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PREFACE List of Abbreviations Acknowledgements INTRODUCTION A. General Framing B. Objectives C. Structure D. Methodology and Sources FIRST PART. NEW IMPETUS FOR REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE EMPOWERMENT OF THE UNITED NATIONS Chapter I. The Issue of the Co-operation/Coordination among International Organizations within the Debate over “Regionalism and Universalism” 1. Regionalism and Global International Order 2. An International Organization Interpretation 3. The Relations between the United Nations and Regional Organizations, as It Is Provided for by Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations Chapter II. The Interaction between the United Nations and Regional Organizations in the International Practice 1. Institutional and Pratical Ways of Implementation of the Provisions of Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nations 2. The Debate at the United Nations over the Empowerment of the Relationship with Regional Organizations 2.1. The General Assembly 2.2. The Security Council 2.3. The Secretary General 2.4. External Inputs to the United Nations Reform (Academic Milieux Plus Civil Society)

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Chapter III. Addressing the Shortcomings in the Current Framework of United Nations/Regional Organizations Collaboration:A Proposal Moving Beyond Chapter VIII 1. An Assessment of the Relevant Trends of the United Nations Reform 2. The Empowerment of the Relationship United Nations/Regional Organizations as a Chance for the Implementation of Article 43 of the Charter of the United Nations 3. A Proposal for a Clear Division of Labour between the Regional and the Universal Levels 3.1 Applying Subsidiarity to Issues of Global Security Governance 3.2. Applying a Human Rights-Discourse to Security 3.2.1. Two Main Implications 3.2.2. Human Rights as the Trait d’Union between Different Legal and Political Regimes 3.2.3. Do Regional Organizations Really Care About Human Rights Seriously?

3.2.4. A Human Rights-Based Approach: More than Human Security 4. Adopting a Multi-Stakeholders Approach: What Role for the Private Sector (Including the Defence Industry)?

5. The United Nations as the Appropriate Top Coordinating Instance for a Global Security Governance Architecture First part summary and Conclusions

SECOND PART. APPLYING THE MODEL TO THE EUROPEAN SECURITY ARCHITECTURE: THE “STATE OF THE ART” OF THE COORDINATION BETWEEN THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION AND THE EUROPEAN UNION’S EXTERNAL ACTION Chapter IV. Proliferation and Streamlining of Inter-Governmental Organizations Operating in Europe 1. Introduction of the Stakeholders 1.1. The Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe 1.2. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1.3. The Western European Union 1.4. The European Union 1.5. The Council of Europe 2. The Concept of European Security Architecture: Does It Represent a Security Community ?

3. Regional Organizations Operating in Europe: Between Operational Concurrency and Cooperation

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Chapter V. Overview of the Steps that Have Been Undertaken for Guaranteeing the Coordination between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union’s External Action 1. Co-operation between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Western European Union 2. Relations between the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization from SaintMâlo to Berlin 3. The Berlin Plus Arrangements 4. Working Together in the Field: “There is Cooperation Under the Balkans’ Sky … [sic]” 5. A Case Study: North Atlantic Treaty Organization-European Union Concerted Approach for the Balkans 6. The Way Ahead: Complementarity between North Atlantic Treaty Organization Response Forces and the European Rapid Reaction Forces/European Union Battlegroups Chapter VI. Current Clusters of Cooperation in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization –European Union Partnership, with Particular Reference to the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights 1. Information Exchanges and Consultation Procedures 2. Defence Capabilities, Development, Acquisition and Armaments 3. Crisis Management and Post-Conflict Peace-Building: Mandates, Legal Status and Applicable Law, Participation of Third States 4. Early-Warning Systems and Conflict Prevention 5. An Overall First Tempt to Evaluate the North Atlantic Treaty Organization – European Union Partnership: An Outline of the Relevant Literature Chapter VII. An Analysis of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s and European Union’s Security Missions from a Human Rights Approach 1. What Place for Human Rights in the New North Atlantic Treaty Organization (between Good Intentions and Bad Practices)?

1.1. Reconstructing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization as a Community of Values 1.2. Respect for Human Rights as a Condition for Accession in the Context of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Enlargement 1.3. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization Policy on Contrasting Trafficking and Smuggling in Human Beings 1.4. Relationship North Atlantic Treaty Organization-United Nations 1.4.1. Institutional and Operational Interaction 1.4.2. Missions Uundertaken by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization: Between Respect and Infringement of the International Rule of Law

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2. The European Union Pro Human Rights and Multilateralism Second Part Summary and Conclusions

THIRD PART. TOWARDS A EUROPEAN UNION-NORTH ALANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION SECURITY SYSTEM IMPLEMENTING THE GLOBAL SECURITY GOVERNANCE SYSTEM PROVIDED FOR IN THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS Chapter VIII. Crystallizing a Human Rights Agenda for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization – European Union Cooperation 1. Spelling Out the Refusal of War 2. A Human Rights-Based Approach, Including Accountability, in the Military and by the Military 3. Implications for North Atlantic Treaty Organization – European Union Coordination 4. Structural and Institutional Implications for the European Union 4.1. Does the European Union Need a Traditional Army?

4.2. Democratic Accountability of the Common Foreign and Security Policy 4.3. Need to Guarantee the Consistency among the Different Components of the European Union’s External Action 4.4. A More Incisive Action at International Fora 4.5. Completing the European Project: Enlargement Again and the Use of Enhanced Cooperation 5. Implications for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Chapter IX. Implications at the Systemic Level 1. Implications on the United Nations Reform 2. Inter and Sub-Regional Relations Chapter X. Reality Check and Feasibility of the Strategy 1. Conditions Leading to the Correct Implementation of this Strategy: Actions of a Set of Drivers 1.1 United Nation and Regional Organizations Organs 1.2. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Parliamentary Assembly – Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly 1.3. Coalitions of Willing States, the Human Security Network and the Canadian Consortium on Human Security

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1.4. Role of the Academia, Research Institutes, Civil Society Actors, Media and Human Rights Defenders 2. Conditions Impeding the Correct Implementation of the Strategy: Action of a Set of Brakers (Unwilling States, the Military and Think Thanks) Chapter XI. Discussion 1. Achievements and Benefits of This Strategy 2. Contra: Is That Initiative a Diversive? Are the United States Trying to Reinvent the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and to Maintain Their Hegemonic Power?

3. Contra Bis: Towards a North Atlantic Treaty Organization – European Union Security Regime and the State Sovereignty Renaissance?

4. Contra Ter. Analysing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization – European Union Partnership from a Critical Approach 5. Contra Quater. The United States Would Never Allow the Implementation of Such Strategy 6. Contra Quinques. The United States and the European Union Respective Visions of World Order Are Too Much Different for Allowing the Implementation of This Strategy 7. Reply: On the Importance to Take Onboard the United States Third Part Summary and Conclusions PRE: CONCLUSIONS: LESSONS FOR POLICY MAKERS CONCLUDING

REMARKS:

REGIONALIZATION,

DEMOCRATIZATION

CONSTITUZIONALIZATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM Selected References

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