective from high school graduation requirements, except that not more than four units of vocational work will be accepted, and no credit will be allowed for less than two units in any foreign language.
(b) Candidates for Degree
In addition to the above prescribed units for entrance, all students who are candidates for the degree must offer four entrance units in foreign languages. Not less than two units in any one language will be accepted. A student who meets the admission requirements, but who is deficient in one or more of these degree requirements, may make up such deficiencies after entering.
Advanced Standing
Credit for work done at other institutions of standard collegiate rank will be given to those students who present a complete record of the work for which they desire credit, together with the entrance credits offered and accepted at such institutions, providing such credits meet the requirements of the University of Richmond.
MATRICULATION
Matriculation begins Wednesday evening, September 15th, at 6:45. Classes will meet for organization Friday evening, September 17th. Every applicant for admission should report at the Evening School office on Wednesday or Thursday evening, bringing all necessary entrance data with him.
UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND BULLETIN
DEGREE REQUIREMENTS
The candidate for the degree must complete sixty-two hours of college work, distributed as follows: (a) Modern Foreign Languages, six hours; (6) Mathematics, three hours; (c) Natural Sciences, four hours; ( d) English Language and Literature, six hours; ( e) Social Sciences, nine hours in other departments than those included under (f); (f) Economics and Business Administration, twenty-one hours, including courses Nos. 30 and 50; (g) Free Electives, thirteen hours.
Note-An hour is one recitation-hour of fifty minutes per week for the session of nine months.
ABSENCES
No credit will be given for a course if the student has been absent more than three times during any term except in the case of prolonged illness, in which case the matter will be handled in accordance with the conditions of the individual case.
EXPENSES
A tuition fee of $30.00 per course is charged to all students in the Evening School. The fee for each course in which a student is enrolled is payable in two equal installments: the first at the time of registration; the second on February 1st. A fee of $7.50 is charged for Physics to cover laboratory expenses.
CLASS HOURS
Classes in each course will meet twice each week for 1.¾ class hours of 75 minutes each, unless stipulated otherwise in the description of particular courses, beginnnig at 6 :45 or 8: 10, as scheduled. An intermission of 10 minutes will be given between the closing of the 6 :45 classes and taking up of the 8: 10 classes.
COURSES OF STUDY FOR 1926-27
01. ENGLISH I. The elements of writing. Constant practice in the several forms of discourse. Selections from literature for illustration and example. Parallel reading; individual conferences. Prerequisite for all other English courses.
02. ENGLISH II. A course in cultural English adapted equally to the prospective business man and the general student. The first term will be devoted to a review of several important periods in the literature of England. The second and the third terms will be confined to the study of modern American literature, especially the contemporary essay, drama, short-story and novel. Southern writers will be given their due place in this study. At stated intervals expository papers and written reports will be required. Prerequisite, English I.
06. FRENCH I. A course for beginners in the language. This course will be conducted, as far as possible, in French. There will be study of elementary grammar, composition, frequent dictation and the reading of several hundred pages of easy text.
08. SPANISH I. A course for beginners. Study of the elements of grammar, drill in conversation, composition and the reading of about three hundred pages of text will constitute this course. At least one of the books read will deal with South America, and the needs of those students contemplating business relations with our Spanish-speaking neighbors will be kept constantly in mind.
10. MATHEMATICALANALYSIS. An elementary course in mathematical analysis running through the entire session. This course, which is intended chiefly for first-year students, begins with graphical methods as affording a natural means of developing the function concept, and brings in algebra, trigonometry, analytical geometry and the calculus in such way as to give a unified view of these subjects in proper relation to each other.
11. (a) GENERAL PHYSICS. This course covers in an elementary way the fundamental principles of Physics, including Mechanics, Properties of Matter, Heat, Sound, Light,
(b) A
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Electricity and Magnetism. For admission to this course the student must have a knowledge of Algebra and Plane Geometry equivalent to the necessary preparation for Course 10.
laboratory course to accompany 1 (a); two periods a week, two hours each. Credit, four hours. Course 11 will not be given in the Evening School unless at least ten students are enrolled. It will be given on the Richmond College campus.
21. AMERICANGOVERNMENTwill be discussed, National, State, and Local, both in theory and practice. Special topics are assigned for investigation, and parallel reading is required. Considerable attention will be given to current problems.
(a) NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. Origin, colonial experience, Federal Constitution, the President, Congress, Judiciary Department, Political Parties, current problems.
(
b) STATEGOVERNMENT. Constitutional basis, the Executive, the Legislative, the Courts. Particular attention will be given to the institutions and problems of Virginia.
(c) MUNICIPAL AND RURAL GOVERNMENT. The American city, history, organization, reform movement, such as the Commission and the City Manager plans; the town, county, village.
30. PRINCIPLESOF ECONOMICS. This is a basic course in the theory and teachings of Economics and is required for the degree of B. S. in Business Administration. The underlying theories of Economics are developed by reference to specific conditions.
40. MONEY AND BANKING. During the first term a study is made of the history and problems of money and banking. The second term is devoted to bank accountancy. Regular banking sets are used in order to familiarize the student with the functions of each department. Attention is also given to the analysis of business financial statements as a basis for granting credit. The third term consists in main of a thorough study of the Federal Reserve System. In addition, the main features of the Canadian banking system and the banks of England, France and Germany are considered. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours.
45. CORPORATIONFINANCE. This is an advanced course dealing with the financial problems confronting business men as a
result of the tremendous growth in the size of modren industrial organizations. The course gives the student an insight into the organization and management of corporations, dealing with the legal and financial problems involved in promotion, capitalization underwriting, etc. Attention is also given to consolidations and reorganizations as well as the relation of security markets to corporate financing. Prerequisites, Courses 30, 40, 50 and 60, excexpt by permission of instructor.
48. INVESTMENTS. The subject of investments is of great value both to those who are preparing themselves for executive positions in which they will have the responsibility for the investment of corporation and trust funds, and to those who desire to prepare themselves for the proper handling of their own funds. The course covers carefully the general principles of sound investment, with problem work illustrating the many points involved. Considerable time will be devoted to the analysis of prospectuses, financial statements, etc., of numerous varieties of security issues. Security marketing methods and policies will also .be discussed. Prerequisites, Courses 30, 50 and 60, except by permission of the instructor.
50. AccoUNTING I. Elementary Accounting, which is a beginning course intended ( 1) for those who intend to enter business in any field and who consequently need an understanding of the fundametal priciples of accounting, and (2) as an introduction to the subject for those who intend to become Certified Public Accountants. The student is instructed in the modern use of accounting as an indispensable aid in the solution of practical business problems of many kinds. The course includes thorough practice in handling books of account and in the preparation and interpretation of simple financial statements. Some of the topics to which attention is devoted are as follows: the balance sheet, the profit and loss statement, application of debit and credit in double entry bookkeeping, classification of accounts, the work sheet, regular and periodic bookkeeping routine, types of original and final entry records, special features in connection with the single ownership, partnership and corporate forms of organization. Required for the degree.
51. AccOUNTING II. Advanced Accounting, which is a continuation of Accounting I. It is confined largely to the more complex problems of corporation accounting from the or-
UNIVERSITYOF RICHMOND BULLETIN
ganization of the corporation through diss~lution. Car«;ful consideration is given to the general quest10n of valuat10n, depreciation, theory and practice, receiverships, financial statement analysis and branch house accounting. Prerequisites, Courses 50 and 60, except by permission of the instructor.
52. AccouNTING III. Auditing and Cost Accounting, which is intended both for the student who is preparing for the accounting profession and for the general business student. For the future auditor, the course provides a thorough grounding in standard auditing procedure. Practice work is provided on audit problems and careful attention is given to theory. For the general student, the course will furnish a knowledge of the purposes of an audit and give something of an auditor's critical insight into what constitute correct and adequate accounting methods. The work in Cost Accounting is designed to acquaint the student with such knowledge of the purposes, principles, procedures and records of Cost Accounting as will give him a foundation for attacking the cost problems of a business in which he later may be interested or a basis for further study in this highly specialized field. Prerequisites, Courses 51 and 30, except by permission of instructor.
53. AccOUNTING IV. Systems and C. P. /( Problems, which is designed especially for students preparing for State Certified Public Accountant examinations. The course includes the study of special accounting systems as are used in particular fields of business and public administration. Also, considerable time is devoted to the study of problems and questions which have been given in past examinations by Virginia and other states. Prerequisite, Course 52, except by permission of instructor. Three hours a week. Credit, three hours. (Not offeed in 1926-27.)
60. BUSINESSLAW. Practically all business relationships have a legal background in that they involve some contractual undertaking. Business law, therefore, constitutes an essential part of training for business. AJ careful study is made of those phases of law which are related most closely to the successful conduct of business transactions, with special emphasis upon the principes of contracts, negotiabe instruments, sales, agency, partnership and corporation law, and carriers. Attention is given throughout the course to business forms and papers which are common to each kind of
relationship studied. This course is required for the degree.
70. TRANSPORTATION. Modern life, economic, political and social, is completely dependent upon the existence and uninterrupted operation of the systems of transportation. In the United States the railroads are of first importance. This course is confined largely to railroad transportation, touching upon other systems largely in the way they supplement or compete with railroads. Following a survey of the early history of railroad development, a detailed study is made of the systems as they exist today. Railroad capitalization, inter-railroad relations, consolidations, rates, classificatons, carrier contracts and governmental control are studied carefully from the viewpoints both of the railroads and the public. (Not offered in 1926-27.) )
80. MARKETING. Due to modern methods of production, marketing has become the most expensive phase of industry. This course aims to give a knowledge of efficient marketing methods and policies. During the first half of the course a study is made of the methods actually used in the distribution of numerous leading commodities. The second half of the course is devoted to a study of advertising in its relation to modern marketing. This study will include the principles of advertising, the way in which advertisements are created, the subject of mediums and the work of advertising agencies.
85. REAL ESTATE. A course designed to train for the profession of Real Estat e. A thorough study is made of the principles of real estate practice, including titles, transfers, mortgages, real estate office organization and sales practices. Close cooperation is maintained with the Richmond Real Estate Exchange throughout the course.
94. INSURANCE. The subject of insurance, as a safeguard against contingencies, is being applied to a wider range of risks each year. A knowledge of the subject, therefore, is of specific value both to business men and the public in general. The course covers the general field of insurance, dealing with the principles and practices as well as the main legal phases of the subject. Attention is given to the various types of insurance as follows: life, accident and health, liability and compensation, fire, marine, and other forms of casualty, such as automobile, etc.
