23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46
47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82
Ryder 2015. Masters 2015. Kagermann, Lukas and Wahlster 2011. Kingsley-Hughes 2012. Kearney, Hershbein and Boddy 2015. Gordon 2014. Milken Institute 2013. ILO 2015i. ILO 2015i. Luce and others 2014. Salazar-Xirinachs 2015. ILO 2003a. Bardhan, Jaffee and Kroll 2013. Everest Research Institute 2008. UNCTAD 2014. OECD 2007. OECD 2007. Lippoldt 2012. Andreoni 2015. Elms and Low 2013. ILO 2015i. ILO 2015i. OECD 2014. Global trade is the equivalent of the sum of all exports and imports. Human Development Report Office calculations based on UNCTAD (2015). McKinsey Global Institute 2014. ITU 2015. Gabre-Madhin 2012. Atta, Boutraa and Akhkha 2011. GSMA 2014. Deloitte 2014b. Deloitte 2014b. Deloitte 2014b. Aker and Mbiti 2010. IDRC 2013. Selim 2013. CARE International website, www. lendwithcare.org. Deloitte 2014b. Twitter website, http://about.twitter. com/company. Twitter website, http://about.twitter. com/company. Wikipedia 2015. McCarthy 2012. Mandel 2013. Selim 2013. Calculated based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Database Accessed June 2015. Boyde 2015. Pooler 2014. Amazon 2015. The Economist 2014a. McKinsey Global Institute 2014 Salazar-Xirinachs 2015. McKinsey & Company 2014. McKinsey & Company 2014. Human Development Report Office calculations based on Wilson (2010). UN 2012a. Conti and Heckman 2010. Conti and Heckman 2010. Rodrik 2015a. Dowdy 2014. Global Workplace Analytics 2012. Smeaton, Ray and Knight 2014. The data on flexible work are derived from
a range of sources, including case studies, econometric secondary data analyses, meta-analyses and primary research using dedicated surveys that elicit manager or employee views of the costs or benefits of work–life balance policies. Determining conclusive results therefore—whether in terms of coverage, quality, diverse indicators, methodology or relevance, along with the interpretation and generalizability of findings—remains a challenge for this area of research. 83 Coenen and Kok 2014. 84 Brynjolfsson and McAfee 2014. 85 USPTO 2015. 86 USPTO 2015. 87 WIPO 2015. 88 Heyman 2015. 89 World Values Survey, sixth wave, 2010–2014. 90 May 2007. 91 UN Volunteers 2014. 92 Clark 2013. 93 Lagesse 2015. 94 Ushahidi website, www.ushahidi.com. 95 Deloitte 2014a. 96 Yunus 2009. 97 Vissa 2015. 98 ITU 2013. 99 Maier 2008. 100 Maier 2008. 101 UNESCO 2015. 102 Mishkin 2014. 103 UNDESA 2015. 104 Jacobs 2015b. 105 Jacobs 2015b. The lump of labour fallacy is the contention that the amount of work available to labourers is fixed. It is considered a fallacy by most economists, who hold the view that the amount of work is not static. 106 CBRE Global 2014. 107 Autor 2014. 108 Cooper and Mishel 2015. 109 ILO 2015b. 110 Human Development Report Office calculations for 16 developed countries based on EC (2015). 111 Stockhammer 2013. 112 Oxfam 2015. 113 Mishel and Davis 2014. 114 Stockhammer 2013. 115 Ffrench-Davis 2012. 116 Timmer and others 2014b.
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
34 35
36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Chapter 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
188 | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2015
UNDP 1995. Abdelali-Martin 2011. UN 2015b. ILO 2015e. Bloom and others 2009. UNDESA 2013b. UNDESA 2013b. Bloom and McKenna 2015. This is purely the impact of higher female education on female labor force participation and does not account for the impacts of education on fertility.
43 44 45 46 47 48 49
Furthermore, increasing male education can have an offsetting effect on female labor force participation. The effect of male education is about –2 percentage points. Bloom and McKenna 2015. Lewis 2015. Bandara 2015. UN Women 2015. Miller 2014. IADB 2012. ILO 2015b. Grant Thornton 2015. Grant Thornton 2015. Grant Thornton 2015. Grant Thornton 2015. Singer, Amorós and Moska Arreola 2015. Singer, Amorós and Moska Arreola 2015. Demirgüç-Kunt and others 2015; World Bank 2014a. GEDI 2014. GEDI 2014. Statista 2014, 2015; Turkish Statistical Institute 2015. Grant Thornton 2015. ILO 2015h. ILO 2015h. Human Development Report Office calculations based on ILO (2015e). FAO 2010. FAO 2010, 2011b. ILO 2013b. ILO 2013b. Furthermore, as in ILO (2013b), India is characterized by high discrepancies between official estimates and estimates from other sources, and the results may have some margin of error. The conclusions here are based on the International Labour Organization’s analysis of micro-data from the 2004/2005 Employment and Unemployment Survey (61st round) by the National Sample Survey Organisation of India. Raghuram 2001. Tokman 2010. Due to the overlapping concept of domestic and care work, these statistics include both. D’Cunha, Lopez-Ekra and Mollard 2010. TWC2 2011. ILO 2013b. Rakkee and Sasikumar 2012. Human Rights Watch 2014b. United Workers Congress n.d. Human Development Report Office calculation of current global population under age 15; see also table 8 in Statistical annex. UNFPA and HelpAge International 2012 WHO and World Bank 2011. UNAIDS 2015 INDEC 2014. DANE 2014. Sayer 2015. Human Development Report Office calculations based on data from Charmes (2015).
50 Deen 2012. 51 Human Development Report Office
52
53 54 55 56 57 58 59
60 61 62 63 64 65 66
calculations based on data from Charmes (2015). Values are the adult population–weighted average by sex. Human Development Report Office calculations based on data from Charmes (2015). BLS 2015c; Sayer 2015. Ko and Hank 2013. UN 2015b. Scheil-Adlung 2015. WHO and World Bank 2011. The Japan Times 2015. For a methodology for estimating the care burden, see Mukherjee and Nayyar (2015). Elson, 2012. UN WomenWatch 2009. Charmes, 2006. Jiménez Cisneros et al. 2014. Baker and Milligan 2008. Data are for educated mothers only. Liu and Skans 2010. Miller 2015b.
Chapter 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32
UN 2000b. UNDP 1994. World Commission on Environment and Development 1987. Credit Suisse Research Institute 2014. Arrow and others 1996. EPA 2011. Walker 2013. Masur and Posner 2011. Walker 2013. UNDP 2011. USAID 2013. IPPC 2014a. IEA 2014. UNEP and others 2008. Poschen (2015) further elaborates green jobs to be those that reduce consumption of energy and raw materials, limit greenhouse gas emissions, minimize waste and pollution, protect and restore ecosystems, and enable enterprises and communities to adapt to climate change. ILO 2013f. UN 2015a. IUES and CASS 2010. The Economist 2015a. Suwala 2010. FAO 2015. Steffen and others 2015. FAO 2012. WRI 2014. Fuglie and Nin-Pratt 2012. Yishay and Mobarak 2014. Cole and Fernando 2012. Swanson and Davis 2014. Confederation of Indian Industry and India Ministry of New and Renewable Energy 2010. IFC 2010. UN 2015c. WHO 2005.