NEWARK STORIES OF URBAN RENEWAL, COMMUNITIES, TRIUMPH AND DEFEAT
Santiago Giraldo Anduaga Sara Bissen Luis Macias December 2013
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION Near site of proposed ROUTE 75. People’s Choice Lounge 105 Hartford Street Central Ward, Newark November 2013
Newark, New Jersey, like many cities, has a long history of growth and development. Often times, the true stories of how cities evolve and the
Introduction 3 Newark Map 4 Hess Power Plant 6 Route 75 28 Rutgers University & NJIT 60 Ecological Framework 82
effects these changes can have on a city’s residents, are blinded by the dominant and incomplete stories created by people in power, city officials, private developers, and profit-driven interest groups. These stories are the ones presented for the public to see, masked by benefits that ultimately negatively affect marginalized low-income communities and people of color the most. The stories of Route 75, Rutgers University/New Jersey Institute of Technology, and the Hess Power Plant are very different stories with different outcomes, and the similarities do not arise from the stories told today. The similarities between the stories are only seen when they are understood through the tales of the people and communities most affected by the hidden costs of these projects. Told here are the stories of communities, families, and residents. These are the stories of neighborhoods that have paid the price as a result of these development projects. These are the stories that bring to light the unseen struggles for equitability, the coming together of communities in triumph, and the heartbreaking defeats faced by residents. The stories in this book are the stories of the people.
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NEWARK RUTGERS UNIVERSITY & NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - NJIT CENTRAL WARD CENTRAL WARD EAST WARD
ROUTE 75 CENTRAL WARD
HESS POWER PLANT EAST WARD
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HESS POWER PLANT
Existing fuel tanks owned by HESS Corporation’s oil refinery operations. The construction site of Hess’ proposed natural gas power plant is located nearby, on a 23-acre brownfield site, also currently owned by Hess. The land used for the Hess power plant has been declared contaminated. Once the land is cleared of hazardous waste, there is a potential for land re-use. Near Newark Bay 1111 Delancey Street, East Ward, Newark, NJ November 2013
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In May 2012, HESS Corporation presented plans for a natural gas power plant to be built in the City of Newark. But … fears of ever-growing air pollution, and attempts to bury a residue left by
big industry meant HESS’ arrival triggered not only the memory of community battles against a past scarred by contamination, but it made today’s air in Newark heavier, and even harder to breathe.
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We, HESS, will provide construction jobs for 300 residents in need of work! We will even cut your energy bills!
Forget about air! Think of all the benefits! Our company is one of the cleanest company’s around! After all, we use clean energy natural gas — not dirty coal.
. . . and, we promise to pay the
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city $100 million over the next 30 years.
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Outcries by environmentalists and communities in Newark’s
East Ward fell on deaf ears. The HESS proposal inched
forward . . .
The City’s Planning Board approved the Hess Power Plant by a 7—to—1 vote, with lone
dissenter, Commissioner Jermaine James.
The HESS proposal moved to the Municipal Council level.
“They just sent a death sentence to the city of Newark.” — Kim Gaddy, Newark Resident from the New Jersey Environmental Justice Alliance 12
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The East Ward community responded with their own alternate
path.
“As early as next week, we will be getting our paperwork together . . . unfortunately, this lawsuit has to be the consequence,
because our health was not consequence enough.”
— Kim Gaddy, Newark Resident from the New Jersey Environmental Justice Alliance 14
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“ . . . everybody keeps saying gas
is cleaner than coal . . .
it’s like saying being shot with a .45 is better than being shot with a shotgun.” — Leonard Thomas, Newark Resident
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HESS will cause a dramatic rise in Newark’s air
pollution, so environmentalists at the City and State levels pushed for an environmental impact study to be done before — not after — the plant affects the health of Newark’s people. In an effort to“clear the air,” HESS, as an oil corporation, hired independent experts to evaluate the new power plant’s impact. HESS experts deemed the project safe. The “natural gas power plant will use the best available technologies and be one of the cleanest fossil fuel power plants ever constructed.”
— Adam Zipkin, Newark’s Deputy Mayor of Economic Development
Even though there will be a lot more air pollution,
it appears HESS is clean enough and safe enough. 18
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It is good that HESS’ experts live just far
enough away from HESS.
But the people of Newark, live
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right here . . .
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But ‌ the City Council was distracted by the deal HESS had sweetened: Over $22
million for easement payments to the City,
advance property-tax type payments, and city renovations.
Not to mention regular payments in lieu of taxes. This was the sweetest 22
deal Newark had seen in a long time. 23
In May 2013, the Newark
City Council approved the decision.
HESS Power Plant moves to town.
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In the end, the people of Newark are denied
their right to choose how they produce
and consume their own electricity . . .
and the community will pay the price with their health.
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Abandoned lot, Newark. Site of the Westinghouse demolition. During the 1980s, Newark had received a $1.3 million grant from the state’s Department of Transportation to acquire property nearby. Off Route 280, Near proposed Route 75 3.7 Acres at 95 Orange Street, Central Ward, Newark November 2013
ROUTE 75 28
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In 1961, increased
populations in Newark caused streets to become gridlocked and over encumbered with commuter traffic. With mounting pressure on city officials, something
had to be done.
The New Jersey State Highway Department unveiled their proposal to construct Route 75; a highway running north to south directly through
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the heart of Newark.
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The route, would connect
two major highways:
— Route 280 and Route 78.
It was immediately supported by Mayor Hugh J. Addonizio, Head of the NHA Louis Danzig, and development groups such as Fidelity Union Company. Without Route 75, “we would find ourselves with traffic
pouring into the city
within the present local streets, which are already overburdened, unable to handle the increased flow … unless the highway is built soon, we
will all suffer”.
— Malcolm Davis, President of Fidelity Union Company 32
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What the route’s supporters didn’t see is who would really suffer if the route was built . . .
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Construction plans threatened to forcibly remove over 15,000
low-income,
working class people from their homes to be relocated in the outskirts of Newark. Their neighborhoods, parks, businesses, and streets — once places of family and community — would be
demolished and cleared.
To top it off, funding for construction could have re-purposed $80
million or more taxpayer
dollars away from public services, public spaces, and communities.
Enough was enough. Something had to be done.
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On February 28th, 1964 a public hearing was held with 125 people in attendance. The proposal was met with unprecedented
opposition by both local government and the people of Newark. The affected groups were outraged and demanded to be heard.
“The route is a divider between ethnic-economic and social strata’s!” — Mrs. Rose Heyman, President of Clinton Hill Group “It is the finest block on Springfield Ave. It
is my home! If you could only deviate it a little bit!”
— Mrs. Selma Andells, Newark Resident
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Despite opposition, the Federal Bureau of Roads approved
the alignment
with a 50% Federal grant for construction.
A massive
blow to the pride and resiliency of the affected communities and families.
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By 1966, The Head of the Newark Housing Authority, Louis Danzig, began to
preemptively acquire land, displace families and demolish buildings between Avon and Springfield Ave. along Belmont.
By 1967, the people had enough and the
Newark Rebellion changed the face of the city forever.
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The Newark Rebellion marked a turning point in the City’s social and economic landscape. Wealthy residents began to prefer economically segregated suburbs instead of the inner city, and Newark’s time of economic growth gave way to abandoned lots, failing business and
large-scale economic collapse.
Also, the Rebellion was a moment of hope and power for the oppressed populations of Newark. For the first time in Newark history, the people
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had the power.
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The year after the Rebellion, a diminishing economic situation, poor public image, and increased population in the suburbs of Newark; gave rise to debate about Route 75.
Scheduled construction would continue as planned, unless
strong measures
were taken by communities and organizations. The situation led to the creation of the
Model Cities Emergency Committee, an activist group brought together by lawyer and activist Junius Williams. Thus, the Committee became the new
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face of the opposition.
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destroy any chance of Newark Negroes gaining political power.” “[The route was] politically motivated to
— Junius W. Williams
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The
Committee gave residents and communities the power to effectively present an opposition for the Route 75 project.
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On December 15th, 1968, a large-scale protest was organized that brought hundreds of residents to the streets. The goal of the protest was to bring “graphic
demonstration of opposition”
to construction of the route in the Clinton Hill area, along Belmont Ave, and the Central Ward’s Presbyterian Church.
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“It [Route 75] is of
no use to the people of Newark. It is only for outsiders!”
— Reverend William Pierce
The protest was a definitive success.
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Shorty after the protest, the Committee confronted State Transportation Commissioner David Goldberg, and presented an organized plea from all involved residents, organizations, and City Councils.
The people had spoken.
It was now up to officials to make the right choice.
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In 1969, the first signs of community
victory began to emerge when David Goldberg
publicly stated that “acquisition of land for the highway should not be undertaken” due to the lack
of alternate housing for displaced residents. Mayor Addonizio and City
Council follow-up by calling for cancellation of all contracts negotiated for relocation of displaced families.
A massive win for communities, rights organizations, and the Model Cities Committee. With people’s homes safe the Route 75 project begins to lose traction. In 1971 the Route was unprogrammed. Then, in 1972 the project was officially
eliminated from Newark’s Master Plan. 58
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RUTGERS UNIVERSITY & NJIT
Rutgers University in Newark. University Heights, Central Ward, Newark November 2013
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In 1959, due to the growth of industry in Newark, the federal and the city governments negotiated an urban renewal bond to make the city a world recognized
regional economic center.
One of the projects contemplated was the
expansion of
Rutgers University and the Newark College of Engineering.
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University Enrollment forecasts showed an increased demand for student capacity. Franklin Conklin Jr., President of the Board of Trustees of Newark University, saw the expansion of Rutgers University and Newark College of Engineering as an opportunity to
“extend democracy’s frontiers”.
“Education is a serious undertaking … it can only be made to work if the constant process of improving the individual is carried on.”
— Louis D. Brandeis, Supreme Court Justice
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Going to college was typically only an option for economically wealthy individuals. Universities were filled to capacity with students who were there because their families could afford it. Educational leaders in Newark saw the lack
of equitable opportunity in the city.
“Is not society
failing, therefore, in self protection when it
bases college opportunity largely on ability to pay?” “One task of education in Newark is therefore to develop within a city a civic conscience and a social intelligence devoted 66
to Newark”
— Franklin Conklin Jr. 67
The Mayor Leo Carlin saw an opportunity to shape a new
future for Newark.
In 1963, the expansion of Rutgers University and the Newark College of Engineering was incorporated into the Master Plan.
For the first time, Urban Renewal was seen as a way to meet the city’s needs for
skilled professionals such as laboratory technicians, sales managers, comptrollers, bankers, economists, and marketing executives.
Also, the additional capacity could provide
opportunities for low-income families. 68
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But at what price?
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The expansion plan sought to demolish and rebuild 110
acres of Central Ward that was
composed of residential, commercial and industrial areas.
The amount of money for the project totaled $123
million.
By 1965, the expansion project broke ground, but authorities forgot one big element in this urban renewal equation:
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the community.
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The new construction of Rutgers University and Newark College of Engineering increased
4,700 to more than 20,000 students, but also displaced hundreds of primarily Puerto Rican and Dominican low-income families. student capacity from
Due to lack of organization and unity, the community opposition had little impact in preventing the devastating
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effects of the project.
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By 1966, a total of 600 families, 2,700 inhabitants approximately, were
forced from their homes to make room for the new educational centers.
The mounting pressures of this and other oppressive city projects evenually gave way to the Newark
The new
Rebellion of 1967.
vision that the Rebellion brought to the city had an immediate effect within the university complexes. 76
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A combination of factors influenced how the expansion of Rutgers University and the Newark College of Engineering was being operated. The black community demanded
better conditions and more job positions for their people. In 1969, the Black Organization of Students, a group inspired by the Rebellion, demanded that officials follow through on their promise of additional student and faculty spaces for the black community. University African American demographics
shifted from 5% to 20% due to
the efforts of BOS. The power of communities and organization had prevailed, and the voices of the people were finally heard. 78
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By 1971, the majority of the project was completed, but under difficult
circumstances.
The Central
Ward resembled Berlin in 1945 because of the parallel effects of the Rebellion of 1967 and the expansion of Rutgers University and the New Jersey Institute of Technology (Newark College of Engineering before) —  David C. Berliner, The Washington Post Burned down stores standing
lifelessly . . . vacant lots coexisting with a clusters of towering housing projects . . . this was the scene created by inequitable city structures and projects that failed to address the needs of the people. 80
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Affected Resident Health
Affordable and Reliable Energy
No Destruction of Homes
Experts Support Proposal
No United Organization Entity Created
No Demonstrations or organized protests
Poor Resident Organization
Strong Public hearing presence
Monetary Incentives to City
Privately Funded by HESS
Ironbound Community Defeated
HESS Power Plant
Community and neighborhood Fabric Preserved
Alternate Traffic Solutions Explored
Outcomes
Considerable Destruction of Homes
Experts Support Alternatives
United Organization Entity Created
Demonstrations and organized protests
Strong Resident Organization
Strong Public Hearing presence
Funding Allocated From Public Services
Funded by Taxpayer Revenue
Affected Communities Victory
Determining Outcomes
Route 75
Social, Political and Spatial Inequity Created
Educational Opportunities
Moderate Destruction of Homes
Experts Support Proposal
No United Organization Entity Created
No Demonstrations or organized protests
Poor Resident Organization
Weak Public Hearing Presence
Funding From Urban Renewal Budget
Funded by Taxpayer Revenue
Affected Community Defeat
Rutgers/ NJIT
What factors affect community empowerment?
Who Has The Power?
The determining factors in each of the cases are characterized by instances of power shifting between communities and proposal supporters. Power shift in favor of Proposal Argument Power shift in favor of Community Argument Neutral Item or Little Argument Sway
A PEOPLE’S HISTORY OF NEWARK
Central Ward + East Ward November 2013
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