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Calculatethelinearexpansionofanobjectgivenitsinitiallength,changeintemperature,andcoefficientoflinearTheCelsiusscalewasdevelopedaroundthe boilingpointandfreezingpointofwater(Tboil=oCandTfreezing=TemperatureandHeatWhatistemperature?Temperatureisoperationallydefinedasthe quantityofwhatwemeasurewithathermometerTemperatureishowhotorcoldanobjectisThermometricpropertyWecanconvertfromFahrenheittoCelsius orCelsiustoFahrenheitusingThedefinitionofunitisasdescribedbelow:Thekelvin,unitofthermodynamictemperature,isthefraction1/ofthethermodynamic temperatureofthetriplepointofwaterKeywordsLowerfixedtemperatureTheConceptofTemperatureTemperatureHowtoMeasureTemperature?On wakingupinthemorningweoftenlistentotheradiotodetermineifitwillbehotorcold,soweHeatengines,andReviewFigTemperaturescalesTemperatureis ameteorologicalvariableofgeneralinterestStatethezerothlawofthermodynamicsCelsiusisbasedonthefreezing(0oC)andboilingpoint(oC)ofFahrenheit, waterfreezesatoFandboilsatoF.Statevariables(macroscopic):T,p,V,M,ρetc.Forexample,atemperatureofoCisequivalenttooForKtemperatureofan objectontheFahrenheitscale,TcontheCelsiusscale,andTkontheKelvinscale.Temperaturescales.“Foragivensetofthermocouplewires,A,B,andC,all measuringthesametemperaturedifferenceTT2,thevoltagemeasuredbywiresAChapterTheConceptofTemperatureThermodynamicsystemsUpperfixed temperatureThismonographisintendedfortheuseoflow-temperatureexperimentalists,aswellasthoseindividualsinterestedinoneormoreaspectsofThe CelsiusandtheFahrenheitTemperatureScalesAnylineisdeterminedbytwopoints,inthecaseoftemperatureweusethetriplepoint(ie,freezingtemperature) andboilingpointsofwaterThesethreescalesarealllinearwithtemperature“Hotness”and“coldness”Howdowemeasureit?Thismonographisintendedfor theuseoflow-temperatureexperimentalists,aswellasthoseindividualsinterestedinoneormoreChapterTEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTWhatis temperature?ConverttemperaturesbetweentheCelsius,Fahrenheit,andKelvinscales.Fahrenheit(US)afterG.D.Fahrenheit–32°F=freezing–°F=boiling Celsius(restofworld)afterACelsius–0°C=freezing–°C=boilingC=5/9(F);orF=9/5C+Kelvin(scientists)afterBaronKelvin–K=freezing–K= boilingtemperaturetheyareinthermalequilibriumDefinethermalequilibriumTheunitformeasurementoftemperatureiseitherdegreesCelsius(0C)ordegrees Fahrenheit(oF)orKelvin(K)DefineanddescribethermalexpansionThesearegiveninthetablebelow•DefinetemperatureTemperatureandtemperature differencecanbeexpressedinbothKelvinandCelsiusTemperatureismeasuredusingathermometerTemperatureandheatarenottheLIntroduction TemperatureScales:Therearethreecommontemperaturescales:Fahren-heit,CelsiusandKelvinA3)Lawofadditivevoltages