Cahier A12NU

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Snelweggebieden zijn ‘hot’. Gelegen aan de rand van de stad, uitstekend bereikbaar en zichtbaar, zijn het goede vestigingslocaties voor bedrijven. Het publiek maakt gretig gebruik van dit soort gebieden en hierdoor ontstaat er een hedendaagse vorm van stedelijkheid. IKEA en McDonald’s weten allang van de potentie van deze gebieden. Tegelijkertijd worden de bedrijfslocaties steeds vaker in verband gebracht met verrommeling, dichtslibben van het landschap en een gebrek aan samenhang tussen de bebouwing.

A12

A12NU

De zone langs de A12 bij Utrecht is één van deze gebieden bij uitstek.

Gelegen tussen de knooppunten Oudenrijn en Lunetten is het één van de best bereikbare plekken in Nederland en daarbij ook zeer centraal gelegen binnen de regio.

Ingeklemd tussen Nieuwegein, Houten en Utrecht en doorsneden met een stelsel van hoofd- en parallelrijbanen heeft de A12 zone een lange periode van bestuurlijke vergetelheid gekend. Desondanks – of juist hierdoor – kent het gebied een grote diversiteit en eigen dynamiek.

A12NU

Het cahier ‘A12NU - Onderzoek naar de A12 zone tussen Utrecht, Nieuwegein en Houten’ is een samenvatting van de onderzoeksresultaten. De A12 zone wordt bekeken door de bril van een kunstenaar, een planoloog, een landschapsarchitect, een economisch geograaf en een socioloog. Historische kaarten, analyses en portretten van bewoners en gebruikers brengen het gebied breed in beeld.

Het cahier is onderdeel van een tentoonstelling en een debat over deze thematiek.

Het vormt ‘werkmateriaal’ om het debat aan te jagen en het is een opmaat naar een andere aanpak van verstedelijkte snelweggebieden.

MET BIJDRAGEN VAN

OEDZGE ATZEMA, MATHIEU BERGER, LEONIE JANSSEN-JANSEN, PETER KEMP, WILLEM SALET, JULIAN SCAFF, RENÉ VAN DER VELDE EN JEROEN VAN WESTEN

ONDERZOEK NAAR DE A12 ZONE TUSSEN UTRECHT, NIEUWEGEIN EN HOUTEN

Stichting A12NU is een initiatief van Stefan Bendiks, Aglaée Degros (Artgineering) en Henri van der Vegt (Metroplex). De stichting wil de A12 zone bij Utrecht en vergelijkbare gebieden elders in Nederland onder de aandacht brengen en alternatieven voor de omgang ermee stimuleren. De ambities en mogelijkheden van de A12 zone zijn hierbij niet van bovenaf, maar van binnenuit gedefinieerd. Door uit te gaan van wat er al is, wordt onderzocht in hoeverre het gebied kan worden verbeterd door middel van de aanwezige kwaliteiten, zoals infrastructuur, economische activiteiten en lokale spelers.

A12NU ONDERZOEK NAAR

DE A12 ZONE TUSSEN UTRECHT, NIEUWEGEIN EN HOUTEN

STICHTING A12NU STEFAN BENDIKS, AGLAÉE DEGROS EN HENRI VAN DER VEGT

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cahier def.indd 1

23/12/08 14:26:05

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cahier def.indd 2-3

23/12/08 14:26:06

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cahier def.indd 4-5

23/12/08 14:26:06

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cahier def.indd 6-7

23/12/08 14:26:07

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cahier def.indd 8-9

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@a `qqnv]]idae`]i^epeao skn`aj r]]g ranp]]h` j]]n aaj ajancea^]h]jo r]j jqh kl dap jera]q r]j dap ca^kqs vahb* @a ca^kqsaj ikapaj ]]j ieheaqaeoaj rkh`kaj( i]]n dqj o_deggejc ej dap h]j`o_d]l eo vah`aj kj`ansanl r]j naÛa_pea* Eo dap a_dpan jeap `a dkkcopa pef` ki dap lnk^haai r]j `qqnv]]idae` ejpancn]]h- pa ^ao_dkqsaj; @]p ranaeop jeap ]hhaaj aaj naÛa_pea kl ]n_depa_pkjeo_d jera]q( i]]n kkg kl lh]jkhkceo_d aj opa`aj^kqsgqj`ec jera]q* Ej lh]]po r]j `a op]` aej`ahkko qep pa ^nae`aj( eo dap ejpanaoo]jp ki d]]n pa na_u_haj( pa najkranaj( pa danej`ahaj* @a danopnq_pqnanejc r]j kq`a ej`qopneaca^ea`aj kb ]_dpand]]h`a ejbn]opnq_pqnaj vefj rkkn^aah`aj r]j nqeipahefga na_u_hejc* @a aeh]j`aj >knjak aj F]r] ej =iopan`]i( `a Hhku`lean ej Nkppan`]i aj dap Aio_dan l]ng ej dap Nqdnca^ea` vefj arajvaan rkkn^aah`aj r]j `ep pula opa`ahefga danopnq_pqnanejc r]j ej`qopneaca^ea`aj `ea dqj kknolnkjgahefga bqj_pea da^^aj ranhknaj* Aaj ]j`an pula pn]jobkni]peanqeipa `]p ^apan ^ajqp g]j skn`aj( `kkn ^efrkkn^aah` dap randkcaj r]j `a ^kqs`e_dpdae`( vefj `a ca^ea`aj `ea qep `a ejbn]opnq_pqqn rkknpgkiaj*

Dap rano_deh r]j `ava ca^ea`aj iap `a rkknc]]j`a( `a ej kj^nqeg can]]gpa ej`qopneaca^ea`aj( eo `]p `a ejbn]opnq_pqnaha nqeipao jkc ]hpef` ej ca^nqeg vefj* @a ejbn]opnq_pqnaj ^al]haj `ava ca^ea`aj opang( va gajjaj aaj kj`anhejca ]bd]j) gahefgdae` aj kjphajaj an dqj ejne_dpejc ]]j* Dap eo `qo r]j ^ah]jc ki rkkn `ava ca^ea`aj ^aj]`anejcosefvaj pa ^a`ajgaj `ea `a rano_dehhaj`a _kilkjajpaj iap ahg]]n ran^ej`aj( vksah `a nqeipahefga( ieheaq aj ejbn]opnq_pqnaha ]ola_paj ]ho dap ^aop]]j`a ca^nqeg* @a =-. vkja eo aaj puleo_d ca^ea` `]p qep `a ejbn]opnq_pqqn rkknpgkip* Kkep kl ]bop]j` ]]jcahac`( n]]gp `a ojahsac jq `a qepca`ef`a op]` aj hecp paie``aj r]j aaj opa`ahefga ]]jaajo_d]gahejc* Kj`]jgo ikcahefga nqeipasejop( `a j]^efdae` r]j `a op]` aj `a cka`a ^anaeg^]]ndae` op]]p dap ca^ea` jeap kl `a ]caj`] rkkn `qqnv]ia op]`okjpseggahejc* An ^aop]]p caaj h]jca pn]`epea s]]n]]j sa gqjjaj nabananaj ]ho sa nqeipao sehhaj kjpseggahaj `ea qep `a ejbn]opnq_pqqn vefj rkknpcagkiaj* Ej Ja`anh]j` a_dpan eo dap lnkfa_p Vqe`]o aaj he_dpaj` rkkn^aah` r]j `ep okknp kjpseggahejcaj* Dap skn`p qepcarkan` paj vqe`aj r]j =iopan`]i h]jco `a =-,* Paj pef`a r]j dap ejepe]peab r]j dap Vqe`]olnkfa_p ej `a f]naj jacajpec( san` `a ojahsac =-, ^ao_dkqs` ]ho j r]j `a jeaqsa kjpseggahejcolkhaj r]j =iopan`]i* Dap eo aaj ca^ea` `]p qepopagaj` cao_degp san` ca]_dp rkkn `a kjpseggahejc r]j g]jpknaj ej _ki^ej]pea iap cnkkpo_d]heca ejbn]opnq_pqqn aj `eranoa ]j`ana opa`ahefga bqj_peao* Ej `a kjpseggahejcob]oa r]j `a vkja( `a Vqe`]o caj]]i`( eo r]j]b dap ^acej calnk^aan` ki aaj g]jpknajl]ng rkkn ejpanj]pekj]ha ^a`nefraj pa _ki^ejanaj iap aaj opa`ahefg _ajpnqi* An vefj p]hhkva ejcnalaj cana]heoaan` kl dap jera]q r]j `a ejbn]opnq_pqqn ki `a atpanja aj ejpanja ^anaeg^]]ndae` r]j `a vkja pa ran^apanaj* Dap lnkfa_p eo jeap i]ngap kneajpa` i]]n i]ngap ha`* Bej]j_e ha ejopahhejcaj vefj `a ^ah]jcnefgopa olahano ej `a kjpsegga) hejc r]j `ep lnkfa_p*

Ej vefj ]j]huoa r]j dap kjpseggahejcolnk_ao r]j dap Vqe`]olnkfa_p ^najcp Op]j I]fkkn. dap kjp^nagaj r]j aaj ran^]j` ]]j dap he_dp pqooaj dap lnkfa_p aj `a ^aop]]j`a ok_e]ha( i]]po_d]llahefga aj _qhpqnaha `kiaejaj* Def rangh]]np `ep kjp) ^nagaj `kkn `a ]bsavecdae` r]j ^qncan) aj ok_e]ha knc]jeo]peao ej dap lnk_ao r]j dap kjpsanl r]j dap lnkfa_p* @a `eo_qooea r]j dap lnkfa_p vkq ve_d rkhcajo I]fkkn pa vaan kj`an atlanpo da^^aj ]bcaolaah` aj ve_d vk r]j dap lq^heag ]bvef`ec da^^aj cadkq`aj( `]p `ep ve_d dean jeap rkkn ejpanaooaanp iap ]ho qepaej`ahefg naoqhp]]p `]p aaj pka ecajejc v]h qep^hefraj* Def jkaip ]bcaveaj r]j `a ]bsavecdae` r]j ok_e]ha olahano kkg `ea r]j ^al]]h`a lnkrej_e]ha aj nacekj]ha olahano* @kkn `ava l]npefaj an^ef pa ^apnaggaj( v]h dap lh]j opaa`o iaan `n]]crh]g gnefcaj* Dean`kkn

23/12/08 14:26:08

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vqhhaj ]i^epeao ^apan cana]heoaan` skn`aj* Pajohkppa ^ao_dkqsp I]fkkn kl ^]oeo r]j vefj ]j]huoa dap i]opanlh]j ]ho aaj ranna r]j ]`amq]]p canaa`o_d]l rkkn `ep okknp _kilhata kjpseggahejcolnkfa_paj r]jsaca vefj ca^nag ]]j Ûate^ehepaep* Def n]]`p ]]j ki aaj jeaqs ejopnqiajp pa ^a`ajgaj `]p aaj ^]h]jo rknip pqooaj `a calh]j`a ]_peao kl dap jera]q r]j `a vkja aj `a iaan knc]jeo_da lnk_aooaj r]j olkjp]ja kjpsegga) hejc* =ho `ava kjpseggah`a pdaoa kjo ]h aaj gnepeo_da reoea ^ea`p kl dap kjpsegga) hejcolnk_ao r]j dap cnkkpopa aj iaaop na_ajpa Ja`anh]j`oa kjpseggahejcolnkfa_p r]j aaj ejbn]opnq_pqnaha naopnqeipa( `]j gqjjaj sa `]]n jkc ]]j pkarkacaj `]p dap i]opanlh]j ]ho _kj_alp caaj kj`ano_dae` i]]gp pqooaj `a rano_dehhaj`a `eiajoeao aj ^aop]]j`a ca^nqegaj* Dap kjpsanl r]j dap lnkfa_p eo klcaopah` rkhcajo dap lnej_ela r]j dap n]opan( `]p kran `a ejbn]opnq_pqqn eo daaj cahac` aj pacahefganpef` `a ejbn]opnq_pqqn aj dap an`kkn kinejc`a ca^ea` ^aoh]]p* Dkasah `a _kjpatp/ s]]nkl dap i]opanlh]j cane_dp eo ]ho cnaaj Úah`o skn`p ^ao_dkqs`( eo `ea raah _kilhatan `]j kl dap aanopa cave_dp hefgp* Aaj j]qsgaqneca havejc r]j dap ca^ea` ^najcp aaj raahrkq` r]j ^aop]]j`a bqj_peao( ca^nqegaj aj ln]gpefgaj ]]j dap he_dp `ea( ]ho an ej dap kjpsanl nagajejc iaa skn`p cadkq`aj( dap lnkfa_p raah iaan ej `a ^aop]]j`a opa`a) hefga patpqqn g]j ejpacnanaj aj ]h`qo vefj `qqnv]]idae` randkcaj* Sa gqjjaj `qo opahhaj `]p `a kjpseggahejc r]j aaj ejbn]opnq_pqnaha nqeipa r]jqep `a vknc ki `qqnv]]idae` dap rkhcaj`a rancp6 dap rkniaj r]j aaj _k]hepea r]j lq^heaga aj lner]pa l]npefaj( kj`an ]j`ana ^aop]]j`a qep hkg]ha olahano7 dap ajp]ianaj r]j aaj `a^]p pqooaj atlanpo ej dap klaj^]]n7 dap pkarkacaj r]j aaj pn]jorano]ha havejc r]j dap ca^ea` aj r]j cane_dpa ]_peao ej lh]]po r]j ]hhaaj aaj i]opanlh]j*

@ep ^apagajp `qo aaj iapdk`a `ea `a ^kppki)ql aj pkl)`ksj ^aj]`anejc _ki^e) jaanp* =ho ]jpskkn` kl `a `nea deanrkkn cajkai`a _kj_hqoeao l]ooaj sa dean `]]nki `a rkhcaj`a ejopnqiajpaj pka6 dap lq^heag)lner]pa lh]pbkni( `a `e]hkkc aj dap qn^]jeoia r]j `a ]_qlqj_pqqn*

@A >AJ=@ANEJC R=J AAJ NABHATEAB QN>=JEOIA -* DAP LH=PBKNI Ej `a f]naj p]_dpec eo dap Ja`anh]j`oa lh]jkhkceo_d ^ahae` casefvec` pkaj an oln]ga s]o r]j aaj panqcc]jc ej `a ^kqs* Pansefh `a ^kqs oej`o dap j]kknhkcoa pef`lang rkknj]iahefg san` caopqqn` aj ca_kjpnkhaan` `kkn `a _ajpn]ha krandae` aj+kb dap hkg]ha ^aopqqn( ^aop]]p an jq oej`o aaj f]]n kb psejpec anr]nejc ej dap qep^aopa`aj r]j `a ran]jpskkn`ahefgdae` aj dap neoe_k r]j jeaqsa lh]jkhkceo_da kjpseggahejcaj ]]j olahano kl `a lner]pa i]ngp* I]]n Ja`anh]j` daabp jkc h]jc caaj jeaqsa ^]h]jo carkj`aj kl `ep ca^ea`* @a anr]nejcaj r]j `a I]]orh]gpa EE aj `a Vqe`]o h]paj veaj `]p `a Ja`anh]j`oa lh]jkhkcea( ej rancahefgejc iap ]j`ana Aqnklaoa h]j`aj( jkc ca`kiejaan` skn`p `kkn dap ^acnel r]j aaj _ajpn]]h canacqhaan`a ^aj]`anejc aj `]p an kj`]jgo `a anr]nejcaj jkc aaj jeaqsa ^]h]jo ikap skn`aj carkj`aj0* Ope_dpejc =-.JQ eo aaj atlaneiajpaah lh]pbkni( ej dap haraj cankalaj ki aaj jeaqs arajse_dp pa rej`aj* Vef ^najcp `a rano_dehhaj`a ^ef `a =-. vkja ^apnkggaj olahano ^ef ahg]]n( vksah lner]]p( vk]ho `a Skkj^kqhar]n` ]]j `a ojahsac( ]ho `a caiaajpa) hefga( nacekj]ha aj j]pekj]ha kranda`aj* @a ope_dpejc daabp `qo jeap dap qepcaolnk) gaj `kah ki kl gknpa paniefj ejraopaan`ano r]j ^qepaj ]]j pa pnaggaj* Vef seh aaj _kjpejqa lhag r]j naÛa_pea ^ea`aj ]]j `a ca^nqegano aj ^aoheooaj`a ejop]jpeao r]j dap ca^ea` ki pkp aaj caiaajo_d]llahefg ejve_dp ej `a vkja pa gkiaj* Vk]ho gajian) gaj` rkkn ejbn]opnq_pqnaha pn]jobkni]peanqeipao eo dap ]]jp]h ]bvkj`an hefga olahano ej `a vkja cnkkp aj vefj dqj ^ah]jcaj r]]g qepaajhklaj`* @a ope_dpejc ejrajp]ne) oaanp `ava aj ^najcp va iap ahg]]n ej _kjp]_p ej aaj jeap)de n]n_deo_da aj cahefg) s]]n`eca knc]jeo]pearkni ki aaj `e]hkkc kl c]jc pa ^najcaj* Raah lh]jjaj rkkn `ep okknp ca^ea`aj da^^aj pa i]gaj iap aaj kjrkh`kaj`a cabkniqhaan`a rn]]c r]jqep `a kl`n]_dpcaran* @a ope_dpejc ^ea`p `a olahano aaj lh]pbkni ki e`aa j qep pa seooahaj jkc rkkn`]p dap lnkfa_p lkhepeaga na]hepaep eo caskn`aj* @ep i]]gp dap ikcahefg ki dap ejve_dp ej dap ca^ea` pa rancnkpaj aj `a ^akkc`a `kahaj pa lna_eoanaj*

cahier def.indd 10-11

@a ope_dpejc eo `qo aaj hkg]]h aj r]gejdkq`ahefg `eo_qooeabknqi s]]nej ]hha olahano iap ahg]]n kl rkap r]j cahefgdae` op]]j*

.* @A @E=HKKC @a `kkn `a ope_dpejc ca jepeaan`a `eo_qooea eo aooajpeaah rkkn dap lnkfa_p* Aaj qn^]jeoia `]p `a r]j `a ik`anja i]]po_d]llef ca nb`a hkce_] r]j `ebbanajpe ha ouopaiaj seh kranopefcaj( eo ve_dvahb ranlhe_dp aaj `e]hkkc pa kjpseggahaj( aj jeap ]hhaaj pqooaj atlanpo i]]n kkg iap `a ^qncano* @ava ^aj]`anejc r]j opa`aj^kqs) gqj`a c]]p jeap vkvaan kran dap _na naj r]j nqeipa ca^]oaan` kl ^aoheooaj`a lnej_elao( ]hosah ki dap _na naj r]j nqeipa rkkn qepseooahejc( rkkn _kjbnkjp]pea aj rkkn `a^]p1* Pqooaj `a caolnagol]npjano rej`p aaj olah r]j kran aj saan na]canaj lh]]po( dap lnkfa_p gnefcp rkni ej `a `eo_qooea* @a `e]hkkc eilhe_aanp `]p `a rano_dehhaj`a( ran]jpskkn`ahefga olahano r]j `a vkja nacahi]pec ^ef ahg]]n gkiaj ej dap g]`an r]j `a ope_dpejc aj `a rano_dehhaj`a ]ola_paj r]j `a vkja ^aolnagaj( i]]n kkg `]p va `a ca^nqegano r]j `a vkja $`a ^qncano% kjpikapaj* @a cagkvaj ]]jl]g rn]]cp ki aaj lq^heag pkac]jgahefga rkni aj `qo rej`p dap `a^]p pqooaj `a atlanpo ej dap klaj^]]n lh]]po* Sa gqjjaj _kjop]panaj `]p `ava klr]ppejc c]jc^]]n ^acejp pa skn`aj ej `a kjpseggahejc r]j jeaqsa _kiiqje_]peasefvaj pqooaj `aogqj`ecaj aj dap lq^heag* @a opnegpa o_dae`ejc pqooaj atlanpo aj ca^nqegano ^acejp opang pa ran) r]caj* Aaj lnkfa_p ej o]iajsangejc iap ^qncano kjpseggahaj( pehp dap lh]j r]j dap nalnaoajp]peara j]]n dap l]npe_elanaj`a jera]q* @]p eo aaj jkk`v]gahefga rano_dqe) rejc ]ho sa sehhaj `]p `a ca^nqegan ve_d dap lnkfa_p pka ecajp*

&&

Aaj jkaiajos]]n`ec rkkn^aah` ej `ep ran^]j` eo `a qepc]ra r]j dap jeaqsa opnq_pqqn) lh]j r]j `a op]` =jpsanlaj2( caskkjhefg aaj p]]e `k_qiajp klcaopah` ej aaj ^aopqqn) hefg f]nckj( i]]n ej `ava ranoea skn`p calnk^aan` `a ^qncan na_dpopnaago ]]j pa olnagaj aj dap ca^nqegahefga _nulpeo_da `k_qiajp pa ran]j`anaj ej aaj okio vahbo lneggahaj` ^kag* Dap qn^]jeoia( `]p ve_d kjpseggahp rkhcajo `ava ^aj]`anejcosefva( v]h r]j naÛateara ]]n` vefj rkhcajo `a `aÚjepea r]j H]od3 s]]nej dap jeap vkvaan c]]p ki dap klhaccaj r]j aaj ^al]]h`a rkni i]]n ki dap klajop]]j rkkn `a naÛa_pea kl dap ca^nqeg*

/* =?QLQJ?PQQN Dap j]`ajgaj kran dap ca^nqeg rn]]cp rkkn]b ki aaj daah vkncrqh`eca havejc r]j `a vkja( aaj pn]jorano]]h ejve_dp ej dap ca^ea`* @a dean ca^nqegpa sangsefva ^aop]]p qep psaa op]llaj* Paj aanopa `a vkcaj]]i`a dknevkjp]ha havejc( `ea aan`an cane_dp eo kl dap ejrajp]neoanaj `]j ]j]huoanaj r]j `a vkja* Ranrkhcajo `a vkcaj]]i`a ranpe_]ha havejc( `a `kkn atlanpo ranne_dppa k^oanr]peao( cane_dp kl `a ola_eÚaga( ]]j dap he_dp ca^n]_dpa aj cnkj`ec qepcasangpa ]ola_paj r]j `a vkja* @a havejc r]j `a vkja ^ad]j`ahp d]]n kjpseggahejcocao_dea`ajeo( dap bqj_pekjanaj r]j d]]n ejbn]opnq_pqqn aj `a rano_dehhaj`a b]_pknaj `ea o]iaj dap ca^ea` rkniaj* Dap c]]p aan`an ki aaj ranv]iahejc r]j ejbkni]pea kl ^]oeo s]]nr]j aaj aanopa ojahha havejc ikcahefg eo( `]j ki aaj ]j]huoa ej `a opnegpa vej r]j dap skkn`* @a k^oanr]) peao skn`aj qepcarkan` `kkn `aogqj`ecaj `ea `a vkja jeap ^ao_dkqsaj ]ho aaj p]^qh] n]o]( i]]n ]ho aaj rkhs]]n`ec( ^aop]]j` ca^ea`* Ea`an r]j daj haranp aaj vk ca`a) p]ehhaan` ikcahefga ^heg kl `a vkja( ca^]oaan` kl `a ca jrajp]neoaan`a cacarajo( ej `a rkni r]j aaj aoo]u* @ava aoo]uo ^apnabbaj `a buoeaga `eiajoea( vk]ho `a lh]jk) hkcea* Pqooajopa`ahefga ojahsacca^ea`aj aj `a =-. vkja ej dap ^efvkj`an vefj r]]g atpnaai cabn]ciajpaan` kl ^ahae`ojera]q* @]p eo aaj r]j `a ]ola_paj s]]n]]j `ava ca^ea`aj dqj _kilkoepeahkva g]n]gpan `]jgaj* Dap eo kkg r]j ^ah]jc `a h]j`o_d]l) lahefga `eiajoea pa ^ahe_dpaj( `a lkh`an aj dap s]pan( `ea dap ca^ea` ia`a da^^aj rknicacaraj* @a a_kjkiea eo arajaajo aaj ^ah]jcnefg ]ola_p `]p kj`anvk_dp ikap skn) `aj7 ^aop]]p an aaj ola_eÚaga a_kjkiea( aj vk f]( dka sangp `ea `]j; @]]nj]]op vefj `a jeap)buoeaga `eiajoeao( dap ca^nqeg aj `a lan_alpea r]j `a vkja( kj`ansanl r]j k^oanr]pea* Sea vefj `a ^askjano aj ca^nqegano r]j dap ca^ea`; Dka skn`p dap ca^ea` caveaj; Kl sahga i]jean skn`p `a vkja anr]naj; @a k^oanr]pea r]j `a vkja eo `qo

23/12/08 14:26:08

iqhpe`eo_elhej]en* Kl ^]oeo r]j `a ola_eÚaga k^oanr]peao vefj( ej o]iajsangejc iap `a `aogqj`ecaj( opahhejcaj cabkniqhaan`* Dap `kah r]j `ava ejrajp]neo]pea eo jeap dap klopahhaj r]j aaj i]opanlh]j( i]]n dap kjpseggahaj r]j aaj ejopnqiajp `]p Ûate^ahan eo*

&'

=ho dap i]opanlh]j aaj opn]paceo_d ejopnqiajp eo( `]j eo `a rkkncaopah`a ^aj]`anejc raahaan p]_peo_d r]j ]]n`* Dap c]]p dean^ef ki dap qepsangaj r]j cane_dpa ]_peao6 heopaj r]j Ð`a vs]ggaÑ ]]jsaveca olahano ej dap ca^ea`*4 An skn`p dean ]]j ]_q) lqj_pqqn canabanaan` ki`]p `a ola_eÚaga ]_peao ej aanopa ejop]jpea cane_dp vefj kl Ðlqj_pqahaÑ ejcnalaj ej dap ca^ea` Ì kl `a cka`a lhag aj kl dap cka`a ikiajp ejcavap* @ava p]_peagaj kb heopaj vqhhaj rkknpgkiaj qep aaj naago skngodklo kran lhaggaj( ca^ea`aj aj opnq_pqnaj sahga ]]jcasavaj skn`aj ej aaj ikiajp r]j Ð`e]hkkcÑ( vk]ho kio_dnaraj ej aaj h]pan dkkb`opqg* @ep `a^]p eo aaj lq^heag pkac]jgahefga ^efaaj) gkiop( aaj rkni r]j l]npe_elanaj`a `aik_n]pea*

Sa ransefvaj jkci]]ho j]]n dap opnq_pqqnlh]j r]j `a op]` =jpsanlaj( s]]nej `a ]bvkj`anhefga lnkfa_paj aaj aooajpe ha nkh olahaj ej dap ransavajhefgaj r]j `a opn]pacea( i]]n ]hpef` ej nah]pea pkp `a ^apagajeo `ea va da^^aj rkkn `a cnkpa opnq_pqqn* Dap c]]p `qo ej `a rkkncaopah`a ^aj]`anejcosefva jeap ki dap ranr]jcaj r]j `a opn]pacea kb reoea `kkn ]_qlqjpqnaha ejcnalaj( i]]n ki dap kjpseggahaj r]j heopaj ej dap g]`an r]j aaj iaan `]]`gn]_dpeca( ola_eÚaga aj krangkalahaj`a opn]pacea rkkn dap daha ca^ea`*

&(

=ch] a @acnko

n]llknpo `a bkn_ao mqe `areajp

)-) @a `qqnv]ia op]` vkq j]]n `a

ikcahefgda`aj( aj ^qncanl]npe_el]pea* H*( Faiahej( ?d*( G]qbi]jj( R*

happan r]j dap skkn` aaj op]` ikapaj

I]fkkn( O*( .,,4( @eo_kjja_pa`

$na`*%( Pda ok_e]h b]^ne_ kb pda

lkooe^ha ] l]npen `q ikiajp kq qj

vefj `ea ve_d ej `a pef` g]j

ejjk r]pekjo( A^qnkj( @ahbp*

japsknga` _epu( ALBH Lnaoo(

oqfap `a rkqhken ap `a lkqrken aop

d]j` d] raj* Ieoo_deaj eo `ava qephac

)/) Dap ^acnel _kjpatp nabanaanp dean Nkqpha`ca( H]qo]jja( Ktbkn`( .,,4(

bqj`]iajpahan `]j `a qephac s]]nej

aan`an ]]j dap ^acnel Ðola_eÚ_epu pk

l* 45)-,3*

s]]nkl `a caraopec`a kn`a ve_d d]j`)

skn`p calnk^aan` ki dap ]`fa_peab

lh]_aÑ( kj`an ]j`ana kjpseggah` `kkn

)2) Dap opnq_pqqnlh]j r]j `a op]`

d]]bp( pansefh p]_peag oh]]p kl `a

Ð`qqnv]]iÑ ej ran^]j` pa ^najcaj iap

`a Oiepdkjo( s]]nkj`an `a _kjpatp ej

=jpsanlaj eo aaj ^]]j^nagan ej dap

i]jean r]j kic]]j iap `ea i]_dp ej

a_khkceo_da ^kqsiapdk`ao s]]nej

]h d]]n `eiajoeao aj arajaajo `a

lq^heaga `a^]p kran `a op]` aj eo

`a ln]gpefg r]j ]hha`]c( s]]n^ef

vqejec iap i]pane]]h skn`p kicac]]j*

ok_e]ha skn`p ranop]]j( `]j ]]j dap

r]j aaj cadaah jeaqsa s]]n`a ej

nacaho skn`aj klcanagp kb kica^kcaj

@a `qqnv]ia op]` ransefop vk j]]n

^acnel canah]paan` ]]j `a deopkneo_da aaj pef`lang s]]nej dap lq^heaga

d]]n rkknp^aop]]j( j]]n dap carkah

cnkj`oh]c aj `a iknbkhkcea* Daqrah(

^ah]jc iaaop]h skn`p ca]ook_eaan`

ÎFÑ]llahha p]_pemqa hÑ]_pekj _]h_qh a

rkkn ranjeaqsejc kb vahbo j]]n d]]n

@* r]j `aj( =jkpdan oajoe^ehepu Ì

iap Ð^qna]q_n]peaÑ( pansefh dap

mqa ` panieja hÑ]^oaj_a `Ñqj lnklnaÏ*

`kknvap pejcoranikcaj* @acnko( =*(

pda `eo_kranu kb _kjpatp( ej K]oa 32( panqc pna`aj r]j ^aopqqnhefga

.,,4( kran `qqnv]]idae`( ej6 Rko( A*( J=E Lq^heodan .,,4( Nkppan`]i*

dap eo rkhcajo ?anpa]q dap ie``ah r]j `a vs]gga( rancahefg^]]n iap `a

opa`ahefgdae`( ll* -,)-0( J=E(

pqooaj `a lq^heaga aj lner]pa olahano pa da^^aj* Iauan( D*( =jpsanlaj6

Nkppan`]i*

eo ieoo_deaj jeap ]hhaaj ]bd]jgahefg

heop* ?anpa]q( I* `a( HÑejrajpekj

Aqnklaoa op]` r]j `a pkagkiop( jkc

`q mqkpe`eaj( -* =npo `a b]ena( -55,(

jeap calq^he_aan`*

`epekjo C]hhei]n`( L]neo*

qn^]jepu rancahefgp Op]j I]fkkn `a

Gnaqgaho oqccanaanp ej vefj pagop

)3) Dap ej `a ok_ekhkcea ca^nqegpa

kjpseggahejc r]j `a Vqe`]o iap psaa

Îpda `arahkliajp opn]pacu bkn ] jas

_kj_alp r]j `a naÛaterepaep s]]nj]]n

rancahefg^]na lh]jjaj ej Aqnkl] ki

qn^]j bkniÏ i]]n r]j `a _k]hepea

O_kpp H]od ransefop( eo ca^]oaan`

qepaej`ahefg pkp _kj_hqoeao pa gkiaj

lq^heag Ì lner]]p ej d]]n cadaah*

kl dap kicagaan`a r]j dap ^al]haj`a

iap ^apnaggejc pkp rkkn]b r]opcaopah)

Gnaqgaho( =*( .,,1 =iopan`]i Vqe`]o

kkn`aah* Dap ^aopa rkkn^aah` r]j

`a kjpseggahejco`kahaj r]j `ea lnk )

Aqnkla]j ol]_a( ,-,( Nkppan`]i*

dap naÛateara kkn`aah eo dap oi]]g) kkn `aah( aaj kkn`aah `]p iaan kl

jeaqsa rkni r]j opa`ahefgdae` pa

jeaqsa `aÚjepea rkkn r]j ^qncan)

`eo _qooea `]j kl ^aseforkanejc eo

kjpseggahaj* Dkasah dap jeap ki `a

l]npe_el]pea* Pansefh `ea oej`o `a

ca^]oaan`* O_kpp( H*( =jkpdan

ar]hq]pea r]j `a `qqnv]]idae` r]j `ea f]naj varajpec ] lkopanekne sangp

ik`anjepu ] `ebbanajp n]pekj]hepu(

lnkfa_paj cejc( hefgaj `a `kkn I]fkkn re] aaj _kjpnkha)ejopnqiajp( veap

-555( >h]_gsahh lq^heodan( Ktbkn` QG*

cad]jpaan`a opa`ahefga gs]hepaepaj

`a l]npe_el]pea ve_d jq ] lnekne

)4) Ie_dah @a ?anpa]q `aÚjeaanp ej

anc kl sahga an cad]jpaan` skn`aj

ca jpacnaan` iap ]ho dknevkj( dap

vefj sang HÑejrajpekj `q mqkpe`eaj

ki `qqnv]]i qn^]jeoia pa `aÚje naj*

_khha_peara kjpsanl r]j dap lnkfa_p*

psaa okknpaj ln]gpefgaj6 `a opn]pa)

Dap c]]p ki6 ola_e]heo]pea aj qep)

Caj]n`( F*H*( =n_depa_pqna ]j`

cea j aj `a p]_peagaj* @a opn]pacea6

seooahejc( `ebbanajpe]pea aj gaqva)

naÛaterepu( ej LÛeacan C*( L]pp]nkje

ÎFÑ]llahha opn]p cea ha _]h_qh `ao

cahier def.indd 12-13

P]_peag ^apagajp ]_pea rkkn ]_pea(

r]j `a i]ngp ]ho oq^opepqqp hefgp

)0) Dap rej`aj r]j aaj jeaqsa ^]h]jo

fa_paj( s]]nr]j dap `a ]i^epea eo aaj )1) Fa]j Hkqeo Caj]n` opahp kjo aaj

kb vahbo pacaj ve_dvahb cagaan`*

kranda`aj oha_dpo `a lner]peoanejc

Ia_dahaj( >*( Aqnkla]j5( Aqnklaoa

).) Ej vefj lnkabo_dnebp @eo_kjja_pa` r]j `a lq^heaga g]jp vk]ho =jpkj

eokh]^ha*Ï Aaj opn]pacea eo `a i]jean

23/12/08 14:26:08

&)

&*

Aaj qepc]jcolqjp r]j =-.JQ eo `a =-. vkja jeap ]ho ejbn]opnq_pqnaha naopnqeipa kb vahbo ]ho lkpajpeaah haac pa ^ao_dkqsaj( i]]n iaan ]ho aaj opqg op]` ej skn`ejc* Ej dap ranhajc`a deanr]j skn`p `a ^aop]]j`a oepq]pea nkj` `a =-. `]j kkg ]ho b]ep ]__kilhe ]]jr]]n` aj ]ho ^]oeo rkkn pkagkiopeca kjpseggahejcaj oaneaqo cajkiaj* @a aanopa op]l ej dap kj`anvkag eo `]j kkg aaj j]qsgaqneca havejc r]j `a op]pqo) mqk r]j `a =-. vkja* @ava Ðha_pqqnÑ r]j dap ca^ea` rknip aaj ejpacn]ha gefg kl dap ca^ea` kran pannepkne]ha( `eo_elhej]ena aj ]`iejeopn]peara cnajvaj daaj* Dean^ef vefj vksah `a lnk^haiaj aj ^ahaiianejcaj ]ho kkg dap lkpajpeaah r]j dap ca^ea` happanhefg ej g]]np ca^n]_dp* @ep ca^aqn`a rkkn aaj cnkkp ca`aahpa rkkn`]p nqeipa) hefga( a_kjkieo_da kb lkhepeaga ]caj`]Ño kl dap ca^ea` cahac` vefj -( ej `a hqspa r]j `a ]]j`]_dp `ea pkp rkkn gknp rkkn]h qepcejc j]]n `a kjpseggahejcaj ej Hae`o_da Nefj( `a krang]llejc r]j `a =. aj `a lh]jjaj rkkn Nefjaj^qnc* Dap ca^ea` eo `qo kj^arkknkkn`aah` aj qepca^nae` rangaj` vkj`an opqnaj`a ejrhka` r]j aaj ]h r]opca) opah` lnkcn]ii] kb klc]ra* @ava kj]bd]jgahefga aj _kjo_e jpeaqva ha_pqqn r]j dap Ði]pane]]hÑ r]j dap ca^ea` ^ea`p `a ikcahefgdae` ki vksah `a aecaj lkpajpeao ]ho `a ^alangejcaj r]j `a ^aop]]j`a oepq]pea pa atlhknanaj*

R]j `ava ^na`a ha_pqqn r]j dap ca^ea` vefj ej `ep _]dean `nea dkkb`hefjaj klcajkiaj6 `a pklkcn]Úo_da kjpseggahejc r]j dap ca^ea`( `a ejbn]opnq_pqnaha kjpseggahejc aj aaj opa`aj^kqsgqj`eca h]caj]j]huoa* Rkkn]bc]]j` dean]]j eo aaj qepca^nae`a ejrajp]neo]pea r]j ^aop]]j`a g]]npaj kran dap ca^ea` cai]]gp* @ep dkq`p ^]oeo`k_qiajp]pea ej vk]ho sacajg]]npaj( pklkcn]Úo_da g]]npaj( hq_dpbkpkÑo( op]`olh]ppacnkj`aj( i]]n kkg ]`iejeopn]peara g]]npaj kran cnkj`aecaj`ki( pkagkiopeca lh]jjaj aj reoeao kl rano_dehhaj` o_d]]hjera]q* @ava `k_qiajpaj vefj ej dap naceopan ]]j dap aej`a r]j `ep _]dean klcajkiaj* Dean^ef r]hp kl `]p an ^efj] caaj ]`iejeopn]peara `k_qiajpaj ^aop]]j `ea `a =-. vkja kl d]]n aecaj o_d]]h ]ho aaj cadaah nalnaoajpanaj* Nqeipahefga( ^aopqqnhefga aj oa_pkn]ha cnajvaj ^hefgaj kkg Ð_]npkcn]Úo_dÑ opang bn]ciajpanaj` pa sangaj* @a ha_pqqn r]j `a =-. vkja n]]gp `]]niaa jeap ]hhaaj dap buoeag ]]jsaveca( i]]n kkg `a rano_dehhaj`a dka`]jecda`aj( ^ah]jcaj aj gn]_dpaj ^ejjaj dap ca^ea`*

Opab]j >aj`ego

)-) @a ca`alqpaan`a F]j `a Seh`a

fqje .,,4 ej `a ia`e] ca_epaan` iap

]ho ikcahefga kjpseggahejcohk_]pea

r]j `a lnkrej_ea Qpna_dp rkkn `qqn)

qepoln]gaj kran `a =-. vkja pqooaj

rkkn -,*,,, skjejcaj*

v]]idae`( ieheaq aj skjaj san` ej

`a gjkkllqjpaj Kq`ajnefj aj Hqjappaj

cahier def.indd 14-15

23/12/08 14:26:08

&,

&+

-41,

Dap aanopa `aah r]j `a ha_pqqn r]j dap ca^ea` ^aop]]p qep aaj naago pklkcn]Úo_da g]]npaj `ea `a kjpseggahejcaj ej dap ca^ea` r]j -41, pkp .,,0( `a rano_defjejco) `]pqi r]j `a iaaop ]_pqaha pklkcn]Úo_da g]]np( `k_qiajpanaj* @a aanopa g]]npaj pkjaj dap ca^ea` ]ho aaj lkh`anh]j`o_d]l( caknc]jeoaan` rkhcajo `a hkce_] r]j dap kjpcejjejcouopaai* @a aanopa cnkpana opnq_pqnanaj`a ahaiajpaj ej `ep h]j`o_d]l vefj `a `efgaj aj r]]npaj( `a C]ha_kllan`efg aj ej dap ^efvkj`an `a R]]npoa Nefj `ea dap ca^ea` r]jqep Qpna_dp gkiaj` ej jkkn`)vqe`ne_dpejc `kknojef`aj* H]jco `a R]]npoa Nefj aj `a l]n]hhah hklaj`a ÐNkqpa Eilane]ha jk*.Ñ kjpop]]p ej `a jacajpeaj`a aaqs `]j kkg `a aanopa _kj_ajpn]pea r]j ^a^kqsejc ej dap ca^ea`*

Deankl rkhcaj psaa cnkpa ejbn]opnq_pqqnahaiajpaj( ]]jcahac` ^qepaj `a op]`o) cnajvaj r]j Qpna_dp( s]]nr]j `a heccejc caaj dangaj^]na nah]pea iap dap kj`an) heccaj` lkh`anh]j`o_d]l daabp6 dap =iopan`]i)Nefjg]j]]h( sahga dap ca^ea` ej jkkn`)vqe` ne_dpejc `kknojef`p( aj `a nefgosac =-.* @a =-. eo `a aanopa `kknc]]j`a kkop)saop cakne jpaan`a opnq_pqqn ej dap ca^ea` aj gnqeop `a raha ]]jsaveca s]pan) aj h]j`sacaj `ea `s]no kl `a nefgosac heccaj* @a =-. eo aaj jeaqs ahaiajp ej dap ^aop]]j`a h]j`o_d]l vkj`an lna_a`ajp*

Ej `a rkhcaj`a `a_ajje] cnkaep Qpna_dp ej n]l pailk j]]n dap vqe`aj ne_dpejc `a nefgosac6 aanop ^ejjaj `a dkkb`ejbn]opnq_pqnaj aj `a caiaajpacnajvaj( vk]ho dap ca^ea` pqooaj Iansa`ag]j]]h aj R]]npoa Nefj( Dkkc) aj H]]cn]raj( G]j]hajaeh]j` aj h]pan kkg Hqjappaj aj L]laj`knl* Ranrkhcajo vap ve_d `a cnkae rkknp ej `a ojahha klgkiop r]j `a ^qqnpcaiaajpaj Jeaqsacaej aj Dkqpaj* @a opa`ahefga opnq_pqnaj( r]j Qpna_dp paj jkkn`aj aj r]j Jeaqsacaej aj Dkqpaj paj vqe`aj r]j `a ojahsac( ^nae`aj ve_d qep pkp iaan kb iej`an `e_dp ]]j `a ojahsac* Kkg `a =-. vahb aj `a ]]johqepejcaj aj _ereahpa_djeo_da gqjopsangaj kj`anc]]j `a jk`eca qep^nae`ejcaj aj ]]jl]ooejcaj( i]]n dap eo rkkn]h `a atlhkoeara pkaj]ia r]j `a ^a^kqsejc h]jco `a nefgosac `ea `a lkoepea r]j `a =-. ej vefj kicarejc `n]opeo_d ran]j`anp6 r]j aaj ]qpkjkki ej dap h]j`o_d]l calh]]popa ejbn]opnq_pqqn pkp kj`an`aah r]j aaj ranopa`ahefgp ca^ea`*

-443

@a ran]j`an`a lkoepea r]j `a =-.( `kkn `a ojah klnqggaj`a ranopa`ahefgejc ]]j ^ae`a g]jpaj( eo vagan j r]j `a iaaop ej dap kkc olnejcaj`a _kjop]panejcaj `ea `ava naago g]]npaj h]paj veaj* @a `e]cn]iiaj kl l]cej] 0 o_dapoaj `ava ran]j`anejcaj kl `a o_d]]h r]j Qpna_dp aj nacek* Op]` aj ejbn]opnq_pqqn gkiaj opaa`o iaan iap ahg]]n ej ]]jn]gejc* @a ojahsacaj ranopa`ahefgaj `kkn `a ]]jpnaggaj`a sangejc r]j ^anaeg) ^]]ndae`* Dkasah va kknolnkjgahefg ^qepaj `a op]` vefj ]]jcahac`( vefj `a ojahsacaj ejie``aho `aah r]j `a op]` caskn`aj*

-5/5 cahier def.indd 16-17

23/12/08 14:26:09

&-

&.

-515

-544

-53,

-553

-54-

.,,-

cahier def.indd 18-19

23/12/08 14:26:11

'%

'&

.,,0

cahier def.indd 20-21

23/12/08 14:26:12

=.3 =.

''

'(

=.4 @a nefgosac =-. eo ej `a f]naj `anpec r]j `a rkneca aaqs ]]jcahac` ]ho ran^ej`ejc pqooaj @aj D]]c aj Qpna_dp* R]j]b `a f]naj raanpec eo `a =-. jeap ]hhaaj `a ^ah]jc) nefgopa ran^ej`ejc pqooaj kkop aj saop ^ejjaj Ja`anh]j`( i]]n $iap `a =-1% kkg ` ran^ej`ejc r]j dap saopaj r]j Ja`anh]j`( s]]nkj`an `a Nkppan`]ioa d]rajo( iap @qepo) h]j` aj ?ajpn]]h Aqnkl]* Aaj qepca^nae`a ha_pqqn r]j `a =-. vkja rn]]cp ola_eÚaga ]]j`]_dp rkkn nacekj]ha kjpseggahejc r]j ejbn]opnq_pqqn aj `a lkoepekjanejc r]j `a =-. vkja ^ejjaj dap $ejpan%j]pekj]ha aj nacekj]ha japsang*

=-.

Kq`ajnefj

=-.

@kkn ej pa vkkiaj kl `a nacekj]ha o_d]]h r]j `a =-. vkja skn`p aaj $jkc kjrkhpkke`a% Ðojahsac 4Ñ nkj` Qpna_dp aj Jeaqsacaej ve_dp^]]n* @ava skn`p carkni` `kkn `a =. ej dap saopaj( `a =.3 ej dap kkopaj aj `kkn `a J./, $`a Vqehajoa nejc% ej dap jkkn`aj* Dap opqg =-. pqooaj `a gjkkllqjpaj Kq`ajnefj aj Hqjappaj eo ej `ava Úcqqn `a _ajpn]ha o_d]gah* >ejjaj `a op]`onacek Qpna_dp gnefcp `a =-. `a lkoepea r]j aaj $pqooaj% opa`ahefga ran^ej`ejco]o* @a =-. ^ef Qpna_dp eo `qo vksah aaj ^ah]jcnefga $ejpan% j]pekj]ha ojahsacran^ej`ejc ]hokkg aaj nacekj]ha kjpohqepejcosac* @ava `q^^aha ^apagajeo aj `a _ajpn]ha heccejc ej Ja`anh]j` i]gaj r]j `a =-. ^ef Qpna_dp aaj qep) vkj`anhefg opqg ojahsac*

Kkg gajp dap pn]fa_p aaj ]]jp]h j]pekj]ha rangaanogqj`eca lneiaqno( ejjkr]peao aj atlaneiajpaj( vk]ho `a aanopa Úha( dap aanopa ojahsacgh]ran^h]` aj dap aanopa l]n]hhahnef^]]jouopaai* @ep d]jcp kj`an iaan o]iaj iap dap baep `]p `a =-. ]ho cnkkpo_d]heca kkop)saop ran^ej`ejc aaj ca^ea` `kkngnqeop `]p rkkn `a ]]jhac r]j `a nefgosac cagajiangp san` `kkn cnkkpo_d]heca jkkn`)vqe` ejbn]opnq_pqnaj( vk]ho `a R]]npoa Nefj( dap =iopan`]i)Nefjg]j]]h aj h]pan `a =. aj `a =.3* Dap carkhc deanr]j eo raha gnqeoejcaj kl aaj nah]peab gknp pn]fa_p* J]]op `a jk`eca _ereahpa_djeo_da gqjopsangaj( vk]ho ^nqccaj( gh]ran^h]`aj( pqn^ejao aj ]boh]caj( ^najcp `ava ola_eÚaga _kj`epea aaj dkca i]pa ]]j _kilhatepaep r]j `a dknevkjp]ha aj ranpe_]ha nef^]]jknc]jeo]pea iap ve_d iaa( `ea anpka hae`p `]p ]h ran rkkn `a gjkkllqjpaj Kq`ajnefj aj Hqjappaj ikap skn`aj Ðrkkncaoknpaan`Ñ* Kj`an rkkn^adkq` r]j jeaqsa cnkkpo_d]heca kjpseggahejcaj ej dap ca^ea` eo `a _]l]) _epaep r]j `a =-. ^efj] rkh`kaj`a rkkn `a gkiaj`a psejpec f]]n* Rkhcajo Nefgos]pan) op]]p eo aaj qep^nae`ejc r]j `a .t- l]n]hhahnef^]jaj rkh`kaj`a kl ie``ahh]jca pan ) iefj* Aaj ]hpanj]peab ki dap _]l]_epaepopagknp pa _kilajoanaj( vkq gqjjaj vefj6 dap ]]jhaccaj r]j kjp^nagaj`a o_d]gaho( kbsah Ðieooejc hejgoÑ* @a =-. v]h d]]n bqj_pea ]ho ojahha ejpanj]pekj]ha ran^ej`ejc kkg kl h]jca paniefj s]]no_defjhefg ^adkq`aj* @a gnqeoejcaj iap `a psaa cnkpa s]pansacaj ej _ki^ej]pea iap `a raha ]boh]caj vefj ^ah]jcnefga ^alangaj`a b]_pknaj rkkn aaj arajpqaha kj`anpqjjahejc r]j `a =-.*

cahier def.indd 22-23

Hqjappaj

Qpna_dpoa Ðojahsac)4Ñ iap ikcahefg ej pa rqhhaj Ðieooejc hejgoÑ*

=.3 =.

23/12/08 14:26:12

')

'*

-5/5

-54-

-51-

-554

-53,

.,,-

cahier def.indd 24-25

23/12/08 14:26:12

',

'+

Iknbkhkcea( dkkb`sacaj aj s]pan

Dap h]]popa `aah r]j dap dkkb`opqg ha_pqqn kir]p aaj aajrkq`eca opa`aj^kqsgqj`eca h]caj]j]huoa* Dean^ef eo `ep ejopnqiajp pkacal]op kl aaj ca^ea` `]p $^ad]hra caveaj r]jqep `a =-. ]ho Ð_ajpn]ha ]oÑ% caaj ]]jhae`ejc caabp ki ]ho j ca^ea` pa skn`aj ^ao_dkqs` aj pa skn`aj ca]j]huoaan`* Rkkn `ava h]caj]j]huoa eo `a ejbkni]pea qep `a vaan `eranoa oa_pkn]ha g]]npaj ej dap naceopan r]j `ep _]dean ca_ki^ejaan` pkp aaj ^]oeo`k_qiajp* @a ]j]huoa kir]p kj`an iaan `a rkhcaj`a ÐbuoeagaÑ h]caj6 iknbk ) hkcea r]j `a ^a^kqsejc( s]pan)( ojah)( dkkb`) aj oa_qj`]ena sacaj( aj Úapol]`aj* Ran`an vefj caiaajpacnajvaj( dkkb`hae`ejcaj( aecaj`kiocnajvaj( cahqe`o_kjpkqnaj aj o_daniaj ej g]]np ca^n]_dp*

@kkn dap eokhanaj r]j ^al]]h`a h]caj lan pagajejc skn`p dap ca^ea` ej vefj cnkpa _kilhatepaep cana`q_aan` aj ^acneflahefgan* Pacahefganpef` skn`aj kkg `a kj`anhejca nah]peao pqooaj `ava h]caj ejve_dpahefgan* Vk]ho ^efrkkn^aah` `a qep) ^nae`ejc r]j `a ^a^kqsejc ej nah]pea iap `a buoeaga aj ]`iejeopn]peara ^acnaj vejc aj7 `a iknbkhkcea r]j `a ^a^kqsejc ej nah]pea pkp `a cahqe`o_kjpkqnaj7 `a heccejc r]j `a oa_qj`]ena sacajopnq_pqqn ej `a pqooajnqeipa r]j `a rano_dehhaj`a iknbkhk ceo_da lk_gapo7 `a `qe`ahefga _aoqqn `ea `a ojahsac ej `a h]caj ^a^kqsejc aj oa_qj`]ena sacaj ]b^aah`p( ej pacajopahhejc pkp `a _kjpejq paep ej `a h]]c Úapo l]`aj* Ran`an r]hp ej dap ca^ea` `a ]bsavecdae` kl r]j `kknc]]j`a kkop)saop cakne j paan`a oa_qj) `]ena sacaj aj klaj^]]n ranrkanohefjaj* @a h]caj hae`ejcaj( cahqe`o_kjpkqnaj( caiaajpa) aj aecaj`kiocnajvaj pkjaj `a kjve_dp^]na( ^alangaj`a na]hepaepaj ej dap ca^ea`7 pacahefganpef` gqjjaj `ava naopne_peao aaj ]]jhae`ejc caraj pkp kjrkknveaja ikcahefgda`aj*

Iknbkhkcea

Dap opa`ahefg h]j`o_d]l nkj` `a ojahsac =-. eo rkkn]h cagajiangp `kkn `a cnkkp) o_d]heca ejbn]opnq_pqnaj `ea dap ca^ea` `kknojef`aj* Dap eo aaj h]j`o_d]l r]j lanebana qn^]jepaep iap aaj oaie)ej`qopneaah g]n]gpan aj aaj cnkpa `eranoepaep ]]j ^a^kqsejcoopnq_pqnaj* R]jqep iknbkhkceo_d kkclqjp eo dap ca^ea` o]iajcaopah` qep rano_dehhaj`a qn^]ja bn]ciajpaj* Ej ]bsavecdae` r]j aaj dkikcaja ^a^kqsejcoopnq_) pqqn hefgp dap ca^ea` `ena_p h]jco `a ojahsac kl dap aanopa cave_dp ]]j caaj ajgaha krangkalahaj`a opa`aj^kqsgqj`eca hkce_] kj`andarec* Dap ca^ea` ^ea`p rkkn]h nqeipa ]]j aaj h]llaj`agaj r]j patpqnaj( vk]ho opqggaj kq`a hejp^a^kqsejc( `a ranolnae`a okhep]enaj r]j dap g]jpknajh]j`o_d]l L]laj`knl( `a _kil]_pana rkhqiao r]j `a skkj) ^kqhar]n`( `a rkhgopqejaj aj cnkpa ]qpkjkia ca^kqsaj vk]ho `a car]jcajeo kb `a pn]inaieoa* @ava bn]ciajpaj vefj ]hhaj ran^kj`aj iap aj pacahefgpef` ca okhaan` r]j ahg]]n `kkn `a ]qpk) aj s]pansacaj*

S]pan $=iopan`]i)Nefjg]j]]h( R]]npoa Nefj% cahier def.indd 26-27

23/12/08 14:26:13

'-

'.

Ojahsacaj

Beapol]`aj

Olkknsac

Pn]jobaneqi Opnaag^qo

Ojahpn]i

Dkkb`sacaj

Klaj^]]n ranrkan

QPNA?DP

JEAQSACAEJ DKQPAJ

Oa_qj`]ena sacaj cahier def.indd 28-29

Caiaajpacnajvaj 23/12/08 14:26:13

(%

(&

Nefgoaecaj`ki

Caiaajpacnajvaj aj iknbkhkcea

:21 `> 2,)21 `>

11)2, `>

Cahqe`o_kjpkqnaj

Cahqe`o_kjpkqnaj aj iknbkhkcea

Hae`ejcaj aj cahqe`oo_daniaj

Dkkb`sacaj aj iknbkhkcea

cahier def.indd 30-31

23/12/08 14:26:15

('

((

Aaj _kilhat aj raahcah]]c` ca^ea` ]ho `a =-. vkja rn]]cp j] `a aanopa ^na`a rangaj) jejc ki aaj cnkj`ecan aj ola_e]heopeo_d kj`anvkag* @a ranv]iah`a gajjeo( s]]nr]j ej dap rkneca dkkbopqg Ha_pqqn aaj oaha_pea eo saancacaraj( `eajp ]ho ^]oeo rkkn `a k^oanr]peao* Ope_dpejc =-.JQ daabp `aogqj`ecaj qep rano_dehhaj`a `eo_elhejao carn]]c` ki dqj atlanpeoa pka pa l]ooaj kl `a =-. vkja* Qep ln]gpeo_da kransacejcaj eo cagkvaj rkkn k^oanr]peao r]jqep refb `eo_elhejao `ea `a ^ah]jcnefgopa ]ola_paj r]j `a vkja `aggaj* @ava `eo_elhejao aj `a naola_pearahefga `aogqj`ecaj vefj6 h]j`o_d]l( Naja r]j `an Rah`a7 lh]jkhkcea( Sehhai O]hap aj Hakjea F]jooaj)F]joaj7 a_kjkiea( Ka`vca =pvai] aj Lapan Gail7 ok_ekhkcea( I]pdeaq >ancan aj Khc] Nqooah7 ^aharejc( Fankaj r]j Saopaj aj Fqhe]j O_]bb* Dap dkkb`opqg k^oanr]peao ^aop]]p qep psaa `ahaj6 aoo]uo aj opahhejcaj* @a aoo]uo vefj `eranoa aj ]qpkjkia ^ef`n]caj r]j `a `aogqj`ecaj lan `eo_elheja( s]]nr]j `a aanopa ej ^aah`* @a ]qpaqno k^oanranaj aj ]j]huoanaj r]jqep dqj aecaj `aogqj`ecdae` `a =-. vkja s]]nj] vef `a ]_dpanheccaj`a lnk_aooaj( `a opnq_pqnaj kb `a kjpop]]jo) cao_dea`ajeo ejve_dpahefg i]gaj* @]]nj]]op caabp ea`ana ]qpaqn kl aecaj sefva aaj oqccaopea kran `a pkagkiopeca kjpseggahejc r]j dap ca^ea`* Ej dap psaa`a `aah skn`aj `a ^ah]jcnefgopa ]ola_paj qep `a aoo]uo gknp o]iaj car]p ej opahhejcaj* @a opahhejcaj vefj caaj ^asavaj dulkpdaoao( i]]n lkoepea^al]hejcaj r]j `aogqj`ecaj( `ea ej aaj krangkalahaj`a `eo_qooea rkkn `a jk`eca `ealc]jc gqjjaj vkncaj* @a opahhejcaj vefj ranp]]h` ej g]]np^aah`aj kl aaj kj`anhejc rancahefg^]na o_d]]h aj qepoja`a* Dap ransangaj r]j `a k^oanr]peao pkp opahhejcaj aj g]]np^aah`aj eo aaj lkcejc ki `a ranc]]n`a gajjeo aj lkoepeao pkac]jgahefg aj ^nqeg^]]n pa i]gaj rkkn dap ranrkhcpn]fa_p6 dap ]]jc]]j r]j `a `e]hkkc kran `a =-. vkja* @a opahhejcaj aj g]]npaj rkniaj dap sangi]pane]]h aj dap canaa`o_d]l rkkn aaj `a^]p kran dap ca^ea` iap ^ah]jcda^^aj`aj aj ^apnkggajaj* =ho rka`ejc rkkn `ep `a^]p `n]caj `a opahhejcaj aj g]]npaj qepaej`ahefg ^ef ]]j dap `aÚje naj r]j opn]paceo_da aj p]_peo_da ejpan) rajpeao ej dap ca^ea`*

cahier def.indd 32-33

Opab]j >aj`ego

23/12/08 14:26:15

()

(*

I]jean r]j ^asacaj6 ^kkp*

cahier def.indd 34-35

23/12/08 14:26:17

(+

(,

I]jean r]j ^asacaj6 pn]i*

cahier def.indd 36-37

23/12/08 14:26:18

(-

(.

I]jean r]j ^asacaj6 pa rkap*

cahier def.indd 38-39

23/12/08 14:26:19

)%

)&

I]jean r]j ^asacaj6 ^qo*

cahier def.indd 40-41

23/12/08 14:26:21

)'

)(

I]jean r]j ^asacaj6 ]qpk*

cahier def.indd 42-43

23/12/08 14:26:22

))

)*

I]jean r]j ^asacaj6 Ăšapo*

cahier def.indd 44-45

23/12/08 14:26:23

Ojahsacvkjao da^^aj aaj ^efvkj`ana ]]jpnaggejcogn]_dp kl opa`ahefga kjpseggahejcaj* Ej Ja`anh]j` vkncp `a _kjfqj_pea r]j ieheaqsapcarejc( i]ngpsangejc aj ^aopqqn) hefga ran`ahejc rkkn aaj kjcagaj`a `uj]ieag h]jco dap ojahsacajjapsang ej `a ^qqnp r]j cnkpa opa`aj* @a ^aoheooejc ej dap Opnq_pqqno_dai] Dkkb`sacajjap r]j -522 ki dap sacajopahoah ej dap klaj h]j`o_d]l h]jco ^aop]]j`a opa`ahefga ganjaj pa haccaj( o_deal `]]n ^krajkl `a nqeipahefg _kj`epeao rkkn aaj cadaah jeaqs ranopa`ahefgejco) pula* Kl `ava kjpseggahejc san` ]h ej dap opnq_pqqno_dai] ca]jpe_elaan`* Iaj ran) s]_dppa `]p aaj jeaqs pula op]` ve_d vkq rkniaj h]jco dap Îcaoqlanlkjaan`a dkkb`) sacajjap r]j `a Ðop]` Ja`anh]j`Ñ( `ea ej `a gkiaj`a `a_ajje] v]h kjpop]]jÏ*-

Nkj` `a opa`ahefga ganjaj r]j Saop Ja`anh]j` daabp `ava rkknolahhejc ve_d cnkpaj`aaho rkhpnkggaj* I]]n dkasah `a op]` skn`p ]]jcapnkggaj `kkn `a ojahsac( vefj ^ae`aj j]qsahefgo iap ahg]]n ransaraj* R]j]b `a f]naj vaopec eo dap ojahsacaj) jap ve_d opaa`o iaan c]]j ranvahbop]j`ecaj paj klve_dpa r]j d]]n kicarejc* @a ojah sac i]]gp saheos]]n `aah qep r]j dap klaj^]na nqeipa japsang r]j `a op]`( i]]n haranp an caaj savajhefga ^ef`n]ca ]]j* >kraj`eaj ran`n]caj opa`ahefga bqj_peao vk]ho skjaj aj ran^hefraj( h]s]]e( ranrqehejc aj ojahdae` ve_d jq aaji]]h oha_dp*. @a `uj]ieag aj o_d]]h r]j `a ojahsacvkja c]]p kkg `a opa`ahefga nqeipa pa ^kraj7 dap opa`aj^kqsgqj`eca aj ]n_depa_pkjeo_da ejopnqiajp]neqi h]]p `a vkja `kknc]]jo hejgo heccaj* S]]n `ava oepq]pea ve_d h]jca pef` rkknpvap( kjpop]]p aaj ca^ea` iap cadaah aecaj nqeipahefga( lnkcn]ii]peo_da aj knc]jeo]pkneo_da aecajo_d]llaj*/

)+

@a Ðokje_)rke`Ñ r]j `a =-.6

),

@a =-. vkja eo aaj o_dkkhrkkn^aah` r]j `ava kjpseggahejcaj aj pnagp `a ]]j`]_dp r]j ^aopqqn`ano( kjpsanlano aj kj`anvkagano* Cnel gnefcaj kl `ep okknp ca^ea`aj eo aaj ^ah]jcnefga ikper]pea rkkn `ava ]]j`]_dp* @a ojahsacvkja ]ho _]oqo rkkn `a pkagkiopeca op]` arajvaan* @a kjpseggahejc ej `ava vkjao h]]p veaj dka `a op]` $aj `a opa`ahejc% vkj`an jkaiajos]]n`eca nacea ve_d ca`n]]cp aj kjpseggahp* Aaj ^apan h]^kn]pkneqi r]j `a op]pqo)mqk r]j `a op]` eo jeap ikcahefg* Kj`ano_dae`aj` ]]j `ava vkjao vefj kj`an iaan `a nah]pea pqooaj `a kicarejc aj `a rkni r]j `a kjpseg) gahejcaj( `a ahaiajpaj `ea dap lnk_ao r]j pn]jobkni]pea ^al]haj aj `a o_d]]h aj `uj]ieag r]j `a nqeipa* @kkn d]]n randkq`ejc pkp `a hk_]pea( dap j]pqqnhefga lnk_ao( `a `uj]ieag aj `a o_d]]h( eo aaj ^ef`n]ca ]]j `a kjpha`ejc r]j `ava vkja r]jqep `a h]j`o_d]lo]n_depa_pqqn s]]n`arkh*0 Gefgaj` r]jqep `ep lanola_peab j]]n `a =-. vkja gkiaj ranrkhcajo `nea ]ola_paj ]]j `a kn`a6 `a h]j`o_d]llahefga nqeipa ^al]hejcaj r]j `a ojahsac aj d]]n Û]jgaj( `a nah]pea pqooaj `a $h]j`o_d]llahefga% iknbkhkcea r]j dap ca^ea` aj `a $japsang%op]` aj `a nkh r]j h]j`o_d]llahefga bn]ciajpaj ej `a ranopa`ahefgejcolnk_aooaj r]j oq^)qn^]ja ca^ea`aj*

aaj haacpa ej dap h]j`o_d]l rankknv]]gp `kkn dap ojah) saccahqe` ]ho `aÚjepea r]j dap opq`eaca^ea`*

Pkgek `e]cn]iiaj*

cahier def.indd 46-47

DAP CACARAJ Canagaj` j]]n `a 2, `a_e^ahcnajo $lhqo ve_dpnah]peao%( ^aopnefgp `a ojahsacvkja r]j `a =-. l]gsac 22, da_p]na* Ej rancahefgejc iap okknpcahefga vkjao eo `a =-. vkja jkc klr]hhaj` haac aj cnkaj6 ^efj] `a dahbp r]j `ep kllanrh]g $.3/ d]% eo cnkajca^ea`* @a kraneca nqeipa skn`p ejcajkiaj `kkn sacejbn]opnq_pqqn $4. d]%( s]pan $13 d]% aj ^a^kqsejc $/0 d]%* L]ngaanlh]]poaj( Úapol]`aj aj pnkppkeno ^al]haj `a naopanaj`a nqeipa $.-0 d]%* Dap kir]jcnefgopa cnkajkllanrh]g ^adkknp pkp `a h]j`o_d]llahefga ^acahae`ejc r]j `a ojahsac* Pkp `a ÐrkaplnejpÑ r]j `a =-. $`kkn NSO ^adaan`a ca^ea) `aj% ^adkknp 0, d] pkp `a nefsac( `a kraneca nqeipa ^aop]]p qep _ereahpa_djeo_da Ðpka^adknajÑ vk]ho ^aniaj( p]hq`o( ^ancejcorefrano( ohkpaj aj gqjopsangaj* Kl aj ]]j `ava pka^adknaj skn`p `a ojahsac Ð^acahae`Ñ `kkn cnkaj Ì ^kkioejcaho( opnqeg cas]o aj c]vkjo*1 Kran aaj hajcpa r]j vao gehkiapan pahp `ava vkja i]]n heabop refb gjkkl) lqjpaj* Dap klr]hhaj`opa gjkkllqjp eo vkj`an iaan Kq`ajnefj* @ava gh]ranpqn^eja haranp aaj kir]jcnefg opahoah r]j p]hq`o aj gqjopsangaj kl iap ^ef^adknaj` cnkaj aj s]pan* @kkn vefj qepcaopnagpa ]]j) aj ]brkansacaj opnagp dap ve_d qep j]]n dap jkkn`aj aj saopaj* @a ]]j) aj ]brkansacaj ne_dpejc dap saopaj hklaj pkp ]]j ]boh]c -2 $Jeaqsacaej%( s]]n`kkn ^ae`a gjkkllqjpaj ve_d iej kb iaan ]]jaajnefcaj* @kkn `ava kiop]j`ecda`aj kjpop]]p aaj kl ve_dvahb op]]j`a iac])od]la s]]nr]j skn`p ran) s]_dp `]p `ava( `kkn vefj kir]jc aj rano_defjejcorkni( vefj kicarejc kranrhaqcahp*

23/12/08 14:26:24

Kliangahefg cajkac eo `ep jeap dap car]h7 vksah dap klaj _qhpqqnh]j`o_d]l r]j dap Cnkaja D]np ]ho dap g]jpknajl]ng L]laj`knl randkq`aj ve_d kl aaj ^al]]h`a i]jean pkp `ep ahaiajp* @ep h]]popa eo pulanaj` rkkn `a =-. vkja ]ho cadaah6 pansefh `a op]` aj `a ojahsac r]j kq`odan ikaev]ia ^a`i]pao vefj( kjpop]]p an h]jco `a =-. aaj opa`ahefg ca^ea` `]p ve_d s h hefgp pa ranajecaj iap `a ojahsac* @ep d]jcp o]iaj iap kliangahefga nqeipahefga gs]hepaepaj( `ea ve_d ej dap ca^ea` da^^aj gqjjaj kjpseggahaj*

)-

H=J@O?D=LLAHEFGA NQEIPA @aejaj` ]ho aaj l]oo]cean kl aaj k_a]jhejan ^asaacp `a ojahsacca^nqegan ve_d `kkn dap ca^ea` kl ckhraj`a ^]jaj r]j ]ob]hp( cahacaj kl aaj gqjopi]peca pklkcn]Úa r]j `efgaj aj gqjopsangaj* @a pn]ca seooahejc r]j h]j`o_d]lo^aah`aj r]jqep `a ne_dpejc r]j dap Cnkaja D]np kb `a Qpna_dpoa Daqrahnqc skn`aj lhkpoahejc ranojah` `kkn aaj op]__]pk r]j opa`ahefga rkniaj* G]jpkknca^kqsaj( l]gdqevaj( iaq^ahd]hhaj( ]qpkodksnkkio aj na_h]iavqehaj rano_defjaj ej ^aah`* Dkasah `qe`ahefg oln]ga eo r]j `a ]]jsavecdae` r]j opa`ahefga ahaiajpaj( ^hefbp `a anr]nejc r]j dap ^ejjaj) nef`aj r]j aaj opa`ahefg ca^ea` ]_dpansaca* Ranpe_]ha ahaiajpaj op]]j kl nqeia ]bop]j` r]j ahg]]n( kicaraj `kkn kj^a^kqs`a nqeipao aj cnkaj* @kkn `a klaj ^a^kq) sejcoopnq_pqqn aj `a randkkc`a heccejc r]j `a sac kjpop]]p an aaj h]j`o_d]llahefga nqeipa iap aaj dknevkj ej lh]]po r]j aaj opa`ahefg saaboah iap aaj oguheja* @a cnajo r]j dap opa`a hefg ca^ea` skn`p `qo carkni` `kkn aaj h]j`o_d]llahefg ahaiajp( `a dknevkj( ej lh]]po r]j aaj opa`ahefga s]j`* Dean`kkn ^hefbp dap h]j`o_d]l dap o_d]]h^acnel ^al]haj* Ej opa`ahefga nqeipaj vefj rano_dehhaj`a o_d]haj ]]jsavec( i]]n vah`aj kb jkkep `a o_d]]h r]j dap klaj h]j`o_d]l* @a ojahsac gajp j i]]p( `ea r]j dap atpn]) h]nca( ^al]]h` `kkn `a ]qpkik^eheop aj `a ojahdae` s]]niaa def ve_d ranlh]]pop* @ava g]j sah ranajec` skn`aj iap `a o_d]]h r]j dap $klaj% h]j`o_d]l* @a i]]p r]j `a ojahsac a_dpan eo j]qsahefgo ej pa l]ooaj ej `a $_kil]_pa% Ja`anh]j`oa op]`* Kkg dap ^acnel ranlh]]poejc snejcp* @a _kil]_pa op]` skn`p jkc ]hpef` ^al]]h` `kkn aaj op]peo_da i]jean r]j ^aharejc( vksah r]j ^qepajnqeipao ]ho ejpaneaqno* @a op]pe) o_da ^heg ^aop]]p aajrkq`ecsac jeap kl `a ojahsac7 ]hhao skn`p r]jqep dap ^asacaj` ^aah` ^ad]j`ah`*

@a =-. h]]p veaj `]p kl aaj i]_nk o_d]]h `a nqeipa r]j `a ojahsac ve_d ^acejp pa kjpseggahaj pkp aaj klve_dvahbop]]j`a sanah` iap qjeaga nqeipahefga aecajo_d]l) laj* Kj`]jgo `a ]]jsavecdae` r]j opa`ahefga ahaiajpaj `kap `a =-. vkja ^ef Qpna_dp jeap kj`an rkkn ]j`ana h]j`o_d]llahefga _kjpatpaj h]jco dap pn]_ * Sahd]]op eo an vahbo oln]ga r]j aaj iaans]]n`a paj klve_dpa r]j kj^a^kqs`a vkjao* @kkn `a klaj) dae`( ^a^kqsejcorkniaj aj o_d]]h( kir]p `a =-. vkja ej vagana vej iaan h]j`o_d]l) lahefga nqeipa `]j pn]fa_paj vkj`an opa`ahefga ahaiajpaj* @ava l]n]`kt ^ea`p lano) la_pearaj rkkn dap ranjeaqsaj aj ran`ealaj r]j `a `eo_qooea kran Ð`e_dpohe^^aj`a h]j`o_d]llajÑ aj ÐrannkiiahejcÑ* @a ojahsacvkja g]j aaj nkh gnefcaj ej dap danrej`aj r]j nqeipahefga gs]hepaep ej Saop Ja`anh]j`* Ej `ep klve_dp eo fqeop `a ]qpkjkiea r]j `a vkjao aaj gs]hepaep7 dap ^ea`p `a ikcahefgdae` rkkn dap kjpseggahaj r]j aaj jeaqs h]j`o_d]lopula( pa rancahefgaj iap `a h]j`o_d]llaj r]j ^efrkkn^aah` `a @ahp]sangaj aj `a cnkkpo_d]heca `nkkci]ganefaj r]j `a psejpecopa aaqs*

aaj h]jc`qneca _kjfqj_pea pqooaj dap $kj`anheccaj`a% h]j`o_d]l( dap _qhpqqnh]j`) o_d]l aj dap opa`ahefg h]j`o_d]l $haao6 ejbn]opnq_pqqn%* Kj`an `a =-. vkja heccaj `a opnkkica^ea`aj r]j `a Kq`a Nefj* @a kl dap h]]craaj ]bcavappa nereanghae rkni`a `a dkkcopa `ahaj( `ea dap qepc]jcolqjp rkni`aj rkkn `a kjpcejjejc r]j dap nereanajh]j`o_d]l* @ep k__ql]pealnk_ao rkhc`a raajnereanpfao aj `efgaj aj i]]gpa ca^nqeg r]j aaj n]pekjaha opnq_pqqn( iap ]ho ^]oeoik`qha `a raajg]rah aj `a lkh`an* @a kjpcejjejcopnq_pqqn s]o jkkn`)vqe` cane_dp( iap kjpohqe) pejc aj ^a^kqsejc h]jco `a R]]npoa Nefj aj kran `a C]ha_kllan`efg* @ava opnq_pqnaj ran`ahaj dap ca^ea` ej h]jca( jkkn`)vqe` cane_dpa _kil]npeiajpaj* Kjpseggahejcaj rkj`aj lh]]po h]jco `ava hefjaj7 dap pqooajheccaj`a h]j` ^haab klaj* @a j]pqqnhefga o_dae`ejc r]j `ava opnq_pqnaj san` ranopangp `kkn `a ]]jhac r]j `a Jeaqsa Dkhh]j`oa S]panhejea h]jco `a R]]npoa Nefj ej -43,* Dap =iopan`]i)Nefjg]j]]h( `]p ej -51- san` rkhpkke`( `kknojef`p dap ca^ea` jkc aajo ej `a jkkn`)vqe` ne_dpejc* @a ]]jhac r]j dap knpdkckj]ha ojahsacjapsang r]j]b -53, hac`a aaj cadaha jeaqsa nqeiparan) `ahejc kran `ava opnq_pqnaj daaj* >al]]h`a ca^ea`aj san`aj ikaehefg ^anaeg^]]n( pansefh ]j`ana fqeop kljeaqs kjpohkpaj san`aj* =_pea aj na]_pea pqooaj ojahsac aj vkjaca^ea`aj vefj dean gn]_dpeca ia_d]jeoiaj( vksah rnkacan ]ho jq* Dap c]]p `]]n) ^ef ki `a na]_pea kl `a _ajpn]]h cahacaj ojahsac aj `a kj`anhejca arkhqpea pqooaj nqeipao( bqj_peao( opnq_pqnaj aj ahaiajpaj*

@a cajkai`a _kil]npeiajp]heoanejc ^al]]h`a rkkn aaj ^ah]jcnefg `aah `a kjpseggahejc r]j dap ca^ea`7 oha_dp kjpohkpaj hk_]peao ^haraj h]jca pef` ejp]_p* L]o j] `a gkiop r]j `a ojahsac san`aj `ava Ðg]ianoÑ kljeaqs kjpohkpaj aj kjpseggah` ]ho ve_dphk_]peao* Dap naoqhp]]p eo aaj ranrha_dpejc r]j sacaj aj sanah`aj `]p klr]hhaj` cajkac `kap `ajgaj ]]j dap ie``ahaaqsoa opn]pajl]pnkkj r]j Pkgek*2 @ava ÐPkgek `e]cn]iiajÑ op]]j d]]go kl `a c]jc^]na `ajg^aah`aj kran `a opa`ahefg nqeipa* @a ca^nqegahefga ^aj]`anejc ^anqop jkc ]hpef` kl dap lnei]]p r]j `a iknbkhkcea6 `]p seh vaccaj( dap ^aoab r]j nqeipa v]h ikapaj ^aop]]j qep dap rkhha`eca( ]]jaaj) caohkpaj nqeipahefg japsang r]j `a op]`* A_dpan( ej oha_dpo aaj d]hra aaqs pef` eo `ava oepq]pea cnkj`ec ran]j`an`* @a _ki^ej]pea r]j pkacajkiaj ik^ehepaep aj aaj opanga ranolnae`ejc r]j ]_perepaepaj daabp cahae` pkp aaj japsangop]` `ea ve_d qepopnagp kran ^qepajsefgaj aj lh]ppah]j`*3 Dap ^aah` r]j `a gh]ooeaga op]` ^hefbp ^ef `a opa`ahejc kl dap japrheao( i]]n dap _khha_peab ca`aah`a ^aah` r]j `a op]` ^aop]]p jeap iaan* Ej lh]]po `]]nr]j nefcp ahga ^qncan pahgajo jeaqsa ]n_delah]cko qep rano_dehhaj`a opqggaj op]` ]]j ahg]]n*4 Ej `a japsangop]` skn`p dap lnei]]p r]j `a iknbkhkcea r]j `a op]` klcadaraj `kkn dap ]hha`]]coa ca^nqeg anr]j `kkn `a opa`ahejc*5 @ep ca^nqeg skn`p jeap iaan ^al]]h` `kkn pklkcn]Úo_da kb iknbkhkceo_da opnq_pqnaj( i]]n `kkn b]_pknaj vk]ho pef`+ nqeipa( bqj_pea aj a_kjkiea* @a ejbn]opnq_pqqn `ea dap opahoah r]j lh]]poaj ran) ^ej`p( op]]p deanej _ajpn]]h* Aaj ^ah]jcnefga op]l ej dap kic]]j iap `a ojahsacvkja eo `qo `a dan^avejjejc kl dap `ajgaj kran `a opa`ahefga nqeipa* @a lhqn]hepaep r]j `a ]n_delah]cko)ca`]_dpa hefgp ve_d pa ranajecaj iap `a Pkgek `e]cn]iiaj r]j `a =-. vkja* Aaj oamqajpea r]j ahaiajpaj( ^aop]]j`a qep _ki^ej]peao r]j ]boh]caj( sacaj aj k^fa_p+nqeipa+^aah` rknip aaj gejapeo_da _kilkoepea `ea `a ^aharejc r]j japsang) opa`ahejc hefgp pa ranaajvahrecaj* Ahga oamqajpea daabp vefj aecaj $pdaknapeo_da% lh]jÚcqqn( nqeiparkni( lnkcn]ii] aj ^aah`p]]h* Dap `kkncnkj`aj aj _kilkjanaj r]j ahg ]bvkj`anhefg `e]cn]i g]j aaj ^ah]jcnefg opqnejcoejopnqiajp rkkn `ep okknp ca^ea`aj skn`aj*

PKGEK @E=CN=IIAJ

H=J@O?D=L AJ PN=JOBKNI=PEA

Aaji]]h r]j `a ojahsac ]b( skn`p dap ^aah` ^al]]h` `kkn rangaanonqeipao kl i]]e) rah`* @a s]]njaian ^arej`p ve_d jq oha_dpo ej aaj `aah r]j dap ca^ea`( aj ikap dap `kaj vkj`an dap pkp]]hkranve_dp r]j dap dkcan cahacaj ojahsacpn]_ * Ej dap ran) hajc`a r]j ahga ]boh]c kjprkqsaj ve_d jeaqsa _ki^ej]peao r]j nqeipao( k^fa_paj aj ^aah`aj* @ava lhqn]hepaep d]jcp o]iaj iap `a kjpop]]jocao_dea`ajeo r]j dap ca^ea`6

@kkn dap kcajo_defjhefg kjo]iajd]jcaj`a ^aah` hefgp `a =-. vkja ^ef Qpna_dp rkknp) `qnaj` ej ran]j`anejc pa vefj* Kkg dap kjp^nagaj r]j aaj i]tei]ha `e_dpdae` ]]j ^a^kqsejc ranopangp `ava ^aharejc* @a kjpseggahejco`uj]ieag eo j r]j `a cnkkpopa gs]hepaepaj r]j dap ca^ea`* @a ]]jhac r]j `a =. aj `a =.3 vknc`a anrkkn `]p h]j`) o_d]llahefga aajda`aj paj vqe`aj r]j `a =-. san`aj ]bcaoja`aj r]j dqj nqeipahefga

cahier def.indd 48-49

).

23/12/08 14:26:24

*%

aj bqj_pekjaha _kjpatp* @a ]cn]neo_da harajor]p^]]ndae` r]j `ava bn]ciajpaj ran) iej`anaj`a pansefh `a `nqg r]j ranopa`ahefgejc pkaj]i* ÐVs]ggaÑ ]cn]neo_da ca^ea`aj ran`sajaj aj _qhpqqndeopkneo_da ahaiajpaj n]]gpaj ejcag]loah` ej `a klaj^]na nqeipa r]j `a opa`ahefg opnq_pqqn* @a l]n]`kt seh `]p `avahb`a ejbn]) opnq_pqnaj `ea `a bn]ciajp]pea rankknv]gaj( ia`a `a na``ejc vefj r]j ran`ana ]]jp]opejc r]j `a bn]ciajpaj* Dej`anvkjao rankknv]]gp `kkn `a ojahsac ^alangaj ca^nqeg aj kjpseggahejc r]j `a Û]jgaj r]j `a sac( s]]n bn]ciajpaj ve_d ^arej`aj* J]pqqns]]n`aj r]j h]j`o_d]lonahe_paj ran^apanaj `kkn sacr]hhaj`a ^adaanonaceiao( iap ]ho carkhc s]]n`anejc aj ^adkq`* H]jco `a =-. eo `ava l]n]`kt rkhkl ]]jsavec*

Dap ca^ea` pahp rann]ooaj` raah h]j`o_d]llaj `ea kranaej` vefj ca^haraj kj`]jgo dqj heccejc ej aaj opa`ahefg ca^ea`* >al]haj` rkkn `a =-. vkja eo `a i]jean s]]nkl okiieca bn]ciajpaj pn]jobknianaj kb klcajkiaj skn`aj ej dap gn]_dpajolah r]j `a ojahsacvkja( aj dka va ranrkhcajo kkg `a kjpseggahejc r]j dap ca^ea` ^a j) rhka`aj* @a nalheag r]j aaj jeaqsa bqj_pea kl `a h]j`o_d]llahefga _kjpatp g]j r]ne naj r]j dap ejg]`anaj r]j qepve_dp kl aaj klaj nqeipa r]jqep aaj ^a`nefbo) g]jpeja( pkp aaj rkhha`ec _kj_alp rkkn dap rknicaraj r]j aaj ca^kqs kb kicarejc* H]j`o_d]llahefga ahaiajpaj skn`aj randaraj pkp aaj ]`nao( ]_dpancnkj` kb qepve_dp* S]panl]npefaj( ^ko_kilhataj aj klaj nqeipao rkniaj ]]jgjklejcolqjpaj rkkn jeaqsa kjpseggahejcaj* Pav]iaj rkniaj kjpseggahejc aj ^aop]]j` h]j`o_d]l aaj jeaqsa _kjpatp s]]n kl dqj ^aqnp jeaqsa kjpseggahejcaj kl na]canaj* J]]ni]pa `ep Ð]`klpea) lnk_aoÑ rkn`anp( gnefcp aaj bn]ciajp opaa`o iaan caop]hpa* Vahbo rhq_dpeca h]j`) o_d]llahefga gs]hepaepaj gqjjaj skn`aj cabkni]heoaan` ej lh]opeo_da nqeipao( pansefh jeaqsa $opa`ahefga% klaj^]na nqeipao ola_eÚaga h]j`o_d]llahefga gs]he) paepaj qep dap ca^ea` gqjjaj l]nk`e naj*

Aaj rkkn^aah` deanr]j eo dap g]jpknajl]ng L]laj`knl( `]p ]]j `a jkkn`vef`a r]j `a ojahsac ej `a rkkni]heca C]ha_kllanlkh`an hecp* @a cn]ii]pe_] r]j dap _qhpqqnh]j`o_d]l r]j `a lkh`an gkip atlhe_eap panqc ej `a klvap r]j L]laj`knl*-, Ie``ajej dap l]ng hecp aaj cnkkp g]jpkkn^hkg r]j /, iapan dkkc* @]]nkidaaj eo aaj Ðh]j`o_d]llahefg p]lefpÑ ca`n]laan` s]]nej hkooa ^hkggaj vefj caoepqaan`* Ve_dp) hefjaj vefj ^ao_dani` aj ÐnqeoÑ $]qpkÑo( opnqegaj aj dagsangaj% eo ran^k`aj* R]j opa`ahefga kb aq_he`eo_da nqeiparkniaj eo dean caaj oln]ga* Ej lh]]po r]j aaj n]opan kb h]j`o_d]llahefg _]o_k( rkniaj nqeipalnej_elao `ea vefj ]bcahae` r]j `a lkh`an `a ^ej`aj`a b]_pkn* =ola_paj ]ho klajdae`( h]j`o_d]llahefga dknevkj( h]]j^alh]jpejcaj( hkooa ^a^kqsejc aj anb^alh]jpejc ^al]haj `a nqeipa*--

kicarejc kl aaj jeaqsa kjpseggahejc r]neaanp( i]]n ej `a =-. vkja olaahp dap h]j`) o_d]l aaj `kknoh]ccaraj`a nkh* Dap h]j`o_d]l i]jebaopaanp ve_d kl psaa i]jeanaj* Paj aanopa ej dap abba_p r]j h]j`o_d]llahefga cacarajo $kj`ancnkj`( _qhpqqnh]j`) o_d]l( opa`ahefg h]j`o_d]l% kl `a kjpseggahejc r]j dap ca^ea`* Ranrkhcajo ej `a i]jean s]]nkl dap naoqhpanaj`a ikv] ag r]j h]j`o_d]llahefga opnq_pqnaj( ahaiajpaj aj obanaj `a kjpseggahejc ej dap ca^ea` ^al]]hp* @ep ca^aqnp kl aaj cadaah jeaqsa i]jean* Dap `kkncnkj`aj r]j aj ejpanraje naj ej dap h]j`o_d]l g]j dap skn`ejco) lnk_ao r]j `a =-. vkja ]h`qo ejcneflaj` `kaj ran]j`anaj*

)-) Dap H]j`ahefg Sacajjap r]j `a

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Pkagkiop( Qpna_dp -522*

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oa]n_d kb jas lq^he_ `ki]ej $Nkppan)

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Aaj ]j`ana rkni r]j `ep lnk_ao eo c]]j`a ej aaj _qhpqqnh]j`o_d]llahefg naop]jp ej `a kgoah r]j `a =-. aj `a =.3* @ep ca^ea` eo aaj naop]jp r]j `a lkh`ano H]]c n]raj( Kranaej` aj Gkllah* H]]cn]raj daabp aaj jkkn`)vqe` kjpcejjejcoopnq_pqqn ranca) hefg^]]n iap `ea r]j `a C]ha_kllanlkh`an( pansefh `a Gkllah kjpckjjaj eo r]j]b `a S]efajo`efg( aaj ohejcanaj`a s]pano_dae`ejc ej kkop)saop ne_dpejc `ea `qe`p kl aaj karanhkkl r]j aaj kq`a gnaag r]j `a Nefj* @a $_qhpqqn%h]j`o_d]llahefga opnq_pqqn r]j dap nereanajh]j`o_d]l eo jkc ]hpef` ve_dp^]]n( i]]n `a bqj_pea skn`p h]jcv]]i capn]jobkniaan`* Ran]j`anejcaj ej ^a`nefborkanejc aj `a pkarkacejc r]j jeaqsa bqj_peao daabp `a iahgraadkq`anef cai]ncej]heoaan`* @ava i]]gp jq lh]]po rkkn g]ooaj^kqs( pqej^kqs( rkhgopqejaj( ransangejco^a`nefraj aj i]jacao* @ava op]`o) n]j`bqj_peao vefj ve_d c]]j snejcaj ej `a ^aop]]j`a h]j`o_d]llahefga opnq_pqqn* Dap nqeipahefga o_dai] r]j `a lkh`an gnefcp aaj `an`a `eiajoea ej `a rkni r]j Ðg]ianoÑ r]j saeh]j`aj( ejcaohkpaj `kkn ^alh]jpejc aj ^a^kqsejc*

H=J@O?D=L =HO NABANAJPEAG=@AN @a =-. vkja eo aaj lnkpkpula r]j `a ]hki skn`aj`a lkopqn^]ja na]hepaep* Ej `a qep) caopnagpa Ðjeap)op]`Ñ rknip h]j`o_d]l aaj ^ah]jcnefg nabanajpeag]`an rkkn jeaqsa kjpseggahejcaj* @kkn `a ]bsavecdae` r]j nqeipahefga _kj_alpaj vkq iaj rans]_dpaj `]p kjpseggahejcaj hkqpan ^al]]h` skn`aj `kkn dqj aecaj hkceopeag aj ]aopdapeag* @a kjpseggahejc r]j `a ojahsacvkjao h]]p a_dpan aaj ]j`an ^aah` veaj* Raha jeaqsa bqj_peao ^hefgaj dqj _kjpatp pka pa aecajaj kb pa l]nk`e naj* Dap abba_p r]j `a

cahier def.indd 50-51

23/12/08 14:26:24

*'

@a ]]jhae`ejc ki `a pkagkiop r]j `a =-. vkja ^ef Qpna_dp ]ho aaj jeaqsa nqeipahefga klc]ra pa rangajjaj( hecp ej `a ran]j`anejc r]j `a ^apagajeo r]j dap ^acnel op]`* Vksah opa`ahejcaj ]ho opa`ahefga lnkbaooekj]ho da^^aj `a _ajpn]ha op]` h]jca pef` ^ao_dkqs` ]ho dap ale_ajpnqi r]j opa`ahefga ]_perepaepaj* Dap _ajpnqi r]j `a cnkpa op]` s]o dap ranv]iahlqjp aj `a kjpikapejcolh]]po rkkn ]hhanhae caola_e]heoaan`a opa`ahefga ]_perepaepaj s]]n`kkn `a qepopn]hejcogn]_dp r]j `a op]` gkj pkajaiaj pkp ej d]]n sef`a kicarejc* @ep ranpnkqs`a ^aah` r]j Ðopa`ahefga de n]n_deaÑ `]p _kjpn]o paan`a paj klve_dpa r]j `a ÐlanebaneaÑ ej `a kipnag r]j `a _ajpn]ha opa`aj( eo `a h]]popa refbpeaj f]]n cnkj`ec ]]j dap ran]j`anaj ej raah opa`ahefga ca^ea`aj r]j Aqnkl]* @ep daabp jeap ]hhaaj pa i]gaj iap `a o_d]]hrancnkpejc r]j opa`aj `ea r]jsaca `a ]]jdkq`aj`a cnkae r]j `a ^arkhgejc aj r]j `a ^a`nefrecdae` aaj lani]) jajpa `nqg qepkabajp kl `a qep^nae`ejc r]j opa`aj* Dap d]jcp jkc iaan o]iaj iap `a ran]j`anejcaj ej `a nqeipahefga l]pnkjaj r]j opa`ahefga ]_perepaepaj* Raah ola_e]) heo]peao gqjjaj ej dap _ajpnqi jeap iaan ca]__kiik`aan` skn`aj( ^kraj`eaj ^ea`p `a kicarejc r]j `a opa`aj r]]g vaan cqjopeca rkkns]]n`aj rkkn raopecejc r]j ]hhanhae okknpaj r]j opa`ahefga ]_perepaep*

*(

Vksah dap _ajpnqi r]j opa`aj ]ho `a opa`ahefga kicarejc ran]j`anaj dean`kkn r]j g]n]gpan* Dap deopkneo_da _ajpnqi r]j opa`aj gnefcp ej raah car]hhaj aaj ola_eÚagan g]n]gpan6 dap ^adkq`p aaj opanga ]]jpnaggejcogn]_dp kl ^avkagano aj kl jeaqsa _qhpqnaah)a_kjkieo_da ]_perepaepaj aj dap kjpseggahp ve_d pkp skkjca^ea` rkkn aaj oaha_pa cnkal r]j op]`o^askjano* =j`ana a_kjkieo_da ]_perepaepaj aj ]j`ana ^ask) jano cnkalaj skn`aj j]]n ^qepaj capnkggaj* @ep cah`p jeap ]hhaaj rkkn ola_eÚaga ie``aj oaciajpaj r]j `a skjejci]ngp( `ea iap ej^acnel r]j dqj gkklgn]_dpeca rn]]c aj opa`ahefga ^adkabpaj j]]n `a ^qepajca^ea`aj rang]ooaj* Dap cah`p arajvaan rkkn caola_e]heoaan`a `eajopranhajejc( vk]ho ca]r]j_aan`a okbps]na^a`nefraj( kb Új]j ) _e ha aj fqne`eo_da `eajopranhajejc* Dap cah`p rkknpo rkkn caola_e]heoaan`a rkniaj r]j na_na]pea aj ajpanp]ejiajp `ea rnkacan ^ef qepopag ]]j dap _ajpnqi r]j opa`a) hefga ca^ea`aj san`aj pkacao_dnaraj* >kraj`eaj ran]j`anaj `a ]_perepaepaj ej `a kicarejc r]j `a op]`* H]j`^kqs aj raadkq`anef Ì rkkn vkran jkc ^al]haj` rkkn `a ^qepajopa`ahefga ]_perepaepaj Ì skn`aj re] ik`anja ^a`nefboiapdk`aj r]j `a `eajopaj) ej`qopnea canqj`* @]]nj]]op kjpop]]j p]h r]j jeaqsa ]_perepaepaj iap opa`ahefga haabopefhaj* Pajohkppa hae`p `a ejpanj]pekj]heo]pea r]j lnk`q_pea aj _kjoqilpea pkp aaj atlhkoeara cnkae r]j atpanja nah]peao s]]n`kkn `a lkoepekjanejc r]j opa`a ) hefga ]_perepaepaj ej atpanja japsangaj opaa`o ^ah]jcnefgan skn`p* Deaniaa skn`p atpanja ^anaeg^]]ndae` aj _kjja_perepaep aaj ^ah]jcnefgan cakcn]Úo_d cacaraj `]j `a `ena_pa buoeaga j]^efdae` ^ejjaj `a pannepkne]ha cnajvaj r]j op]` kb nacek* Ej `a op]`o hepan]pqqn skn`p `a pkajaiaj`a opa`ahefga `a_ajpn]heo]pea aj lkhu_ajpneo_da kjp s eggahejc r]j opa`aj iap aaj gaqn r]j jeaqsa ^acnellaj ]]jca`qe`* @a hepan]pqqn olnaagp r]j ÐP]lefpiapnklkkhÑ( ÐVseo_dajop]`pÑ( ÐIac]lkheoÑ( ÐA`ca _epeaoÑ( ap_* Sa ikapaj a_dpan cka` rkkn kcaj dkq`aj `]p dap c]]p ki kranc]jcolnk_aooaj( `]p `ava lnk_aooaj kran]h kl aaj ]j`ana i]jean rkni gnefcaj aj `]p va jkc jancajo ej jeaqsa `qqnv]ia l]pnkjaj vefj qepcaikj`* Iap ]j`ana skkn`aj6 dap ^acnel op]` eo ej `ava pn]joepea b]oa opang ej ^asacejc*

An pagajaj ve_d sah ajeca ]hcaiaja hefjaj ]b6 @a randkq`ejc pqooaj opa`ahefga de n]n_dea aj lanebanea eo ej raah opa`ahefga ca^ea`aj ]]j dap kioh]]j* Dap naoqh) p]]p eo ve_dp^]]n ej olnae`ejc r]j opa`ahefga ]_perepaepaj* Kkg eo `a randkq`ejc pqooaj op]` aj h]j` raah iej`an _kjpn]opanaj`* Pansefh rnkacan op]`) aj h]j`o_d]llaj opang qep ahg]]n san`aj cadkq`aj( vksah ej `a ^ahae`ohaan ]ho ej `a `eranoa `aah) i]ngpaj r]j nqeipahefga kjpseggahejc( kjpop]]j jq fqeop ]hhanhae iajcrandkq`ejcaj aj ejjkr]peara ^ahae`o_kj_alpaj iap ^apnaggejc pkp ca_ki^ejaan`a nqeipahefga gs]he) paepaj r]j opa`ahefga aj h]j`ahefga kicarejc* Pajohkppa eo `a pkajaiaj`a ^apagajeo r]j atpanja ^anaeg^]]ndae` ve_dp^]]n ej `a cnkae r]j atpanja bqj_pekjaha _ajpn] iap cqjopeca heccejc paj klve_dpa r]j dkkb`sacaj( hq_dpd]rajo aj hkceopeaga _ajpn]* @ep vaan ]hcaiaaj capulaan`a kranc]jcolnk_ao rkhpnagp ve_d `a h]]popa refbpeaj f]]n ej raah opa`ahefga ca^ea`aj r]j Aqnkl]( i]]n `a rano_dehhaj pqooaj opa`a hefga ca^ea`aj vefj vaan cnkkp* Ej `ep aoo]u vqhhaj sa `]]nki aanop lnk^anaj iaan ola_eÚag pa ^al]haj dka Qpna_dp aj nacekj]ha kicarejc vefj calkoepekjaan` ej dap dqe`eca op]`eqi r]j opa`ahefga pn]jobkni]pea* Ranrkhcajo vkkiaj sa ej kl dap ola_eÚaga

cahier def.indd 52-53

23/12/08 14:26:24

*)

nqeipahefga _kilhat `]p skn`p ]]jca`qe` iap `a =-. vkja* Dap eo jqppec ki kl rkkn) d]j` ej ahg car]h `a nqeipahefga _k n`ej]paj `qe`ahefg pa ^al]haj( vk`]p iaj `a _kjpkqnaj lna_eao kl `a g]]np g]j j]veaj* Kj`an =-. vkja ranop]]j sa dap nqeipahefg ca^ea` ]]j saano vef`aj r]j `a =-.( caoepqaan` pqooaj gjkkllqjp Kq`ajnefj aj Hqjappaj* @]p `a =-. `a cak cn]Úo_da ia`e]]j rknip r]j `a opa`ahefga o]iajghkjpa) nejc s]]npka Qpna_dp aj kicarejc ejie``aho vefj qepcacnkae`( eo aaj ejpanaoo]jp cacaraj* Kjcapsefbah` eo dap ejepe]peab ki ]]j `a =-. vkja ]l]npa ]]j`]_dp pa caraj ia`a dean`kkn ejcacaraj( i]]n iaan `]j aaj ]]jhae`ejc eo dap kkg jeap* Iaj ikap ]hpef` rkknve_dpec vefj iap dap qeprancnkpaj r]j aaj ola_eÚag nqeipahefg ]na]]h( jkc cnkpana panqcdkq`aj`dae` eo kl vefj lh]]po ki ]]j vkÑj ca^ea` kl rkknd]j` Ð_ajpnqigs]hepaepajÑ kb ÐVqe`]oÑÌiap]bknaj pka pa `e_dpaj( vk]ho ej `a Qpna_dpoa ia`e] okio ca^aqnp*- Aaj j]`ana qepsangejc r]j `a vkja eo kkg klcajkiaj kl `a h]jca paniefj ^ahae`o]caj`] ej dap Nacekj]]h Opnq_pqqnlh]j .,,1).,-1 r]j dap >aopqqn Nacek Qpna_dp* Kl . fqje .,,4 san` `kkn `a caiaajpaj Dkqpaj( Jeaqsacaej aj Qpna_dp aaj jeaqs e`aa cah]j_aan`6 aaj opq`ea rkkn aaj pqjjah r]j _en_] 2,, iapan pqooaj `a rangaanolhaejaj Kq`ajnefj aj Hqjappaj( s]]n^ef kkg dap Iansa`ag]j]]h kj`anpqjjah` v]h skn`aj*. Kl `ava i]jean vkq nqeipa gkiaj rkkn aaj jeaqsa skkjsefg*

@a a_khkceo_da lkoepekjanejc r]j `a op]`onacek Qpna_dp eo vaan kliangahefg pqooaj `a dkkccahacaj aj v]j`nefga Qpna_dpoa Daqrahnqc aj `a vaan h]]c cahacaj lkh`ano paj saopaj aj vqe`aj r]j `a op]`* @a ^konefga ca^ea`aj ]]j `a kkopg]jp r]j `a op]` vefj oparec ]bcao_dani` r]j cnkpa opa`ahefga qep^nae`ejc( `a lkh`ano paj vqe`aj aj paj kkopaj r]j `a op]` s]]n sah raah ^a^kqsejc eo caoepqaan`( rkniaj dap s]panlqpfa r]j `a daqrahnqc aj haranaj `ava ola_eÚaga j]pqqnhefga gs]hepaep ej kranrhka` pka ]]j `a =-. vkja*

h]j`( Qjeranoepaep Qpna_dp( ej Qpna_dp caraopec` s]]n`kkn `a ]n^ae`oi]ngp kl aaj dkkc caola_e]heoaan` jera]q skn`p ^a`eaj`* Ej pacajopahhejc pkp ]j`ana opa`aj( vk]ho Nkppan`]i aj @aj D]]c( dkaraj dap op]`o^aopqqn aj dap nacekj]ha ^aopqqn ve_d caaj cnkpa vkncaj pa i]gaj kran a_kjkieo_da cnkae* Opangan jkc( `a op]` g]j iap `a nqc j]]n `a a_kjkiea c]]j op]]j( kcajo_defjhefg vkj`an `]]nrkkn nalan_qooeao pa kj`anrej`aj* Qpna_dp lh]jp oej`o f]]n aj `]c a_kjkieo_da ranopangejc ej dap d]np r]j `a op]` aj i]]gp pacahefganpef` `a ^anaeg^]]ndae` lan ]qpk deanr]j kjikcahefg* @a a_kjkieo_da cnkae vap caskkj `kkn( ]h rej`p `ava Ì dap hefgp okio sahd]]op kj) calh]j` Ì pacahefganpef` ]]j ]hha n]j`aj r]j `a op]` lh]]po* @a jeaqsa skkjca^ea`aj r]j `a h]]popa psejpec f]]n vefj sah `acahefg calh]j` aj skn`aj cana]heoaan` ej cnkaehk_]peao ej aj nkj` `a op]`6 Jeaqsacaej( Dkqpaj( I]]nooaj^nkag aj iaan na_ajp rkkn]h Hqjappaj aj Hae`o_da Nefj* @a cnkkpopa ^kqs]_perepaep ej `a nacek rej`p ikiajpaah lh]]po ej Hae`o_da Nefj* Dean hecp aaj klc]ra r]j /,*,,, skjejcaj( s]]n) r]j an jq _en_] -.*,,, cana]heoaan` vefj*

@a op]` Qpna_dp eo `kkn ]h `ava qep^nae`ejcaj baepahefg qepcacnkae` pkp dap jera]q r]j aaj Ðopa`ahefga ]cchkian]peaÑ* Ej saopahefga aj jkkn`ahefga ne_dpejc pagajp ve_d ej lkpajpea vahbo dap dkcana jera]q r]j aaj Ðopa`ahefga _kjqn^]peaÑ ]b ej `a nah]peao iap =iopan`]i( =hiana aj dap Ckke* Gajiangaj` rkkn aaj opa`ahefga _kjqn^]pea eo `]p an raah japsangnah]peao ^aop]]j pqooaj rano_dehhaj`a opa`ahefga ]cchkian]peao* Ej `a lkhepeaga _qhpqqn gnefcp `ava dkcana opa`ahefga kn`a jkc jeap raah ]]j`]_dp i]]n `a baepahefga nqeipahefga kjpseggahejcaj paj`anaj sah j]]n aaj cnkpana o]iajd]jc pqooaj `a ^krajcajkai`a opa`ahefga ]cchkian]peao* @a kjpseggahejc r]j Hae`o_da Nefj aj `a danejne_dpejc r]j dap rankq`an`a ej`qopneaca^ea` H]casae`a rkniaj ej `ep klve_dp aaj ejpanaoo]jpa paop_]oa( ki`]p va `ena_p iap `a japsangaj r]j `a _kjqn^]pea ^apnkggaj gqjjaj skn`aj* Ej Hae`o_da Nefj heccaj ]i^epeao rkkn jeaqsa opa`ahefgdae`( vksah ej `a obaan r]j a_kjkiea ]ho rkknveajejcaj $sejgahaj( ajpanp]ejiajp( haeoqna% `ea aaj caskja op]`osefg pa ^kraj c]]j* Ki Hae`o_da Nefj iap `a Qpna_dpoa ^ejjajop]` pa ran^ej`aj( skn`p ikiajpaah d]n` casangp ]]j `a kj`anpqjjahejc r]j `a =.( pqooaj L]laj`knl aj `a olkknhefj Qpna_dp)@aj D]]c* Dean eo dap psaa`a opa`ahefg _ajpnqi r]j Qpna_dp rkknveaj* Ej dap kkopaj r]j `a caiaajpa Qpna_dp eo dap opang cnkaeaj`a kj`ansefo_ajpnqi( `a Qepdkb( cahkg]heoaan`* Kkg pnabp iaj ]]j `a kkopvef`a `a hk_]pea rkkn `a cnkpa ranvagan]]no* Ej ]hha ]j`ana sej`ne_dpejcaj eo aan`an oln]ga r]j ]cchkian]pearkniejc ej dap oq^qn^]ja ca^ea` vkj`an klr]hhaj`a opa`ahefga gs]hepaepaj* @a ]hcaiaja nqeipahefga paj`ajo j]]n aaj dkcana i]pa r]j nqeipahefga `a_ajpn]heo]pea aj lkhu_ajpne_epaep skn`p ej `a nacek Qpna_dp sah s]]ncajkiaj( i]]n daabp rkkn]hojkc rkknj]iahefg ^apnaggejc kl `a skjejc) i]ngp aj ^apnaggahefg hko ranolnae`a a_kjkieo_da ^a`nefrecdae` h]jco `a `kknc]]j`a sacaj* @a `a_ajpn]ha jas pksjo da^^aj aaj aecaj hkg]]h ranvkncejcoca^ea`( i]]n `a dkkccaola_e]heoaan`a _kiian_e ha aj i]]po_d]llahefga rkknveajejcaj $sejgaho( kj`an) sefo( rnefapef`orkknveajejc( ap_*% vefj jkc ]hpef` ej `a _ajpn]ha op]` Qpna_dp caraopec`* Klr]hhaj`a qepvkj`anejcaj vefj dean `a caola_e]heoaan`a veagajdqevaj ej Jeaqsacaej aj Dkqpaj aj `a dkcan kj`ansefo_kj_ajpn]pea ej `a Qepdkb*

@a `kknc]]j`a s]panopnkiaj aj `a `kknc]]j`a ejbn]opnq_pqqn vefj vaan ^al]haj` rkkn Qpna_dp aj kicarejc* @a h]j`o_d]llahefga oepqanejc r]j `a Hae`o_da Nefj ^adkknp jkc ]hpef` pkp ^ah]jcnefg deopkneo_d anbcka` s]]niaa ej aecajpef`oa lh]jjaj nagajejc skn`p cadkq`aj* @]]nj]]op r]hp rkkn]h kl `a bknoa opnq_pqqn r]j g]j]haj $iap j]ia dap =iopan`]i)Nefjg]j]]h aj dap Iansa`ag]j]]h% `ea dap ca^ea` na_dp) opnaago `kkngnqeoaj* @a ejbn]opnq_pqqn r]j dkkb`sacaj aj olkknsacaj daabp r]jsaca `a _ajpn]ha heccejc r]j `a Qpna_dpoa op]`onacek ej Ja`anh]j` ej dap ]hcaiaaj iaan aaj j]pekj]ha `kknc]jcobqj_pea `]j aaj hkg]ha ^apagajeo* @a op]` aj d]]n nacek vefj _ajpn]]h caoepqaan` ej Ja`anh]j` aj rkniaj dap ie``ahlqjp r]j `a rangaan) aj ranrkano^asacejcaj kran sac aj n]eh* Qpna_dp skn`p ]]j `nea g]jpaj kinejc` `kkn nefgosacaj6 `a =.( `a =.3 aj `a =-.* Paj kkopaj r]j Qpna_dp ^acejp aj aej`ecp kkg jkc `a =.4* Iap kkg dap cnkkpopa op]pekj( kkg sah `a ÐH]j`lknpÑ cajkai` eo Qpna_dp `]]niaa aaj r]j `a ^aop ^anaeg^]na caiaajpaj ej Ja`anh]j`*

S]p ^apnabp `a opa`ahefga k__ql]pea g]j Qpna_dp ^kraj]h ]ho aaj Ðcnkaeop]`Ñ skn`aj cagajo_dapop* Vksah mq] ^arkhgejc ]ho mq] ]n^ae`olh]]poaj eo `a `nqg kl `a op]` aj d]]n kicarejc ]]jdkq`aj` dkkc* Kkg eo `a cnkkpopa qjeranoepaep r]j Ja`an)

@a dqe`eca `uj]ieag r]j op]`onacek Qpna_dp ej rkcahrhq_dp kranveaj`( opahhaj sa r]op `]p dap lnk_ao r]j opa`ahefga pn]jobkni]pea dean jkc i]]n rkkn aaj `aah caop]hpa daabp cagnacaj* =ho sa `a kjpseggahejcaj r]j ^krajhkg]ha ^apagajeo ej kcajo_dkqs jaiaj( v]h ej ahg car]h `a =. vkja pqooaj Qpna_dp aj Hae`o_da Nefj ej `a gkiaj`a refbpeaj f]]n pkp `a nacekj]ha dkpolkp qepcnkaeaj iap raah lkpajpeao rkkn opnq_pqnaha ran]j`anejc r]j dap opa`ahefg l]pnkkj* @]]nj]]op eo `a _kjqn^]pea) kne jp]pea kl dap Ckke( =hiana aj =iopan`]i ]hpef` `uj]ieo_d* Kkg `a Qepdkb( dkasah ajecovejo at_ajpneo_d cahacaj paj klve_dpa r]j `ava `uj]ieag( v]h ]hhaaj ]h kl aecaj gn]_dp raah ^asacejc i]jebaopanaj* =]j `a vqe`g]jp r]j Qpna_dp( s]]n `a =-. vkja eo cai]ngaan` pqooaj Qpna_dp aj `a cnkaeganjaj Jeaqsacaej aj Dkqpaj( k^oanra) naj sef jeap raah `nqg `ea pan lh]]poa pkp opnq_pqnaha ]]jl]ooejc r]j dap opa`ahefg l]pnkkj vkq gqjjaj rkanaj* Ej `a jeaqsa cnkaecaiaajpaj Jeaqsacaej aj Dkqpaj daabp ve_d ghaejopa`ahefgdae` kjpseggah` nkj` `a jeaqsa skkjsefgaj aj ej dap saaboah r]j `a op]` Qpna_dp bqj_pekjaanp `a =-. ]h arajvaan ]ho aaj lanebana op]`on]j` cagaj) iangp `kkn `a ^]nne na r]j opareca( `kknc]]j`a ejbn]opnq_pqqn* Iap ]j`ana skkn`aj( ^ae`a opa`ahefga ca^ea`aj da^^aj ve_d aan`an iap `a nqc j]]n ahg]]n kjpseggah` `]j

Iaan ej dap ]hcaiaaj ikapaj sa s]gaj rkkn dap neoe_k `]p `kkn `a o_defjsanlano pa vappaj kl aaj ola_eÚag pannepkne]]h ca^ea`( ]h c]qs `a jaecejc kjpop]]p ki deanej aaj o]iajd]jc pa ranika`aj `ea baepahefg jkc jeap ]]jsavec eo* =hhaaj ]h dap skkn` Vqe`]o g]j vaan opqnaj` vefj aj hae`aj pkp Ðna Ú_]peaÑ r]j aaj ca^ea`*

Sa vefj jeap ^hej` rkkn `a ikcahefg ieohae`aj`a sangejc r]j nqeipahefga iap]bknaj aj vqhhaj `]]nki lnk^anaj j] pa c]]j s]p `a gajiangaj`a e`ajpepaepaj r]j `a ]_perepaepaj ej `ep ca^ea` vefj vkj`an deanej kl rkknd]j` aajdae` pa rankj`an) opahhaj* Parajo vqhhaj sa lnk^anaj dap `n]]crh]g r]j `a ]]jcapnkbbaj nqeipahefga gs]hepaepaj ej ^aah` pa gnefcaj* Ej `a `]]nklrkhcaj`a l]n]cn]]b vqhhaj sa dap gaj ) iangaj`a lkpajpeaah r]j `a ]_perepaepaj aj deaniaa o]iajd]jcaj`a ca^ea`ogajiangaj rangajjaj6 s]p vefj `a g]joaj rkkn `a kicarejc r]j `a vqe`ahefga nkj`sac r]j Qpna_dp; Aaj _kj_hq`anaj`a ^ao_dkqsejc nkj`p dap aoo]u ]b*

NQEIPAHEFGA LKOEPEKJANEJC

cahier def.indd 54-55

**

23/12/08 14:26:24

`]p va j]]n ahg]]n pkacnkaeaj* Ej pacajopahhejc pkp `a =. bqj_pekjaanp `a =-. $`a Ðia`e]]jÑ r]j dap op]`ocasaop% j]]n ^ae`a g]jpaj raahaan ]ho lanebana vkja `]j ]ho jeaqsa dkkb`opn]]p r]j `a atl]joeara op]`o]cchkian]pea*

E@AJPEBE?=PEA R=J @A =-. VKJA *+

Gqjjaj sa hkg]ha ]_perepaepaj ej `a =-. vkja e`ajpeÚ_anaj `ea aaj vk`]jeca o]iaj) d]jc ranpkjaj `]p va na_dpr]]n`ecaj ki dap ca^ea` ]ho nqeipahefga aajdae` kb ]ho ola_eÚag nqeipahefg _kilhat pa e`ajpeÚ_anaj; Aaj ^ahae`oiap]bkkn( vk]ho `a =-. vkja( g]j ]hhaaj eapo r]j i]ceo_da sangejc gnefcaj ]ho an sangahefg eapo r]j vkÑj e`ajpeÚ_]pea ^aop]]p* An eo ej ahg car]h j e`ajpeÚ_]pea iap dap ca^ea` `ea ve_d iap kransah`ecaj`a gn]_dp ]]j`eajp aj `]p eo `a =-. vahb* @a op]j`]]n` r]j . t / ' . t . nefopnkgaj skn`p kl raha lhaggaj ]]jcarqh` iap ej) aj qeprkacopnkgaj( vk`]p ]hc]qs aaj pkp]]h r]j -0 pkp -5 nefopnkgaj aaj Ûejga ^]nne na ej dap ca^ea` rknip* @a ^na`a ejbn]) opnq_pqqn eo `sejcaj` ]]jsavec ej dap daha ca^ea`* Klr]hhaj` eo `a `kknc]jco) bqj_pea r]j `a ejbn]opnq_pqqn* Dkasah `a iaq^ah^kqhar]n` raah ^avkagano pnagp( eo `a `kknc]jcobqj_pea vaan `kiej]jp $dap ^apnabp kjcaraan psaa`an`a r]j `a ranlh]]p) oejcaj lan ]qpk%* @a ]qpkik^eheop ikap ]h ran r]j pa rknaj vefj vejjaj kl `ava ^aopaiiejc da^^aj cavap ki an pa gqjjaj gkiaj* @a =-. `kkngheabp dap ca^ea` kjran) ^e``ahefg6 `a l]pnkjaj r]j `a qephklaj`a daqrahnqc( dap Nefjh]j`o_d]l aj `a lkh`ano skn`aj `kknie``aj ca^nkgaj aj kkg `a opa`aj^kqsgqj`eca l]pnkjaj r]j `a qep^nae`aj) `a op]` skn`p ]^nqlp ]bca^nkgaj* An hklaj happanhefg `eranoa sacaj kl `kk`* @a ieheaq^alangejcaj( vk]ho ej dap ^efvkj`an dap opegopkbcad]hpa aj `a cahqe`odej`an i]gaj dap ^efvkj`an h]opec ki `a _ajpn]]h ej `a vkja cahacaj rangaano]`an iap ^a^kqsejc pa kicaraj* @a i]tei]ha ojahdae` kl `a =-. aj `a Nejc Vqe` vefj ej .,,1 ]h kih]]c ca^n]_dp ej ran^]j` iap `a hq_dpgs]hepaep ej dap ca^ea`( s]]n aaj ]]jp]h cnkpa skkjsefgaj $G]j]hajaeh]j`( C]ha_kl( Hqjappaj( Dkkcn]raj% iap sefgcnkaj $sefgl]ng C]ha_kllanvkki( ikaopqejaj( ap_*% heccaj* Ejbn]opnq_pqqn r]j `ava ]]n` aj opa`ahefga ca^nqegobqj_peao vefj h]opec pa _ki^ejanaj* Va da^^aj ej `a =-. vkja raah cabn]ciajpaan`a kjpseggahejcaj ej `a d]j` casangp* Kkg `a kraneca ejbn]) opnq_pqqn Ì iap j]ia `a g]j]haj Ì hae`aj pkp ran`ana ranojellanejc r]j `a vkja*

S]p ve_d ]ho e`ajpepaepo`n]cano ]]j ]_perepaepaj daabp caraopec` ej `ep ca^ea`( skn`p ej ^ah]jcnefga i]pa cagajiangp `kkn `a ^krajcajkai`a _kj`epeao* Dap ca^nqeg r]j `a vkja skn`p jeap cagajiangp `kkn o]iajd]jc( i]]n `kkn rano_dehhaj`a bqj_peao ej ]bcavkj`an`a `aahca^ea`fao r]j nqeipahefga kjpseggahejc* Vksah Qpna_dp ]ho `a psaa cnkaecaiaajpaj Jeaqsacaej aj Dkqpaj da^^aj raah lanebana ]_perepaepaj pkacah]paj s]]n`kkn dap lanebana g]n]gpan r]j `a vkja jkc aaj opangana lanebana ejrqhhejc gnaac $_kilhaap iap ceblh]o( lkjudkq`anef( opq`ajpajnkaeranajecejc aj ran`aah`a a_kjkieo_da ]_perepaepaj%* An eo aaj h]llaj`agaj r]j rano_dehhaj`a ]_perepaepaj kjpop]]j6 s]p h]j`o_d]l aj s]pan rkkn na_na]peara ]_perepaepaj( aaj ^ah]jcnefga rangaano]`an( skjejc^kqs ej qephacsefgaj aj cnkaeganjaj aj qepaaj) hklaj`a lk_gapo r]j a_kjkieo_da ^a`nefrecdae`6 r]ne naj` r]j $d]raj%ej`qopnea pkp v]gahefga `eajopranhajejc* Vaan ve_dp^]]n ]]jsavec eo `a _kiian_e ha d]j`ah `ea ve_d iap cnkpa na_h]ia^kn`aj ne_dp kl j]]io^agaj`dae` kj`an dap h]jcon]vaj`a i]oo]lq^heag* @a iaq^ah^kqhar]n`( EGA= aj `a OI=NPÌÛ]p vefj dean rkkn^aah`aj r]j* Aaj ]j`ana lk_gap r]j a_kjkieo_da ^a`nefrecdae` daabp aaj cadaah aecaj opefh kjpseggah` ej `a ca]r]j_aan`a `eajopajoa_pkn6 L]laj`knl daabp ve_d ej `a kgoah r]j psaa gnqeoaj`a ojahsacaj kjpseggah` pkp aaj pdai]peo_d g]jpknajl]ng( caola_e]he) oaan` ej okbps]na`eajopaj* @]p i]c kl ve_d rann]ooaj` dapaj( ki`]p `ep okknp g]jpknajl]ngaj aaj iaan `]j caie``ah`a ^ah]jcopahhejc ]]j `a `]c lhaacp pa haccaj rkkn aaj ^ko) aj ]hhqnanefga kicarejc( vk]ho `ea kl `a j]^ef cahacaj Daqrahnqc kb ej dap Ckke skn`p ]]jcapnkbbaj* Dap eo aaj pulanaj` rkkn^aah` r]j dap cahqg `]p Qpna_dp r]jsaca `a _ajpn]ha heccejc sah r]gan gkip ]]js]]eaj* @a caiaajpa daabp dap ca`eopejcaan`a g]jpknajl]ng ej d]]n kranika` cah]n`aan` iap rkhgopqejaj( s]]n `a olnqepaj aj `a g]jpkkn^avkagano ahg]]n ej kjcahkkb ]]jop]naj* @kkn dap ikv] ag

cahier def.indd 56-57

]]j bqj_peao skn`aj `a ejbn]opnq_pqqn^]nne nao r]j `a nefgosacaj aj `a g]j]haj ranopangp* @a ranojellanejc r]j dap ca^ea` hae`p kl lh]]poaj pkp ok_e]ha kjraehec) dae`( rkkn]h ^ef dap g]jpkkn r]j Nefgos]panop]]p $jkc ]hpef` ^anq_dp r]jsaca `a ca okhaan`a hk_]pea%* Dap ^aopaiiejcorangaan eo rkkn]h cane_dp kl `a ^a`nefraj) pannaejaj ]]j saanovef`aj r]j `a sac6 `a Qpna_dpoa iaq^ah^kqhar]n` $aj `a F]]n^aqno% aj `a ^a`nefraj ]]j `a vef`a r]j Jeaqsacaej( vk]ho `a ]qpk^a`nefraj aj cnkpana `ap]eh d]j`ah $Dknj^]_d( C]ii]( Ln]teo ap_%* Kkg ^arej`aj ve_d ej H]]cn]raj jkc s]p d]raj)( ej`qopnea) aj `eopne^qpea)]_perepaepaj* =]j `a saopvef`a r]j `a =. aj ]]j `a jkkn`vef`a hecp ran`an jkc dap ÐjeaqsaÑ Qpna_dp6 Hae`o_da Nefj* Paj vqe`aj r]j `a =-. ^ef gjkkllqjp Kq`ajnefj( ej Nefjaj^qnc eo jkc iaan ranopa`ahefgejc rkknveaj ej `a pkagkiop* Nkj` gjkkllqjp Hqjappaj rej`aj sa aaj skkjsefg iap rkhgopqejaj( dap ^acej r]j cnkajca^ea` =iaheosaan` iap aaj ckhb^]]j r]j `a Qpna_dpoa Ckhb_hq^( aaj rankjpnaejec` ca^ea` $Lh]o H]]cn]raj%( ]cn]neo_da ]_perepaepaj $iap kj`an ]j`ana g]ooaj% iap ran`ankl aaj ckhb^]]j* Paj kkopaj r]j `a =.3 aj paj vqe`aj r]j `a =-. vefj ]cn]neo_da ]_perepaepaj aj aaj bknp pa rej`aj*

=h iap ]h eo dap aaj ca^ea` `]p vaan cabn]ciajpaan` aj `erano r]j ]]n` eo* Dap iaaop o]iajd]jcaj`a r]j dap ca^ea` eo `a =-. vahb `ea r]jsaca d]]n dkkb`bqj_pea fqeop r]j dap ca^ea` ]b rkanp aj rep]ha hkg]ha o]iajd]jcaj `kknojef`p* Kjva k^oan) r]peao da^^aj jeap pkp dap ejve_dp cahae` `]p `a a_kjkieo_da aj ok_e]ha ]_perepaepaj ej dap ranojellan`a ca^ea` ]ho aaj nqeipahefg o]iajd]jcaj` _kilhat ca`aÚjeaan` gqjjaj skn`aj* @a rancahefgejc iap opa`ahefga ieheaqo ]ho `a =iopan`]ioa Vqe`]o c]]p i]jg* Jeap ]hhaaj eo `a =iopan`]ioa Vqe`]o pqooaj O_deldkh aj =iopan`]i ?ajpn]]h caoepqaan` ej aaj ejpanj]pekj]]h cakne jpaan` a_kjkieo_d aj opa`ahefg _kilhat( i]]n ejie``aho eo an kkg aaj a_kjkieo_d vs]]npalqjp kjpop]]j( r]j Új]j_e ha aj fqne`e) o_da `eajopranhajejc( `ea qep ve_dvahb ran`anc]]j`a a_kjkieo_da aj opa`ahefga kjpseggahejc klnkalp* @kkn `ep okknp ^aah`aj kl pa nkalaj ^aop]]p dap car]]n r]j aaj ÐpqjjahreoeaÑ( happanhefg aj Úcqqnhefg( s]]n`kkn `a gs]hepaepaj `ea dap ca^ea` daabp kran dap dkkb` gqjjaj skn`aj caveaj* Sef vqhhaj lanola_pearaj rkkn `a =-. vkja ej _kilhaap ]j`ana ne_dpejcaj vkagaj*

*,

KJPSEGGAHEJCOLKPAJPEAAH Jq dap dqe`eca ca^nqeg r]j `a =-. vkja jeap ]ho nqeipahefga aajdae` cag]n]gpaneoaan` g]j skn`aj aj jq kkg `a a_kjkieo_da aj ok_e]ha ]_perepaepaj pan lhagga iaan ]ho ran^nkggah` aj kransacaj` lanebaan `]j ]ho _ajpn]]h capulaan` ikapaj skn`aj( eo an `]j sahhe_dp lanola_peab rkkn ]j`ana kjpseggahejcaj ej `a pkagkiop; S]p eo dap kjpseggahejcolkpajpeaah r]j `a =-. vkja; @a ganjrn]]c `ea ve_d kjie``ahhefg kl`nejcp( eo `a rn]]c kb `a opnq_pqqn ^al]haj`a rangaano]`an r]j bqj_pea v]h ran]j`anaj kb `]p `a buoeaga oepqanejc anr]j g]j skn`aj ]]jcal]op ki ]j`ana lh]]poahefga kjpseggahejcaj ikcahefg pa i]gaj* @ava rn]]c eo kkg vaan ^al]haj` rkkn ran`ana rn]caj j]]n `a g]joaj ki dap ca^ea` ej o]iajd]jc pa c]]j kjpseggahaj*

@a =-. vkja eo j r]j `a _ajpn]ha rangaano]ooaj ej Ja`anh]j` aj v]h `]p kkg ej `a gkiaj`a lanek`a ^hefraj* An eo kl j]pekj]]h jera]q caaj oln]ga r]j ejepe]pearaj ki `a _ajpn]ha kkop)saop ran^ej`ejc j]]n aaj ]j`ana vkja pa ranhaccaj* Eo an `]j aaj oaneaqva g]jo ki `a rangaano]`an pa krang]llaj kb Ì jkc ejcneflaj`an Ì ej aaj pqjjah kj`an pa ^najcaj ki vk`kaj`a aaj iaan qepca^]h]j_aan`a nqeipahefga kjpseggahejc r]j dap ca^ea` ikcahefg pa i]gaj; >ef `a =. pqooaj Qpna_dp aj Hae`o_da Nefj eo `ava gaqva ejie``aho sah cai]]gp* Sef ]_dpaj `a g]jo ki kkg ^ef `a =-. vkÑj bknoa ejbn] ) opnq_pqnaha ejcnaal pa `kaj enna ah* Dap c]]p ki aaj vaan ^na`a ejbn]opnq_pqqnvkja( ^krajcnkj`oa kb kj`ancnkj`oa ]]jl]ooejcaj vqhhaj ^qepajcaskkj gkop^]]n vefj aj rankj`anopahhaj aaj a_kjkieo_da _ajpnqikjpseggahejc iap ^ef^adknaj`a cnkj`s]]n`aj `ea ej dap ca^ea` aajrkq`ec jeap cana]heoaan` gqjjaj skn`aj( caveaj `a ejraopa) nejcaj ej `a Qpna_dpoa nacek $vk]ho `a krang]llejc r]j `a =.% hefgp `a lkpajpea r]j dap Hae`o_da Nefj)_ajpnqi( ]]johqepaj` ^ef L]laj`knl( raah opangan `]j `ea r]j `a =-. vkja* @ep ca^ea` hefgp `]j kkg jeap `a lkpajpea pa da^^aj ki qep pa cnkaeaj

23/12/08 14:26:25

pkp aaj jeaqs _ajpnqi ej `a nacek* Vkq dap ca^ea` `]j pkp aaj jeaqs nacekj]]h _ajpnqi gqjjaj qepcnkaeaj; Vahbo dap ca^ea` ]ho aajdae` veaj( hefgp ej dap he_dp r]j dap ^krajop]]j`a jkc]h gqjop i]pec* Dap eo kkg vaan pa rn]]c kb dap ca^ea` aaj aajdae` g]j skn`aj caveaj `a ajknia ejraopanejcaj `ea jk`ec vefj* Rkkn aaj o]iaj) d]jcaj` bqj_pekjanaj ej nqeipahefga aajdae` vefj an paraah rano_dehhaj`a ^]nne ) nao( s]]nr]j dap `kkn^nagaj gkop^]]n eo*

*-

^ah]jcnefg olaanlqjp gqjjaj vefj rkkn `a pn]jobkni]pea r]j `a iaq^ah^kqhar]n` aj kj`ansanl r]j dap vkagaj j]]n jeaqsa _k]hepeao ej dap ca^ea`( kkg ej ]j`ana `ahaj r]j `a vkja* ¡ @a =-. vkja eo `]]niaa aaj daah _ajpn]ha ]o ej Ja`anh]j`* Pajiejopa( ]ho an caaj Úha op]]p* Qep kj`anvkag/ ^hefgp ran`an `]p `a iaaop ^anaeg^]na lhag lan ]qpk ej `a nacek Ì ej Jkkn`rhaqcahlanola_peab Ì ve_d ^arej`p s]]n `a =. aj `a =-. ve_d gnqeoaj* Dap c]]p `]]n^ef jeap ki `a jkkn`saoplqjp r]j Jeaqsacaej kb ki dap jeaqsa ^a`nefraj) pannaej L]laj`knl( i]]n ki dap vqe`aj r]j dap jeaqsa Qpna_dp aj dap h]]ccahacaj Nefjaj^qnc* @ep h]]popa ca^ea` eo ^ah]jcnefg rkkn napajpea r]j s]pan( ki`]p dap nacaj s]pan `]p kl `a Qpna_dpoa Daqrahnqc r]hp ej `ep ca^ea` ikap skn`aj klcar]jcaj* Rkkn `ep ca^ea` skn`p kl ie``ahh]jca paniefj `qna skjejc^kqs ej h]ca `e_dpda`aj rkknveaj* Rkkn Nefjaj^qnc vefj a_dpan vaan saejec rkknveajejcaj calh]j`( r]jsaca `a j]^efdae` r]j Hae`o_da Nefj aj Jeaqsacaej* =ho an pk_d kjpseggah` c]]p skn`aj( ^ea`p Nefjaj^qnc r]jsaca vefj ^anaeg^]]ndae` cka`a g]joaj rkkn ^a`nefbokjpseggahejc( `]p hefgp ^apan `]j skjejcaj kl `ava lh]]po* Dap eo kkg jeap rkkn jeapo `]p ]h vkÑj -/, i]ngp l]npefaj aaj cnkj`lkoepea ej `ep ca^ea` da^^aj ransknraj* >a`nefraj gqjjaj ranhae` skn`aj pkp iaan ejjkr]peao rkkn s]pannapajpea `]j dqeodkq`ajo( s]]n`kkn kkg `ava rkkn `a nacek vaan ^ah]jcnefga gs]hepaep ^adkq`aj g]j ^hefraj*

Kjo lanola_peab rkkn `a =-. vkja eo ki `ep ca^ea` jeap ]ho o]iajd]jcaj` ca^ea` pa sehhaj kjpseggahaj( i]]n `a `eranoa kj`an`ahaj anr]j j]]n aecaj ianepao aj ej hkceo_da o]iajd]jc iap ca^ea`aj ^qepaj `a vkja pa kjpseggahaj* @kkn pa bk_qooaj kl dap ca^ea` vahb( eo `a g]jo cnkkp `]p dap _kj_alp aaj aecaj haraj c]]p hae`aj( s]]n^ef g]joaj `ea pqooaj dap ca^ea` aj vefj kicarejc heccaj kran dap dkkb` skn`aj caveaj* Sef ^ao_dkqsaj `a =-. vkja jeap ]ho aaj nahar]jpa nqeipahefga o]iajd]jc( i]]n sef veaj `a ^aopa g]joaj ej Ðoq^heianejcÑ r]j dap ^aop]]j`a ikv] ag* @ep ^apagajp `]p `a jkkn`vef`a rkkn]h ^apnkggaj v]h vefj kl `a gs]hepaepaj r]j dap opa`ahefg aj h]j`o_d]llahefg saaboah r]j `a op]` Qpna_dp aj `a vqe`vef`a iap `ea r]j `a kj`anheccaj`a caiaajpaj* @]]n^ejjaj gqjjaj `a ]bvkj`anhefga lk_gapo aaj ^apana nqeipahefga gs]hepaep gnefcaj aj ej okiieca car]hhaj ^apan ran^kj`aj skn`aj iap ^aop]]j`a ca^ea`aj $^qepaj `a vkja%*

Dap n]baheca aj vaan `eranoa g]n]gpan r]j `a op]`on]j`aj daabp kl ve_dvahb qjeaga gs]hepaepaj `ea lkoepeab cas]]n`aan` gqjjaj skn`aj* @a lanebana gs]hepaepaj r]j op]`on]j`aj( `a gajiangaj`a( jq aajo o_dnaaqsaneca `]j saan rancapaj lhaggaj h]jco `a cnkpa ejbn]opnq_pqqn`kkn^n]gaj( dan^ancaj raah aecajo_d]llaj `ea lkoepeab ^ef`n]caj ]]j `a gs]hepaep r]j opa`aj* Vef pnaggaj ]_perepaepaj ]]j `ea ah`ano jeap iaan gqjjaj* Lh]ji]peca ejcnalaj ej opa`ahefga n]bahn]j`aj hae`aj `]j kkg h]jc jeap ]hpef` pkp gs]hepaeporan^apanejc* R]j`]]n kkg kjva jaecejc ki `a lk_gapo `a lk_gapo pa h]paj aj ki pa veaj j]]n ikcahefgda`aj ki `a ianepao r]j ^aop]]j`a gs]hepaepaj pa kj`angajjaj aj vk ikcahefg qep pa rancnkpaj* Ajeca ca^ea`oola_eÚaga lkpajpeao6 ¡ Cnkpa lkpajpe ha gs]hepaepo`n]cano vefj `a h]j`o_d]llahefga gs]hepaepaj ej dap kkopahefga ca^ea` ej `a ]]johqepejc kl =iaheosaan`* Dean gqjjaj ikcahefg `a opknaj`a ahaiajpaj ]]jcal]gp skn`aj $vk]ho `a ceblh]o% aj `a lkoepeara ahaiajpaj ^apan iap ahg]]n ran^kj`aj skn`aj( `a pkac]jgahefgdae` ran^apanaj aj `a oepqanejc ^apan ^ajqp skn`aj $`kknc]]j`a s]j`ah) aj Úapol]`aj%* @a nahar]jpa gs]hepaepaj r]j dap h]j`o_d]l gqjjaj iap `a ^apnabbaj`a op]gadkh`ano ca `ajpeÚ_aan` skn`aj iap kkc kl ikcahefga rancnkpejc r]j iaans]]n`a* ¡ ?kilhaap ]j`ano eo `a qepopn]hejc r]j dap g]jpknajl]ng ej L]laj`knl* Ki `a okldeope_]pa` g]jpknaj kl `ava lhag pa ^adkq`aj aj ran`an pa kjpseggahaj pkp oaneaqo g]jpknajl]ng( eo raah ]]j`]_dp jk`ec rkkn `a h]j`o_d]llahefga ejne_dpejc aj `a gs]hepaep r]j `a lq^heaga nqeipa ej dap ca^ea`* @a g]jpkkndkq`ano aj rkhgo) pqej`ano vahb vkq`aj deanpka caik^eheoaan` gqjjaj skn`aj aj cab]_ehepaan` iap ^adkknhefga h]j`o_d]lo]n_depa_pqqn* Kkg eo ej `ep _nq_e]ha ca^ea` `a ]]johqepejc kl Qpna_dp)Vqe` ajanvef`o aj kl dap jeaqsa Hae`o_da Nefj ca^ea` ]j`anvef`o _nq_e) ]]h* Qpna_dp)Vqe` eo kransacaj` ok^an aj bqj_pekjaah ejcane_dp rkkn ranolnae`a g]jpknaj ^kqs( klr]hhaj` eo `]p `a atpajoeara g]j]hajopnq_pqqn jkc jeap raah ejpajoearan eo ^ajqp rkkn aaj opareca ^a^kqsejc r]j `a g]j]]hkarano rkkn ^askjejc aj car]neaan`a opa`ahefga ieheaqo* @a lkpajpe ha nqeipahefga gs]hepaepaj ej dap na_ajp kjpseggah`a L]laj`knl aj ej dap ]h araj na_ajpa i]]n ranopaaj`a Qpna_dp) Vqe` hefgaj jkc i]]n rkkn aaj ghaej `aah pa vefj ^ajqp* Dean hecp aaj ajkni lkpajpeaah* ¡ @a iaq^ah^kqhar]n`o aj odksnkkio da^^aj `a qepopn]hejc r]j rankq`an`a aj lanebana ej`qopneavkjao* Baepahefg da^^aj `ava ]_perepaepaj a_dpan aaj ^ah]jcnefga ajpanp]ejiajp)bqj_pea* @a ran^hefboejne_dpejc r]j `a klaj^]na nqeipa vkq `]j kkg aaj _kilhaap ]j`ana qepopn]hejc gqjjaj gnefcaj* Kljeaqs c]]p dap ki ranjeaqsaj` kjpseggahejcolkpajpeaah `]p ej j]qsa o]iajsangejc iap nahar]jpa ^ah]jcda^^aj`aj aj ^ah]jcopahhaj`aj qepcasangp g]j skn`aj* @a ajpanp]ejiajp)bqj_pea eo pkp `qoranna ranopklp ej kj`ani]]poa aj ^a`nefboejpanja rkknveajejcaj* Kl rkapc]jcano eo dap ca^ea` ]h dahai]]h jeap ejcane_dp* Ran^apanejc r]j dap ran^hefboca^ea` vkq aaj

cahier def.indd 58-59

*.

G=JOAJ S]p vefj `a g]joaj rkkn `a =-. vkja ej Qpna_dp; @ava vkja eo rkkn Ja`anh]j` aaj daah _ajpn]ha ]o( i]]n rkkn dap ca^ea` aaj cnkpa ^]nne na( kkg `kkn`]p i]]n saejec bqj_peao ikcahefg vefj ej ran^]j` iap `a ieheaq)aeoaj* Dap ca^ea` vahb eo `]]n`kkn aaj ikv] ag r]j lanebana bqj_peao( vkj`an `]p an oln]ga eo r]j aaj aajdae`* Dkasah okiiecaj dap ca^ea` sah aaj aajdae` rej`aj aj dap ca^ea` okio vahbo ]ho ÐQpna_dpoa Vqe`]oÑ ]]j`qe`aj( ikap skn`aj klcal]op iap dap Ðna Ú_anajÑ r]j vkÑj ^aah`* @kkn dap ca^ea` paraah r]jqep j ^al]]h`a reoea pa ^agefgaj( gqjjaj s]]n`arkhha gs]hepaepaj `ea an ej nqeiana o]iajd]jcaj ^aop]]j kran dap dkkb` skn`aj caveaj* @a =-. vkja hefgp jeap `a lkpajpea pa da^^aj ki qep pa cnkaeaj pkp aaj jeaqs _ajpnqi ej `a nacek( rkkn]h ki`]p ejpqooaj ^ef `a =. ]h vkÑj jeaqs opa`ahefg _ajpnqi skn`p ejca v ap* Danopnq_pqnanejc `kkn `a ejbn]opnq_pqqn kj`an `a cnkj` pa ^najcaj eo `qqn aj dap hefgp kjikcahefg ki `]]n gkopaj`n]cano rkkn pa rej`aj* Raah iaan heccaj g]joaj rkkn `a pn]jobkni]pea r]j dap ca^ea` ej ran^apanejc r]j `a dqe`eca ran^hefbo) gs] hepaep( vk]ho ran^apanejc r]j `a ok_e]ha raehecdae` aj dap ran^ej`aj r]j `a `eranoa `aahca^ea`aj iap ahg]]n aj okio kkg ^aop]]j`a ca^ea`aj ^qepaj `a op]`* Vk gnefcaj `a ]bvkj`anhefga lk_gapo aaj ^apana nqeipahefga gs]hepaep* @a cnkkpopa g]joaj rkkn Qpna_dp heccaj rkhcajo kjo jap ^qepaj `a =-. vkja pqooaj `a gjkkllqjpaj Kq`ajnefj aj Hqjappaj*

)-) Sehhaioa( I*( .,,-( ÐDap ogu)

=@ Qpna_dpo Jeaqso^h]`( ,.--,4*

`]i( .,,4( O]iaj Kjpsanlaj ]]j

hejapfa Ì ej Qpna_dp cnkaep ghaeja

)/) >aopqqn Nacek Qpna_dp $.,,1%(

>anaeg^]]ndae`( =hiana6 Caiaajpa

Vqe`]oÑ( ej6 Qpna_dpo Jeaqso^h]`(

Nacekj]]h Opnq_pqqnLh]j .,,1).,-1(

=hiana a*]*

.0,.,-*

Qpna_dp6 >NQ*

)+) @a Saaggn]jp( .,,4( Ð>ahha kb

).) Sefg( S* R]j( .,,4( ÐPqjjah

)+) Caiaajpa =hiana( Ckq`]llah

>aaop;Ñ( ej6 @a Saaggn]jp( -1-,,4(

^ea`p g]jo rkkn skkjsefgÑ( ej6

?kbbajc " Qjeranoepaep r]j =iopan)

sss*`asaaggn]jp*jh*

23/12/08 14:26:25

Ej `a =-. vkja vefj iaan `]j .*/,, ^a`nefraj caraopec`( s]]n ^efj] 0.*,,, iajoaj sangaj* Dap cnkkpopa `aah r]j `a sangcahacajdae` ^arej`p ve_d kl ola_eÚaga ^a`nefraj pannaejaj* @ava puleo_da op]`o^a`nefrajpannaejaj rano_dehhaj r]j ]j`ana ^a`nefrajpannaejaj* Vk gajjaj sa ej `a i]ejlknpo r]j Nkppan`]i aj =iopan`]i cnkkp) o_d]heca ^a`nefrajpannaejaj iap karanca^kj`aj ej`qopnea( ^a`nefraj rkkn kloh]c aj kranoh]c r]j cnkj`opkbbaj( lnk`q_pea aj kranoh]c r]j ajancea( _kjp]ejankranoh]c aj r]hqa ]``a` hkceope_* Ran`an ^aop]]j kran]h ej Ja`anh]j` nacekj]ha pannaejaj iap ^a`nefraj `ea r]jsaca ieheaqdej`an kb ]j`ana na`ajaj qep `a ^aop]]j`a ^a^kqsejc vefj ranlh]]pop* Rkkn]h ^qepaj `a N]j`op]` gkip iaj kkg hkceopeaga ^a`nefrajpannae) jaj pacaj iap i]]gej`qopnea aj ejpanj]pekj]ha pn]jolknp) aj `eopne^qpea^a`nefraj* @ep ]hhao rej`p iaj j]qsahefgo ej `a =-. vkja*

Op]`o^a`nefrajpannaejaj vefj `a raopecejcolh]]po rkkn ]]j `a opa`ahefga a_kjkiea canah]paan`a ^a`nefraj* Dap c]]p raah]h ki ghaejo_d]heca ej`qopne ha) aj ^kqs^a`nefraj( ki cnkkpo_d]heca v]gahefga `eajopranhajano aj d]j`aho^a`nefraj aj ki ^a`nefraj `ea ve_d pkahaccaj kl nal]n]pea( kj`andkq` aj pef`ahefga kloh]c r]j cka`anaj* @a ^a`nefraj kl `ava pannaejaj lnkÚpanaj r]j `a opa`ahefga j]^efdae` r]j ]j`ana ^a`nefraj $]ho pkaharan]j_eano aj ]bjaiano% aj r]j `a ^arkhgejc $_kjoqiajpaj aj sangjaiano%* Op]`o^a`nefrajpannaejaj vefj gajiangaj` rkkn `a lkopej`qopne ha op]`oa_kjkiea* Ajanvef`o ki`]p `a `eajopaja_kjkiea opaa`o iaan cnaal gnefcp kl `ep okknp pannaejaj( ^efrkkn^aah` re] opaa`o iaan g]jpkkn^a^kqsejc* =j`anvef`o h]paj `ava pannaejaj veaj `]p `a lkopej`qopne ha o]iajharejc jeap g]j vkj`an kir]jcnefga cka`anaj opnkiaj* Kj`]jgo ]hha ]]j`]_dp rkkn gajjeo( _na]perepaep aj ^aharejc eo kjo haraj araj i]paneaah ]ho rnkacan* Aj ieoo_deaj jkc sah iaan `]j rnkacan* Kl `a ckhraj r]j `a sahr]]npocnkae o_d]bbaj sa opaa`o iaan i]pane ha v]gaj ]]j* @ava v]gaj skn`aj iej`an r]]g ej Ja`anh]j` calnk`q_aan` kb ran^kqs` aj r]j kran]h ej `a sanah` ]]jcaohaalp ki `e_dp^ef dqeo pa skn`aj rangk_dp aj canal]naan`* Deanrkkn eo dap op]`o^a`nefrajpannaej `a qepcahavaj lhag*

Ej `a =-. vkja rej`p kkg aaj ]j`ana gajiangaj`a a_kjkieo_da kjpseggahejc lh]]po( j]iahefg dap pkajaiaj`a kj`anjaiano_d]l ej skkjsefgaj* Dap c]]p iaaop]h ki ghaeja ^a`nefraj r]j rkknj]iahefg vahbop]j`ecaj vkj`an lanokjaah `ea g]jpkkn ]]j dqeo dkq`aj* @ep vefj `kknc]]jo dkjgr]opa kj`anjaiano* Pk_d v]h an kkg aaj cnkal vkcadapaj Ð^krajsefgoa cnkaeanoÑ vefj `ea j] ranhkkl r]j pef` ej aaj a_dp ^a`nefbo) l]j` pana_dpgkip* Okiieca ^a`nefbohk_]peao ej `a =-. vkja ^ea`aj daj kl paniefj aaj cao_degpa dqeoraopejcoikcahefgdae`*

+%

-55,

+&

.,,3

Sah ^a`nefb

Ojahsacaj

Caaj ^a`nefb

Ojahsacvkja lnkrej_ea Qpna_dp

K>OANR=PEA -6 GEFGAJ

Lnkrej_ea Qpna_dp

BecQqn - aj .6 @a ]]jsavecdae` r]j ^a`nefraj lan vao_efbanec lkop _k`a ca^ea` ej `a ojahsacvkja r]j `a lnkrej_ea Qpna_dp ej -55, aj .,,3*

cahier def.indd 60-61

Sea re] `a =-. gkiaj`a r]jqep `a ne_dpejc =njdai dap gjkkllqjp Hqjappaj l]ooaanp( daabp `a ej`nqg aaj ej`qopneaah h]j`o_d]l ej pa nef`aj* =]jr]jgahefg eo an jkc jeapo ]]j `a d]j`* Hejgo r]j `a ojahsac heccaj `a saeh]j`aj r]j dap ca^ea` @a S]efaj aj araj ran`ankl `a lh]o H]]cn]raj* Na_dpo naegaj `a cahqe`oo_daniaj r]j `a skkjsefgaj Hqjappaj aj Dkkcn]raj pkp rh]g ]]j `a ojahsac* S]p dean]_dpan ca^aqnp( kjppnagp ve_d ]]j dap kkc* =]j `a hejgang]jp vea fa ranrkhcajo dap ^a`nefrajpannaej H]]cn]raj* Dean vefj cnkkpd]j`aho^a`nefraj ej `a rka`ejcooa_pkn $kj`an ]j`ana `a I]_nk% aj ^kqsi]ngpaj $kj`an ]j`ana G]nsae( C]ii] aj >kqsi]]p% caraopec`*

J] dap gjkkllqjp H]]cn]raj ^acejp dap l]o a_dp* Hejgo hecp dap ^a`nefrajpannaej Heao^ko_d `]p ^aop]]p qep psaa ghaejana ^a`nefrajpannaejaj6 `a Rkhd]n`ejc aj N]rajo) s]`a* @a Rkhd]n`ejc eo aaj g]jpknajl]ng iap `a pknajo r]j Kn`ej] $E?P `eajopaj% aj >]hh]op Ja`]i $^kqs%* Ran`an rej`p iaj an kkg ]qpk`a]hano $k*]* Oi]np aj O]]^%( aaj lajepajpe]ena ejne_dpejc aj aaj `eopne^qpea_ajpnqi r]j PJP $lkop%* Sea eapo ran`an gefgp( veap cnkpa sejgaho rkkn skjejcejne_dpejc $Skkjomq]na( Oa]po ]j` Okb]( >a`reoea% aj( araj]ho ej dap ^a`nefrajpannaej H]]cn]raj( aaj ^kqsi]ngp $Ln]teo%* N]rajos]`a daabp aaj ]j`an g]n]gpan* @]]n ^arej`aj ve_d ghaejo_d]heca nqeipaj rkkn kloh]c aj odksnkkio* Dean gkip iaj kj`an iaan o_dkkji]]g^a`nefraj( ejop]hh]pea) ^a`nefraj aj aaj ^]gganef pacaj* Kl dap rnkacana raehejcpannaej eo aaj cnkpa raopecejc r]j Dknj^]_d cagkiaj $^kqs) aj pqeji]ngp% aj ajgaha cnkpa sejgaho $k*]* `a olknp) aj rnefapef`osejgah ?]nh @ajec%*

23/12/08 14:26:31

+'

J] `a sefg Dkkcn]raj( kran dap Iansa`ag]j]]h( hecp na_dpo r]j `a =-. dap g]jpknaj) l]ng G]j]hajaeh]j` iap `a dkca ca^kqsaj r]j Új]j_eaah `eajopranhajano >@K $]__kqj) p]j_u% aj Amqajo $l]uiajp lnk_aookn%* An eo kkg ]j`anokknpeca ^a`nefrecdae`( vk]ho cnkkpd]j`aho^a`nefraj $CALQ)rka`oah( O_danlajvaah L]lean%( cnkkp o_d]heca `ap]eh) d]j`ah $O]j`ano iaq^ahop]`( PkuoÐNÑQo%( Pan^anc ]qpkha]oejc( >?@ Pn]rah =caj_u aj `a ]b`ahejc Kj`anopaqjejc r]j `a @eajop Op]`okjpseggahejc r]j `a Caiaajpa Qpna_dp*

Araj ran`ankl i]ngaanp `a na_h]iavqeh r]j EGA= `a Qpna_dpoa iaq^ah^kqhar]n`* Hejgo r]j `a =-. daabp iaj ve_dp kl dap canajkraan`a g]jpkknca^kqs r]j Nefgo s]pan) op]]p aj dap pn]jobaneqi Saopn]raj* Aaj kheakranoh]clh]]po $h]jco dap =iopan`]i) Nefjg]j]]h% aj aaj ^apkj_ajpn]ha vefj r]j kq`ana `]pqi* Ran`an eo an aaj ]qpk) gaqnejcop]pekj aj klhae`ejco_ajpnqi r]j `a =JS> aj aaj dkpah $>]opekj%* J]`]p `a ojahsac dap =iopan`]i)Nefjg]j]]h eo krancaopkgaj( `kaip na_dpo dap ^a`nefrajl]ng L]laj`knl kl( iap `a Ja`anh]j`oa dkkb`g]jpknaj r]j `eranoa EP) ^a`nefraj $=pko Knecej( ?]lcaieje( Dashapp L]_g]n` aj ?=% ]ho rkknj]]iopa ^heg r]jcano* Kkg =dnaj` $g]jpkkniaq^ahaj% aj Ian_a`ao >ajv $]qpkÑo% da^^aj dean aaj dkkb`g]jpkkn* Ran`an c]]p dap ki Új]j_e ha `eajopaj $@ahkeppa( I]v]no% aj b]_ehep]ena `eajopaj $EOO%( calner]peoaan`a krandae`o^a`nefraj $GLJ( Repajo% aj ^a`nefraj `ea canah]paan` vefj ]]j `a ia`eo_da oa_pkn6 @kiqo Ia`e_]( Veiian aj RR==* Hejgo r]j `a =-. daabp iaj ve_dp kl `a olknppannaejaj aj `a skkj^a^kqsejc r]j `a skkjsefg C]ha_kl Jkkn`* Dean `kap iaj ]]j rkap^]h( nqc^u( dkjg^]h aj ]phapeag*

J] dap gjkkllqjp Kq`ajnefj eo dap kl dap aanopa kkc ca`]]j iap `a ^a`nefrec) dae`* Na_dpo hecp ]_dpan aaj dkkc p]hq` Hae`o_da Nefj( `a cnkkpopa Rejatsefg r]j Ja`anh]j`* @a ^a`nefrajpannaejaj Opnefgreanpah aj Kq`ajnefj vefj `kkn dap p]hq` jeap ve_dp^]]n* Hejgo ^acejp dap Cnkaja D]np* Kl `ava lhag v]h kran ajgaha f]naj s]]no_defjhefg `a hqta skkjsefg Nefjaj^nqc rannefvaj* Dap eo `qe`ahefg `]p dap ej `a =-. vkja jeap c]]p ki aaj ej`qopneaah h]j`o_d]l( ki`]p an j]qsahefgo ej`qopne ha ^a`nefrecdae` pa rej`aj eo* Dap cnkkpopa ca`aahpa r]j dap ca^ea` ^aop]]p qep aaj ^kjpa ranv]iahejc r]j `eajopajranhajaj`a ^a`nefraj* Raah r]j `ava ^a`nefrecdae` l]op ej dap lnkÚah r]j aaj op]`o^a`nefrajpannaej* @]]nj]]op ^aop]]p `a =-. vkja qep rano_dehhaj`a skkjsefgaj* Ahga `aahca^ea` r]j `a =-. vkja daabp aaj ola_eÚaga o]iajopahhejc ]]j ^a`nefraj aj `]]n`kkn aaj aecaj g]n]gpan*

K>OANR=PEA .6 EJ G==NP >NAJCAJ @a ]]jsavecdae` r]j ^a`nefraj ej `a =-. vkja op]]p jeap kl ve_dvahb* Kkg kl ]j`ana ojahsachk_]peao gkip opaa`o iaan ^a`nefrecdae`* Iap ^adqhl r]j cacarajo qep dap Lnkrej_e]ha =n^ae`olh]]poaj Naceopan $L=N% da^^aj sa `ava pnaj` ej ^aah` ca^n]_dp $Úcqnaj - aj .( l*2,%* @a g]]npaj caraj lan vao_efbaneca lkop_k`aca^ea` cahacaj ^ejjaj aaj opn]]h r]j -2,, iapan r]j aaj ojahsac ]]j kb an ej -55, aj .,,3 ^a`nef) raj caraopec` vefj* @a cnajo r]j -2,, iapan eo capnkggaj( ki`]p `ep `a i]tei]ha ^naa`pa eo r]j `a =-. vkja* Ej dap pkp]ha ca^ea` h]jco `a ojahsacaj ^arej`p ve_d 01! r]j `a ^a`nefrecdae` ej `a lnkrej_ea aj iaan `]j `a dahbp r]j `a Qpna_dpoa sangcahacaj dae` $1.!%*

Qep `a rancahefgejc r]j ^ae`a Úcqnaj r]hp kl `]p dap ]]jp]h lkop_k`aca^ea`aj iap ^a`nefrecdae` opang eo pkacajkiaj* @ep ^hefgp kkg dap car]h pa vefj ]ho iaj gefgp j]]n dap ]]jp]h ^a`nefraj* @a cnkae r]j dap pkp]]h ]]jp]h ^a`nefraj ej `a =-. vkja $caie``ah` /(1! lan f]]n% hecp kj`an `a cnkae ej `a kraneca Qpna_dpoa ojahsac) hk_]peao $4! lan f]]n%( i]]n ^kraj `a cnkae ej `a cadaha lnkrej_ea Qpna_dp $-(3! lan f]]n%* @ep sefop ankl `]p `a =-. vkja ]h ej -55, aaj ^ah]jcnefg _kj_ajpn]peaca) ^ae` r]j ^a`nefrecdae` s]o aj `]p `a iaaopa ]j`ana ojahsachk_]peao rkkn ^a`nefraj r]j na_ajpana `]pqi vefj* Ojahsachk_]peao iap ^a`nefraj op]]j ej `a Ja`anh]j`oa lkhepeag aj ^ahae` ej aaj gs]]` `]che_dp* Iaj olnaagp r]j Îklnqggaj`a ^a`nefrajpannaejajÏ* Kq`)iejeopan

cahier def.indd 62-63

F]j Lnkjg d]` dap kkep kran Îhahefga o_dkajaj`kvaj h]jco `a ojahsacÏ* @a dqe`eca iejeopan r]j RNKI( F]_mqaheja ?n]ian( daabp ej d]]n ^ahae` ki Ja`anh]j` ikkean pa i]gaj aj `a dangaj^]]ndae` r]j dap h]j`o_d]l pa c]n]j`anaj( klaj ojahsacl]jkn]i]Ño ^ajkai`* Psaa `]]nr]j heccaj ej `a lnkrej_ea Qpna_dp6 h]jco `a =-. pqooaj >k`acn]raj aj Skan`aj aj h]jco `a =. pqooaj =^_kq`a aj Rejgaraaj*

@ava gnepeag c]]p a_dpan cnkpaj`aaho ]]j `a =-. vkja rkkn^ef* @a ^a`nefrec) dae` ej `a =-. vkja ^aop]]p ]h h]jcan vk`]p an caaj oln]ga eo r]j klnqggaj`a ^a`nef) rajpannaejaj* >kraj`eaj vefj an ej `a =-. vkja saejec Ðo_dkajaj`kvajÑ pa rej`aj* S]nadkqoao aj hkceopeag gkiaj an j]qsahefgo rkkn* @ancahefga ^a`nefraj pnabp iaj iaan ]]j ej dap araj ran`ankl h]jco `a =. cahacaj ^a`nefrajpannaej H]ca Sae`a* @a =-. vkja hecp jeap ]]j `a n]j` r]j `a op]`( i]]n rknip aaj _ajpn]]h kj`an`aah r]j dap opa`ahefga ca^ea` r]j `a Qpna_dpoa ]cchkian]pea* Dap eo aaj opa`ahefga o_d]gah pqooaj Qpna_dp aj Jeaqsacaej* =ho an ]h oln]ga eo r]j aaj ojahsacl]jkn]i] `]j eo dap aaj l]jkn]i] kl ^ae`a opa`aj*

+(

@a vknc r]jqep `a nqeipahefga kn`ajejc rkkn `a pkajaiaj`a rannkiiahejc r]j dap h]j`o_d]l `kkn j]]n `a ojahsac klnqggaj`a ^a`nefrajpannaejaj( eo kl ve_d pana_dp* @]]nki ^aop]]p an `ao pa iaan na`aj ki `a op]`o^a`nefrajpannaejaj ej `a =-. vkja re] gs]hepaeporan^apanejcaj ql)pk)`]pa pa dkq`aj aj pa rkkngkiaj `]p ^aop]]j`a ^a`nef) raj ve_d raopecaj kl jeaqsa ^a`nefrajpannaejaj `ea dap h]j`o_d]l iaan o_d]`aj*

K>OANR=PEA /6 NAGAJAJ Sa da^^aj kkg canagaj` iap `a L=N)cacarajo aj `]]n^ef cahap kl dap ]]jp]h aj `a okknp ^a`nefraj aj `a ^ef^adknaj`a sangcahacajdae`* Ki lna_eao pa vefj( da^^aj ve_d ]jjk .,,3 ej `a =-. vkja .*/10 ^a`nefraj caraopec` iap ej pkp]]h 0-*1,4 sangjaiano* Dap ^apnabp dean ej aaj ]]jp]h car]hhaj rkkn]h ghaeja ^a`nefraj* @a sangcahacajdae` ^apnabp raah]h `aahpef`^]jaj aj+kb Ûate^aha sanglhaggaj* Jeap ]hha sangjaiano sangaj `]cahefgo ej `a =-. vkja* Kranecajo eo `a =-. vkja lnei] kjpohkpaj* Jeap ]hhaaj lan ]qpk $`a =-.%( i]]n kkg lan klaj^]]n ranrkan $kj`an ]j`ana aaj ojahpn]i%* An vefj jeap rkkn jeapo psaa L]ng " Ne`a c]n]cao caraopec` $Saopn]raj aj L]laj`knl%* Becqqn / $l*5.% caabp ]]j `]p `a =-. vkja ej `a l]o hkklp iap `a cnkae r]j `a ^a`nefrecdae` ej `a op]`onacek aj ej `a lnkrej_ea Qpna_dp* Mq] sangcahacajdae` eo dap aaj `qe`ahefg cnkaeca^ea`* @ep eo rkkn]h dap carkhc r]j `a kjpseggahejc r]j dap ^a`nefrajpannaej L]laj`knl* Dap ]]jp]h ]n^ae`olh]]poaj eo ej .,,3 ^efj] ranrean) rkq`ec` $-2*1,,% paj klve_dpa r]j dap ]]jp]h ]n^ae`olh]]poaj ej -55, $0*1,,%*

@a ]]n` r]j ^a`nefrecdae` ej `a =-. vkja eo ej `a hkkl r]j `a pef` ran]j`an`* Aaj opaa`o cnkpan `aah r]j `a ^a`nefrecdae` ^adkknp pkp puleo_d opa`ahefga oa_pknaj vk]ho `a Új]j_e ha( v]gahefga aj _na]peara `eajopaj $Úcqqn 0( l*5.%* Ki `a ran]j) `an`a o]iajopahhejc r]j `a ^a`nefrecdae` j]`an pa ehhqopnanaj( da^^aj sa aaj oaha_pea cai]]gp r]j ^a`nefbogh]ooaj `ea ^adknaj ^ef ]_perepaepaj( `ea raah nqeipa jk`ec da^^aj aj raah ^ah]jc da_dpaj ]]j ^anaeg^]]ndae` kran `a sac $vkcadapaj pn]`epekjaha ]_perepaepaj% aj ^a`nefbogh]ooaj `ea ^adknaj ^ef ]_perepaepaj `ea raah ejbkn i]pea qepseooahaj( aaj cav]iajhefg ^ah]jc da^^aj ^ef dap ca^nqeg r]j `a nqeipa aj raah ^ah]jc da_dpaj ]]j `a ve_dp^]]ndae` r]j]b `a sac $vkcadapaj ik`anja ]_pere) paepaj%* P]^ah - $l*5.% caabp dap naoqhp]]p saan* Dap ]]jp]h ^a`nefraj ej `a ik`anja oa_pknaj eo psaa gaan vk opang pkacajkiaj ej rancahefgejc pkp `a pn]`epekjaha oa_pknaj* Mq] sangcahacajdae` kranpnabp `a cnkae ej `a ik`anja oa_pknaj `nea i]]h `ea ej `a pn]`epekjaha oa_pknaj* @a cnkae r]j `a ik`anja oa_pknaj hecp kkg ^kraj dap ]hcaiaja caie``ah`a r]j `a =-. vkja* @a opangopa cnkae r]j dap ]]jp]h ^a`nefraj rej`p lh]]po ej `a v]gahefg _na]peara oa_pkn $qepca) ranefaj( ]n_depa_pqqn( na_h]ia^qna]qo( ejpaneaqn aj ik`akjpsanlano( Úhi( n]`ek aj lano^qna]qo% aj `a opangopa cnkae ej sangcahacajdae` ej `a na_na]peab)pkaneopeo_da oa_pkn $`ap]ehd]j`ah( dkna_]( ]iqoaiajp( na_na]pea aj olknp%* @a _na]peara ^a`nef) recdae` ej `a =-. vkja rkhcp dap cnkael]` r]j `avahb`a okknp ^a`nefrecdae` ej `a

23/12/08 14:26:33

+)

lnkrej_ea Qpna_dp* @a cnkae r]j `a sangcahacajdae` ej `a na_na]peab)pkaneopeo_da oa_pkn ej `a =-. vkja hecp `qe`ahefg ^kraj dap caie``ah`a r]j `a lnkrej_ea* Ejpanaoo]jp eo ran`an `]p `a =-. vkja ^al]]h` caaj b]rkneapa hk_]pea eo r]j decd) pa_d ^a`nefraj* @a sangcahacajdae` ej `ava -5 ^a`nefraj hkklp ^kraj`eaj panqc* Rkkn decdpa_d ^a`nefraj ikap iaj ej Qpna_dp pk_d iaan vefj kl dap o_eaj_a l]ng `a Qepdkb( ]h dkq`p `a cnkae kkg dean jeap kran*

Pk_d ^adkq`p `a =-. vkja pnaggaj r]j aaj ^a`nefbohk_]pea iap pn]`epekjaha oa_pknaj* Pansefh `a cnkae r]j `a sangcahacajdae` ej nqeipa)atpajoeara oa_pknaj $rka`ejcoej`qopnea( na_u_hejc( nal]n]pea( kranoh]c aj kloh]c% aj ^]oeoej`qopnea ej `a lnkrej_ea Qpna_dp ]ho pkp]]h ej `a iej op]]p( jaaip `ea ej `a =-. vkja pka* @ep `qe`p kl aaj rano_dqerejc r]j `a sangcahacajdae` ej `ep okknp ej`qopnea j]]n `a =-. vkja* Kranecajo r]hhaj `a ]]jp]hhaj ej `ava oa_pknaj ej dap jeap ^ef dap pkp]]h ej `a =-. vkja* @a ^a`nefrecdae` ej `a =-. vkja rano_dehp lan `aahca^ea`* J]]op L]laj`knl cnkaep `a ^a`nefrecdae` rkkn]h ej `a sefg Hqjappaj aj ej dap g]jpknajca`aahpa r]j `a Heao^ko_d* Ej Hqjappaj c]]p dap r]]g ki ghaeja ^a`nefraj $]]j dqeo%* Raah r]j `ava kj`anjaiano klananaj ej `a _na]peara oa_pkn $g]]np 02( l*5-%* Klr]hhaj` eo `]p `ep bajkiaaj raah iaan rkkngkip ej `a sefgaj Hqjappaj aj Dkkcn]raj `]j ej `a jeaqsa sefg C]ha_kl)Jkkn`( aj kkg raah iaan `]j kl `a aecajhefga ^a`nefrajpannaejaj* @a ajeca _kj_ajpn]pea r]j rkknj]iahefg `aoecj^a`nefraj pnabp iaj kranecajo ]]j ej `a Heao^ko_d $vea l]]noa opel kl g]]np 02%*

Ej `a ^a`nefrajl]ngaj Heao^ko_d aj G]j]hajaeh]j` daabp ve_d ej `a ]bcahklaj nqei refbpeaj f]]n aaj rano_dqerejc rkknca`]]j r]j cnkkpd]j`ah j]]n v]gahefga `eajopranhajejc* @ava ca^ea`aj vefj Ðrang]jpkneoaan`Ñ* J]]op ajgaha cnkpa g]jpkkn) dkq`aj`a ^a`nefraj gkiaj an ajgaha _kj_ajpn]peao rkkn r]j ghaejo_d]heca ik`anja ^a`nefbo]_perepaepaj $vea l]]noa aj vs]npa opellaj kl g]]np 04( vea l*5-%* Dap c]]p ki aaj _kj_ajpn]pea r]j ia`eo_da `eajopaj ]]j `a ?dqn_dehh]]j( caola_e]heoaan`a v]gahefga `eajopaj ]]j `a Sejpdkjh]]j aj aaj iajcahejc r]j iaan pa_djeo_da ik`anja ]_perepaepaj ej vksah @a Rkhd]n`ejc ]ho N]rajos]`a*

G]]np 00 $l*5-% iap `a olnae`ejc r]j `a pn]`epekjaha oa_pknaj h]]p aaj iej`an `e_dp olnae`ejcol]pnkkj veaj* An vefj psaa _kj_ajpn]peao r]j rkknj]iahefg ej`qo) pne ha aj cnkkpd]j`aho^a`nefraj ej `a Rkhd]n`ejc aj N]rajos]`a $vea l]]noa aj vs]npa opellaj%* Ejpanaoo]jp eo `]p ^ae`a _kj_ajpn]peao ej `avahb`a psaa lkop_k`a) ca^ea`aj heccaj ]ho `ea r]j `a ^a`nefraj ej `a ik`anja oa_pknaj* Ik`anj kb pn]`epe) kjaah i]]gp `qo jeap vk raah qep ]ho dap ki ^a`nefbo_kj_ajpn]peao c]]p* @]p eo iaan aaj gsaopea r]j ^a^kqsejco`e_dpdae`* >hefg^]]n randkq`aj ^a`nefraj qep ^ae`a okknpaj oa_pknaj ve_d cka` pkp ahg]]n* @a ^a`nefbokjpseggahejc ej `a =-. vkja op]]p jeap ]hhaaj ej dap pagaj r]j `a klgkiop r]j ghaeja ^a`nefraj ej `a skkjsefgaj( i]]n kkg ej dap pagaj r]j o_d]]h) rancnkpejcolnk_aooaj ^ef `a ^a`nefraj kl `a aecajhefga ^a`nefrajpannaejaj* Aaj cka` rkkn^aah` eo `a `ap]ehd]j`ah* @a =-. vkja ^ea`p lh]]po ]]j `eranoa cnkpa sejgaho* @a _kjoqiajp `kap dean rkkn]h `kah]]jgklaj* O_d]]hrancnkpejc hae`p pkp gkopaj^aol]nejcaj rkkn `a kj`anjaiano( i]]n nkalp kkg i]ngpoaha_pea kl aj gajp `]]n`kkn kkg ranheavano* Dap eo ej `ep ran^]j` raahvaccaj` `]p dap ]]jp]h ^a`nef) raj aj `a sangcahacajdae` kl `a iaq^ah^kqhar]n` eo ]bcajkiaj* Kkg ej `a v]gahefga aj `a lq^heaga `eajopranhajejc pnaa`p o_d]]hrancnkpejc kl* Ej -55, s]naj an ej `a =-. vkja .1 ^a`nefraj iap iaan `]j -,, sangjaiano* Dap cnkkpopa ^a`nefb s]o pkaj =jkr] Ranvaganejcaj iap 051 sangjaiano* =jjk .,,3 eo dap ]]jp]h cnkpa ^a`nefraj ^efj] ran`q^^ah` $05 ^a`nefraj%* >ef `a cnkkpopa sangcaran $?]lcaieje% sangaj kjcaraan 0*,,, iajoaj* Kkg =pko Knecej( >]hh]op Ja`]i( Dashapp L]_g]n`( Amqajo( ??O( Kn`ej]( Nefgos]panop]]p aj RR== da^^aj ahg iaan `]j 1,, sangjaiano*

=h `ava ran]j`anejcaj da^^aj jeap cahae` pkp aaj pkajaiaj`a a_kjkieo_da ola_e]heo]pea lan `aahca^ea`* @a i]pa r]j ola_e]heo]pea lan `aahca^ea` eo kjran ]j) `an` h]]c $p]^ah .( l*5.%* @ep kj`anopnaalp `a `eranoepaep r]j `a ^a`nefrecdae` ej `a =-. vkja* An eo jeap ]hhaaj oln]ga r]j rano_dae`ajdae` pqooaj `a `aahca^ea`aj( i]]n kkg ^ejjaj `a `aahca^ea`aj* Kkg ej `ep klve_dp eo `a =-. vkja aaj puleo_d opa`ahefg sangca^ea`*

cahier def.indd 64-65

I==PSANG EO CASAJOP Dap ]]jp]h ^a`nefraj aj `a ^ef^adknaj`a sangcahacajdae` ej `a =-. vkja eo ej `a ]bcahklaj f]naj Ûejg pkacajkiaj* @a ran]j`anejcaj ej `a o]iajopahhejc r]j `a ^a`nefrecdae` ej `a =-. vkja rkniaj aaj ]boleacahejc r]j `a ran]j`an`a aeoaj ej `a pef`* Dap c]]p opaa`o iaan ki g]jpkknsangcahacajdae` aj ki o_d]]hrancnkpejc r]j ^a`nefraj* @a =-. vkja eo ej iajec klve_dp aaj ik`anja ^a`nefbohk_]pea iap car]ne) aan`a ^a`nefrecdae`* Kkg ej `a skkjsefgaj r]j `a =-. vkja eo dap ]]jp]h ^a`nefraj Ûejg pkacajkiaj* @ep eo iej`an cka` s]]njaai^]]n( ki`]p raah vahbop]j`ecaj ve_d jeap ]ho vk`]jec ]]j `a ^qepajg]jp r]j dqj skkjl]j` gaj^]]n i]gaj* Pk_d ^hkaep kkg dean dap kj`anjaiano_d]l rkhkl*

@a cnkae aj `a ]]n` r]j `a ^a`nefrecdae` rano_dehp lan `aahca^ea`* Dap eo `]]nki jeap ]]j pa ^arahaj ki aaj ]hcaiaja opn]pacea pa d]jpanaj ^ef dap qep) opellahaj r]j aaj a_kjkieo_da reoea kl `a =-. vkja* Ahg `aahca^ea` rn]]cp ki aaj aecaj ]]jl]g* I]]psang eo casajop( vkj`an kran`naraj nacahcarejc* Dap eo dap ^aopa ki kj`anjaiano ej `a skkjsefgaj dqj c]jc pa h]paj c]]j( iepo vef j]pqqnhefg caaj dej`an rankknv]gaj rkkn ^askjano* Dap r]hp pa kransacaj iaan okhep]ena ^a`nefbo) ca^kqsaj aj ^a`nefboranv]iahca^kqsaj ej `a skkjsefgaj jaan pa vappaj* Okiieca kj`anjaiano iap ^a`nefb ]]j dqeo kransacaj rnkac kb h]]p ki lner aj v]gahefg kkg ej nqeipahefga vej pa o_dae`aj* Pk_d seh iaj cn]]c ej `a ^qqnp caraopec` ^hefraj* Aaj ^a`nefboranv]iahca^kqs ej ^efrkkn^aah` dap ^a`nefrajl]ng G]j]hajaeh]j` vkq qepgkiop gqjjaj ^ae`aj* Rkkngki ej ea`an car]h s]p an ej `a pef` r]j `a op]`o ran) jeaqsejc ca^aqn`a( j]iahefg `]p kj`an `a haqva Î^kqsaj rkkn `a ^qqnpÏ raah ^a`nefrec dae` ej `a sefgaj ranhknaj cejc* @ep eo okio `a haab^]]ndae` paj cka`a cagkiaj( i]]n vagan jeap `a haraj`ecdae`*

+*

@a haraj`ecdae` ej `a aecajhefga ^a`nefrajpannaejaj r]j `a =-. vkja g]j kkg aaj kllallan ca^nqegaj* Dap jeaqsa ^a`nefrajl]ng L]laj`knl kkcp opa`aj^kqsgqj`ec ]]jpnaggahefg( i]]n ok_e]]h caveaj eo dap aaj kjdan^ancv]]i kkn`* @a ]]jsaveca rkhgopqejaj aj olknppannaejaj bqj_pekjanaj hko r]j `a g]jpkkn^a^kqsejc* Kjpikapejco n qeipaj rkkn `a sangjaiano vefj oha_dpo ejl]j`ec rkkn d]j`aj* Rkkn `a ]]jsaveca dkkcs]]n`eca ^a`nefrecdae` ^ea`p aaj rhkppa qepseooahejc r]j ejbkni]pea aj gajjeo iap ]j`ana ^a`nefraj ej lkpajpea cnkpa rkkn`ahaj* @a ejne_dpejc r]j `a klaj^]na nqeipa vkq iaan paj `eajopa gqjjaj op]]j r]j `ava Ðiajoahefga a_kjkieaÑ* Sahhe_dp eo vkeapo kkg pa kransacaj rkkn `a g]jpknajraopecejcaj ej `a Rkhd]n`ejc*

@]p cah`p kl aaj ]j`ana i]jean kkg rkkn `a cnkkpo_d]heca `ap]ehd]j`ah aj cnkkpd]j`ah ej `a Heao^ko_d aj `a Iaq^ah^kqhar]n`* Dean `kap iaj `kah]]jgklaj* Dap eo an aaj gkiaj aj c]]j r]j _kjoqiajpaj* @a qep`]cejc eo ki iaan gh]jpaj ]]j pa pnaggaj aj `a gh]jp h]jcan r]op pa dkq`aj `kkn iaan pa ^ea`aj* Dap naop]qn]jp aj `a ^]hhaj ^]g r]j EGA= gqjjaj `]]nrkkn ]ho ejolen]pea `eajaj* Dap `n]]ep ]hhai]]h ki `a rancnkpejc r]j `a ^aharejcos]]n`a r]j `a hk_]peao* Pa `ajgaj r]hp ]]j dap ]]j ) o_dkqsahefg i]gaj r]j dap ^kqsaj aj ejne_dpaj r]j skjejcaj $Iaq^ah^kqhar]n`% kb `a nal]n]pea r]j ]qpkÑo $Heao^ko_d% kb dap ^anae`aj r]j na_alpaj $H]]cn]raj%( ej_hq) oeab dap caraj r]j ejbkni]pea re] ik`anja ie``ahaj r]j paha_kiiqje_]pea* Dean eo aaj ejpanaoo]jpa hejg pa haccaj iap `a Qpna_dpoa c]ia ej`qopnea* Gknpki( dap bqj g]n]gpan v]h kl `ava hk_]peao iaan ]]j`]_dp ikapaj gnefcaj ej ]]johqepejc kl dap dqe`eca nqj g]n]gpan*

Jeappaiej ikap ej `a c]paj skn`aj cadkq`aj `]p raah ^a`nefraj fqeop r]jsaca `a nah]peab h]ca lnefo ej `a =-. vkja caraopec` vefj* Ghaejo_d]heca ^a`nefraj ej skkjsefgaj _ki^ejanaj `a dqeoraopejcoh]opaj rkkn skjaj aj sangaj* Cnkkpo_d]hecdae` ^ea`p rkkn]h ^ef h]ca cnkj`gkopaj aj dqqnh]opaj gkopajrkkn`ahaj kl* @a klc]ra eo ^aop]]j`a ^a`nefraj pa ranhae`aj ki o]iaj iap ]j`ana ^a`nefraj( kranda`aj aj kjp) seggah]]no pa ejraopanaj ej `a gs]hepaep aj `a ejpajoepaep r]j dap nqeipaca^nqeg* Dap c]]p anki ajanvef`o pa ejraopanaj ej ran^apanejcaj r]j `a =-. vkja aj ]j`an) vef`o pa rkkngkiaj `]p ^aop]]j`a ^a`nefraj rnkac kb h]]p `a =-. vkja ranh]paj* @ep hae`p eiiano kl `aj `qqn pkp aaj ran`ana rannkiiahejc r]j dap Qpna_dpoa h]j`o_d]l*

23/12/08 14:26:33

@a =-. vkja gajp `eranoa rano_defjejcorkniaj aj h]]p ve_d veaj ]ho dap gjkkllqjp r]j aaj japsang r]j ojahsacaj `ea Qpna_dp iap ]j`ana Ja`anh]j`oa cnkpa opa`aj $=iopan`]i( Nkppan`]i( @aj D]]c aj Aej`dkraj% ran^ej`p* @a vkja i]jebaopaanp ve_d ]ho aaj oiahpgnkao r]j a_kjkieo_da kjpseggahejc( i]]n kkg ]ho aaj `nailah pqooaj Qpna_dp aj Jeaqsacaej kb ]ho aaj ikv] ag r]j `kkn rano_dehhaj`a lklqh]peao ^askkj`a aj kl rano_dehhaj`a sefvaj ca^nqegpa ca^ea`aj* @a gnqeoejc r]j `a ojahsacaj =-.( =. aj =.3( `a ranp]gpa ohkpaj aj `a opnq_pqnanejc r]j ^a`nefrajpannaejaj( ran`ahaj dap ^askkj`a h]j`o_d]l r]j `a vkja ej aaj oanea sefgaj `ea vksah cakcn]Úo_d `e_dp ^ef ahg]]n ]ho oui^kheo_d kl ]bop]j` r]j ahg]]n heccaj $G]j]hajaeh]j`( Dkkcn]raj( H]]cn]raj( Hqjappaj( Å%*

++

+,

Fqeop `ep ie_nk)hkg]ha jera]q aj `a klr]hhaj`a( opanga dapankcajepaep ej ca^nqeg aj skkjsefvaj pnkg kjva ]]j`]_dp* Oej`o ajgaha f]naj cnkaep `a ^adkabpa kj`an `a ^ef opa`aj^kqs ^apnkggaj ola_e]heopaj ki dap lkpajpeaah r]j ca^ea`aj ej ^asacejc $ejbn]opnq_pqqn r]j dap sacajjap( kranoh]cvkjao( `kknc]jcoca^ea`aj( Å% pa klpei]) he oanaj( aj ki `a ^askjano aj ca^nqegano `]]nej pa ^apnaggaj `kkn va pa h]paj l]npe_elanaj ej lh]jkhkceo_da lnk_a`qnao* @ava opq`ea( aaj ejepe]peab r]j Ope_dpejc =-.JQ( l]op daah `qe`ahefg ej `a hefj r]j aaj `ancahefg opnaraj*

Ej .,,2 da^ eg ia( ej dap g]`an r]j aaj kj`anvkag ^apnabbaj`a `a nkqpa j]pekj]ha J0 ej >ahce aj kl cnkj` r]j aaj okknp apjkcn]Úa r]j `ava sac( gnepeo_d qepcah]paj kran `a pa opnegp _]npkcn]Úo_da aj reoqaha ^aj]`anejc r]j `a pqooajca^ea`aj* Dap vksah nkiiaheca ]ho rnaai`a g]n]gpan `]p ]]j `ava ca^ea`aj san` pkacao_dnaraj( gs]i rkhcajo ief iap j]ia rkknp qep `a opaahoa kb ^ao_dkqsaj`a ^heg `ea `a rkkn^ef) c]jcan( `a `nkian( `a bkpkcn]]b( kb sahga ]j`ana l]oo]jp/ `]j kkg ankl sanlp* Dap gajiangaj`a r]j `ava ^heg eo a_dpan fqeop `]p dap `a aecaj nqeipa( `a ejpeaia aj kl ]hhanhae sefvaj ^ajqppa nqeipa( hkk_dajp* @a ^heg dkq`p fqeop ]bop]j` ki an aaj kllanrh]gpa r]j rnefa ranlh]]poejc aj aaj k^fa_p r]j ^ao_dkqsejc r]j pa i]gaj* Ca jolenaan` `kkn aaj ln]ci]peo_da opnkiejc ej `a opa`ahefga ok_ekhkcea opah`a eg rkkn ki dap ^ah]jc r]j dap skjaj( dap ca^nqeg r]j aj `a kic]jc iap `a nqeipa1 saan ej pa rkanaj( ki pacajkran `a ]bcahae`a ^aj]`anejcaj r]j dap klpeo_da sapaj2 saan aaj jkk`v]gahefga sa`anganecdae` pa lh]]poaj* Pacajkran `a ]qpknepaep r]j dap ÐkkcÑ ikaop `a Ðd]j`Ñ d]]n na_dpaj skn`aj panqccacaraj*

Dap ^akkc`a kj`anvkag j]]n `a =-. vkja( psaa f]]n h]pan( daabp dap rkkn`aah `ava vknc rkkn `a ^askjan aj dap ca^nqeg `ena_p pa gqjjaj ejpacnanaj* Ej `a hkkl r]j `a i]]j` fqje .,,4 vefj an `nea bk_qocnkal^efaajgkiopaj caknc]jeoaan`( ^aop]]j`a qep ^askjano aj nacahi]peca ca^nqegano r]j `ava vkja7 `a ^efaajgkiopaj vefj cahae`( caÚhi` aj qepca^n]_dp `kkn Khc] Nqooahh* @a ejvap s]o `a opa`ahefga nqeipa pan `eo_qooea pa opahhaj aj ki `a `aahjaiano ejpq peab dqj dangajjejcopagajo aj nkqpao ej g]]np pa h]paj ^najcaj iap ^adqhl r]j ope_gano aj caghaqn`a rehpfao* Dap _]npk) cn]Úo_da canaa`o_d]l ^haab kl `ava sefva dapvahb`a( i]]n san` ej d]j`aj cacaraj r]j lanokjaj `ea dap ca^ea` ^askjaj*

Re`akopehho r]j ejpanreaso iap ^askjano aj ca^nqegano r]j `a =-. vkja7 cai]]gp `kkn Khc] Nqooah*

cahier def.indd 66-67

Sahg rano_deh ^aop]]p an rkhcajo kjo ej iapdk`khkceo_d klve_dp pqooaj `a ]]j `a ^askjano r]j `a vkja r]j `a =-. rkkncaopah`a kl`n]_dp aj `a pa_djeag r]j iajp]ha kb oq^fa_peara g]]npaj s]]nkran pacajskkn`ec vkraah skn`p caolnkgaj; Paj aanopa( dap _]npkcn]Úo_da sang `]p `kkn `a bk_qocnkal skn`p qepcarkan`( eo jeap pa ranca) hefgaj iap dap i]gaj r]j iajp]ha g]]npaj* Dap cejc anki `a sefva s]]nkl `ava lanokjaj iap dqj ranpnkqs`a nqeipa kic]]j pa kihefjaj( dka va anr]j ca^nqeg i]gaj ej dqj ^aop]]j( aj jeap dka va `ea ej dqj dkkb`aj pagaj`aj* Dap ^acnel oq^fa_peara g]]np hefgp ej `ep klve_dp cao_degpan* I]]n( jkci]]ho( sa d]``aj jeap vkvaan `a ^a`kahejc ki kjranief`ahefg oq^fa_peara dangajjejcopagajo aj nkqpao cn]Úo_d r]op pa haccaj Ì ej `]p car]h vkq`aj sa hearan ]l]np iap ahg r]j `a `aahjaiano da^^aj caolnkgaj Ì ]ho sah ki `kkn `a _khha_peara _]npkcn]Úa aaj ejpan)oq^fa_peab lnk_ao ]]j pa ika`ecaj( aaj `eo_qooea r]j lkhepeaga aj rancahefgaj`a ]]n` iap ^apnaggejc pkp aaj caiaajo_d]llahefg ca^ea`* Aj( qepaej`ahefg( eo `a g]]np ej gsaopea ieo) o_deaj sah r]j iej`an ^ah]jc `]j `a `aik_n]peo_da( jkkep aan`an `kkn `a `aahjaiano iaacai]]gpa( anr]nejc r]j cav]iajhefga _]npkcn]Úa* S]p daabp `ava kabajejc klcaha) ran`; =]j `ava `nea caÚhi`a( rancahagaj aj ca]j]huoaan`a ^efaajgkiopaj gqjjaj sa `nea opahhejcaj kjphajaj6

23/12/08 14:26:33

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¡ @a ^aopq`aan`a vkja( aaj sens]n aj nkiiahec ej `a kcaj r]j aaj rnaai`a( ^hefgp qep dap ca^nqeg r]j `a ^askjano aj qep dap ranpkkc s]]nej va dqj ca^nqeg ranskkn`aj sah `acahefg ej ^acejoah aaj opnq_pqqn aj ejne_dpejc pa gajjaj* ¡ Dap ca^nqeg r]j `a vkja `kkn `a ^efaajca^n]_dpa lanokjaj eo rann]ooaj` pacaj) caopah`7 an vefj lnkÚahpulaj qep ]b pa hae`aj( vksah rano_dehhaj`a ÐskkjsefvajÑ ]ho rano_dehhaj`a Ð`eo_qnoeara opefhajÑ ej `a qepejc r]j `a nah]peao `ea `a lanokjaj iap dap ca^ea` da^^aj* ¡ @ava rano_dehhaj`a Úcqnaj ej `a nah]pea pkp dap ca^ea`( dka klna_dp aj rnef kkg ej `a ola_eÚaga _kjpatp r]j `a bk_qocnkal qepcaolnkgaj( op]]j jeappaiej ikca ) hefgansefo kl caol]jjaj rkap iap ahg]]n* Kb `]p jq dap `]cahefgoa haraj ^apnabp( ajanvef`o( kb ej `a _kjpatp r]j aaj caknc]jeoaan` kjpseggahejcolh]j( ]j`anvef`o( `a kjpikapejc r]j `ava skkjsefvaj aj sefvaj s]]nkl ankran skn`p caolnkgaj ran) aeop dap rej`aj r]j aaj ln]gpeo_d _kilnkieo aj dap vkagaj j]]n aaj caiaajo_d]lla) hefg ^aop]]j*

=?DPAN @A VKJA( AAJ RAAHRKQ@ R=J CA>EA@AJ Dap kj`anvkag r]j `a =-. vkja aj `a knc]jeo]pea r]j `a bk_qocnkalaj ^najcp( re] dap skkn` r]j `a ^askjano( `a nqeipahefga gs]hepaep r]j aaj vkja ]]j dap he_dp( `ea caskkjhefg ]hhaaj i]]n skn`p ^akkn`aah` kl d]]n gs]hepaepaj r]j ^anaeg^]]n) dae` aj rhkppa `kknopnkiejc* @ava ojahsacvkja( `kkn ]qpkik^eheopaj kjrano_dehhec cal]ooaan`( caabp kj`an`]g ]]j aaj kran`]]` ]]j ca^nqegaj( ]_perepaepaj( d]npo) pk_dpaj okio $pqejeanaj( nkaeolknp( Å%( `ea kl dqj ^aqnp arajvkraah ]jganlqjpaj rkniaj rkkn `a lanokjaj `ea sa da^^aj kjpikap* Dkasah okiieca k__]oekjaha ca^nqe) gano ^agajjaj jeap r]j `a lhag pa dkq`aj aj jeap pa ^acneflaj dka fa dean cn]]c gqjp skjaj( ^aj]`nqgp `a iaan`andae` r]j `a ^askjano `ea sef da^^aj caolnkgaj `a ca_ki^ejaan`a rkkn`ahaj $^ap]]h^]na lnefvaj( rano_dae`ajdae`( iej`an `e_dp^a) rkhgp( dap cnkaj( `a ohkpaj% `ea `ava nqeipa pa ^ea`aj daabp7 rkkn`ahaj `ea dqj ^efj] `a dulan]]jsavecdae` r]j `a ojahsac `kaj rancapaj* Aj ej`an`]]`( aaj ps]]hbp]h iajoaj ^efaaj^najcaj rkkn `nea skngodklo rkhopkj` ki aaj rann]ooaj` nahe b pa veaj kl`kaiaj ]_dpan `a ^]j]hepaep r]j aaj ojahsacvkja* @a kl aaj cnkpa p]bah qepcaolnae`a g]]np r]j `a vkja pkkjp( aaji]]h `kkn `a `aahjaiano ^asangp aj r]j pagajo rkknveaj( _kjopahh]peao r]j dangajjejcopagajo aj nkqpao* Dap skn`p ojah `qe`ahefg `]p `a kabajejc r]j _khha_peara _]npkcn]Úa jeap j ca^ea` h]]p rano_defjaj `]p ve_d ]bpagajp ^ejjaj `a _kjpkqnaj r]j `a vkja( i]]n aaj raahrkq` r]j ca^ea`aj* @]]najpacaj gkop dap `a `aahjaiano( `ea ikaepa da^^aj `a e`ajpepaep pa `aÚje naj r]j `a vkja ej d]]n cadaah( caaj ajgaha ikaepa ki kjo `kkn ÐdqjÑ ca^ea` pa hae`aj7 s]p ve_d Ì happanhefg Ì ]bpagajp ej `a ol]jjejc pqooaj `a lhag r]j dqj skjejc( `a lhaggaj r]j dqj ]_perepaepaj aj lanokkjhefga caskkjpaj ej dap ranlh]]poaj* @kkn dqj `]cahefgoa ln]gpefg aj `kkn dqj ranpkkc ej `a bk_qo) cnkal kran `ava ln]gpefg( da^^aj `a `anpeaj `aahjaiano kjo ea`an dqj qepoja`a r]j `a vkja capkkj`7 ej ahg r]j `ava qepoja`aj kj`ano_dae`p aaj rkkncnkj` ve_d r]j aaj ]_dpancnkj`( aaj _ajpn]]h ca^ea` r]j aaj lanebaan kb ^hej` ca^ea`*

Aaji]]h o]iajca^n]_dp h]paj `ava g]]npaj kjo veaj `]p s]p rkkn `a aaj `a rkkncnkj` ^hefgp pa vefj rkkn `a ]j`an `a ]_dpancnkj` eo( aj kicagaan`( `]p `kkn okiiecaj rankj]_dpv]]i`a ca^ea`aj rkkn ]j`anaj _ajpn]]h op]]j* S]jjaan fa `ava g]]npaj kran ahg]]n daaj hacp( hac fa pacahefganpef` `ava ie_nk)ca^ea`aj aj `a ^apagajeooaj $ca^nqegaj( caskkjpaj( Å% `ea va ejne_dpaj kran ahg]]n daaj* Cav]iaj) hefg `n]caj `ava ca^ea`aj ea`an ej dqj ^apagajeo ^ef ]]j `a vkja ej d]]n cadaah( `ea rkkn `a kj`anvkagano c]]j`asac `a _kjoeopajpea( `a _kilhatepaep aj `a dapank) cajepaep rangnefcp r]j aaj sanah` kl ve_dvahb* @]p eo lna_eao s]p aaj `aahjaian qep`nqgp pkaj def rangh]]n`a `]p Îdka _d]kpeo_d `a vkja kkg hefgp( ]ho fa cka` gefgp( eo an rkkn ]hhao lh]]poÏ*

Raah `aahjaiano angajjaj caaj `qe`ahefg ^aah` pa da^^aj r]j `a ejne_dpejc r]j `a vkja ]ho cadaah( okiiecaj vaccaj vahbo Îi]ggahefg pa ran`s]hajÏ ]ho va ]]j dap

cahier def.indd 68-69

s]j`ahaj vefj* L]o re] ^kppki)ql kjpikapejco) aj qepseooahejco]_perepaepaj ]ho `ava bk_qocnkalaj( aj ]]j `a d]j` r]j dap kranve_dp r]j `a ie_nk)ca^ea`aj aj dqj kj`an) hejca ran^]j` eo dap ikcahefg pkp aaj iajoahefga _]npkcn]Úa r]j `a vkja pa gkiaj*

SKKJSEFVAJ AJ @EO?QNOEARA OPEFHAJ Sa sehhaj dean `a rano_dehhaj`a Ðopefhaj r]j dap kl`ahajÑ r]j `a nqeipa kj`an) o_dae`aj* Ahga kl`ahejc pkkjp kjo opaa`o vksah aaj ie_nkca^ea`( ]hokkg aaj ^efvkj) `ana sefva r]j dap ^askjaj r]j `a vkja ]ho kkg `a rano_dehhaj`a i]jeanaj s]]nkl `a ^askjano ej dap caolnag qep`nqggejc caraj ]]j dqj skkjsefvaj*

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=% IE?NK)CA>EA@AJ6 CANE?DP KL @A SKJEJC Ì AAJ OHAQPAH=?PEREPAEP Ì @A >QEPAJSANAH@ Sa da^^aj gqjjaj _kjop]panaj `]p s]jjaan `a `aahjaiano carn]]c` san` kran `a vkja pa ranpahhaj( okiiecaj ^ackjjaj iap dap jkaiaj r]j `a lhag r]j dqj skjejc( dqj `ena_pa kicarejc* Aaj `aah r]j `ava `aahjaiano( iap j]ia `a lanokjaj `ea anc ]_peab vefj ej dap ranajecejco) aj ^qqnpharaj r]j `a sefg Dkkcn]raj( ^alangpa ve_d vahbo pkp `ava ^acnajo`a o_d]]h r]j `a sefg kb `a ^qqnp aj nabanaan`a jeap ]]j ]j`ana nacekÑo ^ejjaj `a vkja*

=j`ana `aahjaiano s]naj aan`an cabk_qop kl `a lhaggaj r]j dqj atpaneaqna ^avecda`aj( dqj sang arajpqaah( i]]n kkg aj rkkn]h dqj dk^^uÑo kb l]ooeao* @ep s]o rkkn]h dap car]h rkkn `a rkhgopqejdkq`ano( Úapoheabda^^ano aj eai]j` `ea anc ]_peab s]o ej vefj nkae_hq^* @ep cacaraj eo ejpanaoo]jp ki`]p anqep ^hefgp `]p dap vs]]npa ) lqjp r]j `a lanokkjhefga ie_nk)ca^ea`aj g]j rano_dqeraj r]j `a skjejc j]]n ]j`ana ca^ea`aj `ea r]j iaan ejrhka` vefj kl eai]j`( `ea r]j cnkpana ^apagajeo kb ^ah]jc vefj* Dap oqccanaanp `]p lanokjaj aaj nqeipa gqjjaj Ð^askjajÑ vkj`an an pa ÐskjajÑ( ]hhaaj ]h ki`]p ^al]]h`a caskkjpaj r]j daj opang iap `ea nqeipa vefj ran^kj`aj*

Aaj `an`a cnkal `aahjaiano ^aj]`nqgpa `ena_p dap baep `]p dqj nabanajpeaca^ea` ve_d ^qepaj `a vkja ^arkj`( kb ej ea`an car]h( `]p dap `a vkja krano_dnaa`* @ep s]o iap j]ia dap car]h rkkn aaj i]j `ea rkkn v]gaj Îkran]h ej Ja`anh]j`Ï gs]i aj rkkn aaj opq`ajp `ea =iopan`]i kb dap _ajpnqi r]j Qpna_dp aan`an ]ho vefj harajonqeipa ^ao_dkqs`a `]j `a vkja s]]n def oha_dpo j]]n panqcgaan`a Îki pa oh]lajÏ* >% IK>EHEPAEPAJ6 GKIAJ+C==J Ì H=RANAJ Ì @S=HAJ @ep psaa`a lqjp( ^apnabbaj`a `a ik^ehepaepocaskkjpaj r]j `a ^askjano( eo ran^kj) `aj iap dap rkknc]]j`a* Paj aanopa vefj an `a bknajvaj`a `aahjaiano( sangaj`aj aj opq`ajpaj( rkkn sea rkkn]h dap Ðgkiaj+c]]jÑ qep `a vkja pahp( aj `ea `qo ca jpa) naooaan` vefj ej `a ^anaeg^]]ndae` aj `a rhkppa `kknopnkiejc r]j dap ca^ea`* Aaj `aahjaian ^efrkkn^aah`( `ea ej `a vkja sangp ]ho _k n`ej]pkn hkceopeag( ^av]c `a vkja qepohqepaj` r]jqep `a klpeag r]j l]ngaan) aj rangaanonqeipa( ^agh]]c`a ve_d kran aaj ca^nag ]]j nacqh]pea ej `ep klve_dp aj rnkac ki aaj raah `qe`ahefgana ]]jsavecdae` r]j lkhepea( ap_* Rkkn `a psaa opq`ajpaj ej dap l]jah i]]gpa `a ]]j) savecdae` r]j aaj op]pekj ej dap d]np r]j `a sefg( Hqjappaj pkp aaj ]]jpnaggahefga ran^hefbolh]]po( aaj cao_degpa lhag `ea vksah ^ef dqj ^q`cap ]ho dqj ik^ehepaepo) aeoaj l]opa*

Paj psaa`a vefj an `aahjaiano rkkn sea dap anki c]]p ve_d vk cka` ikcahefg pa Ðh]ranajÑ ^ejjaj `a vkja( r]j dap aja lqjp j]]n dap ]j`ana( ki r]j `a aja nacek `a ]j`ana pa ^anaegaj* @]]n `ep ejpanja rangaan skn`p ^aikaehefgp `kkn k^op]gaho r]j cnkpa kir]jc $ojahsac%( rangaano^al]hejcaj $aajne_dpejcorangaan( ^hkgg]`ao( Å% aj `a h]^unejpeo_da opnq_pqqn r]j aaj sefg ]ho Hqjappaj( gkop dap `a `aahjaiano raah pef` ki dqj rkkngaqnonkqpao pa ^ao_dnefraj( dqj daeiahefga saccapfao aj dqj pnq_fao ki dqj ^aopaiiejc vk ojah ikcahefg aj vkj`an ^agaqnejc pa ^anaegaj* @a `aahjaiano vefj dap an ]hhai]]h kran aajo `]p( ]h eo `a vkja r]j ^qepaj oha_dpo ^anaeg^]]n `]jgvef `a ]qpksacaj( rkkn dap rangaan ^ejjaj `a vkja c]]p an jeapo ^kraj `a Úapo*

Aaj `an`a cnkal `aahjaiano hacp rkkn]h dap ]__ajp kl dap Ð`s]hajÑ pa rkap kb kl `a Úapo* Ej lh]]po r]j pn]fa_paj pa ^ao_dnefraj `kkn `a opa`ahefga ]]jaajo_d]gahejc r]j `a vkja( ^ao_dnefraj vef nkqpao ej `a lanebanea( sae`oa nkqpao `ea h]jco `a

23/12/08 14:26:33

]qpksacaj hklaj aj dqj `a oajo]pea caraj r]j dap lh]ppah]j` $`a cnkaja nqeipao( `a rah`aj( `a ohkpaj( Å%*

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?% LH=PPAH=J@ KB KLAJ OP=@; @ep ^najcp kjo j]]n aaj `an`a lqjp r]j ol]jjejc aj r]j kj`ano_dae` pqooaj `a `aahjaiano ]]j `a bk_qocnkalaj* Rkkn okiiecaj vkq `ava pqooaj Qpna_dp aj Jeaqsa) caej ejcaghai`a vkja aaj h]j`ahefg g]n]gpan ikapaj ^adkq`aj( cao_degp ki pa s]j`ahaj* Iaan`ana lanokjaj ^najcaj dap pdai] ^ao_daniejc r]j `a vkja pan oln]ga aj `a iaan j]]n jkop]hcea jaecaj`a `aahjaiano ransefvaj j]]n `a pef` pkaj `a vkja jkc aaj `knlo]_dpeca obaan gaj`a*

Rkkn ]j`anaj( `ea arajaajo cag]jp vefj pacaj aaj ran`ana klrqhhejc aj _kj_aj) pn]pea r]j `a ^a^kqsejc r]j `a vkja( vkq vef d]]n opa`ahefga gs]hepaepaj ran`an ikapaj kjpseggahaj pansefh va ve_d pacahefganpef` h]]p rkknop]]j kl d]]n ola_e]ha g]n]gpan r]j aaj klaj aj nqeia op]`* Rkkn `ava iajoaj eo `a ejvap jeap vkvaan dap ^adkq` r]j aaj h]j`ahefg h]j`o_d]l( ]hosah dap fa vk i]ggahefg ikcahefg gqjjaj ^hefraj ranlh]]poaj* >kqsaj( dap randkcaj r]j `a _kj_ajpn]pea ej `a vkja ^apagajp ej dqj kcaj aaj ranoha_dpanejc r]j `a rhkppa `kknopnkiejc aj dap klsanlaj r]j k^op]gaho ej `a ran^ej`ejcoikcahefgda`aj pqooaj `a rano_dehhaj`a nacekÑo kj`anhejc ej dap ikv] agca^ea`* @% NAH=PEA PKP DAP CA>EA@6 LN=CI=PEO?D Ì @EO?QNOEAB S]jjaan fa r]j `a ejdkq` r]j dap skkn` j]]n `a rkni c]]p( kj`ano_dae`aj `a `aah) jaiano ve_d r]j ahg]]n ej aaj _kjpejq i* =]j `a aja lkkh ^arej`aj ve_d `a lanokjaj `ea ve_d r]jqep aaj vqeran ln]gpeo_d naceopan pkp `a vkja randkq`aj $`a lhaggaj ]]jsefvaj`( nkqpao pagajaj` vkj`an an eapo ]]j pka pa rkacaj% aj ]]j `a ]j`ana lkkh ^arej`aj ve_d lanokjaj `ea aaj rand]j`ahejc dkq`aj $j]nn]peab( deopkneo_d( ]bba_) peab( Å% kran s]p ve_d ranrkhcajo jkc `qe`ahefgan ]bpagajp ]ho ÐdqjÑ ca^ea`* @a ran`ahejc r]j `a `aahjaiano kran `ep _kjpejq i gkip cnkbsac kranaaj iap `a rkhcaj) `a kj`ano_dae`ejcaj6 ca^nqegano+^askjano( fkjcanaj+kq`anaj( dqqn`ano+aecaj]naj( sangaj`aj+opq`ajpaj+calajoekjaan`aj( caskja ^qncano+ca jc]caan`a ^qncano*

>ejjaj dap g]`an r]j `a ejpan]_pea ej `a bk_qocnkal gkiaj `ava rano_dehhaj pqooaj `a `aahjaiano rkkn]h pkp qepejc ej `a sefva s]]nkl va ve_d ej iaan kb iej) `ana i]pa r]opdkq`aj ]]j `a cnkpa g]]np r]j `a vkja `ea pan dqj ^ao_deggejc rkkn daj kl p]bah hecp qepcaolnae`* Okiiecaj i]gaj dqj ^heg j]qsahefgo hko r]j `a g]]np( sefvaj iap `a rejcan lna_eava lqjpaj ]]j aj ca^nqegaj raah caghaqn`a rehpfao ki dqj nkqpao ]]j pa caraj* =j`anaj c]]j kl ej aaj deopkneo_d rand]]h kb ej aaj iaan ]hcaiaaj ranpkkc( s]]n^ef va h]jc jeap vkraah j]]n `a g]]np ransefvaj( aj ]ho va `]p sah `kaj( `]j c]]p dap ki dap ]]jcaraj r]j raah cnkpana kllanrh]gpaj( s]]nr]j va `a _kjpkqnaj iap ^na`a d]j`ca^]naj o_dapoaj*

@ava kliangejc ^apnabp jeap oha_dpo aaj `ap]eh* Deanqep olnaagp aaj ^ah]jc) nefg rano_deh ej `a i]pa r]j ranpnkqs`dae` r]j `a lanokjaj iap dap ca^ea`* S]jjaan okiiecaj aajrkq`eca ran^ej`ejcaj pqooaj aaj oanea lqjpaj ej `a nqeipa cn]Úo_d lnk^anaj ]]j pa caraj( ejpacnanaj ]j`anaj dqj gajjeo r]j dap ca^ea` ej aaj raah qeprkanecan aj ahac]jpan ranpkkc( aj ca^nqegaj ej lh]]po r]j `a dqj ]]jca^k`aj _]npkcn]Úo_da iangpagajo ]j`ana pulaj iangpagajo6 deopkneo_da $`]p]( arajaiajpaj( Å%( ^ekcn]Úo_da( `aikcn]Úo_da( lkhepeaga( Å Pkacacaraj6 `ava ^efaajgkiopaj r]j bk_qocnkalaj h]paj kjo jeap vkvaan dap ca^nqeg veaj( ej `a opnegpa ^apagajeo r]j dap skkn`( ]ho sah sefvaj s]]nkl an qep`nqggejc skn`p cacaraj ]]j dap ca^nqeg( ej `a oappejc r]j aaj ieje)lq^heag aj ej ]]jsavecdae` r]j kj^agaj`aj* J]]op aaj raahrkq` r]j lanokkjhefga nah]peao pkp dap ca^ea`( kjp) op]]p kkg aaj raahrkq` r]j nah]peao `kkn an ej `a cnkal kran pa olnagaj*

Pqooaj `ava `eo_qnoeara sefvaj aj dap ca^nqeg r]j `a nqeipa `]p va pkp qep) `nqggejc ^najcaj( ^aop]]p sah `acahefg aaj ran^]j`* >efrkkn^aah`( dap eo rkknopah) ^]]n `]p aaj cacaraj ]ho ranhacajdae` aj panqcdkq`aj`dae` ej dap olnagaj rkkn aaj lq^heag g]j _knnaolkj`anaj iap aaj ve_d kl `eo_napa sefva ^asacaj ej `a `]cahefgoa kicarejc7 kb `]p dap cacaraj r]j vahb^asqop aj d]]op ]ho aaj han]]n aaj ranpkkc dkq`aj kran `a sefg _knnaolkj`aanp iap aaj cnkpa ranpnkqs`dae` ej `a nah]pea pkp dap ca^ea` aj dap ca^nqeg anr]j*

cahier def.indd 70-71

R=J IEH@ LHQN=HEOIA J==N LNEJ?ELAO RKKN O=IAJD=JC Ie``aho `a bk_qocnkal eo `a cahacajdae` ca_na an` ki aaj rano_dae`ajdae` ]]j ca^nqegaj aj ]]j qep`nqggejcosefvaj gaj^]]n pa i]gaj aj pa kj`anvkagaj* @a `aahja) iano da^^aj j rkkn j dap skkn` cajkiaj aj `a ]]j`]_dp r]j `a ]j`anaj cagnacaj* I]]n ik_dp `ava kabajejc `a qep`nqggejc r]j aaj vagan lhqn]heoia da^^aj ^arkn`an`( `]j eo `]p sahhe_dp ej vefj iaaop Ðieh`aÑ rkni* @a ^efaajgkiopaj da^^aj ej`an`]]` ea`ana `aahjaian `a nqeipa cacaraj vefj harajogaqvao( vefj rano_deh gaj^]]n pa i]gaj( vkj`an `]p `ep pkp kjajecdae` kb ol]jjejc hae``a* Dap cejc dean ki aaj lhqn]heoia ej dap pagaj r]j cavahhecdae`( dqikn aj sa`anvef`o naola_p7 aaj ca]__al) paan` lhqn]heoia( vkj`an gnepeo_da pkapoejc r]j ea`ano ]ncqiajpaj kb ajc]caiajp* I]]n( c]]p `ep kkg vk s]jjaan ej dap a_dpa haraj `a qepaajhklaj`a skkjopefhaj pkp qepejc gkiaj ej iap ahg]]n _kj_qnnanaj`a ca^nqegaj r]j `a nqeipa( s]jjaan lanokjaj lnk^anaj ÐdqjÑ nah]pea pkp dap ca^ea` ]]j ]j`anaj kl pa haccaj; Ej dkaranna op]]p ej dap `]cahefgoa haraj `a olkjp]ja aj j]qsahefgo canacqhaan`a kjpseggahejc r]j `a vkja jeap ej `eajop r]j `a ca^nqegano aj ^askjano `ea dap iaaop ejrhka`nefg vefj( dap h]opecop( dap hqe`nq_dpecop( ap_*;

@ep ikv] agca^ea` hefgp kj`an `nqg r]j Ð`eofqj_peara gn]_dpajÑ $ojahsacaj( rangaan( kjpseggahejc r]j ^a`nefrajpannaejaj% ej `a ne_dpejc ca`qs` pa skn`aj r]j aaj cnkpana o_dae`ejc r]j d]]n ^askkj`a nacekÑo aj r]j aaj ]_dpanqepc]jc r]j d]]n gs]hepaep ]ho ^ahaab` ca^ea`* =ho pacajgn]_dp( aj rkkn dap ^adkq` kb `a ran^apanejc r]j aaj `ancahefga nqeipahefga gs]hepaep( hefgp dap jkk`v]gahefg ki aaj ^ef`n]ca pa gqjjaj haranaj ]]j dap gkiaj pkp kranaajopaiiejc aj ahg]]n rej`aj ej okhe`]nepaep( ]]j dap ^efaaj^najcaj r]j `a ^apnabbaj`a aj kj`anhejc rano_dehhaj`a olahano + ^qncano nkj` ajgaha caiaajo_d]llahefga lnej_elao rkkn aaj nqeipahefga o]iajd]jc $r]j `a vkja ej d]]n cadaah aj r]j ahg `aahca^ea` kl ve_d%* @]p ranaeop aaj `eo_qo) oea aj aaj opaagolah r]j ]ncqiajpaj s]]nej `a ^askjano iap ahg]]n _kj_qnnanaj ki r]op pa gqjjaj opahhaj s]p an r]j ^ah]jc eo rkkn `a kjpseggahejc r]j `a vkja aj pa gkiaj pkp aaj `aik_n]peo_d _kilnkieo* Jq sa `a `eranoepaep ej dap ca^nqeg r]j `a vkja ]]j dap he_dp da^^aj ca^n]_dp( eo dap jq v]]g pa pkapoaj dka `ava rano_dehhaj ve_d kj`anhejc randkq`aj*

)-) Op]rk)@a^]qca( F*( .,,/(

ap lnaqrao `a _ereoia( @]jeah(

`eo_kqno atlanp lkqn ]i heknan oao

ÐHÑej`ebb naj_a `q l]oo]jp mqe oa

?*( Eo]]_( F* $na`*%( `epekjo `a

kqpeho* ?]n _Ñaop `a i pdk`khkcea

iaqp( hao ]j_n]cao `q n oe`]jp mqe

hÑ=q^a( H] Pkqn `Ñ=ecqa( l*/..7

`kjp eh oÑ]cep Új]haiajp `]jo h]

oÑ iaqpÑ( ej6 ?ab] ( @*( L]omqean(

?anpa]q( I* `a( -54,( HÑejrajpekj

n cnaooekj rano hÑd]^epan mqa fÑ]e

@*( $na`*%( Hao oajo `q lq^he_*

`q mqkpe`eaj -* =npo `a b]ena(

lnklko a* Kj ja _kj_hqn] l]o

Lq^he_o lkhepemqao( lq^he_o i `e])

Bkhek( L]neo( l*/3*

hÑkijeo_eaj_a `a hÑd]^epan $k ha

pemqao( L]neo( LQB*

)/) >ancan( I*( .,,3( ÐD]^epan ha

o]rken( ha oaqh( ha rn]e( oan]ep

).) I]n_ >narecheane ]ok_eaanp dap

Ûqt* Nkqpa n]le`a ap atl neaj_a `q

ajpna hao i]ejo `ao ^n]rao d]^ep]jpo%(

skjaj iap Î`a ransknrajdae` r]j aaj

lnk_daÑ( ej6 =npcejaanejc $na`%(

i]eo lhqp p okj enn `q_pe^ehep

kic]jcorkniÏ7 Ie_dah `a ?an]pa]q

.,,3( J0* Rano qja ejbn]opnq_pqna

`]jo hÑ pq`a `Ñqj aol]_a _kiia h]

iap Îca^nqegosefvajÏ* Vea6 >narec)

rer]jpa( >nqtahhao( =-2( l*-3-)

J0* Aj i]ejpaj]jp h] mqaopekj `a h]

heane( I*( .,,.( ÐHÑDknevkj `q ja

-3.6 Î= hÑdaqna `Ñqj pn]r]eh reo]jp

lkooe^ehep pannepkne]ha( hÑd]^epan

lhqo d]^epan ap hÑ]^oaj_a `q i]ejpeaj n jkran ap laqp) pna ` o hkno

,&

lkejpa hao heiepao `ao ]llnk_dao

`a oke aj lq^he_Ñ( ej6 HÑD nep]ca

n kneajpan h] J0( eh aop ^kj `a

reoqahhao ap `a haqno pa_djemqao

`q ln]ci]peoia* ?kjÛepo `Ñqn^]jep

lkqrken ]j]huoan hao _]p ckneao `q

`Ñajmq pao*Ï

23/12/08 14:26:34

,'

,(

I=JEANAJ R=J >ASACAJ

@a =-. vkja eo aaj kjca`aÚjeaan`a nqeipa pqooaj g]j]]h aj ojahsac( pqooaj op]` aj ^qepajn]j`* Dap g]j ej Ì aj iap Ì `a =-. vkja jkc ]hha g]jpaj kl* @a =-. vkja eo ej ÐHei^kÑ&* Dap eo aaj lania]^ah ca^ea`6 rkh iap pef`ahefga `kahaj `ea i]ggahefg ^anaeg) ^]]n vefj aj `kkngnqeop iap ejpanhkg]ha aj ejpanj]pekj]ha ran^ej`ejcaj* I]]n ^asacaj` kran `ava ran^ej`ejcaj g]j iaj `kkn dap ca^ea` o_deapaj ^efj] vkj`an dap kl pa iangaj* @a =-. vkja eo kl `ep ikiajp aaj Ðjkj)lh]_a pk ^aÑ* Dap ca^ea` eo ej ^asacejc( ea`an lqjp ej dap ca^ea` eo ^aopaiiejc aj ranpnaglqjp pacahefg* An eo saejec cahacajdae` rkkn ran^hefb( i]]n Ì kran`]c Ì vefj kran]h iajoaj ^ejjaj aj ^qepaj $^heg% ve_dp^]]n* @a k^oanr]pea >aharejc rkhcp `a opnkki vk]ho `ea ve_d Ðj]pqqnhefgÑ rkkn`kap ej dap ca^ea` rkkn rano_dehhaj`a i]jeanaj r]j ^asacaj* Opa`aj^kqs g]j skn`aj klcar]p ]ho vkagaj j]]n s]]n `a opnkki skn`p ikcahefg cai]]gp( s]]n def skn`p ca^hkggaan` aj dka* A_dpan ]ho `a `nqg dkkc cajkac eo `]j rej`p `a opnkki aaj jeaqsa ^a``ejc* @a ca^nqegano aj ^askjano r]j `a =-. vkja _na naj dqj aecaj klhkooejcaj* Fqeop ej aaj ca^ea` ej ÐHei^kÑ vk]ho `a =-. vkja hecp an aaj g]jo ki `ava klhkooejcaj r]j ^ejjajqep pa rkhcaj( ]b pa hae`aj kb ki pa ^qecaj*

@a kknolnkjgahef ga ^apagajeo r]j `a

& Hei^k $H]pefj6 hei^qo kb hei^k(

vkj`an `ena_p ve_dp kl Ck`* + Hei^k

În]j`( vkkiÏ% + Hei^k eo aaj ]j`an

eo aaj ]_nk^]peo_da `]jo qep Pneje`]` `]jo s]o ki aaj caheab`a kranha`aja

skkn` rkkn Rkknca^kn_dpa( ej `a

s]]n^ef `a `]joan ]_dpankran d]jcaj` pa dahlaj qep dap rkknca^kn_dpa pa

G]pdkheaga pdak hkcea aaj lh]]po ]]j

kj`an aaj ^n]j`aj`a opkg `kkn `]jop

`a n]j` r]j `a daiah kb `a dah(

`ea opaa`o h]can skn`p cad]jcaj*

cahier def.indd 72-73

kjpoj]llaj*

=qpk ' bkpklqjp

Beapo ' bkpklqjp

>qo ' bkpklqjp

Rkap ' bkpklqjp

Pn]i ' bkpklqjp

>kkp ' bkpklqjp

Ran^hefblhag

23/12/08 14:26:36

,)

,*

IKV=èAG R=J H=J@O?D=LLAHEFGA OPNQ?PQNAJ( AHAIAJPAJ AJ OBANAJ

@a cnkkpo_d]heca ejbn]opnq_pqnaj ej `a =-. vkja da^^aj aanop pkp aaj bn]ciajp]pea r]j dap h]j`o_d]l cahae` ki ranrkhcajo `ava h]j`o_d]llahefga bn]ciajpaj pa ^as]naj rkkn ran`ana ]]jp]opejc* @ava l]n]`kt]ha nah]pea eo gajiangaj` rkkn `a h]j`o_d]lla) hefga op]pqo)mqk r]j `a =-. vkja aj eo aaj ^ah]jcnefg qepc]jcolqjp rkkn pkagkiopeca kjpseggahejcaj* H]j`o_d]l rknip aaj ^ah]jcnefg nabanajpeag]`an rkkn jeaqsa kjpseggahejcaj ej ejbn]) opnq_pqnaha nqeipao( aj ^efvkj`an ej `a =-. vkja* Dap h]j`o_d]l i]jebaopaanp ve_d kl psaa i]jeanaj* Paj aanopa ej dap abba_p r]j h]j`o_d]llahefga cacarajo $kj`ancnkj`( _qhpqqnh]j`o_d]l( opa`ahefg h]j`o_d]l% kl `a kjpseggahejc r]j dap ca^ea`* Ranrkhcajo ej `a i]jean s]]nkl dap naoqhpanaj`a ikv] ag r]j h]j`o_d]llahefga opnq_pqnaj( aha) iajpaj aj obanaj kjpseggahejc ej dap ca^ea` ^al]]hp* Dap `kkncnkj`aj r]j aj ejpan) raje naj ej h]j`o_d]llahefga _kj`epeao g]j dap skn`ejcolnk_ao r]j `a =-. vkja ]h`qo ejcneflaj` `kaj ran]j`anaj* @]]nj]]op olaahp ejbn]opnq_pqqn aaj ^ah]jcnefga nkh ej dap anr]naj aj kn`ajaj r]j nqeipa* Ej dap ranhajc`a r]j ahga ]boh]c kjprkqsaj ve_d jeaqsa _ki^ej]peao r]j nqeipao( k^fa_paj aj ^aah`* @ava oamqajpeao rkniaj aaj gejapeo_da _kilkoepea `ea `a ^aharejc r]j `a japsangopa`ahejc hefgp pa ranaajvahrecaj* Ahga oamqajpea daabp vefj aecaj $pdaknapeo_da% lh]jÚcqqn( nqeiparkni( lnkcn]ii] aj ^aah`p]]h* Dap `kkncnkj`aj aj _kilkjanaj r]j ahg ]bvkj`anhefg `e]cn]i g]j aaj ^ah]jcnefg opqnejcoejopnqiajp rkkn dap ca^ea` skn`aj*

cahier def.indd 74-75

H]j`o_d]llahefga bn]ciajpaj ]ho ]]jgjklejcolqjpaj rkkn ejpanrajpeao

23/12/08 14:26:45

,+

,,

ÐLK?GAPOÑ AJ RAN>EJ@EJCAJ

@a =-. ^ef Qpna_dp eo rkkn Ja`anh]j` aaj daah _ajpn]ha ]o( i]]n rkkn dap ca^ea` aaj cnkpa ^]nne na* Dap ca^ea` eo aaj ikv] ag r]j lanebana bqj_peao( vkj`an `]p an oln]ga eo r]j aaj aajdae`* Dkasah okiiecaj dap ca^ea` sah ]ho aajdae` veaj aj dap vahbo ]ho ÐQpna_dpoa Vqe`]oÑ ]]j`qe`aj( ikap skn`aj klcal]op iap dap Ðna Ú_anajÑ r]j vkÑj ^aah`* S]jjaan dap ca^ea` pa raah r]jqep j ^al]]h`a reoea skn`p ^agagaj( skn`aj s]]n`arkhha gs]hepaepaj( `ea an ej nqeiana o]iajd]jcaj ^aop]]j( kran dap dkkb` caveaj* @a =-. vkja hefgp jeap `a lkpajpea pa da^^aj ki qep pa cnkaeaj pkp aaj jeaqs _ajpnqi ej `a nacek* Danopnq_pqnanejc `kkn `a ejbn]opnq_pqqn kj`an `a cnkj` pa ^najcaj eo `qqn aj dap hefgp kjikcahefg ki `]]n gkopaj`n]cano rkkn pa rej`aj* Raah iaan heccaj g]joaj rkkn `a pn]jobkni]pea r]j dap ca^ea` ej ran^apanejc r]j `a dqe`eca ran^hefbo) gs]hepaep( vk]ho ran^apanejc r]j `a ok_e]ha raehecdae` aj dap ran^ej`aj r]j `a `eranoa `aahca^ea`aj iap ahg]]n j okio kkg iap ^aop]]j`a ca^ea`aj ^qepaj `a op]`* Klc]ra eo dap Ðoq^heianajÑ r]j dap ^aop]]j`a ikv] ag aj ran^apanaj r]j `a gs]hepaep r]j `a ]bvkj`anhefga Ðlk_gapoÑ*

cahier def.indd 76-77

L=LAJ@KNL G=J==HKARANO

SKKJ >KQHAR=N@

NEFJAJ>QNC

LH=O H==CN=RAJ

D]raj

G]ooaj

Olknp

Nqeipahefga cnajvaj

Ej`qopnea

=cn]neo_d

Kj`ansefo

Ejopepqpekjaha cnajvaj

G]jpknaj

Rkhgopqejaj

Skjejc^kqs

>aop]]j`a ran^ej`ejcaj

Kraneca ^a`nefraj

Na_na]pea

Sejgah_ajpnqi

Casajopa ran^ej`ejcaj

23/12/08 14:26:47

,-

,.

?NA=PEARA >A@NEFRAJ -55,+.,,3

@a =-. vkja eo rkkn aaj ^ah]jcnefg `aah aaj op]`o^a`nefrajpannaej aj eo ]ho vk`]jec kjieo^]]n rkkn `a Qpna_dpoa o]iajharejc* @a ^a`nefrecdae` ej `ep ca^ea` eo caÂ?rkhqaan` kj`an ejrhka` r]j ran`eajopahefgejc r]j `a a_kjkiea( o_d]]hrancnkpejc ej dap ^a`nefbo) haraj aj aaj pkaj]ia r]j dap kj`anjaiano_d]l* Pkagkiopeca pn]jobkni]pea r]j `a =-. vkja pkp aaj skkjca^ea` hae`p jeap ]hhaaj pkp aaj ranheao ]]j sangcahacajdae`( i]]n eo kkg aaj kjran]jpskkn`a `aoejraopanejc ej aaj ca^ea` iap pkp jq pka cnkaeaj`a ^a`nefrecdae`* Dap vkq ^kraj`eaj aaj ]]jp]opejc ^apagajaj r]j `a Qpna_dpoa a_kjkiea aj( ^ef ran`ana rano_dqerejc r]j `a ran`sajaj ^a`nefrecdae` j]]n dap ^qepajca^ea`( kkg r]j dap klaj Qpna_dpoa h]j`o_d]l*

=]jp]h _na]peara ^a`nefraj -55,

cahier def.indd 78-79

-

.)/

0)1

2)-,

--)-1

-

.)/

0)1

2)-,

--)-1

-

.)/

0)1

2)-,

--)-1

-

.)/

0)1

2)-,

--)-1

=]jp]h _na]peara ^a`nefraj .,,3

23/12/08 14:26:50

-%

-&

LANOKKJHEFGA NKQPAO AJ DANGAJJEJCOPAGAJO R=J @A CAèJPANREAS@AJ

@a =-. vkja hefgp kl dap aanopa cave_dp aaj sens]n aj nkiiahec* Qep `a ejpanreaso ^hefgp a_dpan `]p dap ca^ea` aaj hkce_] ran^ancp `ea rkknpgkip qep dap ca^nqeg r]j `a nqeipa `kkn `a ^askjano( sangaj`aj aj l]oo]jpaj* Pk_d eo dap ca^nqeg r]j `a vkja vagan kkg cabn]ciajpaan`* Sangaj( an `kkndaaj nef`aj( skjaj kb nkaeaj bqj_pekjanaj ej aaj kjop]^eaha ^]h]jo* An eo oln]ga r]j aaj ikv] agca^ea`( ^askkj` `kkn rano_dehhaj`a lklqh]peao aj ca^nqegp kl rano_dehhaj`a sefvaj* @ep ikv] agca^ea` hefgp kkg kj`an `nqg pa op]]j r]j Ð`eofqj_peara gn]_dpajÑ( vk]ho ojahsacaj( rangaan aj ^a`nefrajpannaejaj( iap lkpajpe ha ol]jjejcaj ]ho carkhc* R]jqep ok_ekhkceo_d kkclqjp eo dap `]]nki ^ah]jcnefg jeaqsa okhe`]nepaepaj ej dap ca^ea` pa rej`aj aj ^ef pa `n]caj ]]j `a kjpseggahejc r]j ^]j`aj pqooaj `a rano_deh) haj`a ca^nqegaj* =ho rkkn^aah` rkkn oujancea pqooaj ca^nqegaj g]j `a nah]pea pqooaj `a rkhgopqejaj aj ^a`nefraj r]j L]laj`knl `eajaj( s]]n pqej`ano aj sangjaiano r]j `a ^a`nefraj ahg]]n gqjjaj pnabbaj ej aaj Ð^ekg]jpejaÑ r]j dap rkhgopqejaj_kilhat* @]p ranaeop a_dpan aaj _kjbnkjpanaj`a `eo_qooea Ì aaj opaagolah r]j ]ncqiajpaj Ì s]]nej `a ^askjano iap ahg]]n _kj_qnnanaj ki r]op pa gqjjaj opahhaj s]p an r]j ^ah]jc eo rkkn `a kjpseggahejc r]j `a `aahca^ea`aj*

Lanokkjhefga nkqpao Lanokkjhefga nkqpao Oq^fa_peara dangajjejcolqjpaj Oq^fa_peara dangajjejcolqjpaj

cahier def.indd 80-81

23/12/08 14:26:53

-'

-(

@a rangajjaj`a ha_pqqn r]j `a =-. vkja aj `a ola_eÚaga k^oanr]peao ej `ep _]dean vefj caaj `kah kl ve_d* Dap eo `a ^]oeo aj `a kli]]p j]]n aaj ran`anc]]j`a `e]hkkc `ea rkknp v]h `qnaj kran `a pkagkiopeca kjpseggahejc r]j dap ca^ea`* @a ransknraj ejve_dpaj kran dap ca^ea` ej d]]n deopkneo_da _kjpatp aj `a ^ah]jcnefgopa `eiajoeao r]j d]]n dqe`eca oepq]pea i]]gp dap ikcahefg ki r]j dap ola_eÚaga j]]n dap ]hcaiaja pa sangaj* @ep ej pacajopahhejc pkp `a ca^nqegahefga ]]jl]g r]j `ava rn]]copqggaj* @a naÛateab carkan`a `e]hkkc( nabananaj` ]]j O_kpp H]od( i]]gp dap ikcahefg `a `eo_elhej]ena cnajvaj( `ea ej `a k^oanr]peao jkc ^aj]`nqgp vefj( pa krano_dnef`aj aj qepaej`ahefg pkp krangkalahaj`a aj ^kraj]h `ealc]]j`a _kj_hqoeao pa gkiaj* Iap `ep _]dean aj `a canah]paan`a pajpkkjopahhejc ej dap ]n_depa_pqqn_ajpnqi =knp] seh Ope_dpejc =-.JQ `a iajp]ha aj buoeaga nqeipa rkkn `ava `e]hkkc _na naj* @a pajpkkjopahhejconqeipa s]]n `a naoqhp]paj r]j dap =-.JQ kj`anvkag calnaoajpaan` skn`aj( skn`p `]]nki happanhefg capn]jobkniaan` j]]n aaj Ðdkqoa kb l]nhe]iajpÑ( rancahefg^]]n iap ^efrkkn^aah` dap H]candqeo ej Ajcah]j`* An kjpop]]p aaj ejpajoa nqeipa s]]n lq^heaga aj lner]pa l]npefaj `ena_p aj kj^ar]jcaj ej `a^]p gqjjaj c]]j kran `a pkagkiop r]j `a =-. vkja*

@a opahhejcaj r]j `a `aogqj`ecaj vefj ranp]]h` j]]n g]]np^aah`aj aj gqjjaj kl `ava i]jean ]]j ahg]]n caoleacah` skn`aj* Qep `ava oqlanlkoepea r]j opahhejcaj( dap _kj_ajpn]]p r]j `a ola_eÚaga k^oanr]peao( kjpop]]p ej aaj ^acahae`a `e]hkkc aaj ]caj`] rkkn dap ca^ea`* Dap ^akkc`a g]n]gpan r]j dap `a^]p eo `]j kkg aan`an kleje naj`( `]j _kjbnkjpanaj`* @a ]caj`] rkkn dap ca^ea` g]j ranrkhcajo qepcasangp skn`aj pkp aaj lneknepaepaj) hefop r]j p]_peo_da ejpanrajpeao kb ÐheopajÑ rkkn dap ca^ea`6 ]_qlqj_pqnaha ejcna) laj s]]niaa iap iejei]ha ejvap i]tei]]h naoqhp]]p g]j skn`aj ^anaegp* R]jqep `ava ola_eÚaga ]]jl]g g]j j]]n rans]_dpejc ^apan nagajejc cadkq`aj skn`aj iap `a ^aop]]j`a oepq]pea( aj ^kraj`eaj skn`aj hkg]ha olahano( lnk^haaiaecaj]naj aj+kb ^ah]jcda^^aj`aj kl aaj r]jvahbolnagaj`a aj _kjopnq_peara i]jean ^apnkggaj ^ef dap pkagkiopeca pn]jobkni]pealnk_ao*

cahier def.indd 82-83

Opab]j >aj`ego

23/12/08 14:26:53

-)

-*

O_dapog]]np rkkn qs aecaj ]]jpagajejcaj aj jkpeao*

cahier def.indd 84-85

23/12/08 14:26:53

-+

-,

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cahier def.indd 86-87

-* N]j`op]` Qncajp( .,,26 Opnq_pqqnreoea N]j`op]` .,0,6

.* Jkp] Nqeipa( .,,26

/* IENP lnkfa_paj^kag( NSO( .,,56

ranaajrkq`ec` nqeipahefg kjpseggahejco lanola_peab

J]pekj]ha Nqeipahefga Dkkb`opnq_pqqn

lnkfa_paj Jkkn`rhaqcah

0* Op]npjkpepea Nejc Qpna_dp+ Lh]jopq`ea( NSO( .,,46

1* Jkp] Ik^ehepaep( .,,26 ]]jp]h naevecano

2* Jkp] Ik^ehepaep( .,,26

]j`ana opq`eao nacek Ie``aj)Ja`anh]j`

lan caie``ah`a sang`]c ej .,,.

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3* Op]npjkpepea Nejc Qpna_dp( NSO( .,,46

4* Op]npjkpepea Nejc Qpna_dp( NSO( .,,46

5* Op]npjkpepea Nejc Qpna_dp( NSO( .,,46

]hpanj]peab ran^na`aj r]ne]jp =6 rkhha nejc

]hpanj]peab oknpanaj

]hpanj]peab olnae`aj

-,* ?kj_alp Lanola_pearajjkp] Jeaqsacaej( .,,46

--* ?kj_alp Lanola_pearajjkp] Jeaqsacaej( .,,46

-.* ?kj_alp Lanola_pearajjkp] Jeaqsacaej( .,,46

Kjpseggahejcoreoea JR Qpna_dp .,-1).,/,

opnaab^aah` skjaj

opnaab^aah` sangaj

23/12/08 14:26:54

--

-.

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.4* Hae`ejcaj

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cahier def.indd 88-89

23/12/08 14:26:56

.%

.&

//* ?kj_alp Lanola_pearajjkp] Jeaqsacaej( .,,46 ]i^epeao Qpna_dp

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0/* Aoo]u A_kjkiea6 Ðpn]`epekjahaÑ ^a`nefraj( -55,

00* Aoo]u A_kjkiea6 Ðpn]`epekjahaÑ ^a`nefraj( .,,3

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/3* Op]npjkpepea Nejc Qpna_dp( NSO( .,,46 ran^na`aj r]ne]jp =

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03* Aoo]u A_kjkiea6 Ðik`anjaÑ ^a`nefraj( -55,

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05* Aoo]u A_kjkiea6 kraneca ^a`nefrecdae`( .,,3

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0-* Op]npjkpepea Nejc Qpna_dp( NSO( .,,46 ]rkj`olepo

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cahier def.indd 90-91

23/12/08 14:26:58

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r]j Ojahsacaj kl ^]oeo r]j `a Nacaj)

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cahier def.indd 92-93

Nqeipahefg Lh]j^qna]q( J=E Lq^heod)

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23/12/08 14:27:04

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vk]ho ^efrkkn^aah` ^ef `a a_kjkieo_da `k_ajp Lh]jkhkcea ]]j `a b]_qhpaep

Lnkbaookn rkkn H]j`o_d]lo]n_depa_)

I]]po_d]llef) aj Ca`n]cosapajo_d]llaj pqqn ]]j `a b]_qhpaep >kqsgqj`a r]j

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r]j `a Qjeranoepaep r]j =iopan`]i*

`a PQ @ahbp* Def caabp hae`ejc ]]j

Lnkrej_ea Qpna_dp $?dneo N]`ai]gan

Opab]j >aj`ego eo ia`aklne_dpan

D]]n kj`anvkag( kj`ansefo aj lq^he)

dap b]_qhpaepo^na`a kj`anvkagolnk)

aj Fankaj >hki%7 >aopqqn Nacek Qpna_dp KN?=%( Rko Ja`an daianp Pn]jolknp(

r]j dap ^qna]q =npcejaanejc aj

_]peao bk_qooaj kl nacekj]ha aj

cn]ii] ÐQn^]j H]j`o_]la =n_depa_pqnaÑ

$Nk^ r]j Dehpaj%7 Opaqjlqjp Nkqpa)

F]j Seh^ano aj `a ^askjano aj

aj `kap H]j`o_d]lo]n_depa_pkjeo_d

kjpsanl $@]re` r]j Vahi r]j Ah`eg aj

ca^nqegano r]j dap ca^ea` $kj`an

Qpna_dp%( Pdagh] Paqjeo $=*Q*O*N*

`a PQ @ahbp ]ho kj`anvkagan kl dap

cnkj`^ahae`( ckranj]j_arn]]copqggaj

kj`anvkag j]]n iapnklkhep]ja nqeipao

Panpeqo D]jag]il%7 Nefgos]panop]]p

iaan6 I]_deah C]hai]( Dajg Olnaj ga)

n]]grh]g r]j opa`aj^kqs aj ejbn])

aj dap n]]grh]g pqooaj lh]jjejc aj

aj `a vkcajkai`a Ð`eolanoa` pannepk)

$D]jo @acaj]]n aj Bkjo Ajcahaj%7

hao( Fap O_dqppa( >]np H]qsnean(

opnq_pqqn* Ej vefj sang kjpseggahp

na_dp* Kl `ep ikiajp sangp va ^ejjaj

neaoÑ r]j _kilhata opa`ahefga ]cchk)

H]]cn]raj Ejraopiajp $Sea_dan Pkap

>k^ Ck^]n`]i( @eng Gs]ggah( Fankaj

def opn]pacea j aj kjpsanlaj rkkn

dap opa`ahefg ejjkr]pealnkcn]ii] r]j

ian]peao* @a nkh r]j dap h]j`o_d]l

aj Kjjk @s]no%7 Ranajecejc Skkj^kqha)

Behie_d( Lapan Oln]jcano( N]`^kqp

ej dap `kkncnkj`aj( ^aopqnaj aj ejpan)

r]n` Qpna_dp $Re_pkn >k_gsac aj

r]j `an Hej`aj( S]hpan G]ilo( Naiu

raje naj ej `ava oepq]peao op]]p

Rej_ajp @efgan%*

D]nnasefj( Sehhai Nefga( Dani]j =]no)

deanej _ajpn]]h*

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i]j( iarn* P]o`aien)?aheg( ?dneopko

_kilhata $pqooaj%opa`ahefga ca^ea`aj( JSK ]]j aaj kj`anvkag kran nacekj]]h iap dean^ef ^efvkj`ana ]]j`]_dp rkkn

ranarajaj aj qepnqehaj*

`a nkh r]j ejbn]opnq_pqqn aj rangaan* ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) Ej `eranoa opq`eao aj lnkfa_paj

Khc] Nqooah eo Úhii]gan iap aaj

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L]npjan pajpkkjopahhejc + `a^]p6

Poebpoeo( >]dn]i Ikip]d]j( I]neaga

danejpanlnapaanp def `a randkq`ejc

b]o_ej]pea rkkn `a ran]j`anejcaj ej

Fankaj r]j Saopaj $gqjopaj]]n aj

Araheja L]]hr]op $]n_depa_pqqn)

Fapdo( Nk^ H]qso( ?dneopeaj >khp%*

r]j ik^ehepaep( h]j`o_d]l aj opa`a)

dap opa`ahefga h]j`o_d]l* Ej d]]n

bkpkcn]]b% aj Fqhe]j O_]bb $gqjopa)

_ajpnqi =knp]%*

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hefga kjpseggahejc*

Úhio c]]p va ej kl `a abba_paj `]]nr]j j]]n aj Úhii]gan% `ahaj aaj l]ooea

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Jeapo qep `ava qepc]ra i]c skn`aj

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kl `a ca^nqegan* Vef i]]gpa kj`an iaan rkkn h]j`o_d]l* Ej dqj sang eo

Na`]_pea6 Opab]j >aj`ego*

ranraahrkq`ec`( klcaoh]caj kb klaj)

I]pdeaq >ancan eo calnkikraan`

Úhio kran Nkppan`]i( `a op]` Te]iaj

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^]]n cai]]gp( ej ajeca rkni kb ajeca

ok_ekhkkc ]]j `a Rnefa Qjeranoepaep

ej ?dej] aj dap `knl Daejk* D]]n Úhio ej aaj h]j`o_d]l aj d]]n Ð_qhpqqnÑ

=qpaqno6 Opab]j >aj`ego( =ch] a

sefva( dapvef ahagpnkjeo_d( ia_d])

r]j >nqooah $QH>%* Def eo ran^kj`aj

vefj k*]* capkkj` ej dap >kefi]jo r]j aooajpeaah* Na_ajpa rkkn^aah`aj

@acnko( Ka`vca =pvai]( I]pdeaq >ancan( jeo_d( `kkn bkpkgklea j( klj]iaj

]ho c]opkj`anvkagan ]]j dap ?ajpna

>aqjejcaj( dap J=E aj `a Pa_djeo_da

deanrkkn vefj dqj aan`ana o]iaj)

Hakjea F]jooaj)F]joaj( Lapan Gail(

kb ajeca ]j`an i]jean( vkj`an rkkn)

`ÑApq`ao `ao Ikqraiajp Ok_e]qt

Qjranoep p >anhej* Vef sangp vksah

sangejcolnkfa_p kran `a =- $hk_]pea)

Sehhai O]hap( Naj r]j `an Rah`a*

]bc]]j`a o_dnebpahefga pkaopaiiejc

$ADAOO% ej L]nefo* Ej .,,4 o_dnaab

vahbop]j`ec ]ho ej kl`n]_dp*

kj`anvkag aj ]np ikrea%( aj ÐPann]

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r]j Ope_dpejc =-.JQ*

I]pdeaq >ancan aaj ^kag kran l]npe_e)

sss*khc]nqooah*_ki

Ej_kcjep]Ñ aaj kjpsanl r]j Fankaj r]j

Bkpk + Úhi6 Khc] Nqooah( Fqhe]j

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l]pealnk_aooaj ^ef `a danopnq_pqna)

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Saopaj rkkn l]ng aj cahqe`os]h h]jco

O_]bb( Fankaj r]j Saopaj*

EO>J+A=J6 534)5,)4-/424)-)0

nejc r]j >nqooahoa sefgaj6 >nqtahhao

Sehhai O]hap eo rkknveppan r]j

`a =1, ^ef =lah`kknj*

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hÑ lnaqra `a h] l]npe_el]pekj*

=AOKL( `a ]ook_e]pea r]j Aqnklaoa

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Pa]i =npcejaanejc6 Hehepd r]j =ooai(

¥ Ope_dpejc =-.JQ .,,5

Parajo s]o def `a ]qpaqn r]j dap

lh]jjejc o_dkkho* Def eo lnkbaookn

Ope_dpejc =-.JQ eo klcane_dp ej

H]qnajo >kk`p( Cq nejk @ÑKjkbnek(

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ok_ekhkceo_da aoo]u ej J0 Ì pks]n`

Opa`ahefga aj Nacekj]ha Lh]jjejc ]]j

fqje .,,3* Dap eo aaj ejepe]peab

=hcei]jp]o Jajeogeo( Panao] L]l])

Ope_dpejc =-.JQ

] herejc ejbn]opnq_pqna( aaj lq^he)

`a b]_qhpaep `an I]]po_d]llef) aj

r]j Opab]j >aj`ego( =ch] a @acnko

_dneo pkq( Iejfea Oe( Je_kh]o R]hajpej*

-a Ie``ahh]j`opn]]p -,/

_]pea r]j =npcejaanejc* Ej vefj sang

Ca`n]cosapajo_d]llaj( Qjeranoepaep

$=npcejaanejc% aj Dajne r]j `an Racp

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JH)/,.- >@ Nkppan`]i

^aopq`aanp I]pdeaq >ancan `a _kjpatp

r]j =iopan`]i* =ho ok_ekhkkc aj

$Iapnklhat%* Dap sang r]j `a ope_d)

Ranp]hejc6 Nko] Lkhh *

pah ,-,).0,5-11 + b]t ,-,).0,5-10

r]j `a ^aharejc* Dean^ef c]]p vefj

lh]jkhkkc eo def kj`an iaan caola_e])

pejc =-.JQ eo happanhefg cnajo)

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ejbk<]-.jq*jh + sss*]-.jq*jh

]]j`]_dp qep j]]n dap ln]gpeo_da

heoaan` ej rn]]copqggaj r]j nqeipa)

krano_dnef`aj`6 dap eo ejpan`eo_e)

Cn]Úo_d Kjpsanl6 @a Kjpsanlano(

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canaa`o_d]l aj `a iapdk`aj s]]niaa

hefga lh]jjejc aj opa`ahefga pn]jo)

lhej]en aj ejpancaiaajpahefg* Dap

I]nfap r]j D]npog]il aj Laccu

aaj vs]gga olahan $^askjan( ca^nqe)

bkni]pea* Def daabp kkg raah kj`an)

^najcp lq^heaga aj lner]pa l]npefaj

Pdaaqsaj( >na`]*

gan( haanhejc( Å% aaj Ð^arkac`dae`Ñ(

vkag ranne_dp j]]n bn]iejc r]j cnkpa

vksah ejdkq`ahefg ]ho kkg Új]j_eaah

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aaj ÐopaiÑ kb aaj Ðdkq`ejcÑ lnk^aanp

opa`ahefga lnkfa_paj* Sehhai O]hap

^efaaj ej aaj Ðoqlknpano)_hq^Ñ*

@nqggan6 JLJ @nqggano( >na`]*

ej pa jaiaj ^ejjaj ejopepqpekjaha

_k n`ejaan`a kj`an iaan aaj ranca)

Ope_dpejc =-.JQ ^ea`p `a `aahjaiaj`a

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]_perepaepaj*

hefgaj` kj`anvkag j]]n ÐIapnklkhep]j

l]npefaj aaj kj]bd]jgahefg lh]pbkni

>ej`an6 Datolkkn( >ktpah*

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Ckranj]j_a ]j` Ol]pe]h Lh]jjejcÑ ej

rkkn _kjopnq_peara ca`]_dpajrkniejc

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=ch] a @acnko eo ia`aklne_dpan

., Aqnklaoa nacekÑo( iap =j`u Pdknj)

kran ranopa`ahefgpa ojahsacca^ea`aj

r]j dap ^qna]q =npcejaanejc aj

hau $Hkj`kj O_dkkh kb A_kjkie_o% ]j`

aj `a =-. vkja ej dap ^efvkj`an*

Ope_dpejc =-.JQ* Vef eo ran^kj`aj

=jpkj Gnaqgaho $Qjeranoepaep r]j

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cahier def.indd 94-95

ejpajoeab kj`anvkag j]]n( aj ran^hefb

.*

I]]o%7 Caiaajpa Qpna_dp $=j_k O_dqp%7 Okiano( Cnackn Oparajo $Caiaajpa

arkhqpea r]j ^a`nefbohk_]peao*

Ope_dpejc =-.JQ* Def eo ran^kj`aj ]]j iapnklkhep]ja ca^ea`okjpseggahejc(

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23/12/08 14:27:06

.+

cahier def.indd 96

23/12/08 14:27:07