Light Times

Issue 1 | 2013

Light Times News from the Optoelectronics Research Centre.

Celebrating the EDFA (Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier).

ORC Director receives Knighthood | page 7 Fibre lasers, the route to higher power | page 10 Super silica, composite of the future | page 12

In this issue Welcome to Light Times, the magazine for the Optoelectronics Research Centre at the University of Southampton. In this celebratory issue we explore the technology that has led to the massive growth in capacity of the internet, developed here at the ORC the EDFA (Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier).

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We’re congratulating Professor Sir David Payne on his Knighthood, announced in the New Year’s Honours List and bringing you up to date with our research highlights, events, student successes, awards and published research.

To keep abreast of our latest news please visit www.orc.southampton.ac.uk We welcome your feedback, so please get in touch and let us know what you would like to see in future editions of Light Times.

Deanna Standen | Editor, Light Times light@orc.southampton.ac.uk

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1. Celebrating the EDFA Rare earth-doped fibres are the heart of fibre lasers set to revolutionise manufacturing.

Page 4 2. ORC Director receives Knighthood ORC Director, Professor Sir David Payne is honoured for his services to photonics.

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3. Super silica.

Developing the strongest, lightest glass nanofibres in the world Made from silica and oxygen, the ORC’s new nanowires could become the sustainable composite of the future.

Page 12 4. Harnessing the power, controllability and efficiency of fibre lasers Ground-breaking particle accelerator technologies such as the Large Hadron Collider are the aim of a new EU funded project.

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5. The route to higher power Two micron fibre lasers can be built using established silica fibre technology. The ISLA project team believes they offer a clear route to higher power with excellent beam quality.

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Celebrating the EDFA, (Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier)

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Light Times | issue 2 2011

Twenty five years ago Sir David Payne, Director of the University of Southampton’s Optoelectronics Research Centre (ORC) and his team made one of the most significant developments of modern telecommunications. they emit at characteristic wavelengths It fuelled an explosive growth in the Internet according to their electronic energy levels due to the ability of EDFAs to transmit and amplify huge amounts of data and was widely and the properties of the host material. regarded as one of the foremost developments Among the fifteen rare earth elements, Now, a quarter of a century later his in contemporary communications. More than there are hundreds of possible emission development of the erbium doped fibre bands from UV wavelengths to infrared. one billion Internet users now exchange over amplifier (EDFA) – the world’s first successful 2,000 Petabytes of data every month, the vast Like the erbium-doped fibre amplifier, rare optical amplifier, which employs the rare majority of which passes through EDFAs. earth doped fibres can also be used to make earth ion erbium to boost the intensity of the fibre lasers. Today’s optical fibre lasers can Recalling his development of these lifesignals as they propagate through the world generate kilowatts of power from a single wide web of optical fibres- still plays a pivotal changing EDFAs, Sir David said: “When hair-thin thread of ytterbium-doped glass we developed the EDFA in 1987 we role in our global communications. and are revolutionising manufacturing, underestimated the enormity of its impact “In the early 1980s there was no known especially high-speed metal cutting. They are on telecommunications. electronic device capable of regenerating replacing inefficient and bulky CO2 lasers “It has made possible the explosive growth in signal data at hundreds or thousands with compact and efficient solid state devices the Internet through its ability to transmit of gigabits per second over large global that offer stable beam quality. Optical fibreand amplify vast amounts of data. Our lives distances,” said Sir David, who was recently related products are not only penetrating today would be unimaginable without it. I am awarded a knighthood in the Queen’s New existing markets but, more significantly, they proud to see its benefits 25 years on.”

Year’s Honours List for his services to expand the application into areas that are photonics, the science and application of impossible by conventional technologies.

Nowadays virtually every optical fibre is light and electronics. amplified with EDFAs, allowing oceans and continents to be spanned. They are also vital But in 1987, Sir David and his team at components in many of our everyday services the University of Southampton made a from mobile phones to ATM cash machines. technological breakthrough using a special fabrication process to very lightly dope the But the potential future use for EDFAs is core of optical fibres with the rare-earth still being explored. Rare earth-doped fibres element erbium and pump the atoms with an can be used to make fibre lasers which are auxiliary laser. This created EDFAs that could revolutionising manufacturing, especially boost the intensity of signals allowing them high-speed metal cutting, welding and to travel through the global web of optical marking, as well as in possible future security fibres that we have today. applications.

It was a unique invention that was a major Since the invention of the laser, an important factor in the rapid development of the fibreand growing application of rare earth ions optic networks in the 1990s, overcoming has been as an active medium for light the problem of transmitting data over large generation. Most rare earth ions provide distances and extending the gap between fluorescence; when excited with a light source costly regenerators.

It was a discovery that was set to transform the Internet and become the backbone of the World Wide Web as we know it today.

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Professor David Payne receives Knighthood in the Queen’s New Year’s Honours List Professor David Payne, Director of the Optoelectronics Research Centre (ORC) at the University of Southampton, has been knighted in the Queen’s New Year’s Honours List for services to photonics, the science and application of light and electronics.

David is being recognised for his extensive contributions to harnessing light in telecommunications, sensing, and lasers for manufacturing. He has to his credit an astonishing number of key discoveries, including his pioneering research developing the world’s first practical optical fibre amplifier – the Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifier (EDFA) – and its use in optical fibre transmission systems (see page 4). This crucial component forms the backbone of the Internet and made possible its explosive growth through an ability to transmit and amplify vast amounts of data.

The EDFA, developed in 1987, is widely regarded as one of the most significant developments in modern telecommunications. Every time you use the Internet, your mobile phone or an ATM you are using technology developed at Southampton.

David, who is among the most highly honoured UK scientists, says: “I was recently described by my peers as the man who made phone calls free. While this is an exaggeration, it conveys the profound impact of the optical internet on our daily lives. Thousands of engineers and scientists

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worked away in the background and changed our world for the better. When some of us are recognised publically for what we have achieved, it is a wonderful accolade for us all.”

An international researcher who has spent his entire career spanning five decades with the University, David is one of the most highly recognised scientists in the UK, as evidenced by numerous international honours and awards. He has made many influential discoveries in diverse areas of photonics, from telecommunications and optical sensors to nanophotonics and optical materials.

His pioneering work in fibre fabrication in the 1970s resulted in most of the special fibres used today. He also led the team that developed the single mode silica fibre laser and broke the kilowatt barrier for the output power. Some of the highest power fibre lasers in the world have been designed by David and his team.

As a leading University entrepreneur, David’s activities have led to a photonics cluster of 10 companies surrounding the ORC, creating jobs and wealth in the Southampton region.

With colleagues, he founded SPI Lasers plc, a leading supplier of high power fibre lasers located in Hedge End, Hampshire.

University of Southampton Vice-Chancellor Professor Don Nutbeam comments: “The erbium-doped fibre amplifier is a crucial invention that has made possible the global information superhighway and high-speed telecommunication networks, which are so important to us all in the 21st century.

I am delighted that the unique contribution David has made through his research is being recognised with this prestigious honour.”

“I am delighted that David has been honoured in this way,” adds Professor Dame Wendy Hall, Dean of Physical and Applied Science at the University of Southampton. “He richly deserves it for his personal achievements Fibres invented and made in Southampton but it is also an honour for the University of are on the Moon and Mars, while David’s Southampton, which has been his home as ideas navigate airliners, cut steel, mark smart both a student and a professor for nearly 50 phones, manufacture life-saving medical years.” devices, help defend our nation and power the Internet.

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Student success Celebrating the achievements of ORC students

Gold award for postgraduate researcher

International award for ORC student

An ORC student has been recognised for the innovation and excellence of his research by winning an international award at the Optical Society’s (OSA’s) annual Frontiers in Optics conference in the USA. David Wu was one of seven students named as winners of the Emil Wolf Outstanding Student Paper Competition for his work Phase Noise and Jitter Characterization of Pulses Generated by Optical Injection Locking to an Optical Frequency Comb.

ORC postgraduate researcher scooped a gold award in the University’s Postgraduate Research Showcase 2012.

Priyanth Mehta was selected for the top honour in the technology sector of the annual event which showcases research posters from second, third and fourth year postgraduate students.

His winning poster focused on his research into semiconductor fibre devices for non-linear photonics.

Student presents paper at OPTO 2013 ORC student Chaotan Sima has received a travel award from SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics, to present his paper at the society’s conference in San Francisco.

Chaotan won the Newport Student Travel Grant to fund his travel to SPIE Photonics West OPTO 2013 event, where he presented his paper: Phase modulated direct UV grating writing technique for ultrawide spectrum planar Bragg grating fabrication.

Chaotan said: “I’ve really enjoyed attending SPIE Photonics West OPTO 2013 and presenting my work in front of key photonics scientists and peers from all over the world.”

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European award for postgraduate research student An ORC postgraduate research student is celebrating being awarded the best student poster presentation at the European Optical Society’s special ceremony in Scotland.

Rob Topley received the accolade for his poster on Planar Bragg Gratings in Silicon on Insulator. He said: “I was thrilled to receive such a prestigious award. It has really encouraged me to push my research even further.”

ORC Physicist, Kate Sloyan participated in a Commons Select Committee inquiry into women in the workplace.

The remit of the inquiry is consideration of topics such as: gender stereotyping prevalent in particular occupations, equal pay and pay transparency, and what can be done to tackle inequalities, such as gender pay gap and job segregation.

Kate said: “I was very pleased to be invited to speak, particularly as it provided an opportunity for me and other women in science to inform non-scientists of some of the issues we face, that might not be apparent from the outside.”

BIS is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the administration, expenditure and policy of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills and its associated public bodies, including Ofcom and the Office of Fair Trading (OFT).

Kate was voted the Institute of Physics’ 2012 Very Early Career Woman Physicist of the Year and is a Doctoral Prize Fellow at the Optoelectronics Research Centre. Her participation in a Commons Select Committee inquiry at Parliament in December was to give evidence to the Women in the Workplace inquiry held by the Business, Innovation and Skills Committee (BIS).

The Committee is to take evidence from women in science, SMEs, the European Commission, and the Equality and Human Rights Commission during the inquiry period.

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News in brief Latest developments - people places events

Knowledge Mobilisation Fellowship for Senior Research Fellow A Senior Research Fellow in the ORC is celebrating after being awarded a Knowledge Mobilisation Fellowship in Healthcare Technologies.

Dr Collin Sones received the joint award from the Faculty of Health Sciences and the Institute for Life Sciences.

The grant, which spans an 18 month period, is for his project Laserprintable point of care sensors for low-cost medical diagnosis and disease monitoring, which will be held in conjunction with colleagues from Health Sciences and Medicine.

Collin said: “The award is recognition of the huge impact laserprinted, paper-based biosensors will be able to make towards saving human lives; making possible rapid, remote and realtime diagnosis of many targeted diseases at an early stage from the comfort of a patient’s bedside, without the need for either specialised equipment or trained medical personnel.”

Prestigious global technology company visits ORC A prestigious Chinese technology company recently visited the ORC to explore potential future opportunities and resources.

The delegation from Huawei, a leading global information and communications technology solutions provider, met with members of the ORC and spin-out companies Fibercore and Stratophase to explore the technologies to make key components in passive optical access networks.

The company’s Optical Distribution Network are examining the future potential use of the technologies to make the fibre access network more maintainable and embed them into the network to help identify faults.

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David Shepherd named Optical Society Fellow Professor David Shepherd, Director of Physical and Applied Sciences Graduate School at Southampton has been made a Fellow of the Optical Society (OSA). David is being recognised for contributions to the development of solid-state lasers in guidedwave geometries.

OSA Fellows are selected based on their overall impact on optics, as gauged through factors such as specific scientific, engineering, and technological contributions, a record of significant publications or patents related to optics, technical leadership in the field, and service to OSA and the global optics community.

“On behalf of OSA, it is my pleasure to congratulate David on this special recognition of his outstanding accomplishments,” said OSA President Tony Heinz. “David joins a group of new Fellows located across the globe who are making vital contributions to advancing optics and photonics worldwide.”

David said: “I feel very honoured to be elected as a Fellow of the Optical Society and I’m very grateful to all the great researchers and PhD students that I have worked with over the last 27 years.”

OSA Members who have significantly contributed to the advancement of optics are eligible for election to the rank of Fellow.

OSA’s Fellow Members Committee draws on nominations from current Fellow members and recommends candidates to the Board of Directors. This process is highly competitive, as the number of OSA Members recommended for election to Fellow each year is limited to less than 0.5 percent of the total OSA Membership.

More information OSA’s Fellow Members is available in the Awards and Grants section of OSA’s website.

Meet us at the following events: OFC (Optical Fibre Communication) Conference, Anaheim, USA, 16-20 March 2013

Laser Munich, 12-16 May 2013

FLITES (Fibre-Laser Imaging of Gas Turbine Exhaust Species) workshop, IET, London 20-22 March 2013

University of Southampton class reunion, 13 July 2013

Zepler Institute Inaugural Lecter, ORC 25 March 2013 Photonics 21, Brussels, 29 April 2013

ECOC, London, 22-26 September 2013 For further details visit our events page: www.orc.southampton.ac.uk/events.html

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Super silica. Developing the strongest, lightest glass nanofibres in the world The University of Southampton’s Optoelectronics Research Centre (ORC) is pioneering research into developing the strongest silica nanofibres in the world.

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“Our discovery could change the future of composites and high strength materials across the world and have a huge impact on the marine, aviation and security industries. We want to investigate their potential use in composites and we envisage that this material could be used extensively in the manufacture of products such as aircraft, speedboats and helicopters” Gilberto Brambilla Principal Research Fellow

Globally the quest has been on to find ultrahigh strength composites, leading ORC scientists to investigate light, ultrahigh strength nanowires that are not compromised by defects. Historically, carbon nanotubes were the strongest material available, but high strengths could only be measured in very short samples just a few microns long, providing little practical value.

Now research by ORC Principal Research Fellow Gilberto Brambilla and ORC Director Professor David Payne has resulted in the creation of the strongest, lightest weight silica nanofibres – ‘nanowires’ that are 15 times stronger than steel and can be manufactured in lengths potentially of 1000’s of kilometres.

Their findings are already generating extensive interest from many companies around the world and could be set to transform the aviation, marine and safety industries. Tests are currently being carried out globally into the potential future applications for the nanowires.

“With synthetic fibres it is important to have high strength, achieved by production of fibre with extremely low defect rates, and low weight,” said Gilberto.

“Usually if you increase the strength of a fibre you have to increase its diameter and thus

its weight, but our research has shown that as you decrease the size of silica nanofibres their strength increases, yet they still remain very lightweight. We are the only people who currently have optimised the strength of these fibres.

David explained: “Weight for weight, silica nanowires are 15 times stronger than high strength steel and 10 times stronger than conventional GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic).

We can decrease the amount of material used thereby reducing the weight of the object.

“Silica and oxygen, required to produce nanowires, are the two most common elements on the earth’s crust, making it sustainable and cheap to exploit.

Furthermore, we can produce silica nanofibres by the tonne, just as we currently do for the optical fibres that power the internet.”

The research findings came about following five years of investigations by Gilberto and David using Gilberto’s £500,000 Fellowship funding from the Royal Society.

“It was particularly challenging dealing with fibres that were so small. They are nearly 1,000 times smaller than a human hair and I was handling them with my bare hands,” said Gilberto.

“It took me some time to get used to it, but using the state-of-the-art facilities at the ORC I was able to discover that silica nanofibres become stronger the smaller they get. In fact when they become very, very small they behave in a completely different way. They stop being fragile and don’t break like glass but instead become ductile and break like plastic. This means they can be strained a lot.

“Up until now most of our research has been into the science of nanowires but in the future we are particularly interested in investigating the technology and applications of these fibres,” said Gilberto.

Find out more about the ORC’s work on silica nanowires - visit www.orc.soton.ac.uk/omfds.html

Gilberto shared his findings with fellow researchers at a special seminar he organised in November 2012 at the Kavli Royal Society International Centre, at Chicheley Hall, in Buckinghamshire.

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The CAN concept (figure 1) shows how the output of a single fibre laser is split into many channels, and amplified to produce many identical high energy pulses. These pulses are coherently summed together to produce a single pulse whose energy is comparable with the pulses available from conventional very high energy pulsed lasers, but unlike conventional systems this laser can produce thousands of pulses per second instead of one or two.

Image courtesy of Phil Saunders at www.spacechannel.org

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Using fibre lasers for ground-breaking particle acceleration technologies Scientists from the Optoelectronics Research Centre (ORC) at the University of Southampton are part of an international project that is investigating the use of fibre lasers in groundbreaking particle accelerator technologies, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

Laser particle acceleration is a new and potentially revolutionary technology, but is affected by two main issues: efficiency and repetition rates. The lasers used at present consume too much power, and can only produce the required ultrafast laser pulses around once per second to produce acceleration. For many applications needing high repetition rates – particle acceleration, X-ray and gamma ray generation – this makes the use of lasers economically unacceptable and impairs the spread of important scientific and societal laser applications in science, material science, environment, medicine and energy.

However, using fibre lasers may resolve this issue. Fibre lasers can operate at very high average powers, because of their ability to manage the heat generated by laser action.

This allows the laser to produce pulses many thousands of times per second, allowing particle acceleration at high repetition rates necessary for real-world applications.

Fibres should also improve the overall power efficiency of suitable lasers by a factor of a thousand, making them more economically feasible for experiments.

Ultrafast fibre lasers, however, can produce only lower energy pulses because of optical nonlinearities in the fibre medium, so don’t have the requirement for high energy physics.

The International Coherent Amplification Network (ICAN), a new EU-funded project, aims to harness the efficiency, controllability, and high average power capability of fibre lasers to produce high energy, high repetition rate pulse sources. This will be achieved through a novel laser system, which combines the output of thousands of pulsed fibre lasers.

Dr Bill Brocklesby from the ORC, project manager of ICAN, says: “High-energy ultrafast lasers have already been demonstrated but the challenge to produce high-energy ultrafast pulses at high rates is a specialty for the ORC. Our track record in the development and fabrication of new optical fibres is unparalleled.”

The ICAN project, which will last 18 months, has four main laboratories involved – The Optoelectronics Research Centre (ORC) at the University of Southampton; Ecole Polytechnique, Paris; The Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision

Engineering (Fraunhofer IOF); and CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research and home to the LHC, the world’s largest and highest-energy particle accelerator. It also involves a large number of worldwide partners from the laser, fibre and high-energy physics communities and industry.

Figure 1

For more information about ICAN please visit www.izest.polytechnique.edu/izest-home/ ican/

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EPSRC funding boost for science innovation The University of Southampton has been awarded part of a £60m investment in UK universities to help the most pioneering scientists and engineers create successful businesses from their research, improve industrial collaboration, and foster greater entrepreneurship.

Southampton’s award of £3.2 million - the country’s 5th highest award amongst 31 successful institutions - was announced by Business Secretary Vince Cable during Global Entrepreneurship Week.

The funding comes from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the UK’s leading funding agency for engineering and physical sciences research, to create ‘Impact Acceleration Accounts’. These Accounts will support the very early stage of turning research outputs into a commercial proposition – the gap between a research idea and developing it to a stage where a company or venture capitalist might be interested.

The Accounts will also allow universities to fund secondments for scientists and engineers to spend time in a business environment or for industrial partners to directly access leading edge research relevant to their business needs. In this way, the account will help stimulate the economy by

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EPSRC funding supports scientists in proving their technology for market

helping companies become more innovative and provide them with a competitive advantage. This will also better equip our next generation of researchers by improving their knowledge, skills and understanding of the way companies operate and the challenges they face.

prove it, as well as a number of successful photonics companies in the local area who owe their origins to the ORC. This new funding will greatly ease the mobility of scientists and engineers between commerce and university research labs. That can only be a good thing.”

The Business Secretary said: “The UK’s scientists are some of the most innovative and creative people in the world, but they need support to take their best ideas through to market. This investment will help our leading universities become centres of innovation and entrepreneurship, generating commercial success to fuel growth.”

The main activities to be supported by the Southampton Impact Acceleration Account will be flexible secondments to the University and into regional businesses; internships for postgraduate research students to work in local start-up companies and the development of technology to market readiness. Not only will these activities benefit the commercialisation of University research, they will directly support small-to-medium sized enterprises (SME’s) like Covesion, one of 10 innovative photonics companies which successfully spun out of research from the University’s Optoelectronics Research Centre.

Professor Sir David Payne, Director of the Optoelectronics Research Centre at the University welcomed the funding, saying: “It is great to see EPSRC taking a lead in innovation, the alchemy that turns ideas into wealth. The ORC has a long history of innovation and we have the battle scars to

Industry secondments from the University to Covesion have helped to accelerate the commercial development of the company’s revolutionary laser crystal technology. Over the last three years, Covesion has benefitted from access to facilities and intellectual expertise brought directly into the company to quickly bring their ground-breaking developments to new global markets.

Mark Middleton, CEO of Covesion Ltd, commented, “Via the various knowledge transfer schemes Covesion has in place with the University of Southampton, Covesion has been able to create a product portfolio supporting many growth markets and emerging opportunities. Access to the ORC’s world-leading clean-room facilities and expertise has put Covesion at the forefront of our technology, developing a commercial base of over 350 companies world-wide with revenues doubling year-on-year.”

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Journal papers published from March 2012 - January 2013 “The ORC has a spectacular history of innovation our researchers publish about 200 journal papers per year and enjoy tremendous academic success” Professor David Payne

R.He, T.D.Day, M.Krishnamurthi, J.R.Sparks, P.J.A.Sazio, V.Gopalan, J.V.Badding Silicon p-i-n junction fibers Advanced Materials 2012 J.R.Sparks, R.He, N.Healy, S.Chaudhuri, T.C.Fitzgibbons, A.C.Peacock, P.J.A.Sazio, J.V.Badding Confirmal coating by high pressure chemical deposition for patterned microwires of II-VI semiconductors Advanced Functional Materials 2012 C.C.Huang, B.Gholipour, K.Knight, J.Y.Ou, D.W.Hewak Deposition and characterization of CVD-grown Ge-Sb thin film device for phase-change memory application Advances in OptoElectronics 2012 Vol.2012 pp.7 Art no. 840348 L.M.Braddick, P.J.Garland, M.F.Praeger, J.Butement, D.Friedrich, D.J.Morgan, T.Melvin Uniform aligned bioconjugation of biomolecule motifs for integration within microfabricated microfluidic devices Analytical Biochemistry 2012 Vol.424(2) pp.195-205 K.A.Sloyan, T.C.May-Smith, R.W.Eason Hybrid garnet crystal growth for thin-disc lasing applications by multi-beam Pulsed Laser Deposition Applied Physics A 2012 pp.(5) Online first B.Mills, D.Kundys, M.Farsari, S.Mailis, R.W.Eason Single-pulse multiphoton fabrication of high aspect ratio structures with sub-micron features using vortex beams Applied Physics A 2012 Vol.108(3) pp.651-655 online first J.Orava, A.L.Greer, B.Gholipour, D.W.Hewak, C.E.Smith Ultra-fast calorimetry study of Ge2Sb2Te5 crystallization between dielectric Applied Physics Letters 2012 Vol.101(09) pp.1906 M.Beresna, M.Gecevicius, P.G.Kazansky, T.Taylor, A.V.Kavokin Exciton mediated self-organization in glass driven by ultrashort light pulses Applied Physics Letters 2012 Vol.101(5) pp.053120 G.S.Murugan, J.S.Wilkinson, M.N.Zervas Optical microdiscus resonators by flattening microspheres Applied Physics Letters 2012 Vol.101(7) pp.071106 K.A.Sloyan, T.C.May-Smith, M.N.Zervas, R.W.Eason Crystalline garnet Bragg reflectors for high power, high temperature and integrated applications fabricated by multi-beam Pulsed Laser Deposition Applied Physics Letters 2012 Vol.101(8) pp.081117 A.V.Emelyanov, A.G.Kazanskii, M.V.Khenkin, P.A.Forsh, P.K.Kashkarov, M.Gecevicius, M.Beresna, P.G.Kazansky Visible luminescence from hydrogenated amorphous silicon modified by

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femtosecond laser radiation Applied Physics Letters 2012 Vol.101(8) pp.081902 P.Wang, C.C.O’Mahony, T.Lee, R.Ismaeel, T.Hawkins, Y.Semenova, L.Bo, Q.Wu, C.McDonagh, G.Farrell, J.Ballato, G.Brambilla Mid-infrared Raman sources using spontaneous Raman scattering in germanium core optical fibers Applied Physics Letters 2013 Vol.102(1) pp.011111 M.Feinäugle, A.P.Alloncle, Ph.Delaporte, C.L.Sones, R.W.Eason Time-resolved shadowgraph imaging of femtosecond laser-induced forward transfer of solid materials Applied Surface Science 2012 Vol.258(22) pp.8475-8483 D.Friedrich, C.P.Please, T.Melvin Design of novel microfluidic concentration gradient generators suitable for linear and exponential concentration ranges Chemical Engineering Journal 2012 Vol.193-194 pp.296-303 G.Y.Chen, G.Brambilla, T.P.Newson Efficient Faraday rotation in birefringent optical microfibre loop resonators for current sensing Electronics Letters 2012 Vol.48(24) pp.1547-1548 P.Wang, M.Ding, G.Brambilla, Y.Semenova, Q.Wu, G.Farrell High temperature performance of an optical microfibre coupler and its potential use as a sensor Electronics Letters 2012 Vol.48(5) pp.283-284 G.Y.Chen, G.Brambilla, T.P.Newson Inspection of electrical wires for insulation faults and current surges using sliding temperature sensor based on optical Microfibre coil resonator Electronics Letters 2012 Vol.49(1) pp.46-47 S.P.Ng, J.I.Mackenzie Planar waveguide laser optimization and characterization employing realtime beam quality measurement IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 2012 Vol.49(2) pp.133224 H.L.Rogers, C.Colmes, J.C.Gates, P.G.R.Smith Analysis of dispersion characteristics of planar waveguides via multi-order interrogation of integrated Bragg gratings IEEE Photonics Journal 2012 Vol.4(2) pp.310-316 P.Wang, G.S.Murugan, T.Lee, M.Ding, G.Brambilla, Y.Semenova, Q.Wu, F.Koizumi, G.Farrell High-Q bismuth silicate nonlinear glass microsphere resonators IEEE Photonics Journal 2012 Vol.4(3) pp.1013-1020 L.G.Carpenter, C.Holmes, B.D.Snow, J.C.Gates, P.G.R.Smith Photonic microcantilevers with interferometric Bragg grating interrogation IEEE Photonics Journal 2012 Vol.4(5) pp.1387-1395

M.C.Paul, A.V.Kir’yanov, Yu.O.Barmenkov, S.Das, M.Pal, S.K.Bhadra, S.Yoo, A.J.Boyland, J.K.Sahu, A.Martínez-Gamez, J.L.Lucio-Martínez P.Wang, G.S.Murugan, G.Brambilla, M.Ding, Y.Semenova, Q.Wu, Yb2O3 doped yttrium-alumino-silicate nano-particles based LMA optical fibers for high-power fiber lasers G.Farrell Chalcogenide microsphere fabricated from fiber tapers using contact Journal of Lightwave Technology 2012 Vol.30(13) pp.2062-2068 with a high temperature ceramic surface G.Hesketh, F.Poletti, P.Horak IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2012 Vol.24(13) pp.1103-1105 Spatio-temporal self-focusing in femtosecond pulse transmission D.J.Thomson, F.Y.Gardes, J-M.Fedeli, S.Zlatanovic, Y.Hu, B.P.-P. through multimode optical fibers Kuo, E.Myslivets, N.Alic, S.Radic, G.Z.Mashanovich, G.T.Reed Journal of Lightwave Technology 2012 Vol.30(17) pp.2764 - 2769 50Gbit/s Silicon Optical Modulator S.Ambran, C.Holmes, J.C.Gates, A.S.Webb, L.G.Carpenter, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2012 Vol.24(4) pp.234-236 F.R.M.Adikan, P.G.R.Smith, J.K.Sahu P.Wang, G.Brambilla, M.Ding, T.Lee, L.Bo, Y.Semenova, Q.Wu, Fabrication of a multimode interference device in a low-loss flat-fiber G.Farell platform using physical micromachining technique Enhanced refractometer based on periodically tapered small core Journal of Lightwave Technology 2012 Vol.30(17) pp.2870-2875 singlemode fiber G.Y.Chen, T.Lee, R.Ismaeel, G.Brambilla, T.P.Newson Resonantly enhanced Faraday rotation in a microcoil current sensor IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2012 Vol.24(10) pp.860-862

IEEE Sensors Journal 2013 Vol.13(1) pp.180-185 T.Roy, S.Kar Transmission properties of electromagnetic waves through left handed material: a re-visit IETE Journal of Research 2012 Vol.58(1) pp.77-82 A.I.Shevchuk, P.Novak, M.Taylor, I.A.Diakonov, A.ZiyadehIsleem, M.Bitoun, P.Guicheney, M.J.Lab, J.Gorelik, C.J.Merrifield, D.Klenerman, Y.E.Korchev An alternative mechanism of clathrin-coated pit closure revealed by ion conductance microscopy Journal of Cell Biology 2012 Vol.197(4) pp.499-508 D.Friedrich, C.P.Please, T.Melvin The design of microfluidic affinity chromatography systems for the separation of bioanalytes Journal of Chromatography B 2012 Vol.910 pp.163-171 Y.Bellouard, A.Champion, B.Lenssen, M.Matteucci, A.Schaap, M.Beresna, C.Corbari, M.Gecevicius, P.G.Kazansky, O.Chappuis, M.Kral, R.Clavel, F.Barrot, J.M.Breguet, Y.Mabillard, S.Bottinelli, M.Hooper, C.Hoenninger, E.Mottay, J.Lopez The femtoprint project Journal of Laser Micro/Nanoengineering 2012 Vol.7(1) pp.1-10 A.Z.Subramanian, G.S.Murugan, M.N.Zervas, J.S.Wilkinson Spectroscopy modeling and performance of Erbium-doped Ta2O5 waveguide amplifiers Journal of Lightwave Technology 2012 Vol.30(10) pp.1455-1462 X.Yang, D.J.Richardson, P.Petropoulos Nonlinear generation of ultra-flat broadened spectrum based on adaptive pulse shaping Journal of Lightwave Technology 2012 Vol.30(12) pp.1971-1977

P.Wang, G.Brambilla, M.Ding, Y.Semenova, Q.Wu, G.Farrell The use of a fiber comb filter fabricated by a CO2 laser irradiation to improve the resolution of a ratiometric wavelength measurement system Journal of Lightwave Technology 2012 Vol.30(8) pp.1143 - 1149 B.Mills, M.Feinäugle, N.Rizvi, R.W.Eason Sub-micron-scale femtosecond laser ablation using a digital micromirror device Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 2013 Vol.23 pp.035005 E.Saleh, M.Praeger, A.S.Vaughan, W.Stewart, W.H.Loh The direct writing and focusing of nanoparticles generated by an elecrical discharge.

Journal of Nanoparticle Research 2012 Vol.14(11) pp.1220 D.Hillerkuss, R.Schmogrow, M.Meyer, S.Wolf, M.Jordan, P.Kleinow, N.Lindenmann, P.C.Schindler, A.Melikyan, X.Yang, S.Ben-Ezra, B.Nebendahl, M.Dreschmann, J.Meyer, F.Parmigiani, P.Petropoulos, B.Resan, A.Oehler, L.Weingarten, L.Altenhain, et al Single-laser 32.5 Tbit/s Nyquist WDM transmission Journal of Optical Communication and Networking 2012 Vol.4(10) pp.715-723 J.Zhang, J.-Y.Ou, K.F.MacDonald, N.I.Zheludev Optical response of plasmonic relief meta-surfaces Journal of Optics 2012 Vol.14 pp.114002 A.Chipouline, S.Sugavanam, V.A.Fedotov, A.E.Nikolaenko Analytical model for active metamaterials with quantum ingredients Journal of Optics 2012 Vol.14 pp.114005 Light Times | issue 1 2013

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K.Pradeesh, A.Choudhary, B.Mills, X.Feng, D.P.Shepherd Growth of PbSe quantum-dots within high-index lead-phosphate glass for infrared saturable absorbers Journal of the American Ceramic Society 2012 Vol.96 pp.197-200 M.-S.Yoon, Y.-J.Kim, G.Brambilla, Y.-G.Han Development of a small-size embedded optical microfiber coil resnoator with high Q Journal of the Korean Physical Society 2012 Vol.61(9) pp.1381-1385 E.T.F.Rogers, S.L.Stebbings, A.M.de Paula, C.A.Froud, M.Praeger, B.Mills, J.Grant-Jacob, W.S.Brocklesby, J.G.Frey Spatio-temporal phasematching in capillary high-harmonic generation Journal of the Optical Society of America B 2012 Vol.29(4) pp.806-812 R.M.Parker, J.C.Gates, D.J.Wales, P.G.Smith, M.C.Grossel An investigation into dispersion upon switching between solvents within a microfluidic system using a chemically resistant intergrated optical refractive index sensor Lab on a Chip - Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Vol.13(3) pp.377-385 R.Ismaeel, T.Lee, M.Ding, M.Belal, G.Brambilla Optical microfiber passive components Laser & Photonics Reviews 2012 Wiley Online Library A.Malinowski, D.Lin, S.U.Alam, Z.Zhang, M.Ibsen, J.Young, P.Wright, K.Ozanyan, M.Stringer, R.E.Miles, D.J.Richardson Fiber MOPA based tunable source for terahertz spectroscopy Laser Physics Letters 2012 Vol.9(5) pp.350-354 P.Peterka, P.Navrátil, J.Maria, B.Dussardier, R.Slavík, P.Honzátko, V.Kubecek Self-induced laser line sweeping in double-clad Yb-doped fiber-ring lasers Laser Physics Letters 2012 Vol.9(6) pp.445-450 J.Zhang, K.F.MacDonald, N.I.Zheludev Controlling light-with-light without nonlinearity Light: Science and Applications 2012 Vol.1(7 (e18)) V.Myroshnychenko, J.Nelayah, G.Adamo, N.Geuguet, J.Rodríguez-Fernández, I.Pastoriza-Santos, K.F.MacDonald, L.Henrard, L.M.Liz-Marzán, N.I.Zheludev, M.Kociak, F.J.García de Abajo Plasmon spectroscopy and imaging of individual gold nanodecahedra: A combined optical microscopy cathodoluminescence and electron energy-loss spectroscopy study Nano Letters 2012 Vol.12 pp.4172-4180 T.S.Kao, E.T.F.Rogers, J.Y.Ou, N.I.Zheludev Digitally adressable focusing of light into a subwavelength hot-spot Nano Letters 2012 Vol.12(6) pp.2728-2731 M.Ren, E.Plum, J.Xu, N.I.Zheludev Giant nonlinear optical activity in a plasmonic metamaterial Nature Communications 2012 Vol.3 pp.833 B.J.Metcalf, N.Thomas-Peter, J.B.Spring, D.Kundys, M.A.Broome, P.C.Humphreys, X.-M.Jin, M.Barbieri, W.S.Kolthammer, J.C.Gates, B.J.Smith, N.K.Langford, P.G.R.Smith, I.A.Walmsley Multiphonon quantum interference in a multi-port integrated photonic device Nature Communications 2013 Vol.4(Art.1356) J.Orava, A.L.Greer, B.Gholipour, D.W.Hewak, C.E.Smith Characterization of supercooled liquid Ge2Sb2Te5 and its crystallization by ultrafast-heating calorimetry Nature Materials 2012 Vol.11 pp.279-283 E.T.F.Rogers, J.Lindberg, T.Roy, S.Savo, J.E.Chad, M.R.Dennis, N.I.Zheludev A super-oscillatory lens optical microscope for subwavelength imaging Nature materials 2012 Vol.11(5) pp.432-435 A.Tsiatmas, V.A.Fedotov, F.J.Garcia de Abajo, N.I.Zheludev Low-loss terahertz superconducting plasmonics New Journal of Physics 2012 Vol.14 pp.115006

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C.McMillen, G.Brambilla, S.Morris, T.Hawkins, P.Foy, N.G.Broderick, E.Koukharenko, R.Rice, J.Ballato On crystallographic orientation in crystal core optical fibers II: Effects of tapering Optical Materials 2012 Vol.35(2) pp.93-96 M.Ding, O.Fenwick, F.Di Stasio, J.-Y.Ou, N.Sessions, Y.Jung, F.Cacialli, G.Brambilla Efficient light confinement with nanostructured optical microfiber tips Optics Communications 2012 Vol.285(23) pp.4688-4697 G.Y.Chen, T.Lee, X.Zhang, G.Brambilla, T.P.Newson Temperature compensation techniques for resonantly enhanced sensors and devices based on optical microcoil resonators Optics Communications Special Issue 2012 Vol.285(23) pp.4677-4683 (Invited) G.Y.Chen, X.L.Zhang, G.Brambilla, T.P.Newson Enhanced responsivity of a flexural disc acceleration sensor based on optical microfiber Optics Communications: Special Issue 2012 Vol.285(23) pp.4709-4714 (Invited) E.Numkam, F.Poletti, D.J.Richardson Analysis of light scattering from surface roughness in hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers Optics Express 2012 Vol.20 pp.20980-20991 E.L.Lim, S.-U.Alam, D.J.Richardson Optimizing the pumping configuration for the power scaling of in-band pumped erbium doped fiber amplifiers Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(13) pp.13886-13895 D.Lin, S.-U.Alam, Y.Shen, T.Chen, B.Wu, D.J.Richardson Large aperture PPMgLN based high-power optical parametric oscillator at 3.8 microns pumped by a nanosecond linearly polarized fiber MOPA Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(14) pp.15008-15014 C.L.Sones, M.Feinäugle, A.Sposito, B.Gholipour, R.W.Eason Laser-induced forward transfer-printing of focused ion beam premachined crystalline magneto-optic yttrium iron garnet micro-discs Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(14) pp.15171-15179 E.L.Lim, S.-U.Alam, D.J.Richardson High-energy in-band pumped erbium doped fiber amplifiers Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(17) pp.18803-18818 Q.Kang, E.L.Lim, Y.Jung, J.K.Sahu, F.Poletti, C.Baskiotis, S.-U.Alam, D.J.Richardson Accurate modal gain control in a multimode erbium doped fiber amplifier incorporating ring doping and a simple LP01 pump configuration Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(19) pp.20835-20843 G.Marra, H.Margolis, D.J.Richardson Dissemination of an optical frequency comb over fiber with 3x10-18 fractional accuracy Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(2) pp.1775-1782 Y.Gong, J.Huang, K.Li, N.J.Copner, J.J.Martinez, L.Wang, T.Duan, W.Zhang, W.H.Loh Spoof four-wave mixing for all-optical wavelength conversion Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(21) pp.24030-24037 P.Mehta, N.Healy, T.D.Day, J.V.Badding, A.C.Peacock Ultrafast wavelength conversion via cross-phase modulation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon optical fibers Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(24) pp.26110-26116 M.A.Ettabib, F.Parmigiani, X.Feng, L.Jones, J.Kakande, R.Slavík, F.Poletti, G.M.Ponzo, J.D.Shi, M.N.Petrovich, W.H.Loh, P.Petropoulos, D.J.Richardson Phase regeneration of DPSK signals in a highly nonlinear lead-silicate W-type fiber Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(24) pp.27419-27424

F.Parmigiani, L.Jones, J.Kakande, P.Petropoulos, D.J.Richardson Modulation format conversion employing coherent optical superposition Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(26) pp.B322-B330 V.A.J.M.Sleiffer, Y.Jung, V.Veljanovski, R.G.H.van Uden, M.Kuschnerov, H.Chen, B.Inan, L.Grüner-Nielsen, Y.Sun, D.J.Richardson, S.U.Alam, F.Poletti, J.K.Sahu, A.Dhar, A.M.J.Koonen, B.Corbett, R.Winfield, A.D.Ellis, H.de Waardt 73.7 Tb/s (96 x 3 x 256-Gb/s) mode-division-multiplexed DP-16QAM transmission with inline MM-EDFA Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(26) pp.B428-B438 X.Feng, J.Shi, C.C.Huang, P.Horak, P.S.Teh, S.-U.Alam, M.Ibsen, W.H.Loh Laser-induced crystalline optical waveguide in glass fiber format Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(26) pp.B85-B93 Z.G.Lian, P.Horak, X.Feng, L.Xiao, K.Frampton, N.White, J.A.Tucknott, H.Rutt, D.N.Payne, W.Stewart, W.H.Loh Nanomechanical optical fiber Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(28) pp.29386-29394

A.Choudhary, A.A.Lagatsky, K.Pradeesh, W.Sibbet, C.T.A.Brown, D.P.Shepherd Diode-pumped femtosecond solid-state waveguide laser with a 4.9 GHz pulse repetition rate Optics Letters 2012 Vol.37(21) pp.4416-4418 C.Grivas, C.Corbari, G.Brambilla, P.G.Lagoudakis Tunable continuous-wave Ti:sapphire channel waveguide lasers written by femtosecond and picosecond laser pulses Optics Letters 2012 Vol.37(22) pp.4630-4632 R.M.N.Ismaeel, T.Lee, M.Ding, N.G.R.Broderick, G.Brambilla Nonlinear microfiber loop resonators for resonantly enhanced third harmonic generation Optics Letters 2012 Vol.37(24) pp.5121-5123 A.C.Peacock Mid-IR soliton compression in silicon optical fibers and fiber tapers Optics Letters 2012 Vol.37(5) pp.818-820

J.D.Shi, S.-U.Alam, M.Ibsen Sub-Watt threshold, kilohertz-linewidth Raman distributed-feedback fiber laser A.E.Nikolaenko, N.Papasimakis, A.Chipouline, F.De Angelis, E.Di Optics Letters 2012 Vol.37(9) pp.1544-1546 Fabrizio, N.I.Zheludev P.Wang, M.Ding, L.Bo, Y.Semenova, Q.Wu, G.Farrell THz bandwidth optical switching with carbon nanotube metamaterial A silica single-mode fibre-chalcogenide multimode fibre-silica single-mode Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(6) pp.6068-6079 fibre structure F.Kienle, P.S.Teh, D.Lin, S.-U.Alam, J.H.V.Price, D.C.Hanna, Photonics Letters of Poland 2012 Vol.4(4) pp.143-145 D.J.Richardson, D.P.Shepherd High-power high-repetition-rate green-pumped picosecond LBO optical parametric oscillator Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(7) pp.7008-7014 T.Lee, Y.Jung, C.A.Codemard, M.Ding, N.G.R.Broderick, G.Brambilla Broadband third harmonic generation in tapered silica fibres Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(7) pp.8503-8511 H.C.Hunt, J.S.Wilkinson Kinoform microlenses for focusing into microfluidic channels Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(8) pp.2012 R.Ismaeel, T.Lee, F.Al-Saab, Y.Jung, G.Brambilla A self-coupling multi-port microcoil resonator Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(8) pp.8568-8574 R.Slavík, J.Kakande, P.Petropoulos, D.J.Richardson Processing of optical combs with fiber optic parametric amplifiers Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(9) pp.10059-10070

N.M.Perney, P.Horak, N.A.Hanley, T.Melvin The self-orientation of mammalian cells in optical tweezers-the importance of the nucleus Physical Biology 2012 pp.024001 S.Thongrattanasiri, F.H.L.Koppens, F.J.García de Abajo Complete optical absorption in periodically patterned graphene Physical Review Letters 2012 Vol.108(4) pp.047401 G.Adamo, J.Y.Ou, J.So, S.D.Jenkins, F.De Angelis, K.F.MacDonald, E.Di Fabrizio, J.Ruostekoski, N.I.Zheludev Electron-beam-driven collective-mode metamaterial light source Physical Review Letters 2012 Vol.109(21) pp.217401 1-5 V.Savinov, V.A.Fedotov, S.M.Anlage, P.A.J.de Groot, N.I.Zheludev Modulating sub-THz with current in superconducting metamaterial Physical Review Letters 2012 Vol.109(24) pp.3904

C.C.Chen, C.T.Hsiao, S.Sun, K.-Y.Yang, P.C.Wu, W.T.Chen, Y.H.Tang, Y.-F.Chau, E.Plum, G.-Y.Guo, N.I.Zheludev, D.P.Tsai Fabrication of three dimensional split ring resonators by stress-driven asssembly method Optics Express 2012 Vol.20(9) pp.9415-9420

A.V.Emelyanov, M.V.Khenkin, A.G.Kazanskii, P.A.Forsh, P.K.Kashkarov, E.V.Lyubin, A.A.Khomich, M.Gecevicius, M.Beresna, P.G.Kazansky Structural and electrophysical properties of femtosecond laser exposed hydrogenated amorphous silicon films Proceedings of SPIE 2012 pp.8438-84381

O.Buchnev, J.Y.Ou, M.Kaczmarek, N.I.Zheludev, V.A.Fedotov Electro-optical control in a plasmonic metamaterial hybridised with a liquid-crystal cell Optics Express 2013 Vol.21 pp.1633-1638

A.E.Willner, R.L.Byer, C.J.Chang-Hasnain, S.R.Forrest, H.Kressel, H.Kogelnik, G.J.Tearney, C.H.Townes, M.N.Zervas Prolog to the section on Optics and Photonics Proceedings of the IEEE 2012 Vol.100 pp.1600-1603 (Invited)

D.Jain, C.Baskiotis, J.K.Sahu Mode-area scaling with multi-trench rod type fiber Optics Express 2013 Vol.21(2) pp.1448-1455

A.E.Willner, R.L.Byer, C.J.Chang-Hasnain, S.R.Forrest, H.Kressel, H.Kogelnik, G.J.Tearney, C.H.Townes, M.N.Zervas Optics and Photonics: Key Enabling Technologies Proceedings of the IEEE 2012 Vol.100 pp.1604-1643 (Invited)

G.B.G.Stenning, G.J.Bowden, L.C.Maple, S.A.Gregory, A.Sposito, R.W.Eason, N.I.Zheludev, P.A.J.de Groot Magnetic control of a meta-molecule Optics Express 2013 Vol.21(2) pp.1456-1464 S.Yoo, A.S.Webb, R.J.Standish, T.C.May-Smith, J.K.Sahu Q-switched neodymium-doped Y3Al5O12-based silica fiber laser Optics Letters 2012 Vol.37(12) pp.2181-2183

A.V.Emelyanov, A.G.Kazanskii, P.K.Kashkarov, O.I.Konkov, E.I.Terukov, P.A.Forsh, M.V.Khenkin, A.V.Kukin, M.Beresna, P.G.Kazansky Effect of femtosecond laser treatment of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films on their structural optical and photoelectric properties Semiconductors 2012 Vol.46(6) pp.749-754

A.C.Peacock, P.Mehta, P.Horak, N.Healy Nonlinear pulse dynamics in multimode silicon core optical fibers Optics Letters 2012 Vol.37(16) pp.3351-3353

J.L.Kou, M.Ding, J.Feng, Y.-Q.Lu, F.Xu, G.Brambilla Microfiber-based Bragg gratings for sensing applications Sensors 2012: A Review 2012 Vol.12(7) pp.8861-8876 Light Times | issue 1 2013

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Dr Eric Plum (Photographer Andy Vowels)

“Our world-leading research teams are shaping the future, working with a wide range of industries to develop new technologies for communication, healthcare, transport, energy and the environment.�

Work with us There is a long history of discovery and innovation at the ORC and we are well aware that collaborations with other organisations have been fundamental to our success.

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PhD student Helen Rogers (Photographer Andy Vowels)

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About the ORC

Photonics has helped to change the world in extraordinary ways; powering the internet, navigating airliners, correcting vision and protecting the environment.

The Optoelectronics Research Centre at the University of Southampton is one of the largest university-based research groups entirely devoted to optoelectronics in the world and has maintained a position at the Our world-leading research teams are shaping forefront of photonics research for over the future, working with a wide range of four decades. industries to develop new technologies for communications, healthcare, transport Its long and well-established track record in and energy. the fields of optical fibres, lasers, waveguides, devices and optoelectronic materials has We are looking for the photonics pioneers fostered innovation, enterprise, crossof the future to join our vibrant research boundary and multi-disciplinary activities. community. Our postgraduate students are an integral and vital part of the research Please visit our website for more news, staff at the ORC. Some of the world’s leading technological breakthroughs, research scientists are based at the ORC and as a PhD updates and people profiles student, or as a new MSc student, you’ll have www.orc.southampton.ac.uk the opportunity to work with them in our For further information and enquiries please state-of-the-art facilities and make some email light@orc.southampton.ac.uk history.

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