Valorisation project of Viminacium - Architectural Preservation Report

VIMINACIUM AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTINUUM ARCHITECTURAL PRESERVATION

G r o u p 1 - B e a s l e y , O l i v e r ; G h a n n o u m , M a j a ; G r u s z c z y Å„ s k i , B a r t o s z & Po l a t , U.U l a s

COURSE DETAILS Dipartimento Di Architettura Urbanistica Ingegneria Delle Costruzioni Studio: Thematic Studio 2020 Course: Architectural Preservation Proffessor: Lombardini, Nora Group: 1 - Beasley Oliver, Ghannoum Maja,

Gruszczyński Bartosz & Polat U.Ulas Date of Exam: 22.06.2020

TERRITORIAL ANALYSIS 1. Geographic Position..........................................................................5

2. Land Study..................................................................................................10

3. Cultural Heritage..................................................................................16

4. Serbian Architecture........................................................................32

5. Regional Typologies...........................................................................36

6. Regional Morphologies...................................................................42

7. Industrial Analysis..............................................................................46

8. Agricultural Analysis........................................................................52

9. Infrastructural Analysis.................................................................60

10. Economic and Statistical Analysis.................................66

DESIGN STRATEGY 4

1. Intervention Points..............................................................................87

2. Connection Strategy........................................................................90

3. Landscape Strategy.........................................................................98

4. Sustainable Energy Strategy..................................................104

5. Conservation Strategy...................................................................108

6. Valorisation Strategy.......................................................................123

7. Design Response...................................................................................127

8. Site Plan........................................................................................................131

9. Point A - Ships Dock.........................................................................136

10. Point B - Viminacium Archaeological Site...............140

11. Point C - Viminacium Core Area.........................................146

12. Point D - Sustainable Energy Centre..............................152

BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................156

TERRITORIAL ANALYSIS 1. Geographical Position

5

poland ukraine czech republic

slovakia

austria

hungary romania

croatia

serbia

6

bosnia and herzegovina

bulgaria montenegro

kosovo

north macedonia

albania italy

greece

european context

branicevska oblast

region juzne i istocne srbije

serbia

7 viminacium kostolac

pozarevac

branicevska oblast

regional and provincial context

8

the danube crossi

ing eastern serbia

9

10

2. Land Study

Viminacium is an important Roman archaeological site located in the eastern Serbia, on the south side of the Danube not far from the border with Romania. It represents one of the most important archaeological sites in Serbia and one of the most important “limes” of the Roman Empire – a “limit” fortification at the edge of the Roman territory, defined by the Danube. Throughout the centuries since its construction it was visited by many important figures from the Roman Empire and indeed was in a frequent state of fighting with groups outside the former Empire. Due to this and its relatively advanced size, hosting not only a city but also a legionary fort, it remains an incredibly important source of information for historians and archaeologists. Also, due to the lack of any city located on its ruins it promises, upon its full excavation, an entire city on display, including amphitheatres, hippodromes, thermal baths etc. So far, the level of excavation remains at around 3%. Yet even with that a network of important archaeological sites have been uncovered. Including even a mammoth from the Pleistocene period.

Viminacium is situated near to the town of Kostolac, part of the City of Pozarevac in north eastern Serbia. This area is quite unique in that it shares a large land border with the Danube and there are also certain tributaries of water which come from the River and intersect the land, such as the Mlava. One of the key characteristics of this area is that it is dominated by the heavy industry, specifically mining. The Drmno quarry is large open quarry which extracts around 8 million tons of lignite each year in order to power the adjacent power station which uses the Mlava tributary to generate steam. This industry is also responsible for a considerable portion of the employment in the local area. The area is in general is home to a number of small towns and cities, the largest of which is Pozarevac with a population of 44,000.

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12

territori

ial plan

13

danube river

selo kostolac

mlava river

mlava river

selo kostolac

green areas

14

a

b

territorial

b

l sections

a

kostolac

kostolac power plant

agricultural lands

quarry

domus building

viminacium archaeological site

section aa

15

section bb

16

3. Cultural Heritage

Cultural heritage in Serbia is, where identified, covered under its ‘Law on Cultural Goods’ and is split into tangible and intangible classes. “Tangible” referring to monuments and landscapes etc. and “intangible” referring to traditions and folklore etc. The body responsible for identification and protection of such heritage is the National Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments and they identify four main categories, which include: Cultural Monuments, Archaeological Sites, Historical Landmarks, Spatial Cultural-Historic Units. There are currently 2,458 sites in this list.

In addition, Serbia has a list of Protected Natural Resources that cover approximately 5% of the country and are identified in the following diagrams. To the North of the Viminacium site is the Deliblatska Peshchara Special Nature Reserve. A large sand area covering around 300sqkm that stretches down to the north bank of the Danube just next to the town of Dubovac. Outside of the authority of Serbia, a number of its sites are also protected under UNESCO. As of 2017, five in its World Heritage List and, as of 2018, 12 in its Tentative List. Of these, the nearest to the Viminacium is that of the Smederevo Fortress. A structure from the middle ages, built on the bank of the Danube. It is approximately 20km from Viminacium.

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18

unesco sites across serbia

19

protected natural resources

20

cultural heritage sites

21

across eastern serbia

The Danube one of the most important rivers in Europe, both historically and in the present day. It originates in the Black Forest in Germany and stretches 2,730km all the way to the Black Sea.

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Although it is still used quite substantially in comparison to many European rivers, in the past it was of critical importance for trade, food and defence – establishing the eastern most boundary of the Roman Empire. Today, there is still some transport but much of it comes from the tourist industry, providing cruises for a range of different durations.

czech republic

poland

regensburg

slovakia passau

germany

moldova

bratislava linz

melk vienna abbey

esztergom budapest

austria

hungary romania

slovenia croatia

viminacium

novi sad belgrade

italy

23

iron gates

golubac

kosovo

bucharest

serbia bulgaria montenegro

kosovo

turkey

north macedonia

albania

greece

main site along the danube river

The Roman Empire provides a very important chapter in Serbia’s history, with much of its territory – as can be seen in the adjacent map – covered with settlements, fortifications and an extensive road network. Viminacium forms a very important place within this legacy as the capital of the former region of Moesia Superior, comprised of a large city and legionary camp and also key terminus for a number of these roads.

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Viminacium is also part of a collection of “Limes”, Limit fortifications, of which there are around 80 along the Danube just in Serbia. Another project run in conjunction with Viminacium is the titled Itinerarium Romanum.

An initiative directed by the Institute and Museum of Archaeology in Belgrade and in conjunction Bulgarian Academy of Sciences with many state stakeholders, including the Ministry of Culture. This project aims at connecting the ancient Roman Roads together and many of their associated settlements.

For this they aim to also provide a supporting infrastructure of accommodation and amenities that are housed within traditional architectural typologies.

roman settlements

roman limes and roads

heritage networks across serbia

25

26

roman heritage sites a

across eastern serbia

27

28

Viminacium is an ancient Roman city and military fort covering a total area of around 450ha of the wider city and 220ha of the inner city, the vast majority of which still remains under agricultural fields. In the 19C, parts of the city were still visible through the contours of its buried infrastructure whereas now it is only visible from a discoloured outline captured by aerial imagery. Serious explorations were not carried out until the end of the 19C and virtually no ruins were excavated until 1970. Some 40,000 pieces of archaeological artefacts currently reside in the National Museum in Pozarevac, one of the closest major cities. The first area to be excavated in the 20thC, was the Mausoleum, home to around 13,500 graves.

The site is currently made up of nine different sites: six of which are Roman archaeological excavations; one a 1.5 million-year-old mammoth remains and the rest amenities for its touristic and administrative functions.

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viminacium archaeological park

The Mausoleum This is a square plan of 20m x 20m, with a main building of 5m x 5m located in the middle of it. The covering structure is similar to the other archaeological sites, except for the amphitheatre and the enclosure for the remains of the mammoth, with a large open span formed from glue laminated timber and a lightweight canvas covering. This rests on foundation walls placed below the structure. In this case the structure forms a pyramid roof scape tapering from four lower walls.

Domus Scientiarum Viminacium This is the main administrative and research centre of the site, accommodation such facilities as: shops, laboratories, offices, accommodation, a library, documentation centre, a kitchen, a dining room and a replica of the Viminacium Thermae. The design is following the shape of a traditional Roman Villa Rustica. In this case it is conceived on two levels with the office and workspace located above.

Mammoth Exhibition This exhibition space is not located at the original site of the mammoth that was discovered but was moved here in order to protect it from the working quarry adjacent to the site. Unlike the other covered archaeological sites, this one is treated differently and has been located “underground” and is largely obscure from the outside. The structure, however, is again one of a curved glue laminated timber frame, supporting a further flat roof structure with earth on top.

30 Limes Park Limes Park provides further accommodation at Viminacium, largely at present to accommodate professionals associated with the research that takes place there. In a similar vain to the Domus Scientiarum Viminacium, this facility is based very closely on a Legionary Camp design and indeed, may again be an attempt to uphold the ideas of the Itinerarium Romanum Serbia.

Activity Area This is a relatively new area of the site and includes a children’s play area and a Roman inspired assault course – intended to provide legionary training to guests and visitors.

Aquaduct The aquaduct at Viminacium is approximately 10km in length and thus extends out into unprotected environments within Kostolac. One of those is the quarry, which was responsible for the discovery of the section of aquaduct that is now on display at the site.

This is an uncovered archaeological site.

achaeolgical sites and am

menities at viminaciumun

Porta Pretoria This is the north gate of the Legionary Camp. It has been excavated full and is now covered with a glue laminated structure and canvas covering.

Amphitheatre This site consists of the remains of the former amphitheatre of the city of Viminacium and has been partially rebuilt in timber in order to permit its reuse.

Thermae This site is a common one within Roman settlements and served as a form of hygiene and relaxation.

This one, it has been determined by archaeological research, to be of particular luxury due to its size and decoration.

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4. Serbian Architecture

Pre-History

Belgrade Fortress is the core and the oldest section of the urban area of Belgrade. The first mention of the city is when it was founded in the 3rd century BC as “Singidunum” by the Celtic tribe of Scordisci.

Belgrade Fortress is generally divided into four sections, two of which make the fortress itself (Donji and Gornji Grad) and two make Kalemegdan park today.

Medieval Period

The Smederevo Fortress is a medieval fortified city in Smederevo, Serbia, which was a temporary capital of Serbia in the Middle Ages. It was built between 1427 and 1430.

The fortress has 25 towers and its walls are crenellated walls (fortified walls) and over 2 meters thick.

The Serbo-Byzantine architectural style or Vardar architectural school The Gracanica monastery, monastery located in Kosovo Built in 1321.

Serbian

Orthodox

33 Ottoman architecture The Bajrakli Mosque is a mosque in Belgrade, the capital of Serbia.

It was built around 1575 and is the only mosque in the city out of the 273 that had existed during the time of the Ottoman Empire’s rule of Serbia.

Serbo-Byzantine revival

Modernity

St. Mark’s Church, Belgrade, completed in 1940. It is one of the largest churches in the country.

Art Nouveau and Secession style Raichle Palace in Subotica, nestled by the Hungarian border, constructed in 1904

pre-history - modernity

Socialist Yugoslav period

Modernism (1948–92) Beogradanka tower, modern high-rise building in the Belgrade downtown area constructed in 1974, It is one of the symbols of the city and representative of the “golden age” in the development of Belgrade.

It is a 24 story building, 101 m tall. Built of aluminium drapes and the double-paned thermo-pane glass

Brutalism Eastern City Gate is officially known as Rudo and is nicknamed the Three Sisters. The work on the towers began in 1973 and lasted until 1976. Built by Dragoljub Micovic. Each of the three buildings is 28 storeys and contains 190 apartments. Altogether, Rudo can accommodate up to 2000 people. The facades were never completed and there are serious issues with the overall structure today.

Brutalism Apartment and office building “Genex Tower” or the so-called “West Gate” (1970-1980) is the most significant work of Mihajlo Mitrovic in Belgrade.

According to Dragana Mecanov, Mitrovic’s visit to Chandigarh in India left an enormous trace in his creative work, primarily reflected in the honest use of the materials such as raw concrete (Mecanov, 2015:30)

34 Brutalism Sports-recreational Center “25 May” in Belgrade. Aiming to mirror the sharp forms of the Kalemegdan Fortress or a sailboat on the water in its composition of the sports complex.

Contemporary period

The materialisation of the sports centre is reduced to the use of surface made of red brick and raw concrete, modularly segmented by joints, which further stressed its expressive appearance (Jevtic, 2004:13)

Museum of Contemporary Art is an art museum located in Belgrade. It was designed by Ivan Antic and Ivanka Raspopovic in 1960, with construction beginning that year and continuing until 1965, and founded in 1958 as the Modern Gallery.

Because of its shape, architecture and location, it has been called the “crystal at the confluence” or an “(architectural) jewel”.

Spomeniks

Monument to the Fallen Soldiers of the Kosmaj Partisan Detachment, in Koracica, Serbia Opened in 1971

modernity - 21st century

Pre-History and Medieval Architecture in the region

Branicevska region has several sites dated to Pre-Roman, Roman or Byzantine periods, such as Ram Fortress, Golubac city, Viminacium ... etc Viminacium is an ancient fort covering a total area wider city and 220ha of majority of which remains

Roman city and military of around 450ha of the the inner city, the vast under agricultural fields.

Serious explorations were not carried out until the end of the 19C and virtually no ruins were excavated until 1970.

Some 40,000 pieces of archaeological artefacts currently reside in the National Museum in Pozarevac, one of the closest major cities. The first area to be excavated in the 20thC, was the Mausoleum, home to around 13,500 graves.

The site is currently made up of nine different sites: six of which are Roman archaeological excavations; one a 1.5 million-year-old mammoth remains and the other amenities for its touristic and administrative functions.

Serbo-Byzantine revival in the region

In the region, we can see multiple examples of the Byzantine revival Architecture. In Kostolac we have the St George Church and St Maximus Church. Both of those churches were built in the 20s century with the characteristics of Byzantine revival.

The Church Kostolac is Dragutin V.

of St. George in the village of an endowment of the shipowner Todic and his wife Leposava.

It is located on a hill known as the Little Town, an area with a very long continuity from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages.

The church dedicated to St. George in the village of Kostolac was built in 1924 according to the project of the architect Pero Popovic with characteristics of Byzantine revival.

The church is very richly equipped with iconography, stained glass, furniture and bells.

frescoes,

Brutalist Architecture in the region

Brutalist buildings are not usually seen in smaller cities like Kostolac or other small areas around Viminacium.

Meanwhile, In Pozarevac as one of the biggest cities around Viminacium, we can find a couple of examples.

Pozarevac County Court is one of the most important Brutalist objects constructed outside Belgrade. In terms of composition, the building is based on the interaction of several cubic volumes, connected in such a way that their base doesn’t have any horizontal communication, which is why they give the impression that the primary form has been broken up. The disintegration of the form stems from the author’s opinion that it is necessary to emphasize, even in visual terms, the difference between the functions in the object, which is why several building units were constructed – the Building of Pozarevac County Court, County Public Prosecutor’s Building and the Building of Organized Labor Court (Curcic, 1974:1)

local architecture

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5. Regional Typologies

Public Buildings

Sport Buildings

Religious Buildings

37

Historical Buildings

Industrial Buildings

Residential & mixed use

fisherman campsite

st. george orthodox church

selo kostolac

dock

airport

te ko powe

river police

38

te kostolac a power plant municipal hall conference center shopping mall

nautic club gradska beach

kostolac

sports hall f.k rudar stadium

st. maxim’s orthodox church

territorial t

KLICEVAC

viminacium

ostolac er plant

39

drmno

typologies

Football Pitch

“geonard� geological research

industrail areas residential - utility mixed areas single and multi family housing areas with agricutlural utilities religious buildings sports facilities industrial buildings public buildings others

selo kostolac

viminacium

40

drmno

kostolac

industrail areas residential - utility mixed areas single and multi family housing areas with agricutlural utilities religious buildings sports facilities industrial buildings public buildings others

typologies arou

und viminacium

housing and agricutural facilities

single or multi family buildings with one or two stories agricultural hangars architecture: -typical building techniques (brick, concrete, or ceramic blocks) -no specific style, occassional examples of traditional, vernacular architecture.

mixed utilities

single or multi family buildings with one to three stories with other functions in the ground floor architecture: -typical building techniques (brick, concrete, or ceramic blocks) -no specific style, occassional examples of traditional, vernacular architecture and extentions of existing buildings.

industrial buildings

large scale buildings of a specific function ( production, power generation) architecture: - utilitarian, function related - no specific style. built with steel structures or concrete.

41 historical buildings

remains of castles and fortresses, and settlements serving as memorials, museums and touristic attractions. architecture: - roman settelments

religious buildings

churches, mosques and cemeteries architecture: - built with different material and styles like masonry, bricks or stones.

- diverse styles such as ottoman or (neo) serbo-byzantine

sport

multifunction sport halls, football pitches, basketball or volleyball fields architecture: -utilitarian - large spans built with steel or concrete structures.

public buildings

multi functional, multiple stories architecture: - style mostly modern or brutalist -typical building techniques (brick, concrete blocks or reinforced concrete)

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6. Regional Morphologies

agricultural areas

viminacium

selo kostolac

drmno

43

power plant

kostolac

pozarevac

5. selo kostolac

6. viminacium

3. power plant 4. drmno 2. kostolac

44 7. agricultural areas

1. pozarevac

morphology sample areas

1. pozarevac

5. selo kostolac

- high-density - functions: residential, commercial, institutional and other, - streets geometrical street grid

- low density - linear distribution - functions: residential and agricultural with some commercial activities - streets linear, natural street grid

2. kostolac

6. viminacium

- high-density - functions: residential, commercial, institutional and other next to some agricultural lands - streets geometrical street grid

- low density - functions: archaeological site and agricultural lands - streets geometrical street grid

3. power plant

7. agricultural areas

- average density - functions: industrial - streets geometrical and natural street grid

- rare existence of buildings - functions: agricultural - streets geometrical, made according to the distribution of farms and agricultural lands

4. drmno - low density - scattered buildings - functions: residential and agriculture with small variety of other functions - streets natural street pattern

morphology samples

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7. Industrial Analysis

Industry is a significant feature of the area surrounding the archaeological site, consisting mainly of a large thermal power plant, of which now has three separate sections, producing around 950GWh per year. Providing the 2.2 million people with energy across Serbia, approximately 30% of the population. Supporting this power plant are a number of open quarries, some of which are now out of use, where the lignite is extracted from the ground and moved across the land to the power plant. This process has been incredibly destructive to the environment and landscape has been changed enormously as a consequence. This process also causes a number of problems relating to air pollution and geological disturbance due to the extract process. It is predicted that this form of mineral extraction will continue until fossil fuels are eventually phased out by the Serbian government. An obligation they have made by signing the Paris agreement.

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power plant locations across serbia

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kostolac power plants sampling and impact zones

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The Drmno quarry is the most significant feature, alongside the power station itself, in close proximity to the archaeological site at Viminacium.

It current sits to the east of the archaeological park and stretches south toward Kostolac and North towards the Danube. A small section also comes across the north of the Viminacium boundary. At present, the area of the quarry covers some 14 square kilometres at around 20-30 meters of depth. Its own boundaries form a series of circular cuts in the land, like giant bite marks taken out of the earth. Analysing the evolution of this quarry, it is clear that since 1980, that it has been increasing gradually and at present it is extracting around 12 million tons of lignite every year.

The area of coal extraction is kept to around 1.25 square kilometres at any time and this moves north by around 2 square kilometres every 5 years.

At the current rate of exhaustion, the current extents of the quarry will be exhausted by 2030-2035, however they may still increase this excavation north to the very boundary with the Danube River. Providing another few decades of lignite resources.

The power company that runs the power station and mine at Kostolac, EPS, are currently looking at proposals to diversify their portfolio in anticipation of a future without fossil fuels. For this they have been assessing proposals for a wind farm in the area and also a solar farm in one of the old quarry areas.

The impact of the quarry is dramatic whether in terms of health, geological stability or detriment to the natural environment.

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analysis of quarry mining

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8. Agricultural Analysis

Agriculture is one of the most important industries of the Serbian economy.

It constitutes a significant part of its GDP and exports. Serbia produces various agricultural products, mostly grains, fruits and vegetables. This industry actually employs 10% of overall work force and accounts for 21% of Serbian GDP.

Across time the agriculture industry suffered from some significant threats to its viability. Primarily this was the breakup of former Yugoslavia, which cause huge disruptions to the market of Serbian agricultural products both at home and abroad. Later, prospects began to rise again due to new exports and outside investment. Many of the agricultural companies now are also owned publicly and thus form promising area of new private investment.

83% of Serbian agricultural lands is farmland. Harvest yields account for 57% of the total agricultural production while cattle breeding accounts for 33%. Vineyard and orchards account for 5% and 4% respectively. 60% of the harvest products is made up of cereals and only 18% is vegetable.

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arable lands

fore

ests

55

grasslands

56

local agricultural areas a

local veg

areas

getation

57

local green areas

58

Pollution and degradation now affect approximately 40,000 hectares of agricultural land across Serbia. The cause of this has been laid at the feet of heavy industry with quarrying sites, responsible for extracting fossil fuels, causing an increase present of heavy metals in the soil. In Kostolac specifically, the deposits of ash and slag resulting from coal combustion at the local power plant, take up around 1500ha of fertile land.

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heavy metal distribution in soil

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9. Infrastructural Analysis

Transport in Serbia, like most states, encompasses railways, roadways, waterways and airways. However, unlike more developed nations their infrastructure is a little poorer in parts. For instance, while rail is a major source of cargo transport, carrying approximately 12.3 million tons per year, the network is often only single rail and still relies on diesel locomotives.

In 2018 16 million passengers were recorded as using the rail network in Serbia.

Roadways in Serbia make up the primary transport network for the general public, however, there is a substantial difference in the quality of some of these roads and they fall much below the general standard in the rest of Europe. We can see from our analysis that most of the motorways are concentrated in the centre of Serbia creating a north-south corridor, connecting the capital with the countries around. Meanwhile the eastern and western part of the country are less provided for but instead have a network of national highways of two different classes.

Waterways for transport in Serbia are mainly confined to the Danube.

It is currently responsible for approximately 2 million tons of cargo each year. The main ports along with network are, Novi Sad and Belgrade. There are other smaller ports, handle considerably less tonnage per years such as: Pancevo and Smederevo. One of the emerging uses of the Danube in Serbia is as a tourist network, linking together different countries and many important historical sites.

Air transport, is generally limited to two international airports in Serbia and a host of smaller airfields of which there is one in Kostolac. This, however, is for only very light aircraft.

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rail network

motorway in

national transpo

nfrastructure

ort infrastructure

63

major and minor road infrastructure

64

Roads and Infrustructure In the region are well-established and enough for the mean time. Analyzing the roads surfaces and comparing it to the National and Regional levels, we can see that we have good infrustucture and sufficient. The roads surface is mostly modern. Probably more National than municipal due to the small area of the cities around Viminacium.

National Roads, Class I 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5

Municipal Roads

Serbia

National Roads, Class II

Belgrade

Branicevska Region

Grad Pozarevac

DANUB RIVER

MLAVA RIVER

VIMINACIUM

SELO KOSTOLAC

KOSTOLAC POWER PLANT

DRMNO KOSTOLAC

road infrastructure

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10. Economic and Statistical Analysis

Reviewing the economic and statistical data available for Serbia and its subsequent regions and provinces, a number of important analysis have been developed for the following areas affecting the proposed site at Viminacium: economic performance, economic sectors, industry performance, demographics, education, tourism, art and entertainment, culture, and construction.

Of these, there is much that is outside of the influence of a single site such as Viminacium and is far more related to the socio-economic history of Serbia in general. Yet, there are many positive elements that can be reinforced and many negative elements that we may help to reverse. On a more specific level, there are some important qualities directly related to the use of Viminacium and its impact on the wider society of Kostolac and indeed the province of branicevska.

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The economic performance of the area around Viminacium, meaning the province of Branicevska and the greater region of Juzne I Istocne Srbije, is generally lower than others in Serbia and considerably lower than that of the capital region. This is true for both the GDP and the GDP per capita. When considering the growth of these two indicators across time, the CAGR, we get a slightly different perspective. In terms of the GDP Branicevska has not grown at the same rate as the others and indeed the Juzne I Istocne Srbije region is much more competitive than its flat GDP figures suggest. When looking at the GDP per capita, however, it is clear that this is increasing proportionately to the rest of Serbia and the capital region. What we can conclude is that the area is, in general, poorer than others but not all and that it is improving gradually as time goes on.

For the architectural project at Viminacium, this does not have such a large impact, however, it may suggest a better structuring of prices and a scheme that may also improve the conditions of the local economy.

branicevska oblast

0.014

juzne i istocne srbije region

0.036

belgrade region

0.041

serbia

0.035

gdp

69 branicevska oblast

0.024

juzne i istocne srbije region

0.031

belgrade region

0.026

serbia

0.029

gdp per capita

growth rates (cagr) 2012 - 2017

70

The economic sectors most relevant to the site around Viminacium include: ‘Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning’, ‘Manufacturing’ and ‘Transport’. These occupy a total of nearly 90% of employment in the area.

‘Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning’, however, is by far the most significant employing 60% of the local population. Interestingly, ‘Mining’ does not have the share of employment that we expected considering its huge impact on the local environment. What this information tells us is that there is perhaps too great a specialisation in one particular industry, especially considering the projected future of this sector. As Serbia has signed the Paris agreement, they have committed to a reduction and eventual stoppage of fossil fuel consumption within the next few decades.

This spells a potential crisis for the region surrounding Viminacium which could suffer from mass unemployment. One of the ways in which the valorisation program could respond is by creating a new program that may draw on this experience, such as a new renewable energy centre. Another way, is to permit Viminacium and its facilities to provide some educational function to the local population. Either as something orchestrated by the local government or as simply the opportunity to share their facilities for uses generated by the local population.

100% 90%

electricity, steam and air conditioning supply

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30%

manufacturing

20%

transportation and storage

10%

wholesale and retail

0% 2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

main employment shares in kostolac

71

kostolac

0.73

pozarevac

0.06

branicevska oblast

0.06

juzne i istocne srbije region

belgrade region

serbia

0.10

0.08

0.09

hhi analysis

industry share analysis

72

The industry performance within the region surrounding Viminacium, is considered to be largely in a state of crisis following a shift-share analysis of the data. The exceptions to this are the arts and entertainment industries and transport and storage, which are quite competitive locally, albeit not so much on a national scale. Many of these sectors require and level of impetus on a much more significant scale than that which can be provided by Viminacium. That being said, Viminacium may contribute to an overall effort to improve some of these and lift them out of this state of “crisis” regionally and even nationally. One such sector to benefit from the proposed scheme at Viminacium is that of transport. While the road network is relatively well established and the archaeological park is well connected, it may be improved by another means such as waterways infrastructure. Other sectors also under performing are that of ‘Education’ and ‘Information and Communication’ and these may also be influenced by a proposed intervention at the archaeological site. Provided that the new facilities may also have the flexibility to support education functions related to these sectors.

Favourable MIX effect - grow more on National Level than on Regional level

Favourable DIF effect development is driven by the competitveness of the local sectors

grad pozaverac sectorial growth rate

3

2.5

2 entertainment

1.5

accommodation

1

transport

73

wholesale

0.5

manufacturing information

agriculture health

0

-0.5

construction education electricity 0.5 water

other

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

national sectorial growth rate

-0.5 Sectors in crisis at the national level and which have even lower growth rate at regional level

bisecting line

national average growth rate

kostolac average growth rate

shift share analysis

analysis of sectoral performance

rotated national average growth rate

Crisis on national and regional Level The growth of National demand is not enough to offset the limited competitiveness of regional sectors

74

The demographics within this region are largely reflective of Serbia on a whole and in general, that of other European states. One of the surprising bits of data is that the younger population seems to be proportionate to other regions, including that of the capital. One of the concerns with a region such as this is that there is often an exodus of young, educated people seeking to improve their quality of life. However, in this case there are ample human resources in this demographic, which is an important consideration when considering a proposed valorisation project such as the one at Viminacium. One other interesting pieces of data is that relating to diversity of the local population. In the surrounding areas there is a significant portion of Roma people. One of the ways this may influence the proposed scheme is to provide facilities that may be used outside of their primary function. In this case to put on other cultural activities for distinct local groups and help foster social inclusion and understanding.

80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0

total

15-64 all

male

over 64

female

grad pozarevac age share

75 roma others

serbs

6% 5%

89%

main ethnicities in grad pozarevac

analysis of demographics

76

Education levels in the area surrounding Viminacium are more or less average albeit slightly below the general level in Serbia. The vast majority of people have completed secondary school, yet beyond that the numbers are relatively limited. A minority of around one quarter of that figure have continued to complete some form of higher education. While this information is interesting to know, it does not have a huge impact on the development of the Viminacium project. Employment is obviously a concern and the level of education of the local population is well connected to this, however, the archaeologists at the site are likely derived from a nation-wide pool of interested applicants and not so dependent on local populations. This is especially true when we consider that the present site also has permanent accommodation for its researchers. It does tell us though that there should be an appropriate level of education in the local area generally, in order to cover the employment requirements of less specific professions. One potential way in which Viminacium may seek to improve the education of the local population is, as has been suggested a number of times in response to other statistical conclusion, to provide facilities that may be used as places to educated and learn about topics outside of the scope of archaeology.

all

male

analysis of education

female

education levels in grad pozarevac n

kn ow

un

ca tio n

io n

ca t

ed u

io n

io n

ca t

ed u

ca t

ed u

io n

io n

ca t

ed u

ca t

ed u

gh er ed u

hi

gh

hi

y

y

pr im ar

y

pr im ar

fo rm al

se co nd ar

pl et e

in co m

no 35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

77

5000

0

78

Tourism is obviously a sector of the economy that is very important to the proposed project at Viminacium, yet there is little in the data that suggests any potential impact this may have when designing the proposed scheme.

What it does tell us, however, is that there is an upward trend in people visiting Viminacium each year and we know that in 2017 the archaeological park recorded around 100,000 visitors. We know then that the market is there, both nationally and internationally yet, compared to other site around Europe of similar significance, there is plenty of room to grow and help improve these numbers. Thus, not only benefiting the archaeological site but also local economies.

1.6 belgrade 1.4

serbia

1.2 1 branicevska region

0.8

belgrade 0.6

grad pozarevac serbia

0.4

branicevska region

0.2 0

grad pozarevac

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014 tourists

2015

2016

2017

overnight stays

comparitive analysis of tourists and over night stays

analysis of tourism

2018

79

80

‘Art and entertainment’, is a sector of local investment which receives a high portion of funding relative to other sectors such as health, education or administration. Thus, we can determine, even if only quite crudely, that the support for centres such as Viminacium will most likely be available should it be needed. It also reinforces the idea further, that the sharing of facilities with the local community will be a feature that is encouraged by members of the local government.

education 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5

other activities

human health and social work activities

1 0.5 0

81

public administration and defence, compulsory social security

arts, entertainment and recreation grad pozarevac

branicevska oblast

serbia

belgrade

analysis of budget beneficiaries expenditures

local government expenditures

82

‘Culture’ is obviously a broad topic in terms of economics and statistical data, however, the only information that was provided related to projection cinemas which was very limited. The data tells us that there is, rather predictably, a much smaller supply of cinemas than the capital region.

It even tells us that in 2017 there were just 4 showings at a cinema in Branicevska before increasing to 269 the following year. This does not suggest a dramatic growth, considering the levels from years prior to 2017, either an anomaly or that cinema showings are provided by a very limited number of facilities and that the suspension of one dramatically reduces those for the province in general. Regardless, this does not provide us with much information to react to when considering a proposed scheme for Viminacium. It does, however, suggest that there may be a wider absence of cultural performances in the area, especially considering that cinema is one of the most frequented. With that in mind, it again suggests that we may do something to improve this by permitting facilities at the site in Viminacium to be used for cultural activities. This could include some open-air cinema projects of course but maybe also events that are much more diverse and even nuanced.

115217

123400

89298

93879

2013

2014 serbia

55907

59245

58319

belgrade

2015

2016

branicevska

number of projection cinemas

anaylsis of cinema showings

269

4

291

110

37096 57

48

10

0

2012

57643

56984 34414

36771

50432

57905

75524 54151

2011

83

2017

2018

84

‘Construction’ was the final sector that we looked at yet like some of the others, the data did little to really help with the proposed project. What it does tell us, however, is that there has been and continues to be a good level of investment in construction projects. While not helping us to form our proposals, it does help at the level of “general viability” to tell us that the works may easily receive outside investment should it be needed.

0.73

0.71

0.80 0.70

0.46 0.40

0.44

0.50

0.45

0.60

85 0.16

0.30

0.25

0.28

0.40

0.01

0.10 new facilities

reconstruction, modernization, building onto and extension

serbia

belgrade

branicevska

grad pozarevac

realised investments in new fixed assets

anaylsis of cinema showings

maintenance of existing facilities

0.01

0.10

0.20

86

DESIGN STRATEGY 1. Intervention Points

87

A. SHIPS DOCK

88

points of desig

B. VIMINACIUM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE

gn intervention

C. VIMINACIUM MUSEUM AND ARCHAEOLOGY RESEARCH CENTRE D. SEC & ERI CENTRES WITH ECOLOGICAL PARK

89

90

2. Connection Strategy

91

Ram

Ram Golubac & Iron Gates

Viminacium

92

Smederevo Belgrade and others

CONNECTING DANUBE ROMAN LIMES

CONNECTING WITH OTHER SITES

Viminacium is not located directly on the Danube river, and that could effect the tourism flow in it. Therefore, developing this point will help in bringing more people to the area and to include Viminacium with tours going along the Danube River and most important to connect the Site with the Danube Roman limes programs.

Viminacium is surrounded by multip touristic attractions, that is a big oppor area. Introducing the area and making c with other sites could improve the tourism

Also with The Roman Limes tours transportation instead of Nautical.

Special Nature Reserve Deliblatskac

Golubac & Iron Gates

Viminacium

Ecological Park

93

CONNECTING NATURAL PARKS

ple important rtunity for the collaborations m flow in it.

Proposing an ecological park near Viminacium in the Quarry will also make invite people visiting the near Natural Reserve to explore the area and the remains of the quarry.

s using road

This could also let Nature Seekers to explore Viminacium site coming to the Quarry.

10 min 15 min

10 min 20 min 10 min 20 min

94

WALKING

CYCLING

Walking to Viminacium from the Danube river Dock or Kostolac could take an hour and it could not be the most convenient way for tourists or local people to go there.

Cycling could be used as a way Viminacium, it could take 30-40 min But taking into consideration peo from the Dock could not prefer takin Viminacium rather than a bus or a

Better for Tourists to arrive in different ways of transport to Viminacium and then they can walk inside Viminacium Archaeological site.

Total time spent inside the Viminacium archaeological site could vary between 30 min and 2 hours, depending on the tour and the sites that tourists want to visit there.

Meanwhile, some programs are enco tourism using Bikes, especially in The We want to Introduce those programs t and to connect the area with other sites by bike) or Golubac fortress (4h by bike).

territorial tra

30 min From Ram

No cars zone No bikes zone

to arrive at to get there. ople arriving ng a bike to a renting car.

ouraging Slow IRON GATES. to Viminacium s like Ram ( 2h

ansportation

60 min From Golubac 10-12 min 10 min 15 min

95

120 min From Belgrade

DRIVING As for driving to Viminacium either with a private car, rental car or a bus, it takes 10-12 min to reach the site from the Dock or Kostolac and Almost 2 hours to arrive from Belgrade, and 1 hour from Golubac.

Cars inside the Viminacium Archaeological site are not allowed. Tourists can arrive park and continue walking or using Bikes but not inside the main Archaeological site.

96

accessibilit

ty network

97

98

3. Landscape Strategy

The effect on the landscape of Viminacium and the surrounding areas caused by the proposed scheme will be overall positive but there will of course be some short-term disturbances caused by the construction process. There will, for instance, be disruption caused to the ground of the Viminacium Archaeological Park with the construction of a museum, a research centre and other permanent structures This must be carried out with great care, as even though they are outside of the area of the main site it is likely that there are still a or artefacts beneath the ground. Above the ancient city and fortress area, there will be new excavation coverings and site offices that will be constructed using lightweight materials and a nonpermanent, non-intrusive foundation system. Therefore, on the ancient site there will be little-to-no affect, even in the short term. Adjacent to the Viminacium site is the large lignite quarry where we proposed to construct a view point and small Technology Centre.

In the long term, the proposed changes to the Viminacium Archaeological Park will have a qualitative effect on the area but it will largely be a positive one. The proposed scheme serves to link and solidify the otherwise disparate elements of the site that have been built for touristic and research purposes in recent years. At present, they exist without a cohesive language or materiality. Of course, building new structures will always be a concern in a site such as this but with special attention paid to their placement and of course their aesthetic, these can be mitigated and perhaps there will also be a marked improvement brought about through modern design.

99

100

The lignite quarry, at present, is a very severe part of the overall landscape in the area. It has been irreversibly damaged and stripped of flora and fauna.

It also contributes substantially to local air pollution and disturbances of the ground. Despite this, there is a lot of potential for its “afterlife� as it creates a visually intriguing landscape and also permits the use of renewable energy, such as solar power, without concerns for its disturbance of natural vistas in the area as it would be located substantially below the local land level. As part of the proposal, a technology centre will be located at the foot of the quarry with a viewing tower providing access between the different levels.

101

100mw solar array 1.2% of current power station mining area solar area reclaimed for agriculture retained mining infrastructure

master plan

102

As part of a future master plan, it is suggested that the area can come to serve mainly as a solar farm (producing enough energy for half a million people) and may also be regenerated with local species of flora and fauna.

For this there are two approaches but both take a considerable amount of time. Ultimately, if the quarry is exhausted by 2030-2035 and they decide not to expand it north, as they have previously suggested, it may up to 10 years before vegetation returns using a spontaneous method. A technical method may reintroduce greenery quicker but can lead to lower levels of species diversity. Finally, the new dock on the Danube will also create a new element to the landscape, yet it is by all accounts a marked improvement from the otherwise dated and under specific structure that currently exists.

103

600mw solar array 7.2% of current power station mining area solar area reclaimed for agriculture ecological wetland hiking route

future master plan

104

4. Sustainable Energy Strategy

Serbia has a total of about 18.100 million tonnes of coal, of which as much as 17.300 million tonnes is lignite. The Kostolac Coal Mine has coal reserves amounting to 809 million tonnes of lignite, one of the largest lignite reserves in Europe, and it produces 5.7 million tonnes of coal per year.

In terms of electricity production, thermal power plants are a significant factor in total energy production in Serbia. The heat energy released during the production process is used for heating of Pozarevac , Kostolac and surrounding villages in the winter months.

Today, Kostolac has two thermal power plants: - TPP Kostolac A, with 2 blocks, total capacity of 281 MW and production of 716 GWh. - TPP Kostolac B, with 2 blocks, total capacity of 640 MW and production of 3,027 GWh.

These thermal plants use lignite which produced at open-pit mines “Cirikovac” and “Drmno” as a fuel for electric power production. These mines are also visible on aerial maps. There is a plan to build a third unit of the TPP Kostolac B (TPP Kostolac B3), which will have a capacity of 350 MW. As mentioned before Kostolac is Highly specialized in Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply. We can see in the graph that in 2019 the number of employees in this sector are more than 75% of the total number of employees in Kostolac that is 3830 employees in Kostolac, and 3080 were working in the Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply field in 2019

105

Green Energy Production Solar panels are rated to produce between 250 and 400 watts each per hour.

Total consumption of energy in Public buildings in Serbia, is almost 220250 Kwh m2. Our Project - 10,000 m2 10,000 m2 x 250 Kwhm2 - 2,500,000 KWh. Total annual consumption of energy per capita in Serbia, is almost 4269 Kwh per capita

Total consumption of energy in each area: In Pozarevac: 4269 x 59131 - 252,430,240 KWh In Kostolac: 4269 x 13141 - 56,098,929 KWh In Drmno: 4269 x 1046 - 4,465,374 KWh In Klicevac: 4269 x 1329 - 5,673,501 KW

106

Scenarios of proposed solar energy panels The thermal power plant is producing almost 20% of Serbian energy needs. Shutting down the thermal power plant totally is not impossible but requires National intervention and studies.

We desided to produce green enargy on a regional level. Our goal is to produce energy for the cities arround and to make our project a ZERO ENERGY project.

We made several scenarios to analyse the amount of energy that we can produce by building solar farms in the quarry area.

As a start with our proposal we calculated the energy that would be produced building a 50,000 sqm in the quarry and how expanding this amout every 5 years.

x50,ooo m2 20% 40%

2020

40%

11.5 million kWh 11.5 GWh

Our site consumption is 20% of our yearly production of energy Drmno consumption is 40% of our yearly production of energy And we could provide almost 90% of energy needed in Klicevac

x100,ooo m2

10 % 20%

45%

2025

25%

23 million kWh 23 GWh

107 Our site consumption is 10% of our production of energy Drmno consumption is 20% of our production of energy Klicevac consumption is 25% of our production of energy And we could provide almost 20% of needed in Kostolac x150,ooo m2

yearly yearly yearly energy

7% 13% 54%

2030

16%

35 million kWh 35 GWh

Our site consumption is 7% of our production of energy Drmno consumption is 13% of our production of energy Klicevac consumption is 16% of our production of energy And we could provide almost 45% of needed in Kostolac

yearly yearly yearly energy

108

5. Conservation Strategy

In order to explain the approach to conservation taken in our general proposal to valorise the archaeological site of Viminacium, it is first necessary to clearly define this notion and separate it from other less appropriate ways of dealing with cultural heritage. “Conservation”, is a concept that is often lumped together with similar ideas of “preservation” and “restoration”. The first two are somewhat related but we may see “preservation” as slightly narrower in scope and indeed perhaps even a part of “conservation”, which is somewhat broader and all encompassing. “Restoration”, may instead be considered an approach to “restoring” something to its former state or indeed some other kind of material intervention. In this case, this is not an appropriate methodology as there is not sufficient information to do such a thing, nor is it at all appropriate from an ethical perspective as it would greatly devalue its authenticity, which is of upmost importance for us in this case.

A conservation approach considers the heritage value of a site from many different perspectives, which may be split into two broad categories of material and non-material significance. To appreciate this, it is necessary to conduct extensive research regarding a site to understand the different ways in which it provides a source of cultural heritage. For instance, a material artefact is of course an important documentation of the past, it provides tangible evidence of the artistic or technical state of a culture but it also may provide many intangible qualities through, perhaps, its religious or humanistic significance as well. With an architectural artefact the same is also true and this is what we have in abundance at Viminacium.

In essence “conservation” seeks to maintain the state of artefacts in their current condition and to preserve the significance they hold culturally and may come to hold in the future. The potential for “reversibility” of any treatment of cultural artefacts is of the utmost importance.

109

With this in mind, we have proceeded to deal with the conservation aspect of the proposed valorisation intervention in the following way:

- Historic analysis of Viminacium within the context of the Roman Empire - Analysis of the current state of the archaeological park - Analysis of current and potential stakeholders - Development of a specific conservation philosophy - Development of a design proposal that responds in detail to concerns over conservation

110

Prior to embarking on the design of a valorisation project – which, to be clear, aims at improving qualitatively the archaeological park at Viminacium with a view to substantiating its cultural recognition in Serbia and internationally – we carried out a detailed analysis, as documented earlier in this presentation, of the presence of the Roman Empire in Serbia and in particular the history of the “limes” constructed along the Danube.

Through this work it became apparent just how important Viminacium was in this network and how already existing stakeholders had begun to act to improve its significance and that of the network in general.

The archaeological park itself is at present approximately excavated to about 3% of its total potential. It exists as one of the principle archaeological sites of the Roman Empire and for that reason has received a lot of attention, especially by academics. There is thus a considerable portfolio of documentation that covers the extent of the archaeological site today and how it has been dealt with in the past. From this, we were able to appreciate very clearly the extents of the site and the significance of the archaeological remains that are currently uncovered. We also managed to map areas where academics have identified certain significant remains to be uncovered in the future.

111

aerial view of the archaeological park

112

As for stakeholders, there are those formal groups who have established two projects in which Viminacium plays a significant role. The first is the ‘Roman Limes’, an international project seeking to promote the network of existing fortifications along the Danube as it passes through various countries. The second is the ‘Itinerarium Romanum’, which seeks to establish a network of Roman sites connected via the original Roman road infrastructure. With the presence of these projects and the allocation of special cultural protections for Viminacium, by way of its inclusion on the list of Protected Cultural Monuments, we can suggest that other stakeholders include the related Serbian state institutions. Also, by extension of this, we could also say that stakeholders include the Serbian public at large. That is not to suggest, however, that stakeholders must be formally established and connected to this site to have claim to it as part of their cultural heritage. Indeed, as Europeans and even citizens of the world, this site also represents a significant place in our history. There may also be other smaller groups to whom this site also has important yet unclear significance and it should be carefully assessed before any project is carried out that may affect it.

danube limes brand

itinerarium romanum

existing projects involving viminacium

113

114

The most important quality in our approach to conservation is that of “authenticity”. It is essential that the site and archaeological excavations in general are not modified in anyway, other than to simply prepare and protect the remains. For this reason, we have developed two somewhat separate methods of architectural development between the main archaeological site (the city and the roman fortress) and the modern facilities, what we have considered as the “core”. The first will be left largely untouched with additional elements, where necessary, completely reversible and minimal in their impact. The “core” will act with slightly less caution as it includes the construction of new permanent facilities, however, we are also aware that important archaeological artefacts are not simply limited to the city and fortress area. New elements of architecture and infrastructure will be well-designed and generally modern in their aesthetic style. We feel that the age and general significance of the ancient Viminacium site is best emphasised through a contrasting modern design. By creating a new museum facility, we are able to improve the handling of artefacts uncovered from Viminacium which are otherwise moved elsewhere in the country, usually Belgrade, due to insufficient facilities at the current archaeological park. By ensuring they stay together, we improve the connection between them and ultimately the significance they hold to the visitors and indeed the archaeologists working on site. Another important decision was to build a new research centre. At present all the facilities pertaining to the work life of an archaeologist are located in a relatively new building, modelled on a Roman Domus residence. By moving them to a new facility overlooking both the museum and the ancient site, we hope to improve, again, the connection between the work and the heritage site that it overlooks.

Finally, changes to the adjacent quarry site which involves the gradual transfer from a coal extraction area to that of a solar park and ecological wetland, will also ensure the protection of archaeological artefacts indirectly. First, by halting the ground instability caused by its aggressive mining method but also by removing dust particles from the atmosphere, which combine with rain to create an abrasive solution which may otherwise damage ancient artefacts.

A. PATHS

B. COVERINGS

115

C. VIEWING TOWER

general conservation strategy

D. CORE

116

As part of the inherited buildings at the archaeological site, the Domus building is particularly challenging to our conservation approach. Designed in line with the guidance from the ‘Itinerarium Romanum’ project, this relatively new facility, which actually totals four storeys (two below ground), is a copy of an ancient typology. This is, we believe, inappropriate on a number of levels. First, it is a recreation of something that is no longer used, thus representing an inauthentic part of the site, which may arguably devalue the genuine artefacts that surround it. And secondly, it is given a use which is also not appropriate: using this ancient residential typology as a research facility and museum. Despite this, we have decided to keep the building as it is relatively new and it would not make economic sense to change it. We will, however, change the use so that it works solely as a residential / rest building and therefore more closely aligned to its original purpose and function. One other building that presents something of a problem for our conservation approach is the ‘Limes Park’ compound: a large accommodation area for children designed as a legionnaires camp.

Again, this is quite bad practice in terms of authenticity, however, it is again consistent with the plans of some of the site’s stakeholders and it is also very new, so we will maintain its presence for economic and functional purposes. It is hoped, however, that by including it as part of the “core” area, it will be clearly legible as part of the modern facilities and detached from the ancient site.

domus building

117

limes park

inhereted modern buildings

PATHS

CARDO AND DECUMANO The archaeological area will be intersected by two paths, which follow the historic roads of the city: the Cardo and Decumano. These will involve the minimal amount of intervention and be finished in a light stone aggregate or gravel, sourced from the local area. In more technical areas, where paths meet a varying terrain or the site of an excavation, a lightweight, self-supporting steel walkway will be introduced. The aesthetic will remain simple, modern and ultimately consistent with other elements of contemporary design at the site. Again, to ensure that the significance of the ancient material artefacts is not depreciated.

COVERINGS

FLEXIBLE COVERINGS The archaeological area will, as mentioned, take a very restrained approach to new architectural elements. The existing coverings will be replaced by new light-weight structures that require no foundations and can be extended to cover or uncover remains. The aesthetic will be largely modern to ensure that they are disconnected from the ancient buildings, while providing improved conditions for the archaeologist to work and indeed visitors to inspect the ruins. These new coverings will have improved drainage and wind resistance, while permitting a level of flexibility in the structure to permit easy access and manoeuvring by larger vehicles and groups. These will be applied to excavations as and when they become active and may also be removed very simply at any time.

118

VIEWING TOWER

HOLLISTIC PERSPECTIVE Just outside of the ancient site to the south of the former city wall, we intend to construct a lightweight viewing tower. This, while not a necessary architectural proposal, we believe will improve the significance of the archaeological site by providing a perspective capable of communicating the city of Viminacium holistically and not as a set of disparate excavation areas.

The material treatment will again be consistent with the other additions to the archaeological park and by that foster a contrasting modern aesthetic.

“CORE” BUILDINGS

MUSEUM AND RESEARCH CENTRE The “core” area, where the majority of new facilities and infrastructural changes will be, is largely treated with a modern design aesthetic. It is there to support the appreciation and continued valorisation of the archaeological remains. Aside from questions of style and function, one other important element in this area is the organisation of facilities, separating these ancillary and supportive functions from the main area of excavation. It will act as a veritable lobby to what is the “exhibition area” of Viminacium and the Legionaries Fortress. In doing so it keeps a clean separation between old and new, reducing the confusion over some of the existing buildings we have decided to keep and their questionable typological influences.

specific conserva

ation approaches

119

120

New coverings are designed to replace and improve those that are currently erected on site. The main focus in their design has been, while obviously to conform to our aesthetic principle of contrasting the archaeological ruins, to perform technically in such a way that we can guarantee the best possible level of protection for the ancient remains. Some of the issues that were considered include: security, protection from the elements, dry and well-ventilated space and minimal impact on the surrounding earth and artefacts. To provide the appropriate level of security for artefacts during periods where there is little-to-no surveillance onsite, the structures can be closed up and secured at all sides, making any intent to interact with the remains virtually impossible. During periods where visitors are active in the archaeological sites, a degree of “security� is also achieved by using a separated technical walkway, that not only permits elevated views of the remains but keeps the artefacts protected from physical interaction. For the management of the weather, the PVC roofing canopy provides an opaque surface to negate the sun and its ultra-violet radiation and prevent water penetration into the area and any subsequent damage to artefacts that might occur. In order to prepare and maintain the appropriate atmospheric conditions within the archaeological areas, air is permitted to pass through the space at a high-level using triangular openings in the roofing canopy.

This will extract the stale air through the pressure differential caused by locating the openings on opposing sides. Finally, the impact to the highly sensitive ground area of the archaeological sites was especially important and something that we wanted to mitigate at all costs. As a consequence, we sought to use wire gabions filled with local stones so as to avoid creating any kind of permanent foundation structure. Overall, this design solutions combines a level of rigidity, security and control with a strong degree of impermanence and flexibility, that is of the utmost important when caring for ancient archaeological sites such as this.

details of archaeo

ological coverings

121

122

6. Valorisation Strategy

123

CURRENT STATE

TRANSPORTATION

. ADEQUATE INFRASTRUCTURE / ROADWAYS. The area Infrastructure is quite adequate at least in terms of roadways. As for waterways, they are becoming popular for Tourism next to its main function as cargo transport.

ENVIRONMENT

. POLLUTION . DETERIORATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH The Area is highly polluted. Mining activities causes vibrations and this causes cracks in the houses of locals and air pollution that this activities deteriorating public health in the area.

HERITAGE ECONOMY EDUCATION & RESEARCH

124

TOURISM

. INCREASING OF TOURISM . SLOW TOURISM PROGRAMS There is an increasing tourist industry in the area of Viminacium, which thus supports the general intention to improve and valorise the archaeological park. On the other hand, Slow tourism is becoming popular in some near touristic and natural attractions.

VALORISATION STRATEGY . NAUTICAL TRANSPORTATION . PROMOTING LOW TRANSPORTATION Development of the Nautical transportation besides the roadways to connect and make various cultural, historical and natural highlights into one tourist attraction.

. ECOLOGICAL PARK AND SOLAR FARMS . PRODUCTION OF GREEN ENERGY . ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY TRANSPORTATION Turning the Quarry into an ecological park and a solar farm will Improve physical and psychological health of local residence and will have a positive effect on nearby residential property value, and on the environment

. INCREASE AMENITIES . PROMOTING THE SLOW TOURISM PROGRAM . HIGHLIGHTING THE AREA AS A PART OF ONE BIG TOURISTIC ATTRACTION - The increasing number of the Tourists in the area will demand increase of the current capacity of certain amenities so that they may be fit for purpose well into the future.

. ROMAN LIMES . UNESCO TENTATIVE LIST . EXCAVATION MOVED TO OTHER MUSEUMS

. PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION . DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH CENTERS AND STUDIES ON THE EXCAVATIONS

Viminacium is an important archaeological site and it is listed in the UNESCO tentative list. Furthermore, there are several programs currently working on connecting all Roman limes along the Danube and Viminacium is included. As for excavations they are being preserved in museums in other cities like Belgrade.

Preserving the excavations near their original site and highlighting the area as a part of Roman Limes.

. LARGE DEGREE OF SPECIALIZATION

.

PROVIDING ALTERNATIVE GENERATION . PROVIDING NEW JOBS . FINANCIAL BENEFITS . BENEFITS FROM BIODIVERSITY . INCREASING PROPERTY VALUES

Kostolac has a large degree of specialization in the electricity industry of the surrounding area, accounting for almost 60% of employment. One of the main concerns with such specialization is the lack of transferable skills to other industries and the potential of mass unemployment should circumstances change.

. LOW LEVEL OF EDUCATION The level of education in the area of Viminacium is relatively low, with most finishing high school but only a small percentage going on to higher levels of education.

. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATTAINMENT LEVEl

POWER

EDUCATIONAL

Having cultural and research centers in the area will help to develop the educational attainment level as archaeologically positions will be filled nationally by people with higher education.

Connecting Viminacium with Other Touristic Attractions Connecting Viminacium the Danube Roman Limes using the Nautical transportation

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LEGEND:

Come to the aid of connecting Viminacium to other cities and other touristic attractions

Assist in the protecting the Environment

Help in protecting the cultural heritage

Come to the aid of economy and society

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7. Design Response

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CONNECTION

- Development of the existing Dock on the Danube river to connect the area of Viminacium to other touristic attractions along the Danube river.

- Developing road transportation by introducing the area to touristic programs applied in other close touristic areas such as Slow tourism program.

- Moving the road that is crossing Viminacium to protect the archaeological area

DEVELOPMENT

- Starting with excavation areas by applying temporary coverage and paths to make the work of archaeologists easier and to separate between the movement of visitors and the work flow. Furthermore, those structure will provide safe environment for The Excavations, The Archaeologists and Visitors.

- Building Viewing tower to attract visitors and to give them a new experience of the site and it’s surroundings.

- Start Building Solar Farms in the Quarry area to produce the enrgey needed in our site and cities around

128 - Improve the quality of the public spaces and buildings in the area.

APPLICATION

- Building new functions that are crucial for the Archaeologists work and for preserving the excavations close to its original site.

- Connecting Viminacium with the Quarry area by building a research center that will form an extension to the archaeological area.

- During the operation stage each part of the project will be providing new jobs for local residents and profesionals.

OPERATION

- This stage will also bring profits on a local and regional level.

- Multiple sectors will benefit from the Valorisation of the area - Tourism, Economy, Education, Research, Culture and other.

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8. Site Plan

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132

A. DANUB DOCK

points of in

ntervetion

C. VIMINACIUM MUSEUM & ARCHAEOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER

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B. VIMINACIUM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE D. SEC & ERI CENTERS & ECOLOGICAL PARK

0

100

200

500

DANUB RIVER

134

KOSTOLAC THERMAL POWER PLANT

A. DANUB DOCK

B. VIMINACIUM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE

maste

er plan

135

0

C. VIMINACIUM MUSEUM & ARCHAEOLOGY RESEARCH CENTER

50

100

D. SEC & ERI CENTERS & ECOLOGICAL PARK

250

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9. Point A - Ships Dock

Danube Dock The dock is the main point of connecting the Danube river with Viminacium and with all small cities around. It will help in developing tourism in the area by providing a new way of transportation. It will be tourists first destination coming from the Danube to visit Viminacium and by that, we will be making Viminacium as a part of bigger touristic attraction. Another use for this area will be for Local people living in Kostolac, to park their boats and to sit and enjoy the natural views along the river.

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138

SECTION AA P1

SECTION AA P2

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SECTION BB

SECTION CC

SECTION DD

0

5

25 m

140

10. Point B - Viminacium Archaeological Site

Viminacium Archaeologysite Currently, only 3% of the site is excavated and we are aiming to develop the area and to make it more suitable for tourists to come and visit and explore the area while the excavation works are still going.

Our proposal is providing a closer view for tourists on the site without harming the excavations or disturbing the work of the archaeologists while excavating the areas, and to provide a safe and shaded path both for tourists and archaeologists.

141

142

SECTION AA

143 SECTION CC

SECTION BB

0

5

25 m

144

view of the archaeological s

site and proposed coverings

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146

11. Point C - Viminacium Core Area

Viminacium Core Area We treat Viminacium as a large open-air museum, thus we focus on improving accessibility and spatial organisation.

In the very heart of Viminacium, we create a system of buildings for several activities. To the existing Domus Scientiarum and legionary fort, we add a museum and an archaeological research centre, enclosing a square-like space, Aim of our intervention is to provide a well-functioning system, clear building hierarchy and appropriate conditions for work and exhibition. Furthermore, by slightly changing road layout, we provide a clear distinction between entry/touristic zones, therefore improving safety and simplifying spatial orientation.

147

148

SECTION AA

149

SECTION BB

SECTION CC 0

5

25 m

150

view of the proposed mus

seum and research centre

151

152

12. Point D - Sustainable Energy Centre

Sustainable Energy Centre We are creating a joint Sustainable Energy Centre and Ecological Research Institute inside the current topography of the quarry. It will be connected to the Viminacium Site and form an extension or partner to it’s exhibited areas.

This is designed to regenerate the area of the quarry which has undergone substantial ecological destruction in the pursuit of nonrenewable energy As a consequence it is proposed to provide facilities to study the future of local ecology in the area and renewable energy globally. Providing a poetic new use inside the dramatic and destructive site of the quarry. The majority of the site, however, will be treated largely as a new park and ecological zone. Providing the most economical reuse of this enormous area.

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154

SECTION DD

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SECTION EE

SECTION FF

0

5

156

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brandi, Cesare, (2005), Theory of Restoration, Editor Roma: Istituto Centrale per il restauro, Firenze: Nardini Carbonara, Giovanni, (2012), An Italian Contribution to Architectural Restoration, in “Frontiers of Architectural Research” (Journal), 1, 2-9.

Carbonara, Giovanni, (2015), An Italian View on Architectural and Archaeological Conservation”, in “Frontiers of Architectural Research” (Journal), 4, 79-80.

Dorde, Alfirevic, (2017), Brutalism in Serbian Architecture: Style or Necessity? (Journal), 3, 15, facta universitatis: Architecture and Civil Engineering.

Dragin, Aleksandra & Jovicic, Dobrica & Lukic, Tamar, (2010), Cruising Along the River Danube: Contemporary Tourism trend in Serbia.

Fielden, Bernard, (2003), Conservation of Historic Buildings, Amsterdam: Elsevier Architectural Press.

Milojic, Andra, (2011-2018), Municipalities and Regions of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia.

Vucicevic, Aleksandra, 2018, Statistical Pocketbook of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade: Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia.

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