CONTENTS
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E. Technology-related international support measures.................................................................................. 109 1. Aid for science, technology and innovation ............................................................................................. 109 2. The Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights................................................. 110 3. Climate change-related technology transfer ............................................................................................ 112 4. The Technology Bank ............................................................................................................................. 113 F. The role of international support measures in past graduation cases........................................................ 114 G. The utilization of international support measures by present least developed countries and their perceived usefulness ........................................................................................................................ 116 H. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 117 I. Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 119 Notes .............................................................................................................................................................. 120 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 121
CHAPTER 4: Post-Graduation Processes and Challenges ........................................................................................ 125 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 126 B. Smooth transition ...................................................................................................................................... 126 C. Economic implications of graduation ....................................................................................................... 129 1. External financing ................................................................................................................................... 129 2. Trade preferences................................................................................................................................... 133 3. Special and differential treatment ............................................................................................................ 140 4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 140 D. Post-graduation challenges ....................................................................................................................... 141 1. Persistent commodity dependence ........................................................................................................ 141 2. The risk of reversion .............................................................................................................................. 143 3. The middle-income trap ......................................................................................................................... 145 E. The post-graduation development paths of the past graduates ............................................................... 149 1. External debt ......................................................................................................................................... 149 2. Official development assistance and foreign direct investment ................................................................ 150 3. Economic diversification policies............................................................................................................. 151 4. Poverty and inequality ............................................................................................................................ 152 F. Summary..................................................................................................................................................... 153 Notes .............................................................................................................................................................. 154 References ..................................................................................................................................................... 156 Annex 1. Simulation of the effects of loss of trade preferences due to graduation: Methodology ................ 159
CHAPTER 5: The Path to Graduation and Beyond ........................................................................................................ 161 A. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 162 B. Graduation with momentum ...................................................................................................................... 162 C. “Graduation-plus� strategies for graduation with momentum .................................................................. 164 1. Rural transformation .............................................................................................................................. 165 2. Industrial policy ...................................................................................................................................... 166