The University of Pretoria's commitment to addressing its carbon footprint is a cornerstone of its broader climate change strategy. Recognising the significant impact that higher educational institutions (HEIs) have on the environment, the University has implemented a comprehensive plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote sustainable practices, and foster environmental stewardship among staff, students, contractors and campus visitors. This strategy includes transitioning to renewable energy sources, improving energy efficiency in buildings, and incorporating sustainability into the University's daily operations. By taking these actions, the University aims to mitigate its environmental impact and serve as a leader and model for other institutions. The importance of this strategy lies in its dual role of combating climate change and setting an example to other higher education institutions about the necessity of sustainable practices in all aspects of society.
Developing a comprehensive Carbon Footprint and Climate Change strategy is crucial for several reasons.
• It enables the University to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions systematically, directly contributing to the global effort to mitigate climate change.
• It helps identify critical areas where improvements could be made, ensuring that efforts are focused and effective.
• It enhances the University of Pretoria’s resilience to the adverse effects of climate change, such as extreme weather events and resource scarcity.
This proactive approach protects the environment and safeguards the University’s long-term operational viability. Furthermore, a well-developed strategy demonstrates a commitment to corporate social responsibility, improving public image and stakeholder relations. Ultimately, it serves as a model for others, promoting wider adoption of sustainable practices and fostering a collective movement towards a more sustainable future.
To align its activities with the Paris Climate Agreement and the 2050 Net Zero goals, the University of Pretoria will undertake several key initiatives, e.g.:
• Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy;
• Sustainable Transportation;
• Green Building Standards;
• Waste Reduction and Recycling;
• Community Engagement; and
• Monitoring and Reporting
By adopting these measures, the University aligns its operations with global climate targets and sets a powerful example for other institutions and the broader community.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CO2 emissions – Carbon dioxide emissions
DFFE - Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Environment
GHG- Greenhouse gas
HEI-Higher Education Institution
NAEIS The National Atmospheric Emission Inventory System (NAEIS) is an online reporting platform for criteria air pollutants originating from the South African industry and causing acute and chronic illness. NAEIS is housed within the South African Atmospheric Emissions Licensing and Inventory Portal (SAAELIP).
SAGERS - The South African Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting System is a Greenhouse Gas Reporting Module of the National Emissions Inventory System (NAEIS).
SDGs – Sustainable Development Goals
The University – refers to Pretoria University
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Emission - One or more substances are released into the natural environment's water, air, or soil. See also environmental release, pollution and environmental intervention.
Environmental Inventory - An environmental inventory identifies and quantifies - where appropriate - all environmental aspects of an organisation's activities, products and services.
Environmental Performance - Measurable results (see environmental performance indicators/index) of an environmental management system related to controlling its environmental aspects. Environmental performance assessment is based on environmental policy, objectives and targets.
Environmental Performance Index - A parameter describing environmental impact with a single figure. An index is usually calculated by weighting the impact level against a target level.
Environmental Performance Indicators - Different parameters describing the potential impact of activities, products or services on the environment. These parameters are the result of characterising classified environmental interventions/environmental aspects.
1. STRATEGIC INTENT
The strategic intent of the Carbon Footprint report is to measure and disclose the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated by the University of Pretoria for 2024. This report serves several essential purposes, primarily environmental sustainability and corporate social responsibility. A Carbon Footprint report and implementing a Carbon Footprint and Climate Change strategy aims to establish a clear, data-driven pathway for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and addressing climate change effectively.
By measuring and understanding its carbon footprint, the University of Pretoria is able to ensure compliance with national and international regulations, including those set by the Paris Climate Agreement. This will position the University as a responsible and proactive environmental steward, demonstrating its commitment to sustainability.
A Carbon Footprint report identifies areas where energy and resource efficiency could be improved. Implementing a strategy based on this data could lead to substantial operational efficiencies, often resulting in cost savings through reduced energy use, waste minimisation, and resource optimisation. Climate change poses various risks, from regulatory shifts to physical impacts like extreme weather events. Developing a climate strategy helps mitigate these risks, building resilience in operations, infrastructure, and the supply chain, thereby securing the University’s long-term sustainability.
Ultimately, the report and strategy allow the University of Pretoria to contribute meaningfully to global climate goals, particularly those focused on limiting global temperature rise and achieving Net Zero emissions by 2050. This alignment strengthens its role as a leader in sustainability and helps drive broader societal progress toward a low-carbon future.
Transparency in environmental impact reporting fosters trust and engagement among stakeholders, including staff, students, contractors, funders, and the broader community. By committing to reducing its carbon footprint, the University of Pretoria strengthens its relationship with stakeholders and aligns with its increasing expectations for responsible climate action. The strategic intent is to build a sustainable, resilient, and future-ready academic institution that reduces its environmental impact and serves as a model and catalyst for broader change.
2. CARBON FOOTPRINT REPORT PRINCIPLES
The Carbon Footprint report aims to comprehensively assess the University of Pretoria's impacts in terms of its greenhouse gas emissions and overall contribution to climate change. This study involves quantifying and analysing the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere due to various activities and processes undertaken daily by the University.
The Carbon Footprint report estimates the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted during the University's typical daily operations, pursuing recognition and excellence in its core functions of research, teaching and learning. The aim is to identify significant emissions sources in the University's operations to inform staff, students, and contractors’ activities and take remedial actions to reduce emissions.
2.1 UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA’S CARBON FOOTPRINT HISTORY
The University of Pretoria started its Carbon footprint reporting journey in 2017. In the initial phase, the reporting was limited to the University’s primary campuses, and the controlled approach was used for GHG reporting. Due to the limited availability and reliability of the data, Scope 3 GHG emissions were excluded from the earlier reports. Another limited factor with the earlier reports was that some data were not finalised in December. Therefore, data, such as electricity and water use, were estimated and not based on scientific data.
After the University of Pretoria started participating in the Higher Education Impact Rankings in 2018, it became apparent that more accurate data and reporting of the University’s GHG emissions would be required. The accuracy and reliability of the data used in the initial reports have always been a contentious issue. After COVID-19 and with the return of students to the campuses in 2021, the reliability and accuracy of data used for the GHG emissions reporting were again placed at the fore and discussions to improve the data quality started.
The Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) legislation came into effect in South Africa on 8 December 2020, under the National Energy Act (Act No. 34 of 2008). This legislation mandates that all publicly accessible buildings larger than 2,000 m² such as University buildings must obtain and display an EPC by December 2025. The University of Pretoria started by installing more meters to ensure accurate data reporting. The meters were georeferenced, and the data were linked to specific buildings and campuses.
The Department of Facilities Management realised the lack of accurate and reliable data and reporting might put the University at risk, and a Smart Campus initiative was started in 2023. A centralised, automated, verified and efficient management platform has been developed that will ensure that information within the Department of Facilities Management is managed and stored more effectively. This management platform creates an ideal format to securely store historical data, including campus plans (services, architectural plans, historical data), etc.
During 2023, the Department of Facilities Management started a Request for Proposal process with the intention to appoint a consultant to assist the University with an innovative approach to Carbon footprint management and Climate strategy, with the aim to reach Net Zero by 2050.
Deloitte (Pty) Ltd was appointed on 21 November 2024, and to ensure that the most accurate and reliable data was used in their report, it was decided to use 2023’s data as the baseline for their report. The University of Pretoria’s 2023 Carbon footprint report did not reflect Scope 3 GHG emissions, but the Deloitte (Pty) Ltd report reflects all three scopes comprehensively, and
therefore, it was decided to use the Deloitte (Pty) Ltd 2023 report as the baseline for GHG emissions reporting going ahead.
Moving forward, this new approach will replace prior, more limited reports, offering stakeholders a clear baseline from 2023 onward, aligned with updated standards and a commitment to meaningful emissions reductions across all scopes.
The University of Pretoria has a range of governance frameworks that guide and assist in realising its sustainability agenda. The Department of Facilities Management supports the University's endeavours to carve out a reimagined University (University of Pretoria SDP, p.16). Repurposing spaces to suit a reimagined research, teaching and learning model and a more efficient way of working are critical to achieving the goals set for 2022– 2026 (University of Pretoria Strategic Plan 2022 – 2026, Destination 2026 and beyond). In addition, prioritising projects to support the University’s striving to be a research-intensive University will be essential to its success. All of the above will be challenging with transformation and financial constraints. In addition to promoting affordability, viability, and sustainability, the Department of Facilities Management is committed to helping the University realise its goals and helping the various faculties create their faculty plans.
The University of Pretoria continues to capture compliance obligations, including sustainability, in its risk management plan. This tool ensures that the relevant stakeholders are meeting their commitments. The Departmental Risk Committee of the Department of Facilities Management annually identifies the risks facing the Department and the institution (UP).
Research is central to the University of Pretoria’s vision. As captured in the University of Pretoria: Strategic Plan 2022–2026 (University of Pretoria Strategic Plan 2022 – 2026. Destination 2026 and beyond), UP aspires to advance the frontiers of knowledge and to make a positive impact on the world by focusing on areas of significant societal need, where creative and innovative responses to major challenges can provide new solutions in a rapidly changing environment.
These challenges are addressed through the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 associated targets were adopted by member countries of the United Nations in 2015 and comprise a shared global framework of local and international action on sustainable development until 2030. The University is uniquely positioned to contribute meaningfully to addressing the SDGs through innovative research. Many of the initiatives and actions communicated in this report align with this.
Multi-stakeholder platforms are proposed to support and encourage partnerships and provide leadership for successful partnerships in achieving the SDGs. Any partnership established has to be accountable and people- and planet-centred. The goals centre on ending poverty, protecting the natural environment, and ensuring inclusive, just, and peaceful societies with prosperity for all (UN, 2015).
Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) standards guide the University’s operations and are used by socially conscious investors to screen potential investments. Environmental criteria consider how the University performs as a steward of nature.
Social criteria examine how it manages relationships with employees, suppliers, customers, and the communities within which it operates. Governance deals with the University’s leadership, executive remuneration, audits, internal controls, and stakeholder rights. A successful ESG program is authentic, grounded in data, and aligned with the institution’s overarching strategy as well as the needs of key internal and external stakeholders.
Environmental criteria include the University’s energy use, waste, pollution, natural resource conservation, and treatment of animals. The criteria may also be used to evaluate environmental risks UP might face and how the University manages these. Examples include issues related to the University’s ownership of contaminated land, hazardous waste disposal, toxic emissions management, and compliance with government environmental regulations.
3. CARBON MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Carbon management aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to obtain strategic advantages. The goal is to help higher education institutions reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their dependency on fossil fuels as an energy source.
Carbon footprint is a measurement of the greenhouse gas emissions directly and indirectly caused by an activity or accumulated over the life stages of a product or service, expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) (Biørn-Hansen, Katzeff and Eriksson, 2022: p.1-10).
The emissions expressed in CO2e are based on their global warming potential (GWP). The GWP measures how much heat each respective gas retains in the atmosphere over a given time horizon, based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Eggleston, Buendia, Miwa, Ngara & Tanabe, 2006) 2006 Guidelines’ 100-year GWP coefficient.
The National Air Quality Act 29 of 2004 and the National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting Regulations (NGERs) promulgated under the Act establish the legislative framework for a national GHG reporting system (National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004). The Act also requires companies, organisations, and universities to report on air emissions (GRI 302, GRI 305, and GRI 307).
3 .1 ORGANISATIONAL BOUNDARIES FOR GHG INVENTORIES
Two distinct approaches may be used to consolidate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions: the operational control approach and the financial control approach Under the financial control approach, a reporting company (University of Pretoria) accounts for 100 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions from any operation under the University’s control. In the past, the University of Pretoria used the operational control approach, which provided a very unreliable
picture of the GHG emissions. It has been decided that the University will change to a financial control approach. This means the GHG emissions report will include all the campuses where the University has a footprint. Therefore, the 2023 Carbon Footprint report will be the baseline report.
The financial and operational control approaches differ fundamentally in how they attribute greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Each offers unique insights into the University's carbon footprint based on its relationship to various assets and activities.
Under the financial control approach, the University reports emissions proportional to its ownership stake in operations or assets, regardless of direct control. If the University owns a partial share in a research facility or leased property, it will report a corresponding percentage of that entity’s emissions. This method offers a more comprehensive view of the University’s total emissions footprint by including all sources where it holds a financial interest, even if it lacks operational oversight.
In contrast, the operational control approach focuses only on assets or activities over which the University of Pretoria has direct authority to implement operational policies and procedures, reporting 100% of emissions from these sources. This approach emphasises emissions from activities the University could directly manage, like campus buildings and vehicle fleets, but omits emissions from facilities or assets outside its immediate control.
The financial control approach is thus more comprehensive, capturing emissions associated with financially relevant assets and offering a fuller picture of the University of Pretoria’s climate impact. Using this approach, the University can identify emissions reduction opportunities across a broader array of assets, align reporting with financial influence, and address GHG emissions holistically within its sustainability strategy.
3 . 2 OBJECTIVES OF THE FINANCIAL CONTROL APPROACH
The University of Pretoria recently completed its first materiality analyses as part of the Carbon footprint and climate change strategy. The materiality analysis will be used as the baseline for discussing the current fields of action and assessing the need for updates. The University of Pretoria has set ambitious goals and defined strategic areas of action to reach these goals. The Department of Facilities Management’s areas of action and areas of responsibility, as well as Faculty or department-specific targets, processes and measures, are derived from this analysis. The primary objectives of such a study include:
1. Measuring and Quantification: The study aims to quantify the University’s carbon footprint, the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly due to its operations. This includes energy consumption, transportation, waste generation, and more emissions
2. Identification of Emission Sources: The Carbon footprint and climate change strategy help identify specific sources of emissions within University operations by conducting a detailed analysis. These may range from energy-intensive processes to supply chain activities and transportation logistics.
3. Benchmarking and Comparison: Comparing the University's carbon footprint with its baseline emissions, industry benchmarks and standards. This comparison allows UP to understand how it performs compared to its peers and identify areas for improvement.
4. Risk and Opportunity Analysis: A comprehensive carbon footprint study can reveal potential risks and opportunities associated with climate change. For instance, it can highlight regulatory risks due to emissions regulations or opportunities for cost savings through energy efficiency measures.
5. Goal Setting: Based on the study's findings, the University can set specific goals for reducing its carbon footprint. These goals include targets for emissions reduction, energy efficiency improvements, or transitioning to renewable energy sources.
6. Strategy Development: The study provides the foundation for developing a comprehensive climate strategy. This strategy outlines actions and initiatives the University may undertake to reduce its carbon footprint, mitigate climate impact, and contribute to sustainability.
7. Transparency and Reporting: Stakeholders such as investors, staff, students, and regulatory bodies are increasingly interested in understanding the University’s environmental impact. A carbon footprint study enables transparent reporting of emissions and sustainability efforts.
8. Stakeholder Engagement: The study may facilitate stakeholder engagement, allowing the University to demonstrate its commitment to sustainability and dialogue about its environmental efforts.
9. Long-Term Sustainability: A carbon footprint and climate strategy study aims to contribute to long-term environmental sustainability. By understanding and mitigating its carbon emissions, the University of Pretoria plays a role in addressing the global challenge of climate change.
The University of Pretoria’s Net-Zero commitment will reduce Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions in line with the Science Based Targets initiative supporting the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to 1.5° C compared to pre-industrial levels. The commitment will be met through the following measures:
• A reduction of Scope 1 and 2 global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from mainly offices.
• A commitment to increasing the annual sourcing of renewable electricity, being ever mindful of the electricity demand of the staff and students during peak times.
• A reduction of Scope 3 global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
4. CARBON EMISSIONS DURING 202 4
In 2024, the University of Pretoria continued its commitment to tracking and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as part of its overarching climate change strategy. This year’s GHG emissions report provides a comprehensive view of the University’s carbon footprint, assessing emissions across crucial areas such as energy consumption, transportation, waste management, and other critical operational processes. To ensure that the most accurate and reliable data was used in the Deloitte report, it was decided to use 2023’s data as the baseline. In future, the University of Pretoria’s GHG emissions and the Carbon footprint reporting will compare data with the 2023 baseline year. This Carbon footprint report will therefore be the first Carbon footprint report completed by the Department of Facilities Management to report on all three scopes of GHG emissions.
Through precise measurement and data analysis, the University has identified specific emission sources, helping to direct efforts towards areas with the most significant reduction potential. By addressing these emissions, the University is advancing toward its Net Zero target for 2050 and setting an example of sustainable practice and environmental responsibility. The end target of Net Zero by 2050 is an ambitious target, the Department of Facilities Management has set itself, and this has not yet been ratified by the Executive of the University of Pretoria.
4 .1 GLOBAL REPORTING INITIATIVE STANDARDS (GRI)
The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards provide a comprehensive framework for reporting transparent and accurate GHG emissions In 2022, the University of Pretoria committed to aligning its emissions disclosures with The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards. By adhering to GRI standards, the University reports on its environmental impact in a structured, consistent manner, covering key areas such as energy consumption, GHG emissions by scope (Scopes 1, 2, and 3), and emissions reduction efforts. GRI standards emphasise the quantitative measurement of emissions and qualitative aspects, including management strategies, goals, and progress in reducing emissions over time. This balanced approach ensures stakeholders receive a clear and reliable picture of the University’s environmental performance, enabling it to track their sustainability progress, identify areas for improvement, and fulfil its accountability to staff, students, contractors and the broader community.
In 2024, the University of Pretoria expanded its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reporting framework to include Scope 3 emissions, significantly enhancing its approach to carbon accountability. Previously, the University’s emissions reports focused primarily on Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions those from direct operations and purchased electricity. By incorporating Scope 3 emissions, which cover indirect sources, the University gains a more comprehensive understanding of its total carbon footprint. This broader scope not only aligns with best practices in sustainability reporting but also underscores the University’s commitment to addressing
climate impact across all areas of influence. Including Scope 3 in the 2024 report allows the University to set more accurate reduction targets, engage stakeholders more effectively, and identify new opportunities for sustainable practices across its extended network.
Including Scope 3 emissions is likely to significantly increase the University’s total reported CO₂e, as Scope 3 encompasses a broad range of indirect emissions that are often substantial yet previously unaccounted for. Scope 3 emissions include student and staff commuting, business travel, waste disposal, procurement, and other procured services, all of which contribute meaningfully to the University’s overall carbon footprint. Table 1 and Figure 1 show the increase in total reported CO₂e between 2022 and 2023 when the Scope 3 activities were included in the GHG emissions reporting.
While Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions generally capture emissions from direct operations and purchased electricity, Scope 3 reveals the environmental impact of the University’s extended activities and relationships, providing a fuller picture of its contributions to greenhouse gas emissions. Including these emissions will increase the total CO₂e and enable the University to identify reduction strategies that could have the most significant impact, such as promoting sustainable travel options, implementing responsible procurement practices, and encouraging low-carbon behaviours among all stakeholders. This broader accountability marks an essential
Table 1: Carbon footprint comparison 2022 to 2023
Figure 1: Comparison of total CO2e between 2022 and 2023
step toward realistic Net Zero planning and reinforces the University's role as a responsible leader in climate action.
In GHG emissions reporting, CO₂e, or carbon dioxide equivalent, is a metric used to express an activity or institution's total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in terms of the equivalent amount of CO₂ (carbon dioxide). Since various greenhouse gases such as methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) differ in their global warming potential (GWP), CO₂e standardises these gases by converting them into the warming impact equivalent of a specified amount of CO₂.
For example, methane has a GWP 25 times that of CO₂ over 100 years, so 1 ton of methane will be reported as 25 tons of CO₂e. This conversion enables a more comprehensive assessment and comparison of emissions across different sources and types of greenhouse gases, allowing the University to quantify its total impact on climate change more accurately.
4 . 2 GHG EMISSIONS BASELINE YEAR
The University of Pretoria has designated 2023 as the baseline year for its GHG emissions reporting, marking the starting point for tracking and measuring its progress toward carbon reduction targets. Establishing 2023 as the baseline year allows the University of Pretoria to accurately assess current emissions across Scopes 1, 2, and 3, providing a comprehensive view of its carbon footprint. This year will be the benchmark against which future reductions will be measured, enabling the University to identify trends, set realistic targets, and prioritise critical areas for emissions reductions. By establishing this baseline, the University commits to a structured and transparent approach to environmental accountability, aligning with national and global sustainability goals and demonstrating leadership in climate action within the higher education sector.
Due to several strategic and practical factors, the University of Pretoria selected 2023 as the baseline year for its GHG emissions report. This year marks a significant investment in sustainability initiatives, with newly implemented systems and policies that accurately track and manage carbon emissions across the institution. Additionally, 2023 saw the University complete its first comprehensive audit of Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions, ensuring that all sources of greenhouse gases are systematically accounted for and reported. This timing aligns with national policy shifts and international climate commitments, providing a robust foundation for aligning the University’s carbon reduction targets with evolving environmental standards. By setting 2023 as the baseline, the University of Pretoria establishes a clear starting point that reflects its current emissions landscape, enabling transparent tracking of progress and facilitating comparison with peer institutions while enhancing accountability in its long-term sustainability goals.
Between 2022 and 2023, the University experienced significant changes in emissions due to expanded reporting scope and new sustainability initiatives. In 2023, the University began tracking Scope 3 emissions, which were previously excluded. This expanded reporting scope
captured a fuller picture of the University’s carbon impact and naturally led to a higher reported emission total than in 2022. Additionally, with the post-pandemic resurgence of in-person activities, campus facilities saw an increase in energy demand, especially for heating, cooling, and transportation, contributing to a rise in energy-related emissions. Despite these increases, 2023 also marked the initiation of sustainability strategies, including enhanced waste diversion programs and a baseline year for emissions data, establishing a foundation for measurable reductions. These context-specific factors clarify the rise in emissions from 2022 to 2023 and emphasise the University’s commitment to accurate, transparent reporting as it works toward ambitious sustainability goals.
In 2023, the University of Pretoria transitioned to a financial control consolidation approach for emissions reporting, moving away from its previous operational control method. Under the operational control approach, the University reported emissions from activities and assets it directly managed, focusing on emissions that the institution could operationally control (Figure 2: University of Pretoria campuses; Table 2: Campus building coverage information: 2024). With the new financial control approach, emissions are now reported for all activities and assets in which the University holds a financial interest, regardless of direct operational oversight. This shift enables a more comprehensive view of the University's carbon footprint, capturing emissions from entities and assets that, while not operationally managed by the University, contribute to its overall environmental impact due to financial ties. This change aligns the University’s reporting with financial reporting boundaries. It enhances transparency, offering a fuller perspective of its role in contributing to greenhouse gas emissions across its financial sphere of influence.
Figure 2: University of Pretoria campuses
4.3 GHG EMISSIONS REPORTING AND INITIATIVES
Including all GHG emission scopes (Scopes 1, 2, and 3) in the University’s carbon footprint is ultimately better for several reasons, even though it may initially reveal a much larger carbon footprint than reported in previous years.
The University of Pretoria will follow a structured process aimed at completeness, transparency, relevancy, accuracy, and consistency (the GHG accounting and reporting principles) to disclose and declare the sudden increase in GHG emissions, mainly due to the inclusion of Scope 3 emissions. The University began this process by collecting comprehensive data on Scope 1, 2, and newly included Scope 3 emissions. This involves collaborating with departments, suppliers, and third-party providers to gather accurate information on commuting patterns, procurement impacts, waste management, and other indirect emissions sources. To ensure reliability, the data should undergo internal review and possibly external verification by a reputable auditor. The University should disclose the increase according to recognised frameworks, such as the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, the CDP (Carbon Disclosure Project), or the Global Reporting Initiative
(GRI) (Accounting, 2004). These frameworks provide guidelines on reporting emissions transparently, which is crucial for maintaining stakeholder trust.
In the annual sustainability GHG emissions report, the University of Pretoria declares the inclusion of Scope 3 emissions and compares them with previous years to highlight the reason for the increase. This report includes the total emissions, broken down by scope, with a clear explanation of new sources now included in the assessment. The University has proactively engaged stakeholders in the 2024 Carbon Footprint report to explain why the increase was reported. This communication, which will be supported with additional meetings, email updates, and website announcements, underscores that the rise reflects an expanded, more accurate measurement of emissions rather than an operational increase, ensuring stakeholders feel included in the process and well informed.
The University of Pretoria is committed to providing context for the 2024 Carbon Footprint report change, highlighting that the increase results from improved, more inclusive reporting rather than a rise in actual emissions. This commitment to comprehensive climate accountability, which included Scope 3 emissions in achieving Net Zero targets, should reassure stakeholders of the University's dedication to sustainability. The 2023 GHG emissions will serve as the baseline for future reporting, including targeted actions to reduce Scope 3 emissions, such as supplier engagement for sustainable procurement or programs to encourage lower-carbon commuting options. To this extent, the Department of Facilities Management has already commenced a process to implement Zero waste to landfill waste removal contracts. Furthermore, the Department of Facilities Management is also constantly mindful of the energy crisis in South Africa, and the University has made significant progress and positive strides in implementing a range of energy initiatives aimed at enhancing sustainability and reducing its environmental impact.
The Department of Facilities Management has introduced a cutting-edge Smart Campus automation and reporting system to enhance its sustainability efforts and streamline operational efficiency. This new system integrates Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, data analytics, and realtime monitoring across campus facilities to continuously track energy use, water consumption, waste management, and carbon emissions. By centralising data from various sources, the system allows for precise, data-driven decision-making and enables the University to identify inefficiencies and optimise resource use more effectively. Additionally, the system’s automated reporting capabilities ensure that emissions data and sustainability metrics are readily available for compliance reporting and public transparency. This Smart Campus initiative supports the University’s carbon reduction targets
The total emissions recorded for 2024 were 74 868 tCO2e. This is a total decrease of 10 490.23 tCO2e compared to the 85 358 tCO2e reported for 2023. (The sharp decrease in loadshedding in 2024, contributed to a decrease of 14.01% in tCO2e).
Percentage of Total Carbon Footprint
Figure 3: Percentage of total carbon footprint 2023
Percentage of Total Carbon Footprint
4: Percentage of total carbon footprint 2024
5.
SCOPE 1: DIRECT EMISSIONS (GRI 301 – 1)
The GHG Protocol Corporate Standard classifies a company's GHG emissions into three 'scopes'. Emissions from Scope 1 sources are direct greenhouse gases (GHGs) that the University releases (e.g., emissions from fuel combustion in boilers, furnaces, and vehicles).
Typical Scope 1 GHG emissions generated at the University come from direct sources owned or controlled by UP. Scope 1 emissions are often among the first targeted in carbon reduction efforts because it could be directly controlled by the University, allowing for more immediate intervention measures such as transitioning to low-carbon fuels, enhancing energy efficiency, and better refrigerant management. The Scope 1 GHG emissions at the University of Pretoria include:
• Stationary Combustion: Emissions from on-campus heating and cooling systems, such as boilers, furnaces, and generators that burn fossil fuels (like diesel) to provide heating, hot water, and sometimes electricity for campus buildings.
• Mobile Combustion (Vehicle Fleet): Emissions from the University’s owned or leased vehicles, including buses, maintenance vehicles, campus security vehicles, and other service vehicles that use petrol or diesel fuel.
• Refrigerants and Chemical Use: Emissions from refrigeration, air conditioning, and laboratory equipment that may release hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) or other greenhouse gases through leaks or regular maintenance. These substances have a high global warming potential (GWP) and contribute significantly to Scope 1 emissions if not carefully managed.
Figure
• Agricultural Activities: The University of Pretoria's emissions include those from livestock (methane emissions), fertiliser application (nitrous oxide emissions), and other farmingrelated activities.
5.1 S tationary C ombustion
Stationary combustion is a significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emission source for the University of Pretoria, primarily from burning fossil fuels for standby diesel generators (SBG). Boilers, furnaces, and backup generators are vital to maintaining comfortable and reliable campus operations. The standby generators (SBG) contribute directly to Scope 1 emissions by releasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere. Accurately tracking and reporting these emissions is essential to understanding the University’s carbon footprint and aligns with institutional commitments to climate accountability. By analysing stationary combustion emissions in annual reports, the University can pinpoint opportunities for efficiency improvements, fuel switching, or technology upgrades, aiming to reduce environmental impact and align with long-term sustainability goals.
The University of Pretoria depends on standby generators to ensure business continuity during potential municipal power supply interruptions or load shedding by the national power utility.
The decrease in load-shedding and the absence of Stage 6 load-shedding in 2024 have had a meaningful impact on the University’s GHG emissions reporting. Load-shedding, especially at stages like Stage 6, typically forces the University of Pretoria to rely heavily on standby dieselpowered generators, significantly increasing Scope 1 emissions due to stationary combustion. With fewer and lower-intensity load-shedding incidents, the University has reduced its dependency on these high-emission backup systems, resulting in a lower overall carbon footprint (Figure 5: The increase in load-shedding since 2018). This improvement has positively impacted the University’s reported GHG emissions for the year and allowed operational resources to be reallocated toward more sustainable energy management strategies, like optimising renewable energy use and enhancing energy efficiency (Figure 6: Diesel consumption for standby generators 2023 - 2024). The stability in energy supply supports the University’s goal of reducing direct emissions. It demonstrates the environmental benefits of a more reliable national grid, reinforcing the importance of ongoing efforts to stabilise and decarbonise energy infrastructure (Figure 7: The cost of diesel used for standby generators in 2023 - 2024)
5: The increase in load-shedding since 2018
The greenhouse gas emissions generated by the standby generators are reported to the Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Environment (DFFE). The South African Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting System (SAGERS) is a Greenhouse Gas Reporting Module of the National Emissions Inventory System (NAEIS). This portal is a web-based platform for registering and submitting GHG emissions data by category A data providers regarding GHG Reporting Regulations under the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act No.39 of 2004.
Figure
Figure 6: Diesel consumption for standby generators 2023 - 2024
The Department of Facilities Management is investigating alternative energy solutions to reduce the University’s carbon footprint while ensuring electricity security. The investigations include expanding the University’s currently installed solar PV installation, Gas-to-Power solutions, Hydrogen to Power, Ammonia to Power, and biogas. Some of these solutions require storage in conjunction with solar power. This storage solution is also investigated to determine which technology will have the most negligible environmental impact, have the best possible recycling ability, and have the best lifecycle costing.
5.2 Mobile Combustion
The University of Pretoria has a fleet of vehicles under the management of the Department of Facilities Management for the use of Faculties, Departments, and staff. In 2024, the Department of Facilities Management was responsible for approximately 363 vehicles.
The University of Pretoria conducts an annual vehicle fleet utilisation audit. Based on the results from the survey, the following could be reported for the 2024 academic year. Approximately 327 3589 litres of diesel and 339 526.3 litres of fuel have been purchased (Figure 8: Litres of petrol and diesel purchased contributing to mobile combustion). The fuel purchases equate to 1 383 tons CO2e, a decrease of 23% from 2023 (Figure 9: tCO2e for Scope 1 Mobile combustion)
The University of Pretoria has buses that shuttle the students between classes to different campuses and residences. This includes a park-and-ride facility at Hillcrest Campus to alleviate parking pressure on the Hatfield Campus. Limited undercover parking in the Engineering 3 Parkade is available for day students on the Hatfield Campus. Undergraduate students are only
Figure 7: The cost of diesel used for standby generators in 2023 - 2024
permitted to park on the Hatfield campus after 16:30 or 14:30 for postgraduate students. Students in official residences are within walking distance of most campuses but may use the service to travel between campuses when necessary.
As part of its commitment to investigating alternative transportation options, the University of Pretoria has begun investigating possible changes to the bus contract to move to electric buses. Buses from the UP-bus fleet transport students between campuses to reduce road traffic. The current bus contract expired on 31 December 2024, and it will only be possible to migrate to electric buses with any future contracts.
Figure 8: Litres of petrol and diesel purchased contributing to mobile combustion
6. SCOPE 2: INDIRECT EMISSIONS (GRI 305 – 2)
The GHG Protocol defines electricity, steam, heat, and cooling emissions as Scope 2. Scope 2 GHG emissions represent the indirect greenhouse gas emissions generated from producing purchased electricity, heat, or steam that the University consumes. These emissions are particularly significant in the University’s overall carbon footprint, as the carbon intensity of the national power grid largely influences it (Figure 11: Electricity purchased from Eskom 2023 –2024). Since Scope 2 emissions depend on energy produced outside the University’s direct control, reducing them requires strategies such as:
• Optimising energy efficiency on campus,
• Investing in renewable energy sources, and
• Pursuing power purchase agreements that support cleaner energy.
Reporting on Scope 2 emissions is essential for tracking progress toward the University’s sustainability goals and provides transparency in its energy consumption practices. By continuously assessing and disclosing these emissions, the University can make informed decisions about energy management and align its efforts with broader carbon reduction commitments.
The University of Pretoria’s Energy Management Policy has been in place since 2016 and sets out the University’s intention to improve and promote its energy efficiency and conservation. The policy recognises that the energy space is dynamic and commits to being abreast of and adapting to technological developments. It is also mindful of the uncertainty around a stable electricity supply to the national grid and the potential impacts on the University’s operations. Across the University estate and operations, the professional services team is working to investigate
Figure 9: tCO2e for Scope 1 Mobile combustion
opportunities for alternative energy sources, low-carbon technology and renewable energy installations.
The Department of Facilities Management focuses on increasing efficiency through operational improvements, equipment maintenance, and investments in innovative energy-efficient technologies. The team identifies areas that require improvement through effective audit mechanisms that have been implemented, leading to increased production capacities.
The Department of Facilities Management is the custodian of the University’s Energy Management Plan, which addresses various projects, from acquiring energy on favourable price terms to monitoring the main supply points. The design of new buildings, or the refurbishment of existing ones, incorporates systems to reduce energy consumption, and energy efficiency is prioritised when purchasing energy-intensive equipment. As part of equipment replacement programmes, failed heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment is replaced by units incorporating inverter compressors, which are more energy efficient. Existing light fittings are replaced with energy-efficient equivalents. Supporting a cultural shift to energy conservation, the University has a set of simple rules to promote energy saving by all University community members
With variable tariffs linked to utilisation and peak times, efforts to reduce maximum demand and high-demand season peak consumption are essential to reduce the overall energy bill. In addition to initiatives to reduce overall consumption, options around using the University’s installed generating capacity from standby generators are considered based on cost-benefit analyses. However, the primary aim of the standby generators is to ensure business continuity in the face of potential municipal power supply interruptions or load shedding by the national power utility.
In line with technological developments and a shift towards renewable energy in 2017, the University concluded a power purchase agreement with an independent solar energy supplier (Figure 11: Electricity purchased from Eskom 2023 – 2024). The arrangement covered constructing two plants: the Merensky Building installation comprising 380 solar panels and the Technical Services Building installation comprising 487 solar panels. The two plants have a combined energy generating capacity of some 484 000 kWh annually
Since 2017, the power purchase agreement has been expanded to:
• Building Sciences: 138 kWp
• Centenary: 132 kWp
• Future Africa Dining Hall: 70 kWp
• Future Africa Main Building: 60 kWp
• Engineering 4.0: 170 kWp
• Technical Services: 161 kWp
• Merensky: 125 kWp
• Tuks Sport School: 100 kWp
Total installed capacity: 956 kWp An installed capacity of 956 kWp (kilowatt peak) refers to the total potential power output of the University’s solar photovoltaic (PV) system under optimal
conditions, such as full sunlight. The term "kWp" explicitly measures the solar array's peak or maximum power generation, indicating that, at peak sunlight, the system could theoretically produce up to 956 kilowatts of electrical power. This capacity depends on the array's solar panels' size, efficiency, arrangement, and local sunlight conditions.
In practical terms, this capacity allows the University to generate a significant portion of its electricity needs from solar power, reducing dependence on the national grid and lowering Scope 2 GHG emissions by offsetting purchased electricity. The 956 kWp system will typically generate around 1 200–1 500 kWh per year under favourable conditions., depending on locationspecific factors like sunlight availability and weather. Therefore, this system could produce approximately 1,200 to 1,500,000 kWh annually, providing a sustainable and cost-effective energy source while supporting the University’s sustainability goals (Figure 10: Electricity generated by solar PV (2023 – 2024)
The University faces a limitation in using solar power to meet peak electricity demand at residences at night, as solar panels only generate electricity when exposed to sunlight. Solar panels cannot supply power directly during these hours since residences’ electricity usage peaks after sunset, mainly due to lighting, heating, and other energy-intensive evening activities Without sufficient energy storage solutions, like batteries that could store solar energy generated during the day for night-time use, the University must rely on alternative power sources, such as the national grid or backup generators, to meet night-time demand (Figure 11: Electricity purchased from Eskom 2023 – 2024). While solar power significantly contributes to reducing daytime energy needs and overall GHG emissions, addressing night-time demand will require investments in energy storage systems or complementary renewable energy sources capable of providing continuous power around the clock.
Figure 10: Electricity generated by solar PV (2023 – 2024)
Sustainable resource initiatives at the University could enhance operational efficiency, foster innovation, and strengthen its commitment to environmental stewardship. The University of Pretoria currently has two energy efficiency and renewable energy projects (PPA) in the pipeline, which will provide sufficient energy to address the needs of the Hillcrest sport campus, Innovation@Africa campus, Residences and Hatfield campuses. Negotiations and additional investigations have also started into the proposed 10MW photovoltaic plant installation at Persequor Park. The power generated at this plant is envisaged to connect to the Hilda and Maroela substations. Furthermore, a switch station will be built to switch power sources between municipal supply and the solar plant.
The Department of Facilities Management uses an electrical metering system to monitor power consumption. Over the next 12 months, the existing system will be expanded to allow more accurate measurement (operational information) and to align with the implementation of Energy Performance certification for buildings/premises at the end of 2025
Energy Performance Certification (EPC) will become compulsory in South Africa for buildings over 1 000 m2, including specific public buildings, with compliance deadlines depending on legislative developments. The EPC requirement mandates that these buildings display their energy performance rating, which reflects their efficiency and overall energy consumption, as part of South Africa’s broader goal to reduce energy use and align with global climate commitments.
To meet this requirement, the University proactively assesses and certifies the energy performance of its qualifying buildings. This involves conducting detailed energy audits to determine baseline consumption levels, identifying opportunities for improving energy efficiency and implementing necessary upgrades, such as optimising lighting systems, upgrading HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems, and enhancing insulation. Furthermore, the University is leveraging its new Smart Campus automation system to continuously monitor energy use across campus buildings, ensuring real-time tracking of energy efficiency improvements. Through these efforts, the University aims to comply with and exceed EPC standards, supporting its long-term sustainability goals and reducing operational costs associated with energy consumption.
Scope 3 emissions are other indirect emissions not directly controlled by the University but resulting from its activities across the value chain. These include emissions from employee commuting, business travel, waste disposal, purchased goods and services, and the supply chain. Scope 3 emissions are often the most complex to measure. Still, these emissions could represent the most significant portion of the University’s overall GHG footprint, making them critical for a complete climate impact assessment.
The 15 categories under Scope 3 GHG emissions provide a structured way to account for all indirect emissions across the University’s entire value chain, from upstream suppliers to downstream activities. These categories cover diverse areas, such as purchasing goods and services, capital goods, fuel- and energy-related activities, waste generated in operations, business travel and employee commuting. These categories aim to ensure a comprehensive and standardised approach to measuring emissions, enabling the University to understand its environmental impact beyond direct operations fully.
However, due to the complexity, resource requirements, and data availability challenges of assessing all 15 categories, the University may focus on only the most relevant categories for reporting purposes. Typically, institutions prioritise categories based on materiality those that contribute the most significant emissions and relevance to the University’s activities and goals. For example, categories such as purchased goods and services, employee commuting, and business travel may be prioritised for the University, as these are likely to account for a substantial share of emissions. This targeted approach allows the University to use resources
Figure 11: Electricity purchased from Eskom 2023 – 2024
efficiently while addressing the most significant and manageable areas of Scope 3 emissions, aligning with its sustainability goals without overwhelming reporting processes (Table 3: Scope 3 emissions categories)
Table 3: Scope 3 emissions categories
Scope 3 Category
1. Purchased Goods and Services
2. Capital Goods
4. Upstream Transportation and Distribution
5. Waste Generated in Operations
6. Business Travel
7. Employee Commuting
13. Downstream Leased Assets
14. Franchises
15. Investments
Description
Emissions from the production and transportation of goods and services purchased by the University, including office supplies, equipment, and professional services. This is often one of the largest Scope 3 categories.
Emissions from producing and transporting longterm assets such as buildings, equipment, and infrastructure. These are significant due to their substantial material and energy requirements in production.
Emissions from the transportation and distribution of goods purchased by the University, including emissions from third-party transportation providers used to deliver purchased items.
Emissions from the disposal and treatment of waste generated from the University’s operations, including recycling, composting, incineration, and landfill disposal. This category captures the environmental impact of the University’s waste management practices.
Emissions from travel by employees for business purposes, such as flights, car rentals, or train travel. This category is relevant due to the carbon intensity of air travel.
Emissions from the daily commute of employees to and from campus. This includes various transportation methods like personal vehicles, public transit, and cycling, depending on the commuting behaviour of employees.
Emissions from assets owned by the University but leased out to other organisations, where emissions arise from the lessee’s operation of these assets. This includes spaces like rented campus retail locations or offices.
Emissions from franchise operations not directly owned by the University but that operate under its brand.
Emissions related to investments made by the University, such as holdings in companies, funds, or portfolios that have their own emissions.
Universities typically focus on Scope 3 categories most relevant to their operations, such as purchased goods and services, employee commuting, business travel, and waste generation. The excluded categories often pertain to emissions from commercial or industrial activities that are not common in educational institutions, making them either minimal or not feasible to measure accurately (Table 4: Scope 3 emissions excluded from GHG reporting)
Table 4: Scope 3 emissions excluded from GHG reporting
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3. Fuel- and Energy-Related Activities (not included in Scope 1 or Scope 2)
Emissions from the extraction, production, and transportation of fuels and energy purchased and consumed by the University. This includes upstream emissions from fuels used to generate purchased electricity and upstream emissions from fuels used directly on campus.
Universities may exclude this due to the difficulty in obtaining detailed, reliable data on upstream energy sources and because these emissions are already indirectly addressed in Scope 2.
8. Upstream Leased Assets
9. Downstream Transportation and Distribution
Emissions from assets leased by the University (i.e., buildings, equipment) where emissions arise from the lessee’s operations.
Emissions from transportation and distribution of products sold or distributed by the University after they leave the campus.
10. Processing of Sold Products Emissions are generated by third parties as they process or further develop products sold by the University.
11. Use of Sold Products Emissions from the use of products sold by the University, if these products produce emissions during use.
12. End-of-Life Treatment of Sold Products
Emissions from the disposal and treatment of products the University sells at the end of their lifecycle.
Universities might exclude this if they have few leased assets or if the emissions are challenging to measure, minor, or already accounted for in other Scope categories.
Since universities typically provide services (education, research) rather than products, this category is often minimal or irrelevant.
Universities generally do not sell products that require further processing, making this category irrelevant.
Since universities primarily deliver education and research services, this category is typically minimal or irrelevant.
Similar to category 11, this is often irrelevant for universities, as they don’t typically produce products with significant end-oflife emissions.
Category 1 of Scope 3 GHG emissions (Purchased Goods and Services) is often the most critical Scope 3 emissions category for the University because it encompasses emissions from the production and transport of all goods and services purchased to support operations, research, and educational activities. These goods and services include office supplies, laboratory equipment, IT infrastructure, and furniture to professional and outsourced services. Given the scale and diversity of the University's procurement needs, emissions from purchased goods and services can be substantial, often surpassing direct operational activities in Scope 1 and 2.
The importance of Category 1 lies in its broad impact and the University’s influence over these emissions through procurement policies. By prioritising low-carbon suppliers, sourcing sustainable materials, and optimising purchasing practices, the University could reduce emissions associated with these goods and services. For example, choosing suppliers committed to carbon reduction, prioritising local vendors to reduce transportation emissions, and
integrating sustainability criteria into purchasing decisions could significantly lower Category 1 emissions.
Furthermore, including Category 1 in emissions reporting highlights the University’s commitment to sustainability throughout its value chain, aligning with broader sustainability and climate goals. Addressing this category enables the University to progress toward a comprehensive carbon footprint reduction, setting a strong example of environmental stewardship for students, Faculty, and stakeholders.
7 .1 Category 1: Purchased Goods and Services
The Procurement Division within the Department of Finance ensures that the University of Pretoria meets the highest standards in sustainable procurement, directly supporting its commitment to reducing environmental impact and achieving carbon reduction goals. By implementing robust procurement policies and procedures, the Division ensures that sustainability criteria are integrated into purchasing decisions across all the University campuses, from office supplies and equipment to services and construction materials. This includes prioritising suppliers with strong environmental practices, selecting sustainable and ethically sourced materials, and emphasising local procurement to reduce transportation emissions.
The Division’s efforts in sustainable procurement minimise the University’s Scope 3 emissions and set a high environmental responsibility standard that resonates throughout the institution and the broader community (Figure 12: Comparison of purchased goods between 2023 – 2024). Through its leadership, the Procurement Division helps embed sustainability into the University’s operational culture, promoting long-term ecological and economic benefits while advancing institutional goals aligned with global climate commitments.
Within the University's Scope 3 GHG emissions, Purchased Goods and Services and Business Travel stand out as the two most significant contributors. Purchased Goods and Services represent the largest share, encompassing the emissions embedded in procuring materials, equipment, and services needed to support academic, administrative, and operational activities. These emissions arise from the production, transportation, and supply chain processes of the goods and services the University relies on.
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. 2 Category 2: Capital Goods
Scope 3 Category 2 emissions (Capital Goods) encompass the greenhouse gas emissions associated with producing, transporting, and installing long-term assets, such as buildings, infrastructure, equipment, and significant technology systems. These assets generally have high material and energy requirements, meaning that capital goods contribute significantly to the University’s Scope 3 emissions due to the embedded emissions in construction materials like steel, cement, and other energy-intensive products. Consequently, how the University approaches capital goods procurement can significantly impact its GHG emissions reporting.
Existing procurement policies and procedures influence these emissions by establishing guidelines for sustainable sourcing, environmental standards, and supplier selection. If procurement policies prioritise environmentally responsible practices such as choosing suppliers with lower-carbon manufacturing processes, sourcing sustainable building materials, and favouring vendors committed to reducing their carbon footprints the University can mitigate its Scope 3 emissions from capital goods. Including these standards in procurement decisions is particularly important for accurately reflecting emissions in GHG reporting and for ensuring alignment with the University’s long-term carbon reduction goals. Sustainable procurement policies for capital goods help control emissions in GHG reporting and reinforce the University’s commitment to responsible resource management and climate action.
The decline in Capital Goods (Scope 3, Category 2) emissions between 2023 and 2024 can be attributed to a reduction in significant infrastructure projects and capital-intensive acquisitions. This decrease is likely influenced by fewer grants from the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET), which typically fund large-scale construction, renovations, and procurement of
Figure 12: Comparison of purchased goods between 2023 – 2024
long-term assets such as laboratory equipment and campus infrastructure (Figure 13: Comparison of capital goods purchased between 2023 – 2024). Additionally, a decline in alumni donations and funding may have resulted in fewer endowment-funded capital investments, further contributing to the reduced emissions associated with procuring new buildings, technology, and durable goods. As capital goods represent emissions from the production and transportation of purchased assets, a slowdown in funding naturally translates to lower carbon impacts in this category. While this reduction benefits the University's overall carbon footprint, it may also indicate potential financial constraints affecting long-term sustainability projects and campus development.
7 . 3 Category 4: Upstream Transportation and Distribution
Scope 3 Category 4, Upstream Transportation and Distribution, includes the greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation and logistics involved in delivering goods and services to the University before they are used on campus. These emissions occur throughout the supply chain from manufacturing facilities to warehouses and, ultimately, to campus and encompass various transportation methods, including trucks, ships, and aeroplanes. The choice of suppliers, shipping methods, and distances significantly impact the emissions associated with this category.
Existing procurement policies and procedures are crucial in shaping these emissions by defining criteria for selecting vendors, evaluating transportation methods, and determining shipping practices. For instance, policies prioritising local suppliers reduce transportation distances, lowering associated emissions. Similarly, preferences for vendors who utilise efficient, lowemission logistics networks can further reduce the carbon footprint of inbound goods. By embedding these sustainability considerations into procurement decisions, the University can
Figure 13: Comparison of capital goods purchased between 2023 – 2024
limit emissions reported under this Scope 3 category. This approach aligns with GHG emissions reporting objectives and supports a more sustainable supply chain, enhancing the University’s commitment to environmentally responsible operations and carbon reduction targets.
7 . 4 Category 5: Waste Generated in Operations
Scope 3 Category 5, Waste Generated in Operations, captures the greenhouse gas emissions from the disposal and treatment of waste produced by the University’s daily operations. This includes emissions from waste sent to landfill, recycling, composting, and Bokashi. Emissions arise from the decomposition of organic waste, the transportation of waste materials, and the energy used in recycling processes. As a University with extensive academic, administrative, and residential facilities, daily operational activities like office functions, food services, laboratories, and housing contribute significantly to waste generation.
The University’s waste management practices directly influence GHG emissions reporting for this category. For instance, policies promoting recycling, composting, and waste reduction help lower emissions by diverting waste from landfill, where it will produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Implementing efficient waste sorting and minimising single-use items further reduce the volume of waste generated. By focusing on sustainable waste management strategies and engaging the campus community in waste reduction efforts, the University minimises its Scope 3 emissions. It reflects a commitment to sustainability in its GHG reporting.
The University’s Zero Waste to Landfill term contract for Residences and Housing campuses is a crucial initiative to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with Category 5: Waste Generated in Operations. Under this contract, all waste generated by Residences and Housing will be diverted from landfill and instead directed to recycling, composting, and wasteto-energy facilities. This approach will drastically reduce methane emissions resulting from landfill decomposition, a critical component of the University’s Scope 3 emissions. Implementing a zero-waste strategy minimises the environmental impact of the University’s waste. It encourages a culture of sustainability among students and staff, who actively participate in waste sorting and reduction practices. By aligning Residences’ waste management with carbon reduction goals, the University could report lower emissions in Category 5, supporting overall GHG reduction targets and reinforcing its leadership in campus sustainability.
The University’s three-year term contract aimed at minimising waste to landfill for its academic campuses is a strategic effort to lower emissions associated with Category 5: Waste Generated in Operations. This contract will actively redirect waste generated across lecture halls, laboratories, administrative offices, and common areas from landfills to recycling, composting, and waste-toenergy facilities. Additionally, the contract supports sustainable waste management practices across campus, including waste sorting stations, educational initiatives for students and staff, and partnerships with eco-friendly disposal vendors. Figure 14 and Figure 15 show the early stages of the newly implemented Zero waste-to-landfill contract. It is evident from Figure 14 that the waste has already been successfully diverted away from the landfill.
Figure 15 has to be explained to understand the sharp decrease in composting and recycling reported for 2024. In the past (before the implementation of the new contract), data was based on estimates. The estimates were not correctly interpreted and reflected industry data averages. The new contract provides scaled vehicles, allowing the contractor to report actual tonnages recycled and composted.
Accurate tracking and management of waste emissions are essential for the University to measure its environmental impact and make informed decisions about operational improvements aligned with its carbon reduction goals. The Department of Facilities Management has implemented a series of structured processes to ensure sustainable waste management practices are consistently followed across the institution. First, the Department has established dedicated waste sorting stations throughout the campuses, enabling the separation of recyclables, compostable materials, and general waste. This sorting process reduces contamination and maximises the volume of waste diverted from landfill (Figure 15: General waste diverted away from landfill 2023 - 2024)(Figure 16: Hazardous waste generated 20232024). Additionally, the Department has partnered with certified recycling and composting service providers who manage the collected waste responsibly, ensuring that it is processed in an environmentally friendly manner.
The Department of Facilities Management has also implemented educational programs and campaigns to engage the campus community in sustainable waste practices, encouraging staff, students and contractors to reduce single-use items and participate in recycling and composting initiatives. The Department further ensures compliance with sustainability goals by using regular audits to monitor waste production, assess diversion rates, and identify opportunities for improvement. Finally, supporting the institution’s Zero Waste to Landfill objectives, the Department of Facilities Management, with the appointed term contractor, investigates waste-toenergy solutions where possible, converting non-recyclable waste into energy rather than sending it to landfill. Through these coordinated processes, the Department of Facilities Management upholds and strengthens the University’s commitment to sustainable waste management and significantly reduces the institution's overall environmental impact.
14: General waste disposed of at landfill 2023 – 2024
* The tonne (T), or metric ton, is 1,000 kilograms (about 2,204.6 pounds) or 1 megagram.
15: General waste diverted away from landfill 2023 - 2024
Figure
Figure
7. 5 Category 6 : Business Travel
Scope 3 Category 6: Business Travel encompasses the greenhouse gas emissions from the University employees’ travel for professional purposes, including flights, car rentals, rail travel, and hotel stays. These emissions form a significant component of the University of Pretoria’s Scope 3 GHG emissions, involving staff, students and researchers’ travel associated with conferences, field research, collaboration, and professional development activities. Since air travel generates substantial carbon emissions, business travel contributes notably to the University’s Scope 3 emissions.
The daily operational activities of the University of Pretoria, especially those related to research, teaching, and global partnerships, directly impact emissions in this category (Figure 17: Comparison of business travel 2023 - 2024). The extent and frequency of business travel and travel policies heavily influence the University’s GHG emissions reporting. By adopting sustainable travel practices such as prioritising virtual meetings, encouraging regional travel where feasible, and optimising travel schedules to reduce the number of flights the University could significantly reduce emissions reported under Category 6. Implementing travel guidelines that align with carbon reduction goals will enable the University of Pretoria to minimise its impact on Scope 3 emissions, supporting overall GHG reduction targets and enhancing its commitment to sustainable operations. The reduction of business travel for academic staff attending overseas conferences, meetings, colloquia, workshops, and convention events has significantly decreased Scope 3, Category 6: Business Travel greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. International air travel, especially long-distance flights, is one of the most carbon-intensive activities associated with the University of Pretoria’s academic program, often accounting for a substantial portion of the institution's indirect emissions. By shifting towards virtual and hybrid
Figure 16: Hazardous waste generated 2023 - 2024
participation models, the University has curtailed the frequency and necessity of overseas travel, resulting in measurable reductions in CO₂e emissions. This change contributes to institutional climate goals and fosters more sustainable academic practices. Furthermore, it encourages the adoption of low-carbon alternatives while maintaining global academic collaboration, helping UP align with broader environmental and sustainability commitments.
Business Travel is a major contributor, driven by the University's global engagements, research collaborations, and academic conferences. It often involves long-distance flights and other travel modes with high carbon intensity. These categories highlight the University’s extensive indirect emissions footprint and emphasise the need for sustainable procurement policies and travel management strategies to mitigate their impact. Addressing these two contributors is essential for the University to make meaningful progress toward reducing its overall carbon footprint.
7. 6 Category 7 : Employee C omm uting
Scope 3 Category 7: Employee Commuting addresses the greenhouse gas emissions generated by employees travelling to and from the University of Pretoria’s campuses. These emissions arise from various commuting methods, including personal vehicles, public transit, biking, and walking. Given the large number of staff and contractors working on the six campuses in the Pretoria CBD, employee commuting substantially impacts the University’s Scope 3 emissions.
The University of Pretoria’s campuses are centrally located in Tshwane. UP is a multi-campus, research-intensive University in Pretoria, with advantages and disadvantages for the staff commuting to the campuses. South Africa is not renowned for a well-established public
Figure 17: Comparison of business travel 2023 - 2024
transport system, which results in staff commuting to the campuses using private vehicles (Figure 18: Comparison of employee commuting between 2023 - 2024).
The University’s daily operational activities and policies, particularly its approach to work schedules, campus accessibility, and transportation options, directly affect emissions in this category. For instance, most employees commute by car (privately owned or using taxi transport), so emissions from this category will be higher. To mitigate these emissions, the University could promote sustainable commuting options such as carpooling, flexible work-fromhome policies, and bicycle-friendly infrastructure.
In an urban area with limited cycling infrastructure, public transportation options, and municipal support for sustainable commuting, the University can still implement several creative and effective measures to help staff commute sustainably Expanding remote work options, even partially, allows staff to limit trips to campus. Hybrid work schedules and flexi-hours reduce peak traffic congestion and emissions by allowing staff to commute during off-peak hours, potentially making carpooling easier and more effective. The University could Implement a universitysupported carpooling system, such as a custom app or platform, which could facilitate ridesharing arrangements am ong employees who live near each other. Reserved parking for carpool vehicles or financial incentives could encourage broader participation.
7. 7 Category 13 : Downstream Leased Assets
Scope 3 Category 13: Downstream Leased Assets include greenhouse gas emissions from the University's assets but leases to external parties. Typically, these include the staff housing for lease to UP staff members. These are properties or facilities such as research spaces, retail units,
Figure 18: Comparison of employee commuting between 2023 - 2024
or housing managed by third parties. Although the University may not directly control the daily operations of these leased assets, it is responsible for the associated emissions because it falls within its value chain. A comparison between the GHG emissions from 2023 to 2024 shows a slight increase as a result of more properties being leased to third parties (Figure 19: Scope 3: Total CO2e as a result of downstream leased assets 2023 - 2024
The impact of downstream leased assets on the University’s GHG emissions reporting depends on the nature and energy intensity of activities within these spaces. For instance, a leased research facility with energy-intensive equipment or a retail space with significant heating and cooling needs will contribute more emissions than less energy-demanding spaces. The University’s ability to influence emissions in these leased assets is somewhat limited; however, including them in Scope 3 reporting highlights the full extent of its carbon impact and provides transparency in its carbon accounting.
To mitigate these emissions, the University could integrate sustainability requirements into lease agreements, encouraging or requiring tenants to use energy-efficient practices, renewable energy sources, or sustainable materials. Supporting energy audits or efficiency improvements for tenants may also help reduce emissions. Reporting Category 13 emissions demonstrates a comprehensive approach to the University of Pretoria's climate commitments and reinforces the institution’s broader sustainability goals by addressing emissions beyond its immediate operational control.
Figure 19: Scope 3: Total CO2e as a result of downstream leased assets 2023 - 2024
7. 8 Category 14 : Franchises
Franchises operating on the University of Pretoria’s campuses contribute to Scope 3, Category 14: Franchises, as they generate indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are not directly controlled by the institution but still form part of its broader carbon footprint. These emissions stem from energy consumption, supply chain logistics, waste generation, and operational activities of food outlets, retail stores, and service providers licensed to operate on campus.
While these businesses function independently, their environmental impact including electricity use, refrigeration, food waste, and packaging adds to the University’s overall Scope 3 emissions (Figure 20: Scope 3: Total CO2e as a result of franchises 2023 - 2024). Managing these emissions effectively requires the University to engage with franchise partners by promoting sustainable procurement, encouraging energy efficiency, and implementing waste reduction initiatives. By integrating sustainability criteria into franchise agreements and fostering collaboration on emissions reduction, the University can drive positive environmental outcomes while ensuring its extended operations align with institutional climate goals.
7. 9 Category 15 : Investments
The University of Pretoria has actively developed and commercialised innovative technologies by investing in INSiAVA (Pty) Ltd, a fabless semiconductor company specialising in designing integrated circuits for real-world applications. INSiAVA aims to develop and produce innovative, specialised integrated circuit products and technologies with a global competitive advantage.
Figure 20: Scope 3: Total CO2e as a result of franchises 2023 - 2024
The University's engagement with INSiAVA began in the early 1990s, with substantial investments to advance silicon-based light source technology. In October 2010, the University, in collaboration with the South African Intellectual Property Fund (SAIP Fund), approved a R30 million investment over three years to further support INSiAVA's research and development efforts.
This partnership has facilitated the transfer of innovative research from the University to the marketplace, exemplifying a successful model of academia-industry collaboration. By leveraging the University's research capabilities and INSiAVA's focus on specialised integrated circuit solutions, this investment aims to position both entities at the forefront of technological advancements in the semiconductor industry.
Investments (Scope 3, Category 15) play a significant role in the University’s overall carbon footprint, as its financial assets can contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through equity holdings, endowments, and other investment vehicles (Figure 21: Scope 3: Total CO2e as a result of investments 2023 - 2024). The impact arises from the industries and companies the University invests in, mainly if funds are allocated to sectors with high carbon intensity, such as fossil fuels, heavy industry, or unsustainable supply chains. However, these indirect emissions represent the University’s financial influence on global carbon emissions. UP adopted responsible investment strategies to mitigate this impact, such as divestment from highemission industries, increasing allocations to renewable energy and low-carbon technologies, and implementing Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria in investment decisions. By aligning its financial portfolio with its sustainability commitments, the University of Pretoria leverages its investments as a tool for climate action, ensuring that its capital supports a lowcarbon transition while enhancing its leadership in sustainability.
Figure 21: Scope 3: Total CO2e as a result of investments 2023 - 2024
8. WATER AND EFFLUENT (GRI 303)
The University of Pretoria is experiencing a growing demand for water due to expanding campus facilities, increased student and staff populations, and the addition of research and laboratoryintensive programs, all of which require significant water resources. This demand is compounded by climate change and regional water scarcity, which often affect both the availability and cost of water. For the University, balancing water consumption with sustainability goals has become critical, as excessive water use impacts the environment and risks the institution’s long-term resilience and operational costs.
Under the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) 303: Water and Effluents standard, the University of Pretoria must report comprehensive water usage data and demonstrate its commitment to sustainable water management. GRI 303 includes requirements for tracking total water withdrawal, consumption, and discharge by source (e.g., municipal, surface, groundwater), including water-stressed areas. It also emphasises understanding water usage impacts on the local environment and communities. The GRI 303 standard mandates the disclosure of water intensity ratios, setting and tracking water-related targets, and strategies for water reduction, reuse, and recycling, aligning with broader sustainability goals.
In meeting GRI 303 requirements, the University must engage in active water stewardship, implement conservation strategies, and report transparently on water risks, efficiency initiatives, and consumption impacts. This commitment aligns with responsible resource management and enhances stakeholder trust, as staff, students, and the wider community increasingly expect universities to model sustainable practices in their operations.
Regarding its Water Management Policy, the University works towards strengthening a culture of water conservation and sustainable water use. A detailed Water Management Plan translates the policy into a coherent and coordinated set of actions. All activities are conducted within the requisite legal framework.
Various water conservation projects and activities increase awareness and commitment to protect the resource and optimise its use across the University. The design of new buildings and refurbishment of existing ones include systems, such as high-efficiency plumbing systems, to reduce usage and wastage. This is supported by preventative and scheduled maintenance, early leak detection and intervention to prevent water losses. Reducing the University’s large-scale landscape water use is addressed by introducing water-efficient irrigation systems, implementing water-wise gardening and using recovered water sources. Reclaimed water is safely used, and rainwater is harvested and stored wherever possible. Storage tanks and reservoirs are also used to store borehole water.
The total water consumption for 2024 was 692 060 kℓ compared to the 634 441 kℓ of water purchased from the municipality during 2023 (Figure 22: Water purchased from the municipality 2023 - 2024).
The University of Pretoria releases effluent at the Prinshof and Onderstepoort campus BSL3 Laboratories The University obtains an annual license from the municipality
9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
In conclusion, the University of Pretoria’s Carbon Footprint Report for 2024 comprehensively analyses the institution's greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact. Through meticulous data collection, analysis, and interpretation, valuable insights were gained into the sources and magnitude of the University’s carbon footprint.
The report underscores the significance of sustainability initiatives within the University community. It highlights the challenges in mitigating emissions and the opportunities for meaningful change and improvement. By quantifying the carbon footprint, the University of Pretoria has taken a crucial step towards accountability and transparency, aligning its efforts with global sustainability goals and best practices.
The findings of this report serve as a catalyst for action and a roadmap for future sustainability endeavours. Reducing UP’s carbon footprint requires a multifaceted approach, integrating energy efficiency measures, renewable energy adoption, waste reduction strategies, and sustainable transportation practices.
Moreover, this report emphasises the importance of collaboration and engagement across all levels of the University community. The University could achieve meaningful progress towards carbon neutrality and environmental stewardship through collective effort, shared responsibility, and innovative solutions.
Figure 22: Water purchased from the municipality 2023 - 2024
As UP moves forward, the University commits to using the insights gained from this report to inform decision-making, set ambitious emission reduction targets, and implement targeted initiatives that drive positive environmental change. By embracing sustainability as a core value and integrating it into every aspect of the University's operations, the Department of Facilities Management will reduce the carbon footprint and inspire and empower future generations to become agents of change in building a more sustainable world.
In conclusion, this Carbon Footprint Report represents a milestone in the University of Pretoria’s journey towards a more sustainable future, reflecting its unwavering commitment to environmental responsibility, social equity, and economic prosperity for all.
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Biørn-Hansen, A., Katzeff, C. and Eriksson, E. (2022). Exploring the Use of a Carbon Footprint Calculator: Challenging Everyday Habits. Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference, pp.1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3546155.3546668 Accessed 13 Nov. 2024
National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004. National Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting Regulations, 2016. (GN 275 in GG 40762 of 3 April 2017). Pretoria: Government Printer.
Eggleston, H S, Buendia, L, Miwa, K, Ngara, T, and Tanabe, K. (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
Accounting, A.C., 2004. The Greenhouse Gas Protocol. World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development: Washington, DC, USA..
UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA STRATEGIC PLAN 2022 – 2026. Destination 2026 and beyond.
UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA CAMPUS SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN. 2030
