Paper 2 - Section A - Urban Issues & Challenges

GCSE GEOGRAPHY Revision Questions Paper Two Challenges in the Human Environment SECTION A | Urban Issues and Challenges

Note: questions get progressively more demanding as you move through.

Mark schemes for each question can be found at the back of the booklet.

Q1.

Study the graph below showing the population living in urban areas in the world and by continent, 1950–2030.

(a)

Which continent is expected to have the greatest urban growth 2000–2030? ___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(b)

Give one difference between Europe and Africa for the percentage of population living in urban areas ___________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ the rate of urban growth _______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(c)

Explain the differences in urban growth between the richer parts and poorer parts of the world. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (3) (Total 6 marks)

Q2.

Study the figure below, a graph showing changes in the world’s rural and urban population from 1950 to 2050 (predicted).

Using the figure above, which two of the following statements about the world's rural and urban population are true?

Shade two circles only.

A

The rural population grew fastest between 2000 and 2010.

B

The urban population grew more rapidly than the rural population between 1950 and 2000.

C

The urban population is expected to grow more slowly than the rural population from 2015 onwards.

D

The urban population increased by over 2000 million between 1950 and 2010.

E

The world’s total population doubled between 1950 and 1980.

(Total 2 marks)

Q3.

Study the figure below, a map showing the percentage of the population living in urban settlements in different parts of the world.

Describe two differences in the percentage of population living in urban settlements in Africa and South America.

Difference 1: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Difference 2: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 2 marks)

Q4.

The figure below shows estimated population change in a number of cities.

(i)

Use the information in the figure above to label the following cities on the world map below.

Lagos

Los Angeles

Kolkata

Sao Paulo

(3)

(ii)

Which of the following cities in the figure above is predicted to have the largest increase in population between 2000 and 2015?

Circle the correct answer.

Jakarta

Lagos

Sao Paulo (1)

(iii)

In which city in the figure above is the population predicted to stay the same between 2000 and 2015? ___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(iv)

Which one of the following statements is true? Use the figure above.

Tick the correct box.

Cities in more developed countries have a high rate of population growth.

Cities in less developed countries have a high rate of population growth.

All cities have a similar rate of population growth.

(1) (Total 6 marks)

Q5. (i)

Complete the table below.

Write the correct term next to each definition.

Urbanisation

Migration

Natural increase

(2)

(ii)

Give two reasons why people in less developed countries are attracted to urban areas.

1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 4 marks)

Q6.

Study the following table, which shows information about the percentage of the population living in urban areas.

2000

2025 (estimated)

Africa

38

56

Asia

36

58

Europe

47

84

North America

80

86

South America

74

86

(i)

Complete the graph. Use information from the table.

(2)

(ii)

In which continent is the percentage of population living in urban areas estimated to increase the most between 2000 – 2025? ___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(iii)

What is the estimated increase in urban population in Europe between 2000 – 2025? _____________________________________________________________ % (1)

(iv)

Suggest one reason why the estimated percentage increase in urban population in Europe is small. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1) (Total 5 marks)

Q7. (i)

What is the meaning of the term ‘urbanisation’? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(ii)

Study the following table.

Country A

Country B

1950

2000

1950

2000

Rural population (%)

75

75

75

50

Urban population (%)

25

25

25

50

Which country became more urbanised between 1950 and 2000? ___________________________________________________________________ (1) (Total 3 marks)

Q8.

Complete the table below by writing the correct term next to each definition.

Rural depopulation TERM

Shanty town

Urbanisation

Quality of life

DEFINITION General living conditions Area of poor housing in LEDC city A growing proportion of people living in cities People moving away from the countryside (Total 3 marks)

Q9.

Study the map below showing an urban area in an LEDC where squatter settlements have grown up.

Complete the following by writing TRUE or FALSE in the boxes provided.

The largest area of squatter settlement is found west of the river.

The distance along line A–B of the largest squatter settlement is 12 kilometres.

There is a squatter settlement near to the docks.

(Total 3 marks)

Q10.

Study the figure below, which shows why the city of Kolkata (Calcutta) has grown as the result of migration and other factors.

(i)

Using the figure above, give two physical and two human factors that caused a growth in Kolkata’s population.

Physical factors 1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Human factors 1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4)

(ii)

Describe the effects of rapid growth on LEDC cities, such as Kolkata. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4)

(iii)

The table below lists some ways of coping with the rapid growth of cities in LEDCs or MEDCs.

Transport policies Improving shanty towns Use of brownfield sites Tick two of these ways.

Explain how they may help to cope with the rapid growth of cities.

1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4) (Total 12 marks)

Q11.

Study the figure below, a report of an interview with a resident of a squatter settlement in Manila, a city in the Philippines.

Marina Lupina and her two children live in Apelo, one of Manila’s largest squatter settlements. She lives in a shack built from wood and cardboard with a rusty piece of corrugated iron for a roof, next to a canal blocked with rubbish. Marina has no running water, no electricity and not much furniture – a bed where all three sleep, a table and three chairs.

By selling recycled cloth, Marina earns just enough to buy rice, fish and clothing.

Marina believes that she and her children have more opportunities in the city than if they had stayed in the countryside.

“I can earn two to three dollars a day selling recycled cloth,” she says with a big smile. “In the rural village I come from, I would be lucky to earn fifty cents a day as a farm labourer.” (a)

State one positive effect and one negative effect on Marina’s life of living in a squatter settlement.

Positive effect _______________________________________________________ Negative effect ______________________________________________________ (2)

(b)

In which sector of the economy does Marina work?

Circle the correct answer.

Formal

Primary

Informal (1)

(c)

Describe how local residents try to improve squatter settlements over time. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6) (SPaG: 3) (Total 12 marks)

Q12.

Suggest two reasons for the slow rate of urban growth in many higher income countries (HICs).

Reason 1: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Reason 2: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 2 marks)

Q13.

Study the figure below, a photograph showing a brownfield site in New Islington, Manchester.

(a)

What is a ‘brownfield site’? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(b)

Use the photograph to state one advantage of brownfield sites for building housing. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(c)

Use the photograph to state one disadvantage of brownfield sites for building housing. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(d)

Suggest two ways new housing developments on the edge of a city are likely to be different from brownfield housing developments towards the centre of a city.

1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(e)

The following are strategies that planners use to make urban living more sustainable.

1. Conserve the historic and natural environment.

2. Provide adequate open space.

3. Include local people in the decision-making process.

Choose two of the strategies listed.

Explain how each of your chosen strategies makes urban living more sustainable.

Strategy number __________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Strategy number __________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4) (Total 9 marks)

Q14. (i)

Study the figure below. It shows the reasons for rural–urban migration in less developed countries.

Complete the figure.

Write each of the following statements in the correct box.

•

Access to services

• Poverty

•

Drought

• Opportunities for training (3)

(ii)

Give one reason, other than migration, why the urban population is increasing in less developed countries. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(iii)

Explain how urban areas in less developed countries provide opportunities for economic development. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6) (Total 10 marks)

Q15.

Study the table which shows information about the percentage of the population living in urban areas.

(i)

2000

2025 (estimated)

Africa

38

56

Asia

36

58

Europe

74

84

North America

80

86

South America

74

86

Compare the estimated rate of change in Asia with that in North America. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(ii)

Suggest one reason for the estimated rate of change in North America. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 4 marks)

Q16.

Study the figure below, a world map showing large urban areas.

(i)

Using the figure above only, name one large urban area in an LEDC which lies north of the equator. ___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(ii)

Using the figure above only, name one large urban area in an MEDC which lies south of the equator. ___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(iii)

The following table contains statements about urban growth. Complete the table by writing TRUE or FALSE against each statement.

TRUE or FALSE Urbanisation occurs when an increasing proportion of a country’s population is living in urban areas.

Large urban areas in LEDCs are growing more rapidly than those in MEDCs. (2)

(iv)

Describe the pull factors which help to explain the rapid growth of urban areas in LEDCs. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4) (Total 8 marks)

Q17.

Study the map below showing an urban area in an LEDC where squatter settlements have grown up.

Give four facts about the distribution of the squatter settlements.

1. _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 4 marks)

Q18.

Bangkok is the capital of Thailand, an LEDC in South East Asia.

Study the sketch map of Bangkok below.

(i)

What is a shanty town? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(ii)

Describe the distribution of shanty towns in Bangkok shown in the map above. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(iii)

Explain why shanty towns have grown in LEDCs. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(iv)

Explain how the lives of people living in some shanty towns have been improved. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6) (Total 11 marks)

Q19.

Study the figure below which gives details of a squatter settlement in the poor country of Indonesia.

The Kampung Improvement Programme (KIP) in Jakarta, Indonesia was the world’s first squatter settlement upgrading programme.

The KIP worked to provide basic urban services, such as roads and footpaths, water, drainage and sanitation, as well as health and educational facilities. (i)

Give two locations within a poor world city where squatter settlements are often found.

1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(ii)

Why is it difficult to introduce squatter settlement improvement schemes? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(iii)

Use a named case study to describe the main features of a squatter settlement redevelopment. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6) (Total 10 marks)

Q20.

Study the figure below, showing information about the city of Dubai in the Middle East.

Dubai Dubai is situated in the desert of the Middle East. The city depends on a supply of cheap energy. The amount of energy each person uses is among the highest in the world. Oil is used to turn seawater into fresh water for irrigation. Air conditioning is needed in the hot summer months. The city was designed for cars. Most visitors to the city travel by air from Europe and India.

(a)

Give three pieces of evidence from the figure above to suggest that Dubai is not a sustainable city.

1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (3)

(b)

Use a case study to describe the main features of sustainable urban living. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6) (Total 9 marks)

Q21.

Describe two methods used to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas.

1. _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 4 marks)

Q22.

Explain how sustainable management ideas are being used in urban areas.

Use an example(s) you have studied. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 6 marks)

Q23.

Study the table below which is part of a survey carried out in 2005 in one part of London, a city in a more developed country.

Percentage of the population

Level of health

Education

Work

Survey area

London (average)

Good

51

68

Average

14

11

Poor

35

21

No qualifications

44

22

University qualification

16

33

Employed (full-time)

36

52

Employed (parttime)

8

9

Unemployment

9

4

What local people like about the survey area (top four answers).

1. Nothing 2. Local community/people 3. Near to shops/services 4. Near to central London What local people dislike about the survey area (top four answers).

1. Crime 2. Dirty streets/vandalism 3. Poor housing 4. Everything Explain how the data in the table suggest that the survey area is one of the more disadvantaged areas of London. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 4 marks)

Q24.

Traffic congestion is a problem in many urban areas.

Explain how traffic congestion can be reduced. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 5 marks)

Q25.

CBDs (Central Business Districts) in many urban areas in richer parts of the world have experienced decline. (a)

Suggest one reason why some CBDs are in decline. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2)

(b)

Use one or more examples to explain how CBDs can be revitalised. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4) (Total 6 marks)

Q26.

Study the graph below showing the population living in urban areas in the world and by continent, 1950–2030.

Explain the differences in urban growth between the richer parts and poorer parts of the world. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 3 marks)

Q27.

The figure below shows estimated population change in a number of cities.

(i)

Which of these cities is predicted to have the largest increase in population between 2000 and 2015? ___________________________________________________________________ (1)

(ii)

Use the figure above. Compare the estimated population changes of cities in more developed countries with those of cities in less developed countries. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4)

(iii)

Give two reasons why people in less developed countries are attracted to urban areas.

1. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (2) (Total 7 marks)

Q28.

The figure below shows changes in the world’s population (billions).

(i)

Use the figure above. Describe how: the world’s rural population has changed; ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ the world’s urban population has changed. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4)

(ii)

Why are urban populations in less developed countries growing rapidly? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4)

(iii)

Describe the environmental problems caused by urban growth.

Use an example(s) you have studied. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6) (Total 14 marks)

Q29.

Explain how urban areas in less developed countries provide opportunities for economic development. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 6 marks)

Q30.

Study the figure below, a photograph showing a brownfield site in New Islington, Manchester.

(a)

Describe disadvantages of building new housing on brownfield sites.

Use the picture and your own knowledge. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4)

(b)

The following are strategies that planners use to make urban living more sustainable.

1. Conserve the historic and natural environment.

2. Provide adequate open space.

3. Include local people in the decision-making process.

Choose two of the strategies listed.

Explain how each of your chosen strategies makes urban living more sustainable.

Strategy number _________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Strategy number _________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Extra space _________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (4) (Total 8 marks)

Q31.

Explain how the development of public transport is reducing traffic pressures in urban areas.

Use an example(s) you have studied. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 6 marks)

Q32.

A survey measured the quality of life in three different areas within a city in a more developed country.

The figure below gives information about the three areas surveyed.

Describe and explain how a redevelopment project could improve the quality of life in Area A. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Extra space _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ (Total 6 marks)

Q33.

Study the figure below, a 1:50 000 map of Dundee, a city in Scotland.

(a)

Which grid square shows part of the rural–urban fringe of Dundee?

Shade one circle only.

A

3630

B

3833

C

3930

D

3934 (1)

(b)

Discuss the effects of urban sprawl on people and the environment.

Use the figure above and a case study of a major city in the UK. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ (6) (Total 7 marks)

Mark schemes Q1. (a)

Asia.

AO3 – 1 1

(b)

Must be differences. Accept figures or statements. Don’t insist on having dates. % of population living in urban areas: Africa lower at all points.

Rate of urban growth: slower in Africa 1950–1975; faster 1975 onwards; greater in Africa.

AO3 – 2 2

(c)

3 × 1 or (1 + 1) +1 There is no need to use figures from graph. No marks for description. Answers need to refer to the reasons for differences. These differences can be either amount and / or rate: Rapid urbanisation in poorer parts of the world due to rural-urban migration; current rates increasing due to industrialisation and economic development in some poorer countries; major urbanisation has already taken place in richer countries hence the already high levels of urbanisation of c. 80%.

AO1 – 1 AO2 – 2 3

[6]

Q2.

One mark for each correct answer: B

The urban population grew more rapidly than the rural population between 1950 and 2000

D

The urban population increased by over 2000 million between 1950 and 2010.

No credit if three or more statements are shaded.

AO4 = 2

[2]

Q3.

Only credit differences between Africa and South America, although these may be implied. Two separate differences should be described. Credit use of the key to state specific figures, where relevant, e.g.

• • •

the percentage of population living in urban settlements is greater in South America than in Africa (1) there is greater variation in the percentage of urban population in Africa than in South America, where figures are more uniform (1) many countries (approximately 20) in Africa have less than 40% of the population living in urban settlements compared with only one in South America (1).

No credit for descriptions of other continents or of global patterns.

AO4 = 2

[2]

Q4. (i)

1 correct = 1 mark 2 correct = 2 marks 3-4 correct = 3 marks Los Angeles

Sao Paulo

Lagos

Kolkata 3

(ii)

Lagos (circled/underlined/clearly marked) More than one identified - incorrect 1

(iii)

New York More than one identified city identified - incorrect 1

(iv)

Middle box Any clear mark in correct box/accept use of T (True) 1

[6]

Q5. (i)

1 correct = 1 mark 2-3 correct = 2 marks Migration Natural increase Urbanisation 2

(ii)

(2 × 1) Credit two correct responses if on the same line.

Any two points which could include push/pull factors.

MAX 1 for reversed point (jobs in city/few jobs in countryside).

No marks for simply stating ‘push/pull’ factors.

Be aware of double crediting (‘services’ and then ‘school’) 2

[4]

Q6. (i)

2x1 1 mark for each correct bar 2

(ii)

Asia 1

(iii)

10% (accept 7% as a % of the actual numbers) 1

(iv)

Urban population already high / existing population high (urban) Less desire to move to urban areas Birth rates low / natural increase low / aging population

Accept references to MEDCs if accompanied by some development.

1

[5]

Q7. (i)

Increasing percentage (1) of people living in urban areas/towns and cities. (1) (Allow one mark for a generalised idea of urban development) 2

(ii)

Country B 1

[3]

Q8.

1 correct = 1 mark 2 correct = 2 marks 3/4 correct = 3 marks (only 3 ticks) QUALITY OF LIFE SHANTY TOWN URBANISATION RURAL DE POPULATION [3]

Q9.

FALSE, FALSE, TRUE [3]

Q10. (i)

4×1 Physical Factors – Soil erosion in Himalayas. Long dry season in Bihar.

Flooding around Bay of Bengal.

Human Factors - High BR in city. Hospitals and doctors so low DR. Bangladesh densely populated. Farmers very poor in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

4

(ii)

Level marking Must have more than one effect to get to L2. If MEDC L1 max.

Level 1 Basic (1-2 marks) Simple statements.

Growth of shanty towns / increased traffic congestion / crime / specified form of pollution / unemployment / lack of piped water / insufficient sewage systems / lack of food / overcrowding OR over population (not both).

Level 2 Clear (3-4 marks) Elaborated or linked statements Loss of farmland needs qualifying. Shantytowns developed because they were not able to build enough houses for the people / There was a break down in the infrastructure as the sewage and water supply systems were unable to cope / The road system was not able to cope with the increased traffic leading to congestion / Many remained unemployed as they did not have the skills to work in the offices or factories/ Increased traffic

congestion led to increased air pollution.

Accept positive effects if realistic 4

(iii)

2 × 2 for developed points or 2 × 1 (not 3 × 1) e.g.

Use of Brownfield sites – This would reduce the amount of derelict land and would mean less greenfield sites are used for development.

Improving shanty towns - Self help schemes have been introduced where the inhabitants of the shantytowns are given materials to complete the building of the house. Building proper sewage systems in shantytowns has reduced diseases like cholera.

Transport Policies Development of park and ride schemes - this will reduce traffic in city centres. Improved public transport system, means less cars on road.

Congestion charges.

4

[12]

Q11. (a)

Any valid statements from the extract. Straight lifts can be credited.

2×1 Positive effect – earns enough to buy food, more opportunities, earns 4-6 times as much (accept figures).

Negative effect – poor quality housing, next to rubbish filled canal, no runningwater, no electricity.

AO2 – 2 2

(b)

Formal

Primary AO2 – 1 1

(c)

The question does not ask for a case study so full marks can be gained for the description. Candidates may well use a case study such as Rio de Janeiro or Nairobi. They may make use of some information in the figure. Schemes are likely to be site and service or self-help schemes. The emphasis should be on how the inhabitants themselves are improving the squatter settlements. Look for reference to individual / community involvement as a means to improvement.

Level 1 (Basic) (1–4 marks) Simple statements and/or listed points with no real development and little reference to inhabitants themselves.

They build houses with stronger materials. There is refuse collection. There are local schools and health clinics.

Level 2 (Clear) (5–6 marks) Linked statements with some reference to the actions of the inhabitants themselves. Clear reference to improvement to the shanty town.

In site and service schemes the local people are encouraged to help build their own houses. Groups are organised to put in water and sewerage pipes.

In some shanty towns the locals have got together to organise rubbish collections themselves because there is no council service. In Manila the women have set up their own health clinic so they have some access to medical care.

AO1 – 4

AO2 – 2 6

Spelling, Punctuation and Grammar Threshold performance Candidates spell, punctuate and use the rules of grammar with reasonable accuracy in the context of the demands of the question. Any errors do not hinder meaning in the response. Where required, they use a limited range of specialist terms appropriately.

1

Intermediate performance Candidates spell, punctuate and use the rules of grammar with considerable accuracy and general control of meaning in the context of the demands of the question. Where required, they use a good range of specialist terms with facility.

2

High performance Candidates spell, punctuate and use the rules of grammar with consistent accuracy and effective control of meaning in the context of the demands of the question. Where required, they use a wide range of specialist terms adeptly and with precision.

3

[12]

Q12.

Must refer to two reasons for slow urban growth rates, which can be implied, e.g.

• • • •

in many HICs the process started earlier than LICs and NEEs so the vast majority of people moved to the cities when industry was developing (1) many cities are already overcrowded in HICs so some people are tending to move to rural areas (1) in some HICs, inner city industries collapsed, resulting in large scale unemployment. People wanted a better quality of life and to be able to live in a clean and quiet rural area (1) it has become easier in many HICs for people to commute to work or work remotely from home in rural areas, using internet/email technology (1).

No credit for descriptions of other continents or of global patterns.

AO2 = 2

[2]

Q13. (a)

Land that has been built on before. Accept reference to previous urban use.

AO1 – 1 1

(b)

Needs to show use of the figure. Close to existing housing, near to work (inferred from the factory). Close to the CBD, services such as electricity available.

AO3 – 1 1

(c)

Needs to show use of the figure. Less pleasant location, close to factories / tower blocks, very little greenery, small site / unable to build as many houses.

Cost of demolishing old buildings. Pollution, in area, has to be qualified.

AO3 – 1

1

(d)

2×1 Need to state differences, maximum 1 for separate points. Differences should be in the housing not the inhabitants.

Larger houses, more garden space, lower density / words to that effect, detached vs. terraces / flats, built as large estates rather than small infill, more likely to have garages.

AO1 – 1 AO2 – 1 2

(e)

2 × 2 or 1 × 3 + 1 × 1 Conserve the historic and natural environment – Once buildings are knocked down they are gone. These are resources that if they are used up by people today they will not be available for future generations to use.

Provide adequate open space – Existing areas like parks need to be left alone because they are important for people’s social well-being. If they are built on, they will be difficult to restore for the future.

Include local people in the decision making process – People are much more likely to support ideas if they feel part of a community and therefore they are more likely to be successful into the future.

AO1 – 2 AO2 – 2 4

[9]

Q14. (i)

Drought access to services Poverty opportunities for training 1 correct = 1 mark 2 correct = 2 marks 3-4 correct = 3 marks 3

(ii)

Natural increase/more births than deaths - poor families having many children - any points about contraception - falling death rate/infant mortality - more children being born High birth rate/number of births/many births 1

(iii)

Level 1 Basic (1 – 4 marks) Basic individual ideas about economic development - increasing jobs/incomes - opportunities created by cheap labour

- opportunities for business (land/labour)/easy to set up - growing market (population) - companies moving in - possibility of tourism - improved facilities (healthcare/education) - more services available - better education/training opportunities - cheaper costs - limited regulation - transport developments Level 2 Clear ( 5 – 6 marks) Some development which brings in broader factors/links points together - idea of a wide range of opportunities (multiplies) - idea of attracting multi-nationals/large companies - wide range of jobs (service opportunities) - improvements (government/individual schemes – housing/water/roads etc) - idea of growing wealth/taxation Linked ideas might include: ‘Better education and training in urban area will encourage new businesses to set up.’

6

[10]

Q15. (i)

The question is not about population numbers.

1 mark – makes comparison, use of data.

2nd mark – Idea of rate of change.

2

(ii)

1 mark – single point Accept points about attractions/pull factors e.g. work, jobs, education.

Accept well expressed points about natural increase.

North America is highly developed and already has a high % urban population.

2nd mark – developed idea North America has a high urban population in 2000 because it is highly developed, so the pressure to migrate may be less strong.

2

[4]

Q16. (i)

Kolkata, Mexico City, Cairo 1

(ii)

Sydney 1

(iii)

True, True 2

(iv)

Level 1 Basic (1–2 marks) General statements e.g. entertainment, jobs, money.

Level 2 Clear (3–4 marks) Linked statement needed.

Specified jobs – work in car industry, informal sector.

Earn money – send money home.

More entertainment – nightlife//bright lights/shops.

Education – schools/universities available.

Health – access to doctors/hospitals.

Join relatives – moved previously.

4

[8]

Q17.

Largest/very large area to the east of the river, near industry near to the port/docks, along the railway to the west and east, near to the industrial sector to the west, near to lakes to the east, also can say where away from eg. some distance/ measured distance away from CBD / medium class residential. Point marked.

[4]

Q18. (i)

An unplanned/spontaneous settlement (for the urban poor in LEDCs) (1). Illegal, accept description. Not mud huts. No reference to location. Not slums.

1

(ii)

2 × 1. Close to the port/industrial areas/near the airport/on the outskirts of the town/on the main roads/ railways/edge of swamp/by the river/near CBD. 2

(iii)

2 × 1 or 1 × 2. Movement from the countryside/ Bright lights syndrome/look for work/live with relations/poor conditions in the rural areas. Natural increase if related to lack, or affordability, of housing.

2

(iv)

LEVEL MARKING Level 1 (Basic) 1-3 marks Simple statements with little reference to how the conditions for the people have been improved Put in water taps. Built the houses out of bricks. Put in toilets. Public transport.

Level 2 (Clear) 4-6 marks Linked statements with reference to how the conditions of the people

have been improved.

The provision of toilets / a sewage system cuts down the spread of disease and so people are healthier. Taps for fresh water are provided so people do not have to spend time fetching and carrying water. The houses are made of bricks and so are stronger / more weather proof, keeping the people dry.

6

[11]

Q19. (i)

2×1 Accept named squatter settlement within a city.

Outskirts of cities / alongside main roads or railways / on steep slopes / around the city centre / in poorly drained areas / near to factories.

2 AO1 – 2

(ii)

2×1 or 1×2 Not on land legally owned / on dangerous, unstable land / land subject to frequent flooding / very expensive / not enough money / squatter settlements are continually growing so never ending job to improve them.

2 AO1 – 2

(iii)

The name of the case study could be a location, i.e. city or a scheme. Schemes include site and service/camping redevelopments, and self help schemes. Likely cities are Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo or Nairobi. The emphasis has to be the improvements to the squatter settlements which may be undertaken by the inhabitants, local/government authorities or NGOs. Some may be unplanned, i.e. illegal links to electricity supply. Look for references to improvements in the houses and the general infrastructure as well as improved facilities for health and education and their effect on peoples’ lives.

Level 1 (Basic) (1-4 marks) Simple statements with no named settlement or improvement project such as site and service. Maximum 2 marks for direct lifts from the figure.

They build houses with stronger materials. Electricity was provided to the houses. Refuse collected.

Level 2 (Clear) (5-6 marks) Linked statements with at least the name of a settlement or an improvement project.

In site and service schemes people are encouraged to help build their own houses. Each group would dig ditches to put in water and sewage pipes. In São Paulo homes were improved by rebuilding the houses with breeze-blocks.

6 AO1 – 1 AO2 – 4 AO3 – 1

[10]

Q20.

(a)

3×1 Large car ownership requiring petrol. Oil is used to turn seawater into fresh water.

Rapid build construction. Irrigation for golf courses. Indoor skiing facilities.

Any three valid phrases (do not have to use the exact wording), or comments based on photos.

AO2 – 2 AO3 – 1 3

(b)

The answer can consider sustainable living at different scales – such as a whole settlement such as Curitiba or Dongtan or a smaller scale development such as an individual house or estate.

Maximum Level 1 if no name. Max Level 1 if rural.

Level 1 (Basic) 1–4 marks Simple statements without any reference to any case study.

They use renewable energy. There is plenty of public transport. There are plenty of open spaces. People are included in the decision making process.

Annotation •

L1 Simple statements

Level 2 (Clear) 5–6 marks Linked statements with at least the name of a case study.

In Dongtan there is a way of disposing of waste safely. There is a farming area in the city to provide food. There is open space where people can go riding.

Annotation •

L2 Case study name

•

L2 Clear description of features of sustainable urban living AO1 – 3 AO2 – 3 6

[9]

Q21.

Any two ideas (2 × 2) (1) for name of idea: – park and ride

– by pass

– improved public transport

– car sharing

– congestion

– use of parking charges

– bus lanes

– pedestrianisation/people movement

– traffic flow management/one way system – encouraging walking/cycling (1) for brief explanation + (1) for development Improving public transport (1) would mean fewer cars going into the town centre (1).

Traffic flow management (1) keeps cars moving (1).

Reducing traffic congestion does not have to be stated, can be implied.

[4]

Q22.

Explanation of ‘sustainable’ can be implied through use of environmentally friendly management techniques. (No requirement for a definition of ‘sustainable’).

Level 1 Basic (1–4 marks) Basic ideas which might list a number of factors (energy generation/building) with only tentative understanding of ‘sustainable’.

Limited use of example(s) – no example – max 3 marks.

Focus is one idea (energy/transport/water recycling etc) – Max 4 Level 2 Clear (5–6 marks) Good use of example(s) to show a clear understanding with some specific ideas (energy generation, building, community development etc) and general points about resource management. Clear awareness of the idea of ‘sustainability’. (Definition not required).

[6]

Q23.

Level 1 Basic (1–2 marks) Tends to repeat data in comparison with the average for London or make simple points.

Tentative development/summary.

All the data suggest that the survey area is very poor. Health and education data suggest general low levels of health and poor qualifications which mean fewer opportunities.

Level 2 Clear (3–4 marks) Use of data and some development to suggest that the survey area is an area of deprivation.

All the data suggests that the area is much poorer than London as an average. The differences are often quite large – with nearly half of the population having no qualifications. Lack of opportunities and high unemployment appear to be leading to increased crime. The general sense of what people feel is negative, suggesting that the area is very run down.

[4]

Q24.

Accept points about pedestrianisation (if appropriate).

Level 1 Basic (1–3 marks) Lists methods with limited explanation.

“Park and Ride could be used and public transport developed.

This would reduce car numbers.”

Level 2 Clear (4–5 marks) Describes methods with some clear explanation about how they would reduce vehicle numbers and congestion.

“Improving public transport and making it more reliable and cheaper may encourage more people to use it instead of driving cars. This would reduce car numbers in town centres and cut congestion.”

[5]

Q25. (a)

1+1 First mark for the statement and the second for elaboration e.g.

There are more out of town shopping centres (1) and so the CBDs can’t compete (1). More people use the internet for shopping (1) and because it is cheaper this puts the city centre shops out of business (1). Economic downturn (1).

AO1 – 2 2

(b)

Candidates should refer to examples i.e. place(s) or schemes or improvements. Expect Birmingham to feature frequently along with other major cities such as Manchester though local examples maybe just as valid such as “Portas Pilot” towns.

They should refer to things such as improvement of the physical environment with flowers / street improvement; creation of markets to give a more continental feel; new indoor shopping centres; restoration of old buildings; use of city centre wardens to monitor behaviour. It must be clear that the CBD is being revitalised not former industrial areas / dock areas regenerated.

Accept former industrial / inner city areas being integrated into and extended or relocated CBD if clearly linked to revitalisation e.g. restaurant / cultural quarters, the 24 hour city.

Level 1 (Basic) (1 – 2 marks) Simple statements.

They can make the CBD pedestrianized. Promote markets on weekdays.

Allow outdoor seating at cafes. They have made it safer.

Level 2 (Clear) (3 – 4 marks) Linked statements with development clarifying the revitalisation.

Example(s) used.

They have seating and concerts so that people want to go in and use the CBD. In Lincoln they have made the pedestrianized area attractive with stone paving and benches. This makes it more accessible and encourages people to stay longer.

AO1 – 3 AO2 – 1 4

[6]

Q26.

3 × 1 or (1 + 1) +1 No need to use figures from graph.

No marks for description.

Answers need to refer to the reasons for differences. These differences can be either amount and / or rate: Rapid urbanisation in poorer parts of the world due to rural-urban migration; current rates increasing due to industrialisation and economic development in some poorer countries; major urbanisation has already taken place in richer countries hence the already high levels of urbanisation c.80%.

AO1 – 1 AO2 – 2

[3]

Q27. (i)

Lagos

1

(ii)

Level 1 Basic (1–2 marks) Basic points about: More developed – stable Less developed – rapid growth Max Level 1 – repeating data with limited comparison.

Max 1 mark if only MDC or LDC considered.

Level 2 Clear (3–4 marks) Identifies basic differences between MDCs and LDCs. Accurate use of data to back up points.

4

(iii)

(2 × 1) Credit two correct responses if on the same line.

Any two points which could include push/pull factors.

MAX 1 for reversed point (jobs in city/few jobs in countryside).

No marks for simply stating ‘push/pull’ factors.

Be aware of double crediting (‘services’ and then ‘school’) 2

[7]

Q28. (i)

1 mark – goes up 1970-2010 + 1 mark – specific idea about rate of change / use of data / levels off (rural) / steady increase (urban) 2×2 4

(ii)

Level 1 Basic (1–2 marks) Basic points about either migration or natural increase.

Many people are moving to urban areas because there are better opportunities for jobs and services such as health and education.

Level 2 Clear (3–4 marks) Points about migration or natural increase or detailed observations about a range of push/pull migration observations.

To max 4. Reserve 4th mark for both migration and natural increase.

In less developed countries many people migrate to the cities because there are greater economic and social opportunities.

Urban areas have more industry and greater access to water and electricity. Urban areas have a young population so there are high rates of natural increase.

4

(iii)

Accept ‘broad’ definition of environment (social and physical).

Level 1 Basic (1–2 marks) Basic ideas which might include points about pollution, land use change. Example simply identified, not really used.

Level 2 Clear (3–4 marks) Clear links to growth with some exemplification. Some use of example(s), often a narrow range of ideas.

Level 3 Detailed (5–6 marks) Detailed ideas about problems with some links to urban growth/sprawl, industrial development, growth of vehicles etc.

6

[14]

Q29.

Level 1 Basic (1–4 marks) Basic points about providing labour (cheap) and giving opportunities for business/improving living standards/market for goods The growth of urban areas provides a lot of cheap labour and creates an opportunity for new business to set up. This all creates jobs and people earn money which means that living conditions can be improved.

Some tentative broader point(s) for 4th mark.

Level 2 Clear (5–6 marks) Clearer appreciation of economic development which goes beyond individual opportunities. Idea of driving force for economy/increasing taxation/multiplier ideas/links to government improvement schemes.

The growth of urban areas means that lots of jobs are created and this brings in money for individuals and taxation for the country. This can be spent on improvements for the country and will help the country to develop. Also with lots of people there will be markets and new business will set up.

[6]

Q30. (a)

Needs to show use of the figure through reference to something in the photograph, this may be slight. However there should also be evidence of the candidate going beyond this with their own knowledge to show why the photo illustrates some of the problems associated with brownfield sites. They may make reference to the physical problems of constrained sites and the smaller number of houses that can be built.

Environmental problems such as the less attractive environment and the proximity to poor quality existing housing may also occur. Social issues such as resentment from poorer inner city dwellers who are displaced and can’t afford housing are also valid areas of comment.

Level 1 (Basic) (1–2 marks) Simple statements, either lifted from the resources or just their own knowledge.

The site is very cramped. It’s unattractive.

Level 2 (Clear) (3–4 marks) Must use own knowledge and resources to access L2.

Must have more than one disadvantage for top L2.

Linked statements showing use of the resource and own knowledge.

The photo shows new housing which the residents of the tower block probably can’t afford. Brownfield sites are often unattractive as they are near old factories and buildings. This means that it can be difficult to get people to go and live there.

AO1 – 2 AO2 – 1 AO3 – 1 4

(b)

2 × 2 or 1 × 3 + 1 × 1 Conserve the historic and natural environment – Once buildings are

knocked down they are gone. These are resources that if they are used up by people today they will not be available for future generations to use.

Provide adequate open space – Existing areas like parks need to be left alone because they are important for people’s social well-being. If they are built on, they will be difficult to restore for the future.

Include local people in the decision making process – People are much more likely to support ideas if they feel part of a community and therefore they are more likely to be successful into the future.

AO1 – 2 AO2 – 2 4

[8]

Q31.

Accept the use of Shrewsbury (park and ride can be part of ‘public transport’ scheme).

Level 1 Basic (1–2 marks) Largely generic ideas (improving public transport/naming transport schemes – ‘park and ride’/metro etc.

Public transport has been improved in many areas and this is taking cars off the road.

Level 2 Clear (3–4 marks) Clearer understanding of how public transport has been developed and the effects on traffic pressures/use of exemplification (scheme or place).

Many urban areas have metro systems put in place. These connect up different parts of cities and many people use them for work so they don’t have to use cars. This can be seen in Manchester.

Level 3 Detailed (5–6 marks) Detailed use of example(s) to show how public transport can reduce traffic pressures.

Detailed explanation/case studies.

Metro systems and integrated bus networks have been developed in many cities. The Manchester metro connects up the suburban areas with the city centre and removes thousands of cars each day from the roads. This system is currently being extended.

Cambridge has put in place a guided busway, using the old railway line. This provides an efficient route into Cambridge and takes a lot of cars from the road, easing congestion.

[6]

Q32.

Level 1 Basic (1–2 marks) Basic points about redevelopment projects with no real reference to the figure.

“Redevelopment projects can make areas look nicer and create lots of jobs.”

Level 2 Clear (3–4 marks) Clear appreciation of how a redevelopment scheme might resolve some of the issues in Area A. OR Use of an example to express how redevelopment schemes

can improve areas.

“Redevelopment schemes often include knocking down old houses and building new ones. This would improve the housing in Area A. If the houses are built separate from roads it might also increase air quality.”

Level 3 Detailed (5–6 marks) Detailed understanding of how redevelopment projects could improve some of the key factors in Area A. OR Use of an example to express how redevelopment schemes can improve socio-economic conditions.

“Redevelopment projects include new housing which would improve housing conditions and create jobs which might increase incomes.

If the area has better lighting and more secure homes people will feel safer. Making some areas pedestrian only or putting in cycle ways could reduce air pollution.”

[6]

Q33. (a)

One mark for each correct answer: D

3934

No credit if two or more answers are shaded.

AO4 = 1

(b) Level 3 (Detailed)

Marks 5–6

Description AO3 Demonstrates thorough application of knowledge and understanding to analyse geographical information as shown on the Ordnance Survey map.

AO3 Demonstrates application of knowledge and understanding to provide a well-developed discussion by analysing the issues relating to urban sprawl and its effects on people and the environment.

2 (Clear)

3–4

AO1 Demonstrates accurate knowledge of locations, places and environments.

AO2 Shows sound geographical understanding of the effects of urban sprawl on people and environment.

1 (Basic)

1–2

AO1 Demonstrates limited knowledge of locations, places and environments.

AO2 Shows limited geographical understanding of the effects of urban sprawl on people and/or environment.

May give generic statements about the effects.

0

No relevant content.

Indicative content • Urban sprawl is the expansion of an urban area into the countryside. Answers may concentrate on ne.g.ative effects but expect positive effects as well.

Discussion is likely to focus on the relative merits and demerits of urban sprawl and its social, economic and environmental repercussions.

• The question requires analysis of the Ordnance Survey map, and responses should be supported by a case study in the UK. • Advantages might include benefits to companies who have the opportunity to locate their companies in edge-of-town shopping centres and to people who can live in pleasant semi-rural areas. There may be cheaper land than in urban locations and better access to motorways and airports.

• Disadvantages include loss of agricultural land and public open space, loss of trade in traditional city centres, increasing pollution and traffic congestion in rural–urban fringe. Accept ideas such as: loss of woodland/deforestation, loss of hedgerows and fields, habitats or ecosystems being destroyed, reclamation of wetlands/swamps leading to loss of species, air/water/river pollution, more commuting which increases journey time and congestion.

• Expect reference to evidence from the map which shows the growth of Dundee into the countryside to the north of the city. Several housing estates have been built and land uses such as industry, hotels and dual carriageway roads have developed close to country parks and farmland, e.g. in 3632.

Around the fringes of Glasgow smaller towns and villages have been swallowed up into a large urban conurbation, including Clydebank and Bishopbriggs. Credit ne.g.ative aspects such as loss of farmland due to new housing developments and road construction, and atmospheric pollution from increased traffic, e.g. along the M8 and M77. Also credit positive impacts of urban sprawl, e.g. people can live in pleasant rural surroundings with quick access to services around the edge of Glasgow.

No credit for methods of controlling outward spread of cities such as creating green belts and using more brownfield sites.

AO1 = 2 AO2 = 2 AO3 = 2

[7]