Evacuation Shelter PROGRAM

CRITICAL ACTION: EVACUATION CENTER

MALGORZATA GRZESIKOWSKA

2018-2019 ALASKA

THE ROYAL DANISH ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS

program IN CASE OF EMERGENCY

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

Shaktoolik, Alaska

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Contents

1

4 Introduction

Architecture and Extreme Environments

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8 Preface

Architecture and Extreme Environments

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26 Program Intentions

What am I proposing and how is this relevant to my context?

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30 Context

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Where are we?

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

3 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

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46 History and Culture

Inupiat style of living in the past

52 Criteria

Program and characteristics

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78 CV

56 Program

Resume

Site criteria

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77 Bibliography References

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60 Vision

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Program

Challenges Saftet Flexibility Resilience

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

Shaktoolik, Alaska

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Introduction

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Architecture and Extreme Environments

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

This project is a part of the Architecture and Extreme Environments master program at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen. This master programme has a strong focus on site-specific design, achieving this through direct engagement and expeditions to environments which are out of balance.

This year’s expedition was to Alaska, the United States which took place between 19th of November and 14th of December 2018.

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Architecture and Extreme Environments

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

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The aim of this study expedition is to respond to present and future global challenges through research by design and direct on-site involvement. The expedition and project focus on struggles with situations like extreme cold, difficulties with finding food, floods, lack of energy, isolation, security etc. During the first months of our academic year, we are investigating the current challenges of the chosen environment and we are searching for innovative solutions. As a result, we are building 1:1 prototype which is being transported to the region and later tested and assessed. Further investigation take place after the travel and finally it transformed into an architectural project during the second semester.

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The view from the air during sunrise on the way from St. Michael to Unalakleet on 29th of November 2018 Malgorzata Grzesikowska

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The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Program

Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

2019

Shaktoolik, Alaska

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Preface

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

Mornings

You’re waking up. It’s hard to tell if a new day has begun. It’s still dark outside. You’re going upstairs and you eat breakfast with your hosts. You always stay late, listening to the stories about their tribes, the springtime when nature is awakening and everything is getting busy, about berries that are sweet and juicy and big like fists that you can find just one mile from the house. The stories about culture and religion, old traditions, nature and its health properties. You drink tea from plants that you picked up yesterday morning. You’re so enthralled that you don’t even notice that outside, it’s getting brighter.

The houses are rather small and simple, but unquestionably cosy. You want to feel as warm as you can when the air outside is so cold. To go out is almost a mission. Woollen underwear, the first layer, second layer, and then a few more depending on how you cope with the cold. Then heavy shoes, caps, gloves and you almost ready, well, you’ll never be truly ready for that weather, not mentally. Then you open the door and you stop. You stop for a moment because you forgot that you are in Alaska. When you’re inside these four walls, this practical protection to separate ourselves from the environment, the building could be placed anywhere. All that hustle and darkness of the house made you lose your way.

But there you are, in the door frame and the first thing you

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The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

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Living room in Alice and Josh’s house. Their house is situated on the coast side, right next to Shaktoolik School.

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The view from the window in the Alice and Josh’s living room. The houses, almost like in a purpose are designed to separate you from the outside. Almost every building in Shaktoolik has a view on the ocean or the river with mountains in the distance, but almost any of them can look out from their windows because, or they are not facing this side or the plan of the building doesn’t allow it. In case of Josh and Alice right in front of the window was a staircase to the basement.

see is the ocean. The ocean and nothing else. You stay there a moment, mostly to catch your breath, also because the view is just spectacular. This story repeats itself every day because it changes so quickly. Sometimes is so calm that it looks like a mirror and reflects the whole world on its surface. The next day is completely frozen and makes you feel like a fool, how it could be so different yesterday? The next day creates ice sculptures like jewellery for a special occasion. Sometimes, the sun emerges from behind the clouds and dances on its surface, shimmering with oranges, pinks and purples and you run with your camera and tripod and all the unnecessary equipment, almost losing your legs. When you get there, even if it took just a few minutes, it’s gone. Everything is blue again, but you stand there anyway and you don’t think about pictures anymore, your things lying discarded on the ground and you look into the endless depth, hypnotized. You cannot get enough of it.

How I got there

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The story begins a long time before the first flight. Long weeks of research and one article that made you make a decision - this is the place. An article about a small community located on Malgorzata Grzesikowska

a thin strip of land surrounded by water in the middle of nowhere in Alaska. The only way to get there is by air - no roads, no mountains, no place to run when the storm hits. When something happens, they are on their own.

Four planes, two delays and you end up in the wrong village in the middle of the night. This is how you learn about the hospitality of the people in Alaska. They are going to take care of you, because if they don’t, well you are in the wild with notable low temperature - it’s only a guess to how many hours you will survive.

Next day, two more planes and you feel like you won a lottery. Alaska from the air, when the sun is rising from the horizon

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The view of the slopes from the aeroplane during a sunrise. The aeroplanes that go to the small communities in Alaska are most of the times 4 to up to 20 persons. They are also used for transporting goods to local stores, post/deliveries. Because there are no airports, just a simple landing line, in each village there is an agent that takes care of those who arrive.

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Program

covering everything with a sharp orange light is breathtaking. Rays sliding gently on the slopes covered with the snow, sea ice making mesmerising patterns on the surface of the water and purple clouds gliding over your head. You are sitting next to the pilot with a smile on your lips and tears in your eyes. He’s smiling back because he knows what is happening in your mind. You haven’t seen such beautiful landscapes in your life yet. You don’t want to let that moment to end.

One hour of excitement and finally in the distance appears an image of something that is hard to describe as a village. One

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street, two rows of colourful houses and as far as the eye can see just water and lowlands coated with a white counterpane. This is Shaktoolik.

Pilots in remote places in Alaska are one of the best in the country. They can land in the darkness on the thin landing stripe covered with ice without waking you up.

Life on one street

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Imagine that you are standing in the middle of the street, your arms are wide open and it feels like you could touch the ocean with your one hand and the river with the other. In front of you placed in two rows are standing houses painted in different shades of blue, purple, green and yellow and that is it. The village that starts on one side of the street and ends on the other.

On the way from the airport which is a single landing strip located just a few minutes from the village, you pass by what they call sarcastically Shaktoolik’s „Walmart” - a cemetery of old devices; washing machines, cars, old fridges and anything that once was broken and couldn’t be repaired. This is where you go when you missing a part of something that you fixing at that moment and you can’t buy in the store. On the left side, simple crosses form a single line, peeking out from under the snow. The first building that you can see is a newly built clinic - one of the top priorities of the community that was lucky to be granted. Then houses on either side of the road. Right in the middle is the most important building - Shaktoolik School surrounded by facilities: the Malgorzata Grzesikowska

native store, post office, covenant church, water treatment plant and city office. Further along, more houses and at the end of the village, you can find the second store, fuel station and tank farm.

The road doesn’t stop here. It goes further into the land to the old village and fishing areas.

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How looks life on one street? It can be very busy. People riding on four wheelers or in cars if they are the lucky ones. If you can choose anything else than walking as a transportation method, you will definitely do that, it’s bitterly cold and windy. This is probably one of the biggest surprises when you’re arriving there. You wouldn’t expect much traffic on one street. The Shaktoolik people are very open, it is not difficult to feel like a part of the community, even if you are just a traveller staying there for a few days. The only thing you have to do is to take a small walk on the street and you can meet people that are smiling, greeting you and stopping for a small conversation. You don’t have to wait too long until somebody invites you for a coffee. The invitation most of the time comes with a story of life in the package. People in small communities are open, there is not a lot of opportunities to tell their life to someone from the other side of the world. Here, loneliness plays the main role.

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The photo represents the interior of one of the Shaktoolik’s residents. In the mirror, we can see the owner of the house. People in such remote places are very open and hospitable and with great pleasure will show you around the house and feed you with long stories from their past.

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On of the Shaktoolik houses picture was taken on 29th of November 2018 Malgorzata Grzesikowska

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The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Program

Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

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Evenings

It’s getting dark pretty early during the winter season, the last rays of the sun disappear over the horizon and you can already feel the street getting busy once again. People returning from work and kids are finishing school. The sun is gone, but you can feel that life just started here, in Shaktoolik. You can hear children’s loud laughs and screams, noisy squeaks of tires - somebody is having a four wheeler race on the street. There is not much to do and no other place than a school to go and play, so the kids remain outside. Every day in the late evening around 8 pm, half the village gather in the school gym to watch running children - the only entertainment that Shaktoolik offers to its residents. After, you go back home to watch tv and eat dinner. For us, it was another exciting part of a day, it means more stories from our hosts.

The irony, next generation and lost culture

Two miles from Shaktoolik you can encounter remains of the old village. Left, destroyed houses, half damaged by waves and wind. The real representation of the power of nature and the

Probably a mechanic’s garage in the Old Village. Left behind to be forgotten with a car and all equippment.

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memorial of forgotten years. Shaktoolik was forced to move in the past several times from the same reasons - erosion and flooding.

Storms are one of the biggest concerns and the fear of confronting them is very present in the everyday life of residents.

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One of the destroyed by waves and wind houses located in the Old Village.

„In the dream, a storm came and Betsy Bekoalok watched the river rise on one side of the village and the ocean on the other, the water swallowing up the brightly coloured houses, the fishing boats and the four-wheelers, the school and the clinic.

She dived into the floodwaters, frantically searching for her son. Bodies drifted past her in the half-darkness. When she finally found the boy, he, too, was lifeless.

“I picked him up and brought him back from the ocean’s bottom,” Ms Bekoalok remembered”1

The same fate awaits a new village. For centuries the water of the ocean has been giving Alaskan people the perfect condition for hunting and fishing, now the same power is their main enemy.

The same thing that gives them a chance to survive is the same that threatens their lives.

Alaska’s name comes from the Aleut word meaning: „The object toward the action of the sea is directed”. Water is inherent

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1. Goode, Text Erica. „A Wrenching Choice for Alaska Towns in the Path of Climate Change.” The New York Times. November 29, 2016. Accessed March 19, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/29/science/alaska-global-warming.html.

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Selected houses from the street in Shaktoolik.

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The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

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Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

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to their culture, moving higher up the land means losing a part of their heritage and cultural identity and at the same time depriving them of their source of food, the source of sustenance. This and many other reasons were the main determinants in the decision to stay and defend.

The first thing which comes to mind when you think about small communities is that they will probably disappear soon. Like in many places in the world we can encounter a significant migration of population from small towns to bigger cities. Villages are getting old and slowly dying. In contradiction, something opposite

Two girls from Shaktoolik School, that want to come back to Shaktoolik and help their parents.

is happening with small communities in Alaska, their numbers have plateaued, even grown ever so slightly. Young people want to stay where they were raised and continue their parents’ traditions.

The life in Alaska is not the same anymore, it’s American life. Now connected to the world, they want the same standards.

Priorities change, and precious knowledge of their ancestors is slowly going into oblivion. It’s the last call to save it from disappearance. What future waits for the next generation?

Alice

2019

Alice was our host together with Josh. She was raised in the Mountain Village located at the foot of a small hill near to Yukon River. The first time she came to Shaktoolik she was terrified. She said: „I was so scared to see the surrounding lowlands, there is no place to run and no place to hide when the storm occurs. Every Malgorzata Grzesikowska

day I’m praying that nothing bad will happen.� Her eyes were like small sparkles which shone every time she laughed. It felt like her every word, her every breath was a confirmation of relief, but the tone of her voice betrayed the lived years and gathered experience. Her good heart instantly made you believe that there is still kindness in this world. She made you feel a part of the family, from the first step that you took into her house.

One day she was sitting in the armchair with embroidery in her hands. She looked so small and fragile at that moment.

Her smile that normally makes you feel the warmth, paled away.

She told me the story of her life, filled with masked pain and fear, frustration, rejection and loneliness. Tears ran down her cheeks, her arms were shaking. She told me about early years in the school when she was punished every time she spoke in the native language, about her parents and twelve siblings, her marriage and kids, about a lost son. Years of despair and solitude and the first meeting with Josh in whom she found her peace.

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Life in such a small community, so remote and cut off from the real world is very often a life sentence. A sentence for those who experienced some traumatic incidents. There are nobody and no place where you can go and find help. Very often you have to live on right next to your oppressors, being exposed to your fears each day. You want to run away but it is not easy to leave the village, not everybody can afford it and even if, leaving dark memories very often means losing everything else - family, close friends, culture and identity. Most of the times being raised in such extreme conditions it can lead to difficulties in finding yourself in a different environment. Very often people return even if it means facing your past.

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An aerial view of the Alaska village of Shaktoolik, Sept. 14, 2016. Laid out on a narrow spit of sand between the Tagoomenik River and the Bering Sea, the village is facing an imminent threat from increased flooding and erosion, signs of a changing climate. (Josh Haner/The New York Times) Malgorzata Grzesikowska

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The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

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Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

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Shaktoolik, Alaska

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Malgorzata Grzesikowska

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The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

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Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

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Shaktoolik, Alaska

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Program intentions

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

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What am I proposing and how is this relevant to my context? climate change

Shaktoolik It is a small, remote community located on the east shore of Norton Sound, on a spit of land between the Sound and Shaktoolik Bay, at the mouth of the Togoomenik River in Alaska. to stay or to relocate?

Erosion and floods

life hazards

Due to climate change, higher temperature Norton Sound is freezing up later, and so shore ice forms later. This shore ice provides an important barrier between the community and fall storms, so its lack has made the community more vulnerable to the storms. Recent storms have resulted in damage to community infrastructure and erosion at the old village site. During the storms, waves have brought driftwood and other debris into the community. If waves and storm surges increase, it could have a catastrophic impact on Shaktoolik.

Plan A

Plan B

“Stay and defend”

Relocate?

or

Shaktoolik has already decided to “stay and defend” the current site of the community against threats from flooding and erosion.

Problem: Access to the village

Plan C

even if...

Why

The only way to access the village is by air or sea. Evacuation of all individuals from the village either by air or boat may not be feasible or safe during a storm event. Sufficient aircraft or boat resources or access to those resources may not be available to move or evacuate all individuals with very short notice, and severe weather conditions may not allow safe aircraft or boat operations for days.

One discussed strategy was the eventual relocation of the village to higher ground located in the foothills. However, understanding the high cost and complicated logistics and availability of funding for village relocations, the community wants to entertain shorter term and less costly solution – building a community emergency shelter that is accessible and located in the center of the city.

Even if they decide to change place - the relocation can take years or even decades. In the meantime, residents still need to send their children to school, go to the doctor when they are sick, have functioning water lines and fuel tanks and a safe place to go when a severe storm comes.

Evacuation road An evacuation road was previously studied to be impractical due to the cost, potential flooding of the evacuation road, lack of transportation for residents, and need for a shelter at the road terminus.

in both cases there is a neccesity for a

Safe place during a storm

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One of the biggest concerns in Shaktoolik is having a safe place to be during storms. With flooding events expected to inundate the community with 1-3 feet of water, there is no existing location within the community that would be above the water level.

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Malgorzata Grzesikowska

One of the biggest concerns in Shaktoolik is having a safe place to be during storms. With flooding events expected to inundate the community with 1-3 feet of water, there is no existing location within the community that would be above the water level. Recently, the community received funding to expand and reinforce the school to use as a storm shelter. However, the school is located on the coast and is not elevated high enough making it vulnerable to coastal storms. The school is also not large enough to house the residents during a storm. The community has indicated that have a critical need for an evacuation center which would be a central point where everyone in the community convenes during an emergency. The evacuation center should be built within the community in a location that is away from the coastline. The structure also needs to be elevated to be out of the floodwater.

The community should evaluate making the facility relocatable. The evacuation center needs to be self-sufficient during an emergency.

The center will need to have a generator, water supply, and sewage lagoon as well as enough emergency supplies (e.g., food, water, emergency communication devices, medical supplies, sleeping cots, and blankets) to last for several days. The community will also have to develop and practice a plan to open and run the emergency shelter.

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Shaktoolik, Alaska

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Program

Architecture and Extreme Environments

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Context Malgorzata Grzesikowska

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Tags Russian Mission, Mural, Water is Life, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium http://www.lindainfantelyons.com/blog/2016/3/12/mar

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Where are we? Alaska

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Alaska The last Frontier

Shaktoolik

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Shaktoolik is a coastal community located on the eastern shore of the Norton Sound on the West Coast of Alaska, 10 miles ESE of Cape Denbigh and the Reindeer Hills 64º21’N, 161º10’W. The village is situated on a gravel sand spit separa‐ ted by the Tagoomenik River and the coast of Norton Sound. It is 125 air miles east of Nome and 34 air miles north of Unalakleet.

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

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The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

The immediate landscape surrounding the vil‐ lage is bare of timber. Vegetation consists ma‐ inly of tundra covered with willows and shrubs, and marshy areas with lakes and ponds. These “flats” extend to the foothills 15 miles inland.

The timbered areas begin about two to three miles from the mouth of the Shaktoolik River, with strands of spruce groves and other deci‐ duous trees extending up to three miles alon‐ gside the river. The local people utilize the strands of spruce for wood gathering and other purposes.

Program

Surrounding landscape

Vegetation Norton Sound Subregion

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

Acssessibility

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Shaktoolik is primarily accessible by air and sea and, as identified in the Immediate Action Work Group’s final report, is classified as an isolated village where emergency services have coastal and air access only. A Stateowned 4,000 feet long by 75 feet wide gravel airstrip is available. The Alex Sookiayak Memorial Airstrip allows for regular service from Nome. In the summer, village residents travel by 4‐wheel ATV, motorbike, truck, and boat; in the winter, by snow machine and dog team. Cargo is barged from Nome and then lightered to shore. The community has no docking facilities (Shaktoolik Area Info). The river and sound is heavily traveled when icefree, from mid‐May to mid‐October historically; but the ice has been observed by community members to be forming later and later into the year. In the past, the sea ice would protect the community from severe storm events. Without the early formation of sea ice, the community is increasingly exposed.

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Transportation and Waste Management Norton Sound

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

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Norton Sound Bay 2013 November 25

64.7193°, -164.3247°

63.5269°, -158.9428°

Norton Sound Bay 2017 November 25

64.7193°, -164.3247°

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

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Reduction in Arctic Sea Ice

63.5269°, -158.9428°

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Shaktoolik Bay

Tagoomenik River

Shaktoolik Airport

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Norton Sound

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

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Berry Picking

Berry Picking

The immediate landscape surrounding the vil‐ lage is bare of timber. Vegetation consists ma‐ inly of tundra covered with willows and shrubs, and marshy areas with lakes and ponds. These “flats” extend to the foothills 15 miles inland.

The timbered areas begin about two to three miles from the mouth of the Shaktoolik River, with strands of spruce groves and other deci‐ duous trees extending up to three miles alon‐ gside the river. The local people utilize the strands of spruce for wood gathering and other purposes.

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Old Village

Program

Surrounding landscape

Shaktoolik Satelite photo

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History and culture

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

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The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsistence_hunting_of_the_bowhead_whale

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History and Culture

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Iditarod Racer Leaving Shaktoolik Rie Munoz Poster 1984

“scattered things”

The Shaktoolik people are descended from two distinct groups of aboriginal people: the Unalit people and the Malemiut people. The dialect of the current population reflects a combination of the speech of the Unalit, who spoke a dialect of Yupik, and the Malemiut, who spoke a dialect of Inupiat.

The Malemiut infiltration into Unalit territory was accomplished first by roving groups who returned yearly or every other year to Kotzebue Sound.

Even at its height, it was not a solid taking over territory, but occupation of abandoned sites or settlements along the coast.

5,730 years ago

Unalit and Malemiut

Shaktoolik was the first and southernmost Malimiut settlement on Norton Sound, current area occupied as early as 1839, with history of the people dating back at least 5,000 years in the area.

Shaktoolik has been known by several names, including Shaktlolik, Shaktolik, Shaktolit, Tshakhtog-mut, and Tshakhtog-mut. The village entered into written records for the first time in 1842-44 in reports by Lt. L A. Zagoskin of the Imperial Russian Navy, who recorded it as “Tshakhtog-mut.” Shaktoolik people say the name is Yupik in origin. In literal translation, the name means, “twig piles” or “not clean.” The latter interpretation originates from the existence of beach silt, which is only found on this village site. Another name given to Shaktoolik is “Saniiqluq,” meaning, “scattered things,” or “spread out” (Alex Sookiayak)

Aged pottery at a Cape Denbigh village site has been dated at 5,730 years old (Brown, 1974:219). Archaeological and geological investigations conducted by J. Louis Giddings in 1948 at Cape Denbigh, as well as radiocarbon dating of small bits of charcoal off the site known as “Iyatayet” revealed that the first residents, known as the Cape Denbigh Flint People, settled in the area some 4,500 to 5,500 years ago (Giddings, 1967:269). According to the late elder Alex Sookiayak, Nukleet was an ancient village, which is now 8 feet under the ground. Giddings considered the Nukleet people as more recent residents of Iyatayet, whose culture was related to the Western Thule people. Nukleet was among several sites around the Shaktoolik area from which the ancestors of the Shaktoolik people originated.

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nomads

The Inuit lived nomadic lifestyles, so they did not stay in one place for an extended period of time.

following Caribou, muskoxen, and seals all gathered in large groups for their seasonal migrations, and the Inuit followed them closely.

hunting Since hunting and fishing was their main source of food, they were forced to move around, following the seasonal migration patterns of area animals.

winter During the winter the Inuit mostly lived in coastal areas where they could hunt seals.

camps

Temporary winter camps or villages had up to 100 people living there.

travelling They used sleds pulled by dogs to travel great distances on the ice, and lived in temporary snowhouses (igloos).

summer During the spring and summer months, the Inuit started moving inland in smaller groups, usually fewer than a dozen people.

There, they spent more time fishing and hunting caribou.

skin tents In the summer the lived in animal skin tents and traveled by foot and boat.

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Inupiat style of living in the past

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1916 Halftone Print Inuit Kayak Boat Sled Komatik Norton Sound Ungava Bay

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The village was originally located 6 miles up the Shaktoolik River, and moved to the mouth of the River in 1933. This site was prone to severe storms and winds, and the village relocated to a more sheltered location in 1967. The City was incorporated in 1969. The community relocated a final time in 1976 to its present location after the 1974 flood.

Wilfred Ryan, lower right, my dog musher and pilot and a number of other dog mushers at Shaktoolik. Great people. http://www.alaskool.org/projects/ak_military/men_of_ tundra/imageindex.html

Shaktoolik’s population today is largely Malimiut-Inuipat Eskimo with a fishing and subsistence lifestyle. The 2010 population of the community totaled 251 (State Demographer), consisting of 96.2% Alaska Native or part Native.

The sale and importation of alcohol is banned in the village.

Program

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Relocations

Religious influences created a profound spiritual impact on the lives of the Shaktoolik people. Like other Native American communities they visited, missionaries brought their own faith to people whom they viewed as uncivilized and lacking in religion. Many of the missionaries failed to recognize that beliefs among all people in a Supreme Being and spirituality are similar in many respects.

The Christian impact on Native cultures in other parts of the nation resulted in the suppression of many ceremonies, dances, beliefs, and traditions.

Shaktoolik was no exception.

Population

Education

Education was also a great influence. The late Charles Menadelook, a Native teacher from the village of Wales, taught school from 1928 to 1929. The United States Government downriver from Rabbit Ville established a second school sometime before 1930 (Anderson and Eells 1935:413). The missions and schools created changes to the land and social patterns of traditional lives by bringing scattered settlements together in one location and by requiring daily school attendance at specified times.

Religion

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Alaska: Coastal erosion and flooding problems

Concise Description of Erosion Problem Shaktoolik has a definite erosion problem that is affecting the community over the next 50 years. The community has the potential to have over $23 million in damages. Shaktoolik will likely require some sort of assistance to stop the erosion from causing significant future damages as they are unable to solve their own erosion problems due to limited financial resources.

The proximity to both fresh and saltwater leaves the community vulnera‐ ble to erosion when fall storms hit the sand and gravel spit upon which the community resides. There is no breakwater to protect the community from destructive waves from Norton Sound when storms come from the south. The beaches have historically been susceptible to damage and erosion from storm conditions, tidal surges, and from sea ice conditions.

Several areas along the coastline used by the people in Shaktoolik are vulnerable to erosion and flooding during the storm season. Considera‐ ble coastline erosion in the community occurred during recent storms in 2003, 2004, and 2005. The spit of land once used as the airport in the “old site” is now just a few hundred feet from erosion advancing from the Tagoomenik River. It is reported that most of Shaktoolik lies within the 100-year floodplain.

Community Erosion Assessment Shaktoolik, Alaska 11 March 2009

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Community Erosion Assessment Shaktoolik, Alaska 11 March 2009

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

45 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Erosion and floods extreme events in Alaska

Map of Alaska Shaktoolik, Newtok, Shishmaref and Kivalina are generally considered most at-risk of coastal erosion, flooding and other climate change-related damage.

12 villages that are exploring relocation options 148 locations of villages affected by flooding and erosion

Alaska has warmed twice as fast as the global average over the past half a century, and temperatures are projected to rise by 1-3C by 2050 and by 3-7.5C by 2100.

20% of overall cost

„It costs $10,000 to build one linear foot (30 cm) on a shoreline in a remote area, and you have thousands and thousands of feet of shoreline.”

A state government report estimated that erosion, flooding and other effects of climate change would add up to 20% to those costs over the next 20 years.

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90% of Alaska’s people The sea ice that provided a barrier against intense storms has t 90 percent of Alaska’s nearly 730k people live within 20km of a coast. hinned and retreated, exposing coastal areas to tsunami-sized waves and 100mph winds

I l o t o 2 1

relocating just one village — Newtok — could run as high as $130m, according to an estimate by the Army Corps of Engineers. That’s more than $350,000 per villager.

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$10,000 for 30 cm of shorline

$130m for reloca‐ ting one village

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

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A Wrenching Choice for Alaska Towns in the Path of Climate Change But few government agencies are willing to invest in maintaining villages that are menaced by erosion and flooding, especially when the communities are planning to pull up stakes and go elsewhere.

“It’s a real Catch-22 situation,” said Sally Cox, the state’s coordinator for the native villages.

Escape route

Even announcing the intention to relocate can scuttle a community’s request for financing.

Some years ago, when Shaktoolik indicated on a grant proposal that it was hoping to move, it lost funds for its clinic, said Isabel Jackson, the city clerk.

Shaktoolik’s leaders have identified a potential relocation site 11 miles southeast, near the foothills. But some residents say they fear that their culture, dependent on fishing and hunting, will suffer if they move. And Edgar Jackson Sr., a former mayor, said that the gover‐ nment turned down applications for money to build a road that would serve both as a way

Tight Vote Decides Village’s Fate Shaktoolik — the name means “scattered things” in a native language — has been forced to move twice before in its history. The Eskimo tribes that traveled from the north into the region in the mid-1800s found an Eden of berry fields, tundra where moose and herds of caribou grazed and waters where salmon, seals and beluga flourished.

By the early 1900s, they had settled into a site six miles up the Shaktoolik River. But in the 1930s, the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs, responsible for providing educational services to Native Americans, built a two-room schoolhouse on the coastal sand spit, and the resi‐ dents were compelled to move there if their children were to go to school.

The “old site,” as village residents call it, was where many elders in Shaktoolik grew up; the skeletal remains of the buildings are still standing, a ghost town that sits three miles from the village.

But that location, chosen by the federal government, put Shaktoolik at the mercy of the fierce storms that barreled into the sound from the Aleutian Islands.

No airport

After a series of close calls in the 1960s — one severe storm destroyed boats and left the airport littered with driftwood, making it impossible for planes to land — another move seemed inevitable.

Two new sites were proposed, one on higher ground near the foothills, the other the spot the village now occupies.

At a series of three public meetings, the residents debated the choices.

Mr. Jackson, who was mayor at the time, recalled that he and his wife were in favor of moving to higher ground.

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”That would have solved our problems,” he said. “But majority ruled. We were short three votes.”

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

47 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Tight Vote Decides Village’s Fate Shaktoolik — the name means “scattered things” in a native language — has been forced to move twice before in its history. The Eskimo tribes that traveled from the north into the region in the mid-1800s found an Eden of berry fields, tundra where moose and herds of caribou grazed and waters where salmon, seals and beluga flourished.

By the early 1900s, they had settled into a site six miles up the Shaktoolik River. But in the 1930s, the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs, responsible for providing educational services to Native Americans, built a two-room schoolhouse on the coastal sand spit, and the resi‐ dents were compelled to move there if their children were to go to school.

The “old site,” as village residents call it, was where many elders in Shaktoolik grew up; the skeletal remains of the buildings are still standing, a ghost town that sits three miles from the village.

But that location, chosen by the federal government, put Shaktoolik at the mercy of the fierce storms that barreled into the sound from the Aleutian Islands.

After a series of close calls in the 1960s — one severe storm destroyed boats and left the airport littered with driftwood, making it impossible for planes to land — another move seemed inevitable.

Two new sites were proposed, one on higher ground near the foothills, the other the spot the village now occupies.

At a series of three public meetings, the residents debated the choices.

Mr. Jackson, who was mayor at the time, recalled that he and his wife were in favor of moving to higher ground. ”That would have solved our problems,” he said. “But majority ruled. We were short three votes.”

Fall storms come at night

An Undeniable Link When the fall storms come, they almost always come at night, the waves hurling giant dri‐ ftwood logs onto the beach like toothpicks, the river rising, the wind shaking the windows of the houses that sit in two orderly rows along Shaktoolik’s single road.

Children who in summer play outside long after dark hunker down with their parents, listening to the CB radio announcements that serve as the village’s central form of commu‐ nication.

Big storms on Alaska’s west coast are different from those that threaten Miami or New Orleans. They can carry the force of a Category 1 hurricane, but their diameter is five to 10 times greater, meaning that they affect a larger area and last longer, said Robert E. Jensen, research hydraulic engineer at the Army Corps of Engineers Research and Development Center.

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Program

“They’re huge,” he said.

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

Principal flood problems Residents have stated that fall storms with a southwest wind typically have the largest waves and cause the most damage (damage by movement of woody debris) and erosion.

Coastal flooding is a major concern for this community, and there is no accessible high ground in the vicinity of the town site. Typical debris left from a storm event

Identifying inundation caused by coastal storms involves the use of historical wind, wave, and water level data coupled with computer modeling to replicate previous storm events. The modeled events are then compared with resident accounts of particular storms to verify the accuracy of the modeled events: specifically, the significant events of October 1960, September 2005, and November 2009. Statistical techniques, through frequency analysis, are used to estimate the probability of the occurrence of any given storm event. The recurrence interval is based on the probability that the given event will be equaled or exceeded in any given year. Ten Recurrence Intervals and Probabilities of Occurrences or more years of data are required to perform a frequency analysis for the determination of intervals.

The fortoShaktoolik 56 analysis years of for wind, and surge Tenrecurrence or more years of data areanalysis required perform aincludes frequency thewave, determination estimates.

A description of recurrence intervals includes and probabilities is shown in Table of model recurrence intervals.

The analysis for Shaktoolik 56 years of wind, wave,1. and surge model estimates.

Table 1 – Recurrence Intervals and Probabilities of Occurrences

Recurrence Interval, in years 100 50 25 10 5 2

Probability of Occurrence in any given year 1 in 100 1 in 50 1 in 25 1 in 10 1 in 5 1 in 2

Percent Chance of Occurrence in any given year 1 2 4 10 20 50

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It is important to note that since the 100-year flood level is statistically computed using existing data, as more data becomes available, the level of the 100-year flood will change (especially if a The analyses reported here reflect flooding potential based on conditions existing in the huge storm hits in the current year). As more data are collected, the frequency of flooding is recommunity at the time of completion of this study. Maps and flood elevations should be evaluated. amended periodically to reflect future changes.

The Ranked Plotting Method (Makkonen, 2005) was applied to generate frequency of occurrence relationships for waves, surge, and runup. The frequency of occurrence relationships for extreme surge were also obtained using the Empirical Simulation Technique (EST) (Scheffner and Malgorzata Grzesikowska Borgman, 1999). Both methods assume that future events will be statistically similar in

Debris Pileup near Road to Airport

3.0 ENGINEERING METHODS

Waves and Damaged Fence in 2005

Shaktoolik Coastal Flooding AnalysisÂ

Damaged Fence in front of School

View of Shaktoolik Beach in June 2008

Shaktoolik, Alaska

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49 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Wave effects

Norton Sound

Tagoomenik River

Storm Water Level Storm Surge

Mean high Tide MLLW

Schematic Illustration of Wave Effects

Damage from storms in coastal areas is the result of coastal flooding. The storm water level is composed of astronomical tide, caused by gravitational effects of the sun and moon; storm surge, the rise in water level due to wind stress and low atmospheric pressure; and wave setup, the increase in water level due to shoreward mass transport of water. The runup of breaking waves, or the maximum of wave uprush on a beach above the storm water lever, can cause flooding and structural damage at elevations above the storm water level of the flood. A schematic illustration of these wave processes is shown in Figure 8.

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Program

November 9, 2011, Shaktoolik, Tegoomenik River side (Photo Credit: Elmer Bekoalok)

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

Shaktoolik, Alaska

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Wave model (WAM) Storm surge

intensity

he intensity and potential for destruction of these events is severe

several days

Duration is short with conditions subsiding with several days

during night

After dark.

no warning

Storm events can come quickly, often with little warning.

Storm surges are most common in the fall.

fall season

Characteristics of Storm surges in Shaktoolik, Alaska

Storm surges are most common in the fall. Storm events can come quickly, often with little warning and after dark. Hazards include ten foot waves with flotsam and elevated water levels on the Shaktoolik Bay side of the spit. Duration of such events is relatively short with conditions subsiding with several days; however, the intensity and potential for destruction of these events is severe. Of the threats posed to the community, storm surge, wave run up, wind and debris have historically and recently been the threat for which a shelter is most needed.

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Evacuation of all individuals from the village either by air or boat may not be feasible or safe during a storm event. Sufficient aircraft or boat resources or access to those resources may not be available to move or evacuate all individuals with very short notice, and severe weather conditions may not allow safe aircraft or boat operations for days.

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

The WAM numerical model was applied for estimating deep and intermediate depth wave conditions that occurred during the storm events. WAM solves the action balance equation for the spatial and temporal changes in two-dimensional wave spectra on a fixed grid system.

Wave growth is based on the sea surface roughness and the wind characteristics. Initially, a 20-year wave hindcast was developed for the Western Alaska Coast (1985- 2004). Through a Tribal Partnership, the hindcast effort was funded to extend the hindcast record to 56 years for Alaska (1954 – 2009). A continuous climatology 1985-2009 was developed by Oceanweather, Inc (2006, 2010). Extreme storm events were selected (by Oceanweather, Inc.) for the pre-1985 to 1954 period. This extends the storm climatology to 56-years and provides consistency in the wind and pressure forcing required in the wave and surge modeling efforts. The waves were evaluated at an 8-meter (~27 ft) depth off shore. Regional wind fields and regional sea level pressures were gathered in 3-hour time steps. Regional ice concentration data were applied in a percentage-of-coverage format. The WAM numerical model determines the significant wave height, wave period, and wave direction for each historical event. The domain for the wave model used in the analysis is shown in Figure 9.

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Shaktoolik, Alaska

Wave model (WAM)

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Program

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

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Shaktoolik, Alaska

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Criteria

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

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The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Program

Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

Shaktoolik, Alaska

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Parameters: Safety

Sustainability

Mobility

Culture

Survivability Flexibility

Program and characteristics The building should at minimum accommodate the following program:

Accommodate minimum 280 people Be able to support life for up to 7 days Operate in cold temperature (exactly) Withstand storm waves (simulation) Be self-sufficient

toilet/shower first aid facility food storage rest banks communication facilities buoyancy lifespan - over a decade Additional:

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natural light source modularity be able to pay back - facilities

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

Three operation scenarios:

• • • •

• • •

Kitchen, Serving, Food Storage Toilet/Showers Tribal Offices/City Office Non-emergency space for the Shaktoolik Tribal Council would include offices, workroom, communications room, and storage for records and supplies. During an emergency event, these areas would become part of the shelter space, and serve as an emergency operations command and communications center. For the city offices, two work stations minimum would be required.

Visitors logging Lodging/Sleeping Rooms/Laundry Utility and Support Spaces

Tenants of the storm Shelter during daily operation: VPSO/JAIL TRIBAL OFFICES CITY OFFICES APARTMENTS FOR VISITORS Storage facilities in the shelter: Fire equipment emergency preparedness equp.

Municipal and tribal entities will ensure that the Shelter’s operational costs are maintained, as well as keeping the building prepared and storm ready

24-48 Hour Storm Event (1-49 year storm scenario)

• • •

•

Temporary shelter and sleeping space during a storm event.

Lodging quarters in the new shelter would be occupied by Elders during an emergency event.

After the storm event the lodging quarters would be available to families or individuals that may need temporary shelter while repairs are made to damaged homes.

Dry food storage and family storage will provide for families whose homes were damaged during the storm.

Apartments occupied by Elders during the storm After a storm event, apartments occupied by families needing to repair damaged homes Emergency operations run out of the Shelter Water and waste systems are independent i ncase the school’s water is compromised by the storm.

Dry food and family storage will provide for families whose homes were damaged.

School and Storm shelter both will provide temporary shelter and sleeping space during a storm event. School can supplement the bathroom space, water needs, and food service suring the event After the event, classes can begin again. Families who need extra time o move back into their homes will stay in the Storm Shetler

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Catastrophic Storm (50-100 year storm scenario)

• • • •

In the event of a catastrophic storm, the Emergency Shelter would act as a “lifeboat “and house all residents above high water.

All emergency services would be handled in the new shelter including clean water, sanitary sewer (storage) and electrical power generation.

The shelter would provide basic services for the community until an evacuation plan could be developed and executed by first responders.

In the need of helicopter rescue, access to the roof is accommodated.

In case of catastrophic storm, The Storm Shelter would house basic services until members of the village could be rescued.

If the village is flooded, a helicopter landing could be possible on the roof of the building.

The elevated portion would be above even 50-year waterline and the oceanside barrier should protect the building from ballistic ice and debris.

It is assumed that during a 50-year storm event, the local water supply and power will be compromised. The Shelter will have stored water and electrical generation capacity.

The School basememnt and gen-set could be unusable after a catastrophic storm. All emergency services would rest in the shelter.

Program

Daily Operations (Non-Emergency Use)

55 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

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Program Lobby/Gathering

An area should be provided at the main entry into the civic level of the shelter to serve as a lobby and facilitate ingress and egress. Casework should be provided in this area for local craft to be displayed and sold. A small seating area and space to allow for queuing for mail/parcel pick up would be an amenity during non‐emergency use.

Utility and Support Spaces

Utility spaces will be required for mechanical, electrical and communications equipment, water storage and treatment, and sewage treatment. Ongoing investigation is recommended to include the potential for an operational well at the facility, and feasibility of a packaged wastewater treatment unit, such as those manufactured for Alaska by Lifewater Engineering Company in Fairbanks, which would require minimal heated building area. Other support spaces would include custodial and storage areas. An emergency generator is an essential component, given the relative vulnerability of the AVEC village power plant and losing the fuel supply to a storm surge.

Tribal Offices/City Office

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Non‐emergency space for the Shaktoolik Tribal Council would include offices, workroom, communications room, and storage for records and supplies. During an emergency event, these areas would become part of the shelter space, and serve as an emergency operations command and communications center. For the city offices, two work stations minimum would be required.

Kitchen, Food Storage

Food storage, preparation, and serving functions must at a minimum accommodate up to the 280 person occupant load for limited duration emergency events, and provide capacity for large community gatherings in non‐emergency situations. Food storage areas will be primarily dry storage and must be sized to hold sufficient reserves for the two to seven day event duration.

Cooking facilities should be simple in nature, with easy to use and maintain, high quality, residential appliances that do not require Type I (grease) commercial hoods with fire suppression; which precludes the use of deep fat fryers and griddles. Cooking facilities should include a three compartment sink and separate hand‐wash sink to provide the flexibility to include food service (i.e. restaurant, café, snack bar). Non‐emergency uses will include community events, special events, and potential food service. During an emergency event, the food preparation areas should be designed to accommodate both large group meal and family meal preparation. As a side note, provisions for community food storage could also be considered.

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

57 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Shelter / Assembly Room

Forming the heart of the facility, the assembly room will provide space for community activities during nonemergency use, and will function as gathering, sleeping, and shelter space (sleeping) during emergency events. The assembly room will provide sleeping space for the bulk of those taking shelter. Adjunct storage space should be provided to allow for flexibility of use, including storage of tables and chairs. This space also includes a mezzanine above the main assembly space that will also serve as sleeping, gathering and dining space during a storm event and additional storage during non�emergency use.

Restrooms/Showers /Laundry

Restroom facilities will include public restrooms sized to accommodate sixty persons under an emergency event, and to accommodate a similar number during community potlatches and other events. Private restrooms would be desirable to serve the lodging/sleeping rooms.

Shower facilities will be required and could be associated with the restrooms, or in separate shower rooms.

Minimal laundry facilities are provided, principally for emergency use, as the washeteria would be assumed to be unusable. Restrooms, showers and laundry facilities could be sized for non�emergency operations with the acknowledgment of wait times and inconvenience during critical emergency events. Given the high cost to construct and maintain these facilities, the number of fixtures, square footage and piping should be reasonably determined.

Post Office

With the existing village post office demolished to make room on the site, a new post office would be located within the new Shelter facility. Design of the post office would be in accordance with US Postal Service requirements and would need provisions for secure storage, public access and mail distribution.

Horizontal and Vertical Circulation

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Lodging/Sleeping Rooms/ Laundry Currently, there are no additional transient quarters available in Shaktoolik for visitors, except for a bed and breakfast, the school, which provides accommodations in an apartment, and in the Head Start day care center.

Four sleeping rooms with private bathrooms would be provided that could be rented out to both short and long term visitors. During an emergency event, these rooms would be made available to Elders to provide them a quieter shelter location than the main assembly room. Each unit has private toilet/bathing facilities akin to modern transient lodging standards.

Program

The primary building access and point of entry would be at the south corner of the site located off the village road. The facility must be designed to accommodate the disabled under the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG). Given the vertical hierarchy of spaces, access must be provided to all levels by either ramp or elevator to meet ADAAG. Circulation must be convenient and provided code required egress.

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

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Site criteria

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Site criteria - analysis

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

59 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Multiple floors will be required that will reduce building footprint.

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Exposure to storm surge/ballistic debris is slightly reduced as the site is located on the river side of the spit, opposite the school, the site is more protected than the school site as it is locates in the storm shadow of the school.

Proximity of this site to the school would allow for use of facilites at the school site as a shelter.

Elevation: The site is not located above the highest level of anticipated storm surge. The solution would be to build all/ or protions of the shelter on piles to elevate above mean high water.

Proximity to Population: The site is ideally located in the center of the community.

Community leaders selected this site based upon it central location and acceibility to all community members.

Program

Route Accessibility: The route is highly accessible and well maintained during both summer and winter.

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

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Shaktoolik, Alaska

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Vision

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

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The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Program

Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

Shaktoolik, Alaska

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Challenges

Where to find resilience when there is no safe ground?

What is resilience?

Resilience is the capability to anticipate risk, limit impact, and bounce back rapidly through survival, adaptability, evolution, and growth in the face of turbulent change. A resilient community is not only prepared to help prevent or minimize the loss or damage to life, property and the environment, but also it has the ability to “bounce back,” i.e., quickly return citizens to work, reopen businesses, and restore other essential services needed for a full and swift economic recovery.

How to create something that main purpuse is to closed off and survive the storm and fit into the context? “real” architecture Peole who use it need to engage with it in the same way as conventional architecture, and the quality of space, environment appearance are as important in this situation as in any onther architecture challenge.

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Engineering solutions can provide life support and shelter, but architecture describes building that respond to the need for comfort, community and intellectual egagement

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

63 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Architectural challenge

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Program

A hybrid of a lifeboat and a building. Permanently in the village but with an abillity to float or sail in case of emergency.

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

Shaktoolik, Alaska

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Safety Security Sanctuary

Source: pinterest

The building should be: strong - as a main threat is flood and storms it should (act in a sense like a lifeboat) elevated - and alocated on the river side - in the proximity of school - protection from the storm and possibilty of usage of facility as an additional shelter

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easy to get to (access) - located in the center of the village - accessible to all members of the community and on the main route

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

65 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Jonathan Gaiser Mat // Potato // Slug

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Program

natural disasters: storms and floods loneliness family violence childhood abuse cultural identity

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

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READER by Estonian Academy of Arts

2019

A sanctuary, in its original meaning, is a sacred place, such as a shrine. By the use of such places as a haven, by extension the term has come to be used for any place of safety. This secondary use can be categorized into human sanctuary, a safe place for humans, such as a political sanctuary; and non-human sanctuary, such as an animal or plant sanctuary.

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

67 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Peter ZUMTHOR Saint Benedict Chapel

Shelter sanctuary - a place offering protection and safety A shelter used by displaced people, refugees and homeless people

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Program

Shelter - Sanctuary is a word derived from the Latin sanctuarium, which is, like most words ending in -arium, a container for keeping something in—in this case holy things or perhaps cherished people (sanctae/sancti).

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

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Flexibility

HSF - The Shuttle - NASA Human Space Flight

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It should at minimum accommodate 280 people The general narrative was developed explaining how the storm shelter would activate and be used during different storm events and during non-emergency time

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

69 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Program

Apollo Command and Service Module Documentation

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

Shaktoolik, Alaska

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2019

David Bushnell and his Revolutionary Submarine

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

71 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Program

Space station concept

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

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Resilience

Lifeboat HLB that makes safe ships

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alaska climate - cold and snowy storms and floods self-sufficient

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

73 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Halley VI Research Station

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Program

ARCTIC ARCHTECTURE the most dynamically extrem on the Earth (perhaps) low temperature, the highest wind, dry air remotness - transportation difficulties - extreme isolation for inhabitants

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

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Safe house - Dom bezpieczny Rober Konieczny

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

75 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Program

Type XXI submarine

Critical Action: Evacuation Center

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UN Goals Un Global Goals for Sustainable Development All over the world actions are taken to make our planet more sustainable.

This project focuses on three of them:

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Credits: www.globalgoals.org

Malgorzata Grzesikowska

Bibliography

77 Shaktoolik, Alaska

Architecture and Extreme Environments

Müller, Andreas, and Marko Peljhan. Architecture: A Project of the Arctic Perspective Initiative. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2010.

Ice Station The Creation of Halley VI Britain’s pioneering antarctic research station Architecture A project of the Arctic Perspective Initiative Aesthetic aspects of ship and yacht design Lines A half-century of yacht designs by Sparkman & Stephens: 1930-1980 HERLINBÅTAR Herlin yachts Ice Station The Creation of Halley VI Britain’s pioneering antarctic research station Santiago Calatrava : Structure and Expression Movement, structure and the work of Santiago Calatrava

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts

Program

New Portable Architecture Designing Mobile & Temporary Structures