A Bibliography on the River Nile Vol II. Litterature Published 2000-2006. by uibgeografi

A Bibliography on the River Nile Vol. II Literature Published 2000-2006

Terje Tvedt and Eirik Hovden

A Bibliography on the River Nile Vol. II Literature Published 2000-2006 ÂŠ Terje Tvedt and Eirik Hovden 2008. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-82-7453-075-1 Publisher BRIC Press 2008, Bergen. Unifob Global, University of Bergen, Norway. Nile Basin Research Programme, University of Bergen, Norway. Printed by 07, Oslo. Cover Arkikon www.arkikon.no

A Bibliography on the River Nile Vol. II Literature Published 2000-2006

Terje Tvedt and Eirik Hovden

Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 3 Flora, Fauna and Fisheries.................................................................................................. 5 Political and Cultural History ........................................................................................... 20 Physical Characteristics .................................................................................................... 26 Health................................................................................................................................ 40 Projects and Reports ......................................................................................................... 43 Travel and Exploration ..................................................................................................... 57 Water Use, Water Management and Environmental Issues ............................................. 59

INTRODUCTION This book is an update of Terje Tvedt’s The Nile. An Annotated Bibliography, published by IB. Tauris in 2004. That bibliography listed books and reports published before year 2000 and had almost 4000 entries. This bibliography registers literature on the River Nile published between 2000 and 2006. We have in general not included books discussing different aspects of the global water issues, although they may briefly deal with the Nile issues. The reason is that these books very seldom bring forth new empirical knowledge. The material has been sorted according to the categories used in Tvedt 2004: Fisheries, Flora and Fauna, Political and Cultural History, Physical Charachteristics, Health, Projects and Reports, Travel and Exploration, Water use and water management. There is one exception to this rule: The “Flora and Fauna” and “Fisheries” categories have been combined in the present volume. Each category is then sorted alphabetically according to author and year of publication. In addition to the Nile related libraries and archives that are listed in Tvedt (2004), the following libraries were visited: Library of the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egypt, Nile Basin Initiative Library, Entebbe, Uganda, Makerere University Library, Uganda, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Uganda, Archives and library of the Ministry of Irrigation, Wad Medani, Sudan, Archives of the Permanent Joint Technical Committee for Nile Waters, Khartoum. Library of the University of Khartoum, Library of the Ministry of Water Resources, Ethiopia. Several public offices in Egypt, Uganda and Sudan were also visited in search of literature and reports and to enquire for further suggestions. Internet library catalogues have also been used via standard search engines such as “Article First”, “ISI Web of Knowledge”, “WorldCat”, and “Google Scholar”. Regional internet library catalogues as the Egyptian Library system, the Makerere University Library, Uganda and the Nile Basin Initiative Library, Entebbe, Uganda were also consulted. The material listed here consists for the most part of published theses, articles and books. The section on “Plans and Reports” also lists unpublished reports. In such cases we have, where it has been possible, given information about where the reports can be found. Terje Tvedt and Eirik Hovden

Bergen, December 2007

FLORA, FAUNA AND FISHERIES A.A. Abdallah, 2006. Organochlorines and PCBs in Tilapia zillii from Lake El-Manzala, Egypt. Chemistry in Ecology 22(3): 219-224.

Eyualem Abebe, Jan Mees and August Coomans, 2001. Nematode communities of Lake Tana and other inland water bodies of Ethiopia. Hydrobiologia 462: 41-74.

R. Abila, M. Barluenga, J. Engelken, A. Meyer and W. Salzburger, 2004. Populationstructure and genetic diversity in a haplochromine cichlid fish of a satellite lake of Lake Victoria. Molecular Ecology 13(9): 2589-2602.

D. A.. Al-Bassel, 2003. A general survey of the helminth parasites of fish from inland waters in the Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Parasitology Research 90 Part 2: 135-139.

T. P. Albright, T. G. Moorhouse and J. McNabb, 2004. The rise and fall of water hyacinth in Lake Victoria and the Kagera River Basin, 1989-2001. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 42: 73-84.

M. M. Ali, 2006. Shoreline vegetation of Lake Nubia, Sudan. Hydrobiologia 570: 101105.

P. A. Aloo, 2003. Biological diversity of the Yala Swamp lakes, with special emphasis on fish species composition, in relation to changes in the Lake Victoria Basin (Kenya): threats and conservation measures. Biodiversity and Conservation 12(5): 905-920.

Santa Maria Asio Asio, 2003. Distribution and abundance of macro-invertebrates in Murchison Bay - Lake Victoria. Department of Zoology. Makerere University. Kampala.

N. Azza, P. Denny, J. van de Koppel and F. Kansiime, 2006. Floating mats: their occurrence and influence on shoreline distribution of emergent vegetation. Freshwater Biology 51(7): 1286-1297.

N. Azza, F. Kansiime, M. Nalubega and P. Denny, 2000. Differential permeability of papyrus and Miscanthidium root mats in Nakivubo swamp, Uganda. Aquatic Botany

67(3): 169-178.

J. S. Balirwa, C. A. Chapman, L. J. Chapman, I. G. Cowx, K. Geheb, L. Kaufman, R. H. Lowe-McConnell, O. Seehausen, J. H. Wanink, R. L. Welcomme and F. Witte, 2003. Biodiversity and fishery sustainability in the Lake Victoria Basin: An unexpected marriage? Bioscience 53(8): 703-715.

Henk Beentje, 2003. Felicia fischeri (Asteraceae) Refound in Northwest Tanzania. Novon 13(4): 403-404.

A. M. Beeton, 2002. Large freshwater lakes: present state, trends, and future. Environmental Conservation 29(1): 21-38.

William A. Berggren, Khaled Ouda, Ezzat A. Ahmed, Nageh Obaidalla and Khaled Saad, 2003. Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene Planktonic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the Wadi Abu Ghurra Section, Upper Nile Valley (Egypt). Micropaleontology 49: 167178.

L. Bienen, 2005. Water hyacinth may affect schistosome-bearing snails. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3(4): 185-185.

N. Bouton, 2000. Progressive invasion and allopatric speciation can also explain distribution patterns of rock-dwelling cichlids from southern Lake Victoria: a comment on Seehausen and van Alphen (1999). Ecology Letters 3(3): 166-169.

N. Bouton, F. Witte and J. J. M. Van Alphen, 2002. Experimental evidence for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in a rock-dwelling cichlid fish from Lake Victoria. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 77(2): 185-192.

L. Bracchini, A. Cรณzar, A. M. Dattilo, S. A. Loiselle, A. Tognazzi, N. Azza and C. Rossi, 2006. The role of wetlands in the chromophoric dissolved organic matter release and its relation to aquatic ecosystems optical properties. A case of study: Katonga and Bunjako Bays (Victoria Lake; Uganda). Chemosphere 63(7): 1170-1178.

D. K. Branstrator, L. Mwebaza-Ndawula and J. P. Montoya, 2003. Resource-consumer relationships in Lake Victoria, East Africa. Hydrobiologia 493(1-3): 27-34.

G. Brown, B. Berger and M. Ikiara, 2005. Different property rights regimes in the Lake Victoria multiple species fishery. Environment and Development Economics 10: 53-65.

Ray Bush and Amal Sabri, 2000. Mining for Fish: Privatization of the "Commons" along Egypt's Northern Coastline. Middle East Report (216): 20-45.

G. N. Bwanika, L. J. Chapman, Y. Kizito and J. Balirwa, 2006. Cascading effects of introduced Nile perch (Lates niloticus) on the foraging ecology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Ecology of Freshwater Fish 15(4): 470-481.

Linda Campbell, Sylvester Wandera, Robert Thacker, D. Dixon and Robert Hecky, 2005. Trophic Niche Segregation in the Nilotic Ichthyofauna of Lake Albert (Uganda, Africa). Environmental Biology of Fishes 74(3-4): 247-260.

L. M. Campbell, R. E. Hecky, J. Nyaundi, R. Muggide and D. G. Dixon, 2003. Distribution and food-web transfer of mercury in Napoleon and Winam Gulfs, Lake Victoria, East Africa. Journal of Great Lakes Research 29: 267-282.

L. M. Campbell, R. E. Hecky and S. B. Wandera, 2003. Stable isotope analyses of food web structure and fish diet in Napoleon and Winam Gulfs, Lake Victoria, east Africa. Journal of Great Lakes Research 29: 243-257.

K. L. Carleton and T. D. Kocher, 2001. Cone opsin genes of African cichlid fishes: Tuning spectral sensitivity by differential gene expression. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18(8): 1540-1550.

K. L. Carleton, J. W. L. Parry, J. K. Bowmaker, D. M. Hunt and O. Seehausen, 2005. Colour vision and speciation in Lake Victoria cichlids of the genus Pundamilia. Molecular Ecology 14(14): 4341-4353.

Lauren J. Chapman, Colin A. Chapman, Frank G. Nordlie and Amanda E. Rosenberger, 2002. Physiological refugia: swamps, hypoxia tolerance and maintenance of fish diversity in the Lake Victoria region. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 133(3): 421-437.

L. J. Chapman, C. A. Chapman, P. J. Schofield, J. P. Olowo, L. Kaufman, O. Seehausen

and R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, 2003. Fish faunal resurgence in Lake Nabugabo, East Africa. Conservation Biology 17(2): 500-511.

M. de Graaf, P. A. M. van Zwieten, M. Machiels, E. Lemma, T. Wudneh, E. Dejen and F. A. Sibbing, 2006. Vulnerability to a small-scale commercial fishery of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) endemic Labeobarbus compared with African catfish and Nile tilapia: An example of recruitment-overfishing? Fisheries Research 82(1): 304-318.

Z. Desta, R. Borgstrom, B. O. Rosseland and Z. Gebre-Mariam, 2006. Major difference in mercury concentrations of the African big barb, Barbus intermedius (R.) due to shifts in trophic position. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 15(4): 532-543.

P. D. Dijkstra, O. Seehausen, B. L. A. Gricar, M. E. Maan and T. G. G. Groothuis, 2006. Can male-male competition stabilize speciation? A test in Lake Victoria haplochromine cichlid fish. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59(5): 704-713.

P. D. Dijkstra, O. Seehausen and T. G. G. Groothuis, 2005. Direct male-male competition can facilitate invasion of new colour types in Lake Victoria cichlids. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 58(2): 136-143.

M. El-Bana, A. H. Khedr, P. Van Hecke and J. Bogaert, 2002. Vegetation composition of a threatened hypersaline lake (Lake Bardawil), North Sinai. Plant Ecology 163(1): 63-75.

A. S. El-Gendy, N. Biswas and J. K. Bewtra, 2006. Municipal landfill leachate treatment for metal removal using water hyacinth in a floating aquatic system. Water Environment Research 78(9): 951-964.

Monier M. Abd El-Ghani, 2000. Floristics and Environmental Relations in Two Extreme Desert Zones of Western Egypt. Global Ecology and Biogeography 9(6): 499-516.

E. F. El-Halawany, 2002. Characterization of the Wetlands Habitat Alongside the Fish Farms in the North Nile Delta, Egypt. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 5(5): 626. Masresha Fetene and Erwin H. Beck, 2004. Water relations of indigenous versus exotic tree species, growing at the same site in a tropical montane forest in southern Ethiopia. Trees: Structure and Function 18(4): 428-435.

A. C. Fiumera, P. G. Parker and P. A. Fuerst, 2000. Effective population size and maintenance of genetic diversity in captive-bred populations of a Lake Victoria Cichlid. Conservation Biology 14(3): 886-892.

F. Fritzsche, A. Abate, M. Fetene, E. Beck, S. Weise and G. Guggenberger, 2006. Soilplant hydrology of indigenous and exotic trees in an Ethiopian montane forest. Tree Physiology 26(8): 1043-1054.

G. Fryer, 2001. On the age and origin of the species flock of haplochromine cichlid fishes of Lake Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 268(1472): 1147-1152.

K. Gebrehiwot, B. Muys, M. Haile and R. Mitloehner, 2005. The use of plant water relations to characterize tree species and sites in the drylands of northern Ethiopia. Journal of Arid Environments 60(4): 581-592.

E. A. Ghabbour, G. Davies, Y. Y. Lam and M. E. Vozzella, 2004. Metal binding by humic acids isolated from water hyacinth plants (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] SolmLaubach: Pontedericeae) in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Environmental Pollution 131(3): 445451.

J. Gichuki, F. D. Guebas, J. Mugo, C. O. Rabuor, L. Triest and F. Dehairs, 2001. Species inventory and the local uses of the plants and fishes of the Lower Sondu Miriu wetland of Lake Victoria, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 458: 99-106.

J. W. Gichuki, L. Triest and F. Dehairs, 2005. The fate of organic matter in a papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.)-dominated tropical wetland ecosystem in Nyanza Gulf (Lake Victoria, Kenya) inferred from delta C-13 and delta N-15 analysis. Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 41(4): 379-390.

C. S. Giddelo, A. D. Arndt and F. A. M. Volckaert, 2002. Impact of rifting and hydrography on the genetic structure of Clarias gariepinus in eastern Africa. Journal of Fish Biology 60(5): 1252-1266.

P. Gikuma-Njuru and R. E. Hecky, 2005. Nutrient concentrations in Nyanza Gulf, Lake Victoria, Kenya: light limits algal demand and abundance. Hydrobiologia 534(1-3): 131140.

A. S. Golubtsov and K. F. Dzerzhinskii, 2003. The African Hillstream Catfishes (Amphiliidae) of Southwestern Ethiopia: The First Report of the Genus Phractura from the Nile Basin. Journal of Ichthyology 43(2): 151-157.

J.S. Goodrich, S.L. Sanderson, I.E. Batjakas and L.S. Kaufman, 2000. Branchial arches of suspension-feeding Oreochromis esculentus: sieve or sticky filter? Journal of Fish Biology 56(4): 858-875.

H. Gouda, 2006. The effect of peritrich ciliates on some freshwater leeches from Assiut, Egypt. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 93(3): 143-149.

K. P. C. Goudswaard, J. H. Wanink, F. Witte, E. F. B. Katunzi, M. R. Berger and D. J. Postma, 2004. Diel vertical migration of major fish-species in Lake Victoria, East Africa. Hydrobiologia 513(1-3): 141-152.

K. P. C. Goudswaard, F. Witte and J. H. Wanink, 2006. The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase. Hydrobiologia 563: 31-44.

P. C. Goudswaard, F. Witte and E. F. B. Katunzi, 2002. The tilapiine fish stock of Lake Victoria before and after the Nile perch upsurge. Journal of Fish Biology 60(4): 838-856.

B. W. Green, Z. El Nagdy and H. Hebicha, 2002. Evaluation of Nile tilapia pond management strategies in Egypt. Aquaculture Research 33 Part 13: 1037-1048.

S. J. Guildford and R. E. Hecky, 2000. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and nutrient limitation in lakes and oceans: Is there a common relationship? Limnology and Oceanography 45(6): 1213-1223. This article also deals with Lake Victoria. S. J. Guildford, R. E. Hecky, W. D. Taylor, R. Mugidde and H. A. Bootsma, 2003. Nutrient enrichment experiments in tropical Great Lakes Malawi/Nyasa and Victoria. Journal of Great Lakes Research 29: 89-106.

J. Gurevitch and D. K. Padilla, 2004. Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 19(9): 470-474.

This article also deals with Lake Victoria.

R. C. Hart, 2001. Rapid estimation of in situ growth rates of Caridina nilotica (Crustacea: Decapoda) in Lake Victoria: Description and pilot application of a simple, fieldcompatible technique. Limnology and Oceanography 46(3): 692-698.

R. C. Hart, L. M. Campbell and R. E. Hecky, 2003. Stable isotope analyses and demographic responses counter prospects of planktivory by Caridina (Decapoda: Atyidae) in Lake Victoria. Oecologia 136(2): 270-278.

Richard Heckmann, 2004. Special - Along the Nile, Egypt. Recent Observations For Aquaculture Along The Nile And Other Regions In Egypt. Connecticut Medicine 68(7): 447-449.

H. A. Helal, 2006. Decline in zooplankton diversity in the Damietta Branch of the Nile River, Egypt: A comparative study with a 24-year span. Verhandlungen der Internationalen Vereinigung fĂźr Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 29(4): 20682070.

L. Henry and M. A. Kishimba, 2006. Pesticide residues in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Nile perch (Lates niloticus) from Southern Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Environmental Pollution 140(2): 348-354.

S. Hollamby, J. Afema-Azikuru, J. G. Sikarskie, J. B. Kaneene, W. W. Bowerman, S. D. Fitzgerald, K. Cameron, A. R. Gandolf, G. N. Hui, C. Dranzoa and W. K. Rumbeiha, 2004. Mercury and persistent organic pollutant concentrations in African fish eagles, Marabou storks, and Nile tilapia in Uganda. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40(3): 501-514.

A. K. M. Hussein, 2002. Plant Protection - Pests of Caraway (Carum carvi L.) in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Acta Horticulturae (576): 335-340.

Ryan Jonna and Lehman John T., 2002. Invasion of Lake Victoria by the large-bodied herbivorous Cladoceran Daphnia magna. Odata Eric O. and D. O. Olago. The East African great lakes: limnology, paleolimnology and biodiversity: 321-333. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht/Boston/London.

F. Kansiime, M. Nalubega, J. J. A. van Bruggen and P. Denny, 2003. The effect of wastewater discharge on biomass production and nutrient content of Cyperus papyrus and Miscanthidium violaceum in the Nakivubo wetland, Kampala, Uganda. Water Science and Technology 48(5): 233-240.

E. F. B. Katunzi, W. L. T. Van Densen, J. H. Wanink and F. Witte, 2006. Spatial and seasonal patterns in the feeding habits of juvenile Lates niloticus (L.), in the Mwanza Gulf of Lake Victoria. Hydrobiologia 568: 121-133.

H.J. Kling, R. Mugidde and R.E. Hecky, 2001. Recent changes in the phytoplankton community of Lake Victoria in response to eutrophication. The Great Lakes of the World (GLOW): Food-web, Health and Integrity: 47-65. Backhuys Publishers. Leiden, The Netherlands.

F. Knudsen, P. Larsson and Y.S. Kizito, 2004. Improvement of acoustical measurements of fish abundance in Lake Victoria. Fish. Man. Ecol.

L. Krienitz, A. Ballot, C. Wiegand, K. Kotut, G. A. Codd and S. Pflugmacher, 2002. Cyanotoxin-producing bloom of Anabaena flos-aquae, Anabaena discoidea and Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanobacteria) in Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. Journal of Applied Botany-Angewandte Botanik 76(5-6): 179-183.

M. Lang, T. Miyake, I. Braasch, D. Tinnemore, N. Siegel, W. Salzburger, C. T. Amemiya and A. Meyer, 2006. A BAC library of the East African haplochromin cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B-Molecular and Developmental Evolution 306B(1): 35-44.

H. Lung'ayia, L. Sitoki and A. Kenyanya, 2001. The nutrient enrichment of Lake Victoria (Kenyan waters). Hydrobiologia 458: 75-82. H. B. O. Lung'Ayia, A. M'Harzi, M. Tackx, J. Gichuki and J. J. Symoens, 2000. Phytoplankton community structure and environment in the Kenyan waters of Lake Victoria. Freshwater Biology 43(4): 529-543.

J. F. Machiwa, 2005. Metals in Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and suspended particulate matter from Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part a-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 40(9): 1809-1822.

A.A. Mageed, 2006. Factors affecting seasonal patterns in epilimnion zooplankton community in one of the largest man-made lakes in Africa (Lake Nasser, Egypt). Limnologica 36(2): 91-97.

S. A. Mansour, M. M. Sidky, Michael Owor, Tina Hartwig, Andrew Muwanga, Dieter Zachmann, Walter Ecotoxicological Studies. 3. Heavy metals contaminating water and fish from Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on Lake George, Uganda. Food Chemistry 78(1): 15-22.

W. F. Masifwa, T. Twongo and P. Denny, 2001. The impact of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms on the abundance and diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates along the shores of northern Lake Victoria, Uganda. Hydrobiologia 452(1-3): 79-88.

T. Matsuishi, L. Muhoozi, O. Mkumbo, Y. Budeba, M. Njiru, A. Asila, A. Othina and I. G. Cowx, 2006. Are the exploitation pressures on the Nile perch fisheries resources of Lake Victoria a cause for concern? Fisheries Management and Ecology 13(1): 53-71.

A. Meyer, 2005. Evolutionary biology - Cichlid species flocks of the past and present. Heredity 95(6): 419-420.

T. M. Moorhouse, P. Agaba and T. J. McNabb, 2000. Recent Efforts in Biological Control of Water Hyacinth in the Kagera River Headwaters of Rwanda. ACIAR Proceedings (102): 39-42.

R. Mugidde, R. E. Hecky, L. L. Hendzel and W. D. Taylor, 2003. Pelagic nitrogen fixation in Lake Victoria (East africa). Journal of Great Lakes Research 29: 76-88.

J. R. Muli and K. M. Mavuti, 2001. The benthic macrofauna community of Kenyan waters of Lake Victoria. Hydrobiologia 458: 83-90.

B.W. Murray, S. Shintani, H. Sultmann and J. Klein, 2000. Major histocompatibility complex class II A genes in cichlid fishes: identification, expression, linkage relationships, and haplotype variation. Immunogenetics 51(7): 576-586.

F. J. Muyodi, M. S. T. Rubindamayugi and A. K. Semesi, 2004. Effect of water hyacinth

on distribution of sulphate-reducing bacteria in sediments of Lake Victoria. Water Sa 30(3): 421-425.

L. Mwebaza-Ndawula, S. B. K. Sekiranda and V. Kiggundu, 2005. Variability of zooplankton community along a section of the Upper Victoria Nile, Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 43(3): 251-257.

M. E. Maan, M. P. Haesler, O. Seehausen and J. J. M. Van Alphen, 2006. Heritability and heterochrony of polychromatism in a Lake Victoria cichlid fish: Stepping stones for speciation? Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B-Molecular and Developmental Evolution 306B(2): 168-176.

M. E. Maan, M. van der Spoel, P. Q. Jimenez, J. J. M. van Alphen and O. Seehausen, 2006. Fitness correlates of male coloration in a Lake Victoria cichlid fish. Behavioral Ecology 17(5): 691-699.

K. J. Nagayi-Yawe, R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, Y. S. Kizito and J. S. Balirwa, 2006. Population characteristics of Oreochromis esculentus in the Victoria and Kyoga lake basins. Implications for conservation and improvement of the stocks. African Journal of Ecology 44(4): 423-430.

S. Nagl, H. Tichy, W. E. Mayer, I. E. Samonte, B. J. McAndrew and J. Klein, 2001. Classification and phylogenetic relationships of African tilapiine fishes inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 20(3): 361-374.

J. K. Nattabi, 2002. Diurnal vertical distribution and feeding patterns of Rastrineobola argentea and other key-stone fish species in the pelagic zone of Murchison Bay. International Institute for infrastructural hydraulic and environmental engineering. University of Delft. M. Njiru, J. E. Ojuok, J. B. Okeyo-Owuor, M. Muchiri, M. J. Ntiba and I. G. Cowx, 2006. Some biological aspects and life history strategies of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in Lake Victoria, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 44(1): 30-37.

M. Njiru, J. B. Okeyo-Owuor, M. Muchiri and I. G. Cowx, 2004. Shifts in the food of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in Lake Victoria, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 42(3): 163-170.

Robertson Odong, 2003. The taxonomy, diversity and distrobution of Chironomids of Murchison Bay, Lake Victoria. Department of Zoology. Makerere University. Kampala.

J. Ogari and M. Van der Knaap, 2002. Solarization of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, on Lake Victoria. Fisheries Management and Ecology 9(6): 365-367.

R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, 2004. Management of the Nile perch, Lates niloticus fishery in Lake Victoria in light of the changes in its life history characteristics. African Journal of Ecology 42(4): 306-314.

W. O. Ojwang, L. Kaufman, A. A. Asila, S. Agembe and B. Michener, 2004. Isotopic evidence of functional overlap amongst the resilient pelagic fishes of Lake Victoria, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 529(1): 27-35.

M. Mohamed Okbah, 2006. Impact of Environmental Conditions on the Phytoplankton Structure in Mediterranean Sea Lagoon, Lake Burullus, Egypt. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 172(1-4): 129-4.

J. B. A. Okello, S. Nyakaana, C. Masembe, H. R. Siegismund and P. Arctander, 2005. Mitochondrial DNA variation of the common hippopotamus: evidence for a recent population expansion. Heredity 95(3): 206-215.

G. O. Osure and R. P. Phelps, 2006. Evaluation of reproductive performance and early growth of four strains of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L) with different histories of domestication. Aquaculture 253(1-4): 485-494.

A. O. Owino and P. G. Ryan, 2006. Habitat associations of papyrus specialist birds at three papyrus swamps in western Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 44(4): 438-443. R. M. Pringle, 2005. The Nile perch in Lake Victoria: Local responses and adaptations. Africa 75(4): 510-538.

R. M. Pringle, 2005. The origins of the Nile perch in Lake Victoria. Bioscience 55(9): 780-787.

A. E. Rosenberger and L. J. Chapman, 2000. Respiratory characters of three species of haplochromine cichlids: Implications for use of wetland refugia. Journal of Fish Biology

57(2): 483-501.

J. Rutaisire, A. J. Booth, C. Masembe, S. Nyakaana and V. B. Muwanika, 2004. Evolution of Labeo victorianus predates the Pleistocene desiccation of Lake Victoria: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequence variation. South African Journal of Science 100(11-12): 607-608.

J. Rutaisire, A. J. Booth, C. Masembe, S. Nyakaana and V. B. Muwanika, 2005. Morphometric and genetic differentiation of two Labeo victorianus populations in Lake Victoria. African Zoology 40(2): 309-317.

Justus Rutaisire and Anthony J. Booth, 2005. Reproductive biology of ningu, Labeo victorianus (Pisces: Cyprinidae), in the Kagera and Sio Rivers, Uganda. Environmental Biology of Fishes 73(2): 153-162.

P. J. Schofield and L. J. Chapman, 2000. Hypoxia tolerance of introduced Nile perch: implications for survival of indigenous fishes in the Lake Victoria basin. African Zoology 35(1): 35-42.

J. D. M. Schwartz, M. J. Pallin, R. H. Michener, D. Mbabazi and L. Kaufman, 2006. Effects of Nile perch, Lates niloticus, on functional and specific fish diversity in Uganda's Lake Kyoga system. African Journal of Ecology 44(2): 145-156.

O. Seehausen, 2002. Patterns in fish radiation are compatible with Pleistocene desiccation of Lake Victoria and 14 600 year history for its cichlid species flock. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 269(1490): 491-497.

O. Seehausen and D. Schluter, 2004. Male-male competition and nuptial-colour displacement as a diversifying force in Lake Victoria cichlid fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 271(1546): 1345-1353.

B. C. Sekadende, T. J. Lyimo and R. Kurmayer, 2005. Microcystin production by cyanobacteria in the Mwanza Gulf (Lake Victoria, Tanzania). Hydrobiologia 543: 299304.

Ronald Semyalo, 2003. Diel vertical migration of zooplankton in Murchison bay, Lake Victoria. M. Sc. thesis.Department of Zoology. Makerere University. Kampala.

M. S. Serag and A. H. A. Khedr, 2001. Vegetation-environment relationships along ElSalam Canal, Egypt. Environmetrics 12(3): 219-232.

K. H. Shaltout and M. A. El-Beheiry, 2000. Demography of Bassia indica in the Nile Delta region, Egypt. Flora 195(4): 392-397.

G.M. Silsbe, R. E. Hecky, S.J. Guildford and R. Mugidde, 2005. The upper limit of gross phytoplankton production in Lake Victoria, East Africa: Implications for the lake's fishery. 11th World Lakes Conference (ILEC), Nairobi, Poster.

G. M. Silsbe, R. E. Hecky, S. J. Guildford and R. Mugidde, 2006. Variability of chlorophyll a and photosynthetic parameters in a nutrient-saturated tropical great lake. Limnology and Oceanography 51(5): 2052-2063.

S. Simonit and C. Perrings, 2005. Indirect economic indicators in bio-economic fishery models: agricultural price indicators and fish stocks in Lake Victoria. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62(3): 483-492.

P. Ssegawa and D. N. Nkuutu, 2006. Diversity of vascular plants on Ssese islands in Lake Victoria, central Uganda. African Journal of Ecology 44(1): 22-29.

G. A. Stocchino, G. Corso, R. Manconi and M. Pala, 2002. African planarians: Dugesia aethiopica sp n. (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) from Lake Tana (NW Ethiopia). Italian Journal of Zoology 69(1): 45-51. C. Sturmbauer, S. Baric, W. Salzburger, L. Ruber and E. Verheyen, 2001. Lake level fluctuations synchronize genetic divergences of cichlid fishes in African lakes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 18(2): 144-154.

M. I. Taylor, F. Meardon, G. Turner, O. Seehausen, H. D. J. Mrosso and C. Rico, 2002. Characterization of tetranucleotide microsatellite loci in a Lake Victorian, haplochromine cichlid fish: a Pundamilia pundamilia x Pundamilia nyererei hybrid. Molecular Ecology Notes 2(4): 443-445.

Y. Terai, O. Seehausen, T. Sasaki, K. Takahashi, S. Mizoiri, T. Sugawara, T. Sato, M. Watanabe, N. Konijnendijk, H. D. J. Mrosso, H. Tachida, H. Imai, Y. Shichida and N. Okada, 2006. Divergent selection on opsins drives incipient speciation in Lake Victoria cichlids. Plos Biology 4(12): 2244-2251.

J.-J. Tiercelin and K.-E. Lezzar, 2002. A 300 million years history of rift lakes in Central and East Africa: An updated broad review. Odata Eric O. and D. O. Olago. The East African great lakes: limnology, paleolimnology and biodiversity: 3-60. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht/Boston/London.

C. M. Timmerman and L. J. Chapman, 2004. Hypoxia and interdemic variation in Poecilia latipinna. Journal of Fish Biology 65(3): 635-650.

F. Turon, B. Rwabwogo, B. Barea, M. Pina and J. Graille, 2005. Fatty acid composition of oil extracted from Nile perch (Lates niloticus) head. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 18(7): 717-722.

J. H. Wanink and K. Goudswaard, 2000. The impact of Lake Victoria's lakefly abundance on Palearctic passerines. Ostrich 71(1-2): 194-197.

J. H. Wanink, J. J. Kashindye, P. C. K. Goudswaard and F. Witte, 2001. Dwelling at the oxycline: does increased stratification provide a predation refugium for the Lake Victoria sardine Rastrineobola argentea? Freshwater Biology 46(1): 75-85.

J. H. Wanink, E. F. B. Katunzi, K. P. C. Goudswaard, F. Witte and W. L. T. van Densen, 2002. The shift to smaller zooplankton in Lake Victoria cannot be attributed to the 'sardine' Rastrineobola argentea (Cyprinidae). Aquatic Living Resources 15(1): 37-43. J. H. Wanink and F. Witte, 2000. Rapid morphological changes following niche shift in the zooplanktivorous cyprinid Rastrineobola argentea from Lake Victoria. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 50(3): 365-372.

J. H. Wanink and F. Witte, 2000. The use of perturbation as a natural experiment: Effects of predator introduction on the community structure of zooplanktivorous fish in Lake Victoria. Advances in Ecological Research, Vol 31 31: 553-570.

A. E. Williams, H. C. Duthie and R. E. Hecky, 2005. Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria: Why did it vanish so quickly and will it return? Aquatic Botany 81(4): 300-314.

F. Witte, B. S. Msuku, J. H. Wanink, O. Seehausen, E. F. B. Katunzi, P. C. Goudswaard and T. Goldschmidt, 2000. Recovery of cichlid species in Lake Victoria: an examination of factors leading to differential extinction. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 10(2): 233-241.

POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY Tony Allan, 2001. The Middle East Water Question:Hydropolitics and the Global Economy. New York, I.B. Tauris.

S. E. Amer, Y. Arsano, A. El-Battahani, O. E. Hamad, M. A. E. Hefny, I. Tamrat and S. Mason, 2005. Sustainable development and international cooperation in the Eastern Nile Basin. Aquatic Sciences 67(1): 3-14.

Yacob Arsano and Imeru Tamrat, 2005. Ethiopia and the Eastern Nile Basin. Aquatic Sciences 67(1): 15-27.

John Málek Jaromír and Speake Graham Baines, 2000. Cultural atlas of Ancient Egypt. New York, Checkmark Books.

O. Odd Erik Berild, 2001. Hydropolitics on the Nile: negotiating the Owen Falls Dam. MA thesis, University of Bergen.

R. Randy and Niccole Cerveny, 2006. Egypt & Water: The Lifeline of a Civilization How did weather impact ancient Egyptian civilization and the survival of its great monuments? Weatherwise 59(6): 20.

Jean-Pierre Chrétien, 2003. The great lakes of Africa: Two thousand years of history. New York : Zone Books.

Robert O. Collins, 2002. The Nile. New Haven, Yale University Press.

J. D. Dellapenna, 2006. The Nile as a Legal and Political Structure. R. Coopey and T. Tvedt. A History of Water, Volume 2: The Political Economy of Water: 295-323. I. B. Tauris. London.

J. C. Ducene, 2004. The Nile delta in the maps of Ibn Hawqal. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 63(4): 241-256.

J. C. Ducene, 2004. The Nile Delta as depicted in the maps of the 'Nuzhat al-Mustaq' of al-Idrisi. Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 154(1): 57-70.

M. El Zain, 2004. Nile basin cooperation: A review of the literature. Development and Change 35(3): 617-618.

M. El-Zain, 2006. Reshaping the 'Political': The Nile Waters of the Sudan. In R. Coopey and T. Tvedt. A History of Water, Volume 2: The Political Economy of Water: 117-150. I. B. Tauris. London.

Haggai Erlich, 2000. Identity and Church: Ethiopian - Egyptian Dialogue, 1924-59. International Journal of Middle East Studies 32(1): 23-46.

Hagai Erlikh, 2002. The cross and the river: Ethiopia, Egypt, and the Nile. Boulder, Colo., L. Rienner.

Hagai Erlikh, ed., 2000. The Nile: histories, cultures, myths. Boulder, Colo., L. Rienner.

M. W. Ertsen, 2006. Colonial irrigation: Myths of emptiness. Landscape Research 31(2): 147-167.

RenĂŠe F. Friedman, 2002. Egypt and Nubia: gifts of the desert. London, British Museum Press.

Hisham S. Gabr, 2004. Perception of Urban Waterfront Aesthetics Along the Nile in Cairo, Egypt. Coastal Management 32(2): 155-171.

Peter P. Affiliation Florida State University Garretson, 2003. Ethiopia and Egypt in the Context of the Nile. The Journal of African History 44(2): 345-346.

Magdy Hefny and Salah El-Din Amer, 2005. Egypt and the Nile Basin. Aquatic Sciences 67(1): 42-50.

H. J. Hoag, 2003. Nile Basin cooperation: A review of the literature. International

Journal of African Historical Studies 36(2): 501-502.

Martha Holmes, Gavin Maxwell and Tim Scoones, 2004. Nile. London, BBC Books.

Nicholas S. Hopkins, ed., 2003. Upper Egypt: life along the Nile. Højbjerg ,Denmark, Moesgård Museum.

Jack Kalpakian, 2004. Identity, conflict and cooperation in international river systems. Aldershot, Hants, UK, Burlington, VT.

Jean Kérisel, 2001. The Nile and its masters: past, present, future: source of hope and anger. Rotterdam, Brookfield, AA Balkema.

Abraham Kinfe, 2004. Nile opportunities: avenues toward a win-win deal. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and Development & Horn of Africa Democracy and Development International Lobby.

Abraham Kinfe, 2004. Nile dilemmas: hydropolitics and potentials conflict flashpoints, Ethiopian International Institute for Peace and Development & the Horn of Africa Democracy and Development International Lobby.

Michael T. Klare, 2001. Resource wars: the new landscape of global conflict, Metropolitan Books.

V. Knobelsdorf, 2006. The Nile Waters Agreements: Imposition and impacts of a transboundary legal system - Dorsey & Whitney student writing prize in comparative and international law, best note award winner. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 44(2): 622-648.

S. A. Mason, 2005. Are we scorpions? The role of upstream-downstream dialogue in fostering cooperation in the Nile Basin. Mountain Research and Development 25(2): 115-120.

A. F. Metawie, 2004. History of co-operation in the Nile basin. International Journal of Water Resources Development 20(1): 47-63.

BĂŠatrix Midant-Reynes, 2000. The prehistory of Egypt from the first Egyptians to the first pharaohs/Uniform Title: PrĂŠhistoire de l'Egypte. English. Oxford, UK, Malden, MA.

B. Midant-Reynes, 2006. The increasing aridity of the Sahara: what was its role in the birth of Egyptian civilization? Comptes Rendus Palevol 5(1-2): 405-408.

Dahilon Yassin Mohamoda, 2003. Nile Basin cooperation: a review of the literature. Uppsala, Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.

Steve Onyeiwu, 2000. Deceived by African Cotton: The British Cotton Growing Association and the Demise of the Lancashire Textile Industry. African Economic History(28): 89-121.

James R. Penn, 2001. Rivers of the world: a social, geographical, and environmental sourcebook. Santa Barbara, CA, ABC-CLIO.

Sandra L. Postel and Aaron T. Wolf, 2001. Dehydrating Conflict. Foreign Policy(126): 60-67.

Eve Troutt Powell, 2003. A different shade of colonialism: Egypt, Great Britain, and the mastery of the Sudan, University of California Press.

Richard Reid, 2001. The Challenge of the past: The Quest for Historical Legitimacy in Independent Eritrea. History in Africa 28: 239-272.

Walter Scheidel, 2001. Death on the Nile: disease and the demography of Roman Egypt, Brill.

Anna Schulz, 2002. The potential for cooperation within the Nile River Basin. Wheaton College. Norton, MA.

Sree N. Sreenath, Ali M. Vali and Gundo Susiarjo, 2002. The Nile River Problematique: An Integrated Look at the Future of Egypt and Ethiopia. Water International 27(4): 51732.

J. D. Stanley, F. F. Goddio and G. G. Schnepp, 2001. Nile flooding sank two ancient cities. Nature 412(6844): 293-4.

T. Tafesse, 2001. The Nile question: hydropolitics, legal wrangling, modus vivendi and perspectives. Munster, Hamburg, London, Lit Verlag.

T. Tafesse, 2001. The hydropolitical assessment of the Nile question - An Ethiopian perspective. Water International 26(4): 578-588.

Terje Tvedt, 2000. The River Nile and its Economic, Political, Social and Cultural Role. An Annotated Bibliography. Bergen, University of Bergen.

Terje Tvedt, 2004. The River Nile in the age of the British: political ecology and the quest for economic power, London/New York, I.B. Tauris.

Terje Tvedt, 2004. The Nile: an annotated bibliography. 2nd ed., London/New York, I.B. Tauris.

Terje Tvedt, 2006. The River Nile in the age of the British: political ecology and the quest for economic power, Cairo: American University Press.

Kevin Ward, 2001. 'The Armies of the Lord': Christianity, Rebels and the State in Northern Uganda, 1986-1999. Journal of Religion in Africa 31(2): 187-221.

John Waterbury, 2002. The Nile Basin: national determinants of collective action, Yale University Press.

Derek A. Braddock, Pam Usai and Donatella Welsby, 2003. Survey above the Fourth Nile Cataract. Oxford, Sudan Archaeological Research Society, Archaeopress: Hadrian Books [distributor].

Dennis Wichelns, Jr., John Barry, Martina MĂźller, Megumi Nakao, Lisa D. Philo and Adam Zitello, 2003. Co-operation regarding water and other resources will enhance economic development in Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea. International Journal of Water Resources Development 19(4): 535-552.

Y. Arsano, 2006. Nile Basin Co-operation: Prospects for the Twenty-First Century. R. Coopey and T. Tvedt. A History of Water, Volume 2: The Political Economy of Water: 324-350. London, I. B. Tauris.

G. Zewde and Selassie, 2006. The Blue Nile and Its Basins: An Issue of International Concern. Forum for Social Studies, Addis Ababa.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS A. A. Abdel Moneim, 2005. Overview of the geomorphological and hydrogeological characteristics of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Hydrogeology Journal 13(2): 416-425.

S. Abdel-Fattah, A. Amin and L. C. Van Rijn, 2004. Sand transport in Nile River, Egypt. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering-Asce 130(6): 488-500.

D. D. Adams and S. O. Ochola, 2002. A review of sediment gas cycling in lakes with reference to Lake Victoria and sediment gas measurements in Lake Tanganyika. In Odata Eric O. and D. O. Olago. The East African great lakes: limnology, paleolimnology and biodiversity: 277-305. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht/Boston/London.

A. Akawy, 2005. Tectonic impacts on drainage systems and topography from Precambrian to Recent in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt: A model from the area south of Umm Gheig. Neues Jahrbuch fĂźr Geologie und PalĂ¤ontologie 235(3): 235-264.

M. A. Antar, I. Elassiouti and M. N. Allam, 2006. Rainfall-runoff modelling using artificial neural networks technique: a Blue Nile catchment case study. Hydrological Processes 20(5): 1201-1216.

R. O. Anyah and F. H. M. Semazzi, 2004. Simulation of the sensitivity of Lake Victoria basin climate to lake surface temperatures. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 79(1-2): 55-69.

L. Bergonzini, Y. Richard, L. Petit and P. Camberlin, 2004. Zonal circulations over the Indian and Pacific Oceans and the level of Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika. International Journal of Climatology 24(13): 1613-1624.

K. R. M. Beuning, K. Kelts, J. Russell and B. B. Wolfe, 2002. Reassessment of Lake Victoria - Upper Nile River paleohydrology from oxygen isotope records of lakesediment cellulose. Geology 30(6): 559-562.

W. Bewket, 2002. Land Cover Dynamics Since the 1950s in Chemoga Watershed, Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Mountain Research and Development 22(3): 263-269.

W. Bewket and G. Sterk, 2005. Dynamics in Land Cover and its Effect on Stream Flow in the Chemoga Watershed, Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Hydrological Processes 19(2): 445-458.

Woldeamlak Bewket and Leo Stroosnijder, 2003. Effects of agroecological land use succession on soil properties in Chemoga watershed, Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Geoderma 111(1): 85-98.

N. Burham, S. M. Abdel-Azeem and M. F. El-Shahat, 2006. Separation and determination of trace amounts of zinc, lead, cadmium and mercury in tap and Qaroun lake water using polyurethane foam functionalized with 4-hydroxytoluene and 4hydroxyacetophenone. Analytica Chimica Acta 579(2): 193-201.

Declan Conway, 2000. The Climate and Hydrology of the Upper Blue Nile River. Geographical Journal 166(1): 49-62.

D. Conway, 2001. The hydrology of the Nile. Geographical Journal 167: 181-182.

D. Conway, 2002. Extreme rainfall events and lake level change in East Africa: Recent events and historical precedents. In Odata, Eric O. and D. O. Olago. TheEast African great lakes: limnology, paleolimnology and biodiversity. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht/Boston/London.

D. Conway, E. Allison, R. Felstead and M. Goulden, 2005. Rainfall variability in East Africa: implications for natural resources management and livelihoods. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A-Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363(1826): 49-54.

D. Conway, C. Mould and W. Bewket, 2004. Over one century of rainfall and temperature observations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. International Journal of Climatology 24(1): 77-91.

A. Cรณzar, L. Bracchini, A. Dattilo, S. Loiselle and N. Azza, 2004. Characterization of the Ugandan inshore waters of Lake Victoria based on temperature-conductivity diagrams. Water Resources Research 40(12).

E. Dejen, J. Vijverberg, L. A. J. Nagelkerke and F. A. Sibbing, 2004. Temporal and spatial distribution of microcrustacean zooplankton in relation to turbidity and other environmental factors in a large tropical lake (L. Tana, Ethiopia). Hydrobiologia 513(13): 39-49.

K. Descheemaeker, J. Nyssen, J. Rossi, J. Poesen, M. Haile, D. Raes, B. Muys, J. Moeyersons and S. Deckers, 2006. Sediment deposition and pedogenesis in exclosures in the Tigray highlands, Ethiopia. Geoderma 132(3-4): 291-314.

KH. M. Dewidar, 2004. Detection of land use/land cover changes for the northern part of the Nile delta (Burullus region), Egypt. International Journal of Remote Sensing 25(20): 4079-4089.

Patrick Dugan, 2005. Guide to wetlands, Firefly Books.

H. Eggermont, O. Heiri and D. Verschuren, 2006. Fossil Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) as quantitative indicators of past salinity in African lakes. Quaternary Science Reviews 25(15-16): 1966-1994.

Mahmoud M. El Banna, 2006. Responses of Ras El Bar seafloor characteristics to the protective engineering structures, Nile delta, Egypt. Environmental Geology 49(5): 645652.

Mahmoud El Gamili, Elkhedr Ibrahim, Abdel Radi Hassaneen, Mohamed Abdalla and Ahmed Ismael, 2001. Defunct Nile Branches Inferred from a Geoelectric Resistivity Survey on Samannud area, Nile Delta, Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Science 28(12): 1339-1348.

H. M. El-Asmar, 2002. Holocene palaeoshorelines along the Manzala lagoon, northeast of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Neues Jahrbuch fĂźr Geologie und PalaontologieMonatshefte(6): 337-361.

Hesham M. El-Asmar and Kevin White, 2002. Changes in coastal sediment transport processes due to construction of New Damietta Harbour, Nile Delta, Egypt. Coastal Engineering 46(2): 127.

M. S. El-Manadely, R. M. Abdel-Bary, M. S. El-Sammany and T. A. Ahmed, 2002. Characteristics of the delta formation resulting from sediment deposition in Lake Nasser, Egypt: Approach to tracing lake delta formation. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management 7(2): 81-86.

A. El-Sayed, F. Vaccari and G. F. Panza, 2004. The Nile Valley of Egypt: A Major Active Graben that Magnifies Seismic Waves. Pure and Applied Geophysics 161(5): 983-1002.

M. A. K. Elsayed, N. A. Younan, A. M. Fanos and K. H. Baghdady, 2005. Accretion and erosion patterns along Rosetta Promontory, Nile Delta Coast. Journal of Coastal Research 21(3): 412-420.

E. A. Farah, E. M. A. Mustafa and H. Kumai, 2000. Sources of groundwater recharge at the confluence of the Niles, Sudan. Environmental Geology 39(6): 667-672.

O. Frihy, M. Iskander and A. Badr, 2004. Effects of shoreline and bedrock irregularities on the morphodynamics of the Alexandria coast littoral cell, Egypt. Geo-Marine Letters 24(4): 195-211.

Omran Frihy and Deborah Lawrence, 2004. Evolution of the modern Nile delta promontories: development of accretional features during shoreline retreat. Environmental Geology 46(6): 914-932.

Omran E. Frihy, Abd El Moniem A. Badr and Mohamed S. Hassan, 2002. Sedimentation Processes at the Navigation Channel of the Damietta Harbour on the Northeastern Nile Delta Coast of Egypt. Journal of Coastal Research 18(3): 459-470.

Omran E. Frihy, Essam A. Debes and Waleed R. El Sayed, 2003. Processes reshaping the Nile delta promontories of Egypt: pre- and post-protection. Geomorphology 53(3): 263280.

Omran E. Frihy and Khalid M. Dewidar, 2003. Patterns of erosion/sedimentation, heavy mineral concentration and grain size to interpret boundaries of littoral sub-cells of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Marine Geology 199(1): 27-44.

N. D. S. Gani and M. G. Abdelsalam, 2006. Remote sensing analysis of the Gorge of the Nile, Ethiopia, with emphasis on Dejen-Gohatsion region. Journal of African Earth Sciences 44(2): 135-150.

Eduardo Ando Sergio Garzanti, Giovanni Ali Abdel Megid Ada Vezzoli and Ahmed El Kammar, 2006. Petrology of Nile River sands (Ethiopia and Sudan): Sediment budgets and erosion patterns. Earth and planetary science letters 252(3): 327-331.

A. S. Goudie, 2005. The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous. Geomorphology 67(34): 437-456.

P.F. Hamblin, P. Verburg, P. Roebber, H.A. Bootsma and R.E. Hecky, 2002. Observations, evaporation and preliminary modelling of over-lake meteorology on large African lakes. In, Odata, Eric O. and D. O. Olago. The East African great lakes: limnology, paleolimnology and biodiversity: 121-152. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht/Boston/London.

Fekri A. Hassan, 2005. A river runs through Egypt: Nile floods and Civilization - The highs and lows of the Nile River have shaped the course of Egyptian civilization for more than 8,000 years. Geotimes 50(4): 22-25.

S. Hautot, K. Whaler, W. Gebru and M. Desissa, 2006. The structure of a Mesozoic basin beneath the Lake Tana area, Ethiopia, revealed by magnetotelluric imaging. Journal of African Earth Sciences 44(3): 331-338.

Hesham M. El-Asmar, 2002. Short Term Coastal Changes Along Damietta-Port Said Coast Northeast of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Journal of Coastal Research 18(3): 433â&#x20AC;&#x201C;441.

M. T. Hussein, 2004. Hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater in the Blue Nile Basin, eastern Sudan, using conventional and multivariate techniques. Hydrogeology Journal 12(2): 144-158.

T. C. Johnson, K. Kelts and E. Odada, 2000. The holocene history of Lake Victoria. Ambio 29(1): 2-11.

T. R. M. Kebeasy and E. S. Husebye, 2003. A finite-difference approach for simulating

ground responses in sedimentary basins: quantitative modelling of the Nile Valley, Egypt. Geophysical Journal International 154, no 3: 913-924.

S. Kebede, Y. Travi, T. Alemayehu and T. Ayenew, 2005. Groundwater recharge, circulation and geochemical evolution in the source region of the Blue Nile River, Ethiopia. Applied Geochemistry: Journal of the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry 20(9): 1658-1676.

S. Kebede, Y. Travi, T. Alemayehu and V. Marc, 2006. Water balance of Lake Tana and its sensitivity to fluctuations in rainfall, Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Journal of Hydrology 316(1-4): 233-247.

Dennis V. Kent and Christian Dupuis, 2003. Paleomagnetic study of the PaleoceneEocene Tarawan Chalk and Esna Shale: Dual polarity remagnetizations of Cenozoic sediments in the Nile Valley (Egypt). Micropaleontology 49(1): 139-146.

T. Kidane, B. Abebe, V. Courtillot and E. Herrero, 2002. New paleomagnetic result from the Ethiopian flood basalts in the Abbay (Blue Nile) and Kessem gorges. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 203(1): 353-367.

Robert W. O'B Knox, Marie-Pierre Aubry, William A. Berggren, Christian Dupuis, Khaled Ouda, Roberto Magioncalda and Mamdouh Soliman, 2003. The Qreiya Section at Gebel Abu Had: Lithostratigraphy, Clay Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Biostratigraphy. Micropaleontology 49: 93-104.

M. D. Krom, J. D. Stanley, R. A. Cliff and J. C. Woodward, 2002. Nile River sediment fluctuations over the past 7000 yr and their key role in sapropel development. Geology 30(1): 71-74.

S. MacIntyre, J. R. Romero and G. W. Kling, 2002. Spatial-temporal variability in surface layer deepening and lateral advection in an embayment of Lake Victoria, East Africa. Limnology and Oceanography 47(3): 656-671.

S. M. Mahmoud, 2003. Seismicity and GPS-derived crustal deformation in Egypt. Journal of Geodynamics 35(3): 333-352.

I. N. Makundi, 2001. A study of heavy metal pollution in Lake Victoria sediments by Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A- Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 36(6): 909-921.

F. W. McCoy and G. Heiken, 2000. Tsunami generated by the Late Bronze Age eruption of Thera (Santorini), Greece. Pure and Applied Geophysics 157(6-8): 1227-1256.

M. M. McGlue, C. A. Scholz, T. Karp, B. Ongodia and K. E. Lezzar, 2006. Facies architecture of flexural margin lowstand delta deposits in Lake Edward, East African Rift: Constraints from seismic reflection imaging. Journal of Sedimentary Research 76(5-6): 942-958.

S. Melaku, T. Wondimu, R. Dams and L. Moens, 2004. Simultaneous Determination of Trace Elements in Tinishu Akaki River Water Sample, Ethiopia, by ICP-MS. Canadian Journal of Analytical Sciences and Spectroscopy: International Journal of the Spectroscopy Society of Canada 49(6): 374-384.

M. Metwaly, M. Khalil, E. S. Al-Sayed and S. Osman, 2006. A hydrogeophysical study to estimate water seepage from northwestern Lake Nasser, Egypt. Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 3(1): 21-27.

M. V. Mikhailova, 2001. Hydrological Regime of the Nile Delta and Dynamics of Its Coastline. Water Resources 28(5): 477.

A. Mishra and T. Hata, 2006. A grid-based runoff generation and flow routing model for the Upper Blue Nile basin. Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques 51(2): 191-206.

A. Mishra, T. Hata and A. W. Abdelhadi, 2004. Models for recession flows in the upper Blue Nile River. Hydrological Processes 18(15).

A. Mishra, T. Hata, A. W. Abdelhadi, A. Tada and H. Tanakamaru, 2003. Recession flow analysis of the Blue Nile River. Hydrological Processes 17(14): 2825-2835.

Y. A. Mohamed, W. G. M. Bastiaanssen and H. H. G. Savenije, 2004. Spatial variability of evaporation and moisture storage in the swamps of the upper Nile studied by remote

sensing techniques. Journal of Hydrology 289(1-4): 145-164.

Y. A. Mohamed, H. H. G. Savenije, W. G. M. Bastiaanssen and B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, 2006. New lessons on the Sudd hydrology learned from remote sensing and climate modeling. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 10(4): 507-518.

Y. A. Mohamed, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, H. H. G. Savenije and W. G. M. Bastiaanssen, 2005. Hydroclimatology of the Nile: results from a regional climate model. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 9(3): 263-278.

Y. A. Mohamed, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk, H. H. G. Savenije and W. G. M. Bastiaanssen, 2005. Impact of the Sudd wetland on the Nile hydroclimatology. Water Resources Research 41(8).

Y. E. A. Mohamedzein, J. A. Abdalla and A. Abdelwahab, 2006. Site response and earthquake design spectra for Central Khartoum, Sudan. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 4(3): 277-293.

W. M. Moufaddal, 2005. Cover: State of the coastal water along the Nile Delta front, Egypt, as revealed by satellite imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26(22): 6.

W. M. Moufaddal, 2005. State of the coastal water along the Nile Delta front, Egypt, as revealed by satellite imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26(22): 48774883.

S. E. Nicholson and X. G. Yin, 2001. Rainfall conditions in equatorial East Africa during the nineteenth century as inferred from the record of Lake Victoria. Climatic Change 48(2-3): 387-398.

S. E. Nicholson, X. G. Yin and M. B. Ba, 2000. On the feasibility of using a lake water balance model to infer rainfall: an example from Lake Victoria. Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques 45(1): 75-95.

Sharon E. Nicholsson and Xungang Yin, 2002. Mesoscale Patterns of rainfall cloudiness and evaporation over the great lakes of East Africa. In Odata, Eric O. and D. O. Olago.

The East African great lakes: limnology, paleolimnology and biodiversity: 93-120. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht/Boston/London.

A. Nyssen, J. Poesen, M. Veyret-Picot, J. Moeyersons, M. Haile, J. Deckers, J. Dewit, J. Naudts, K. Teka and G. Govers, 2006. Assessment of gully erosion rates through interviews and measurements: a case study from northern Ethiopia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31(2): 167-185.

A. M. Omer, 2002. Focus on groundwater in Sudan. Environmental Geology 41(8): 972976.

A. O. Opere, S. Mkhandi and P. Willems, 2006. At site flood frequency analysis for the Nile Equatorial basins. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 31(15-16): 919-927.

H. A. Osmaston and S. P. Harrison, 2005. The late quaternary glaciation of Africa: A regional synthesis. Quaternary International 138: 32-54.

Khaled Ouda and William A. Berggren, 2003. Biostratigraphic Correlation of the Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene Succession in the Upper Nile Valley: A Synthesis. Micropaleontology 49: 179-212.

Raphael Pik, Bernard Marty, Jean Carignan and Jerome Lave, 2003. Stability of the Upper Nile drainage network (Ethiopia) deduced from (U-Th)/He thermochronometry: implications for uplift and erosion of the Afar plume dome. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 215(1): 73-88.

D. Rodrigues, P. I. Abell and S. Kropelin, 2000. Seasonality in the early Holocene climate of Northwest Sudan: interpretation of Etheria elliptica shell isotopic data. Global and Planetary Change 26(1-3): 181-187.

J. M. Russell and T. C. Johnson, 2005. A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the

late Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 24(12-13): 1375-1389.

James M. Russell and Thomas C. Johnson, 2006. The water balance and stable isotope hydrology of Lake Edward, Uganda-Congo. Journal of Great Lakes Research 32(1): 7790.

James M. Russell, Thomas C. Johnson, Kerry R. Kelts, Tine Laerdal and Michael R. Talbot, 2003. An 11000-year lithostratigraphic and paleohydrologic record from Equatorial Africa: Lake Edward, Uganda-Congo. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 193(1): 25-50.

A. Ruzmaikin, J. Feynman and Y. L. Yung, 2006. Is solar variability reflected in the Nile River? Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 111(D21).

A. Samuel, B. Kneller, S. Raslan, A. Sharp and C. Parsons, 2003. Prolific deep-marine slope channels of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Aapg Bulletin 87(4): 541-560.

Z. M. Sawan, L. I. Hanna, G. A. G. El Karim and W. L. McCuistion, 2002. Relationships between climatic factors and flower and boll production in Egyptian cotton (Gossypium barbadense). Journal of Arid Environments 52(4): 499-516.

E. El Sayed, K. Dahab and A. M. Ebraheem, 2004. Hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical aspects of the Nubian Sandstone aquifer in East Oweinat area, SW Egypt. Neues Jahrbuch fĂźr Geologie und PalĂ¤ontologie 233(3): 121-152.

Mamdouh Ahmad Antar Sayed, 2001. Rainfall-Runof Modelling Using Artificial Neural Network Technique Case Study: The Blue Nile Catchment. Irrigation and Hydraulics Engineering Department. Cairo University. Cairo.

I Semmanda and A Vincens, 2002. Vegetation changes and their climatic implications for the Lake Victoria region during the late Holocene. In Odata, Eric O. and D. O. Olago. The East African great lakes: limnology, paleolimnology and biodiversity: 509-523. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht/Boston/London.

K. J. Sene, 2000. Theoretical estimates for the influence of Lake Victoria on flows in the upper White Nile. Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques

45(1): 125-145.

F. Shaaban, R. Lutz, R. Littke, C. Bueker and K. Odisho, 2006. Source-Rock Evaluation and Basin Modelling in Ne Egypt (Ne Nile Delta and Northern Sinai). Journal of Petroleum Geology 29(2): 103-124.

Y Song, F.H.M. Semazzi and L. Xie, 2002. Development of a coupled Regional Climate Simulation Model for the Lake Victoria Basin. In Odata, Eric O. and D. O. Olago. The East African great lakes: limnology, paleolimnology and biodiversity: 153-188. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht/Boston/London.

J. C. Stager and T. C. Johnson, 2000. A 12,400 C-14 yr offshore diatom record from east central Lake Victoria, East Africa. Journal of Paleolimnology 23(4): 373-383.

J. C. Stager, P. A. Mayewski and L. D. Meeker, 2002. Cooling cycles, Heinrich event 1, and the desiccation of Lake Victoria. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 183(1-2): 169-178.

J. C. Stager, D. Ryves, B. F. Cumming, L. D. Meeker and J. Beer, 2005. Solar variability and the levels of Lake Victoria, East Africa, during the last millenium. Journal of Paleolimnology 33(2): 243-251.

J. C. Stager, J. Westwood, D. Grzesik and B. F. Cumming, 2005. A 5500-year environmental history of Lake Nabugabo, Uganda. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 218(3-4): 347-354.

J. D. Stanley, 2003. Nile delta margin: failed and fluidized deposits concentrated along distributary channels. Géomorphologie : revue du Groupe français de géomorphologie Part 4: 211-226.

J. D. Stanley and M. P. Bernasconi, 2006. Holocene depositional patterns and evolution in Alexandria's Eastern Harbor, Egypt. Journal of Coastal Research 22(2): 283-297.

J. D. Stanley, M. D. Krom, R. A. Cliff and J. C. Woodward, 2003. Short contribution: Nile flow failure at the end of the Old Kingdom, Egypt: Strontium isotopic and petrologic evidence. Geoarchaeology-an International Journal 18(3): 395-402.

J. D. Stanley, A. G. Warne and G. Schnepp, 2004. Geoarchaeological interpretation of the Canopic, largest of the relict nile delta distributaries, Egypt. Journal of Coastal Research 20(3): 920-930.

Jean-Daniel Stanley and Thomas F. Jorstad, 2006. Short contribution: Buried Canopic channel identified near Egypt's Nile delta coast with radar (SRTM) imagery. Geoarchaeology 21(5): 503-514.

R. J. Stern, 2002. Crustal evolution in the East African Orogen: a neodymium isotopic perspective. Journal of African Earth Sciences 34(3-4): 109-117.

A. S. Suliman, 2001. Change Detection From Satellite Images In Nile Delta Coast, Egypt. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research 46(3): 177-188.

J. V. Sutcliffe, 2005. Comment on 'Spatial variability of evaporation and moisture storage in the swamps of the upper Nile studied by remote sensing technique' by Y.A. Mohamed et al., 2004. Journal of Hydrology 289, 145-164. Journal of Hydrology 314(14): 45-47.

J. V. Sutcliffe and Y. P. Parks, 2001. Upstream influence on the wetlands of the Bahr el Jebel, Sudan. IAHS publication 266: 125-133.

M. R. Talbot, N. B. Jensen, T. Laerdal and M. L. Filippi, 2006. Geochemical responses to a major transgression in giant African Lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology 35(3): 467489.

M. R. Talbot and T. Laerdal, 2000. The Late Pleistocene-Holocene palaeolimnology of Lake Victoria, East Africa, based upon elemental and isotopic analyses of sedimentary organic matter. Journal of Paleolimnology 23(2): 141-164.

M. R. Talbot, M. A. J. Williams and D. A. Adamson, 2000. Strontium isotope evidence for late Pleistocene reestablishment of an integrated Nile drainage network. Geology 28(4): 343-346.

R. A. Tamatamah, R. E. Hecky and H. C. Duthie, 2005. The atmospheric deposition of phosphorus in Lake Victoria (East Africa). Biogeochemistry 73(2): 325-344.

L. Tamene, S. J. Park, R. Dikau and P. L. G. Vlek, 2006. Reservoir siltation in the semiarid highlands of northern Ethiopia: sediment yield-catchment area relationship and a semi-quantitative approach for predicting sediment yield. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31(11): 1364-1383.

L. Tamene, S. J. Park, R. Dikau and P. L. G. Vlek, 2006. Analysis of factors determining sediment yield variability in the highlands of northern Ethiopia. Geomorphology 76(1-2): 76-91.

Abdel Aziz A. M. Tantawy, 2006. Paleoenvironment - Calcareous nannofossils of the Paleocene-Eocene transition at Qena Region, Central Nile Valley, Egypt. Micropaleontology 52(3): 193-122.

E. L. Tate, K. J. Sene and J. V. Sutcliffe, 2001. A water balance study of the upper White Nile basin flows in the late nineteenth century. Hydrological Sciences Journal-Journal Des Sciences Hydrologiques 46(2): 301-318.

R. G. Taylor, L. Mileham, C. Tindimugaya, A. Majugu, A. Muwanga and B. Nakileza, 2006. Recent glacial recession in the Rwenzori Mountains of East Africa due to rising air temperature. Geophysical Research Letters 33(10).

K. Tilahun, 2006. The characterisation of rainfall in the arid and semi-arid regions of Ethiopia. Water SA 32(3): 429-436.

C. C. Tscherning, A. Radwan, A. A. Tealeb, S. M. Mahmoud, M. Abd El-Monum, R. Hassan, I. El-Syaed and K. Saker, 2001. Local geoid determination combining gravity disturbances and GPS/levelling: a case study in the Lake Nasser area, Aswan, Egypt. Journal of Geodesy 75(7-8): 343-348.

P. M. Vermeersch, 2006. The Nile valley and the Eastern Sahara: a prehistoric population expanding and retracting according to the changing climate. Comptes Rendus Palevol 5(1-2): 255-262.

D. Verschuren, T. C. Johnson, H. J. Kling, D. N. Edgington, P. R. Leavitt, E. T. Brown, M. R. Talbot and R. E. Hecky, 2002. History and timing of human impact on Lake Victoria, East Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B-Biological Sciences.

M. Williams, M. Talbot, P. Aharon, Y. Abdl Salaam, F. Williams, K. Inge Brendeland, Kristina R. M. Beuning and James M. Russell, 2006. Abrupt return of the summer monsoon 15,000 years ago: new supporting evidence from the lower White Nile valley and Lake Albert. Vegetation and sedimentation in the Lake Edward Basin, UgandaCongo during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 25(19-20): 2651-2665.

M. M. Williams, 2006. Impact of extreme rainfall in the central Sudan during 1999 as a partial analogue for reconstructing early Holocene prehistoric environments. Quaternary International 150: 82-94.

X. G. Yin and S. E. Nicholson, 2000. On the diurnal cycle of cloudiness over Lake Victoria and its influence on evaporation from the lake. Hydrological Sciences JournalJournal Des Sciences Hydrologiques 45(3): 407-424.

X. G. Yin and S. E. Nicholson, 2002. Interpreting annual rainfall from the levels of Lake Victoria. Journal of Hydrometeorology 3(4): 406-416.

M. M. Youssef, 2003. Structural Setting of Central and South Egypt: An Overview. Micropaleontology 49: 1-13.

HEALTH G. E. Arab, N. Tawfik, R. El Gendy, W. Anwar and P. Courtright, 2001. The burden of trachoma in the rural Nile Delta of Egypt: a survey of Menofiya governorate. British Journal of Ophthalmology 85(12): 1406-1410.

D. Byamukama, F. Kansiime, R. L. Mach and A. H. Farnleitner, 2000. Determination of Escherichia coli contamination with chromocult coliform agar showed a high level of discrimination efficiency for differing fecal pollution levels in tropical waters of Kampala, Uganda. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66(2): 864-868.

H. Chen, N. Minakawa, J. Beier and G. Y. Yan, 2004. Population genetic structure of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes on Lake Victoria islands, west Kenya. Malaria Journal 3.

G. Dorsey, D. Njama, M. R. Kamya, A. Cattamanchi, D. Kyabayinze, S. G. Staedke, A. Gasasira and P. J. Rosenthal, 2002. Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine alone or with amodiaquine or artesunate for treatment of uncomplicated malaria: a longitudinal randomised trial. Lancet 360(9350): 2031-2038.

D. W. Dunne, B. J. Vennervald, M. Booth, S. Joseph, C. M. Fitzsimmons, P. Cahen, R. F. Sturrock, J. H. Ouma, J. K. Mwatha and G. Kimani, 2006. Applied and basic research on the epidemiology, morbidity, and immunology of schistosomiasis in fishing communities on Lake Albert, Uganda. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 100(3): 216-223.

M. Errico, F. Desogus, M. Mascia, G. Tola and L. Dendena, 2006. Soil adsorption defluoridation of drinking water for an Ethiopian rural community. Chemical PapersChemicke Zvesti 60(6): 460-465.

U. Fillinger, G. Sonye, G. F. Killeen, B. G. J. Knols and N. Becker, 2004. The practical importance of permanent and semipermanent habitats for controlling aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes: operational observations from a rural town in western Kenya. Tropical Medicine & International Health 9(12): 1274-1289.

T. A. Ghebreyesus, K. H. Witten, A. Getachew, M. Haile, M. Yohannes, S. W. Lindsay and P. Byass, 2002. Schistosome transmission, water-resource development and altitude in northern Ethiopia. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 96 Part 5: 489-496.

M. Harada, S. Nakachi, K. Tasaka, S. Sakashita, K. Muta, K. Yanagida, R. Doi, T. Kizaki and H. Ohno, 2001. Wide use of skin-lightening soap may cause mercury poisoning in Kenya. Science of the Total Environment 269(1-3): 183-187.

N. B. Kabatereine, J. Kemijumbi, J. H. Ouma, H. C. Kariuki, J. Richter, H. Kadzo, H. Madsen, A. E. Butterworth, N. Ornbjerg and B. J. Vennervald, 2004. Epidemiology and morbidity of Schistosoma mansoni infection in a fishing community along Lake Albert in Uganda. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 98(12): 711-718.

F. Kansiime and J. J. A. van Bruggen, 2001. Distribution and retention of faecal coliforms in the Nakivubo wetland in Kampala, Uganda. Water Science and Technology 44(11-12): 199-206.

F. Kazibwe, B. Makanga, C. Rubaire-Akiiki, J. Ouma, C. Kariuki, N. Kabatereine, M. Booth, B. Vennervald, R. Sturrock and J. Stothard, 2006. Ecology of Biomphalaria (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Lake Albert, Western Uganda: snail distributions, infection with schistosomes and temporal associations with environmental dynamics. Hydrobiologia 568, no 1: 433-444.

D. M. Menge, D. B. Zhong, T. Guda, L. Gouagna, J. Githure, J. Beier and G. Y. Yan, 2006. Quantitative trait loci controlling refractoriness to Plasmodium falciparum in natural Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from a malaria-endemic region in western Kenya. Genetics 173(1): 235-241.

M. M. Mesfin, J. de la Camera, I. G. Tareke, G. Amanual, T. Araya and A. M. Kedir, 2006. A community-based trachoma survey: Prevalence and risk factors in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 13(3): 173-181.

J. Ngondi, A. Onsarigo, L. Adamu, I. Matende, S. Baba, M. Reacher, P. Emerson and J. Zingeser, 2005. The epidemiology of trachoma in Eastern Equatoria and Upper Nile States, southern Sudan. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83(12): 904-912.

S. E. Odogwu, N. K. Ramamurthy, N. B. Kabatereine, F. Kazibwe, E. Tukahebwa, J. P. Webster, A. Fenwick and J. R. Stothard, 2006. Schistosoma mansoni in infants (aged < 3 years) along the Ugandan shoreline of Lake Victoria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 100(4): 315-326.

P. van Straaten, 2000. Human exposure to mercury due to small-scale gold mining in northern Tanzania. Science of the Total Environment 259(1-3): 45-53.

Fantaye Wondwossen, Anne Nordrehaug Åstrøm, Kjell Bjorvatn and Asgeir Bårdsen, 2004. The relationship between dental caries and dental fluorosis in areas with moderateand high-fluoride drinking water in Ethiopia. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 32, no 5: 337-344.

PROJECTS AND REPORTS ACRES International and EEPCO (Ethiopian Electricity and Power Company), 2002. Ethiopia Power System Expansion Master Plan, Main Report, Draft Final. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Acres International Limited, 2003. Review of existing documents for the Rusumo Falls HEP Final review report.

Haddush Goitom Aforki, 2006. Sediment Studies for Tekeze Hydropower Plant in North Ethiopia. M Sc Programme in Hydropower Development. NTNU. Trondheim, Norway.

Agricultural Policy Reform Program (APRP), 2000. Water Management at the Directorate Level. APRP Report No. 35. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Cairo, Egypt.

Agricultural Policy Reform Program (APRP), 2000. Reducing Mismatch of Irrigation Deliveries, Phase 1: Pilot Program. APRP Rep. No. 33. MWRI, Cairo, Egypt.

Agricultural Policy Reform Program (APRP), 2001. Matching Irrigation Supplies and Demands. APRP Report No. 45. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Cairo, Egypt.

Agricultural Policy Reform Program (APRP), 2001. MWRI Policy on Irrigation Management Transfer. Report No. 47, Main Document. Egypt.

Chris T. Annen, 2001. Promotion of Small-Scale Irrigation in Food Insecure Woredas of Ethiopia. Ethiopia.

Arcadis Euroconsult, 2000. Construction of the Irrigation Project, Monthly Progress Report. Uganda.

Arcadis Euroconsult, 2000-2005. Project: South Valley Development Project (Toshka Region). Egypt.

Arcadis Euroconsult, 2003. Pumping Stations Rehabilitation Project. Egypt Preparing appraisal studies for upgrading, rehabilitation or complete replacement a total of 35 pumping stations serving a total area of 500,000 ha.

Arcadis Euroconsult, 2004-2007. Project: Rehabilitation of Open Drains in North Qena Directorate (subproject of MDP II). Technical assistance to the rehabilitation of some 30 km of open drains as a pilot project, and development of an information system for the management of maintenance needs. Egypt.

Arcadis Euroconsult, 2004-2007. Project: Maintenance of Drains Project Phase II ( MDP II). Technical assistance in the introduction of an improved routine maintenance programme for both open drains and subsurface drains in five directorates in the Nile valley and delta. Egypt.

Arcadis Euroconsult and Darwish Consulting Engineers, 2000. Fayoum Rehabilitation Master Plan, Main report and annexes. Egypt.

S. B Awulachew, D. J. Merrey, A. B. Kamara, B. Van Koppen, Penning de Vries, E. Boelee and G. Makombe, 2005. Experiences and opportunities for promoting smallscale/micro irrigation and rainwater harvesting for food security in Ethiopia. IWMI Working Paper 98, International Water Management Institute., Ethiopia

Zerihun Bekele, 2006. On-farm performance evaluation of improved traditional smallscale irrigation practices: A case study from Dire Dawa area, Ethiopia. Irrigation and Drainage Systems 20, no 1: 83-98.

Berocan International Inc., 2000. Rapport définitif, Étude de préfaisabilité des aménagements hydro-électriques Jiji et Mulembwe, Volume 2/3, Étude environnementale et socio-économique, République du Burundi. Burundi.

Berocan International Inc., 2000. Étude de préfaisabilité des aménagements hydroélectriques Jiji et Mulembwe, Rapport définitif, Volume 1/3. Burundi

BKS Acres, 2003. East African Master Plan Study, Draft Phase I Report, The East African Community. Arusha, Tanzania.

BKS Acres, 2003. East African Master Plan Study, Draft Inception Report Burundi

BKS Acres, Dar Al-Handasa and International Development Consultants Limited, 2002. Nakivubo Channel Rehabilitation project (NCRP) & Preparation of Kampala Drainage Master Plan, Workshop. Ministry of Local Goverment Kampala City Council, Kampala, Uganda.

BoANR (Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2003. Strategic plan of BoANR for 2003â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2006 (Unpublished). Mekele, Ethiopia.

Bureau of Water Resources, Tigray Regional State, 2003. Fully Implemented Micro-Dam Irrigation Schemes Existing in Tigray. Mekele, Ethiopia

Mosiye Belachew Chekol, 2006. Construction Management of Tekeze Hydropower Project, Ethiopia. M Sc Programme in Hydropower Development. NTNU. Trondheim, Norway.

Chris T. Annen, 2001. Promotion of small-scale irrigation in food insecure Woredas in Ethiopia. World Bank, Ethiopia.

Concert Engineering, 2000. Study on traditional irrigation system in Tigray. REST (Relief Society of Tigray), Mekele, Ethiopia.

CoSAERT (Commission for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Rehabilitation in Tigray), 2001. Preliminary assessment on the overall impact of dams. CoSAERT, BoANR. Mekele, Ethiopia.

Dane Associates Ltd. and The Israel Electric Corporation Ltd., 2002. Expansion Plan for the Power System of Rwanda, Electricity Generation, Transmission and Gas Production Systems, Final Report, Part - 1. Rwanda.

M.M. Dawoud, 2006. Impact of rehabilitation of Assiut barrage, Nile River, on groundwater rise in urban areas. Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East) 45(4-5): 395-407.

Ministry of Water Resources Dam and Hydropower Design Department, 2003. Final report on Belbela and Wedecha dam. Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.

DHV, 2002. National Water Supply and Sanitation Master Plan, Status Report, Volume II- III â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Financial and Economic Resources Base. Ethiopia.

Drainage Research Institute (DRI), 2002. Impact of Water Resources Plans on Quantity and Quality of the Irrigation water and Drainage system in the Nile Delta Region DRI, NWRC, MWRI, Cairo, Egypt

Drainage Research Institute (DRI), Delft Hydraulics and Tauw Miljeu, 2000. Quality of Drainage Water in the Nile Delta and the Faoym, MADWQ, Technical R eport No.56. DRI, Cairo, Egypt.

E. Y. Hagos, 2005. Development and Management of Irrigated Lands in Tigray, Ethiopia PhD. UNESCO - IHE Institute for Water Education.

EEPCO, 2005. Beles multipurpose (Hydropower & Irrigation) Project. Project profile. Ethiopia.

H.H. Elewa, 2006. Water resources and geomorphological characteristics of Tushka and west of Lake Nasser, Egypt. Hydrogeology Journal 14(6): 942-954.

N. M. El-Mowelhi, 2006. Agronomic aspects and environmental impact of reusing marginal water in irrigation: a case study from Egypt. Water Science and Technology 53(9): 229-237.

ENSAP, 2001. Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program, Integrated Development of the Eastern Nile (IDEN). Project Identification Document. Summary. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

ENTRO, 2004. Flood Preparedness Early Warning Project.(FPEW) Flooding extents and coping mechanisms in the Eastern Nile. (An overview). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

G. Ermias, 2000. Engineering Geologic Report on Sewhi Meda earth dam (Rehabilitation Investigation). Mekele, Ethiopia.

H. Fahmy, 2001. Modification and re-calibration of the simulation model of Lake Nasser. Water Int. â&#x20AC;&#x201D;off. J Int Water Res Assoc 26(1): 129-135.

FAO, 2005. Rapid Assessment Study, Towards Integrated Planning of Irrigation and Drainage in Egypt, In Support of the Integrated Irrigation Improvement (IIIMP) Final Report IPTRID Secretariat. Rome, Italy, Egypt

Geophysical Observatory, 2005. Seismic Hazard Evaluation at Karadobi Damsite. Addis Ababa University, Science Faculty, Ethiopia.

GIBB (East Africa) Limited, Netwas Limited and Don Consult Limited, 2004. Feasibility Study for Water Supply From Lake Victoria to Kahama and Shinyanga. Tanzania.

G. Girma, 2001. Seepage and Embankment Cracking Analysis of the Mylome Microearth dam. 5th Symposium on Sustainable Water Resources Development, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.

GRM International, 2003. Preparation Phase of the Mara and Sio-Malaba-Malakisi River Basins Integrated Water Resources Management Project.

G. Gian Gupta, 2003. Water quality of Lake Qarun, Egypt. International Journal of Environmental Studies 60(6): 651-657.

Taher M. Hassan, Fatma A. Attia and Husien A. El-attfy, 2004. Groundwater Potentiality Map of The Nile Basin Countries - a Step Towards Integrated Water Management. International Conference and Exhibition on Groundwater in Ethiopia: Providing Water for Millions, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

A. Awad Hassoup, 2002. Seismicity and water level variations in the Lake Aswan area in Egypt 1982-1997. Journal of Seismology 6(4): 459-467.

J. John P. Hoehn, 2000. An Economic Analysis of Water and Wastewater Investments in Cairo, Egypt. Evaluation Review 24(6): 579-608.

O.O. Ibitayo, 2006. Egyptian farmers' attitudes and behaviors regarding agricultural pesticides: Implications for pesticide risk communication. Risk Analysis 26(4): 989-995.

Acres International, 2001. The Ethiopian Power System Expansion Master Plan. Ethiopia.

Emmanuel Jjunju, 2002. Karuma Falls Hydropower Project, Uganda. Preliminary Assessment of Tunnel Design and Numerical Modelling of Surge and Tailrace Tunnel Options. MSc in Hydropower Development. NTNU. Trondheim, Norway.

C. Kabutha and C. Mutero, 2002. The changing face of irrigation in Kenya: Opportunities for anticipating changes in Eastern and Southern Africa. IWMI, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Kenya.

Telila Denmoba Kebede, 2000. Pre-feasibility Planning for Hydropower Potential of Upper Baro-Akobo River Basin, Ethiopia. MSc Hydropower Development. NTNU. Trondheim, Norway.

J. Kirkby, 2001. Saving the Gash Delta, Sudan. Land Degradation & Development 12(3): 225-236.

Lahmeyer International Knight PiĂŠsold, Electrowatt Engineering Joint Venture., 2000. Beles Hydropower Project, Feasibility Study. Ethiopia.

Jeppe Kolding, Paul van Zwieten, Julius Manyala, John Okedi, D. Mgaya and Faustino Orach-Meza, 2005. Regional synthesis report on fisheries research and management. States, trends and processes. Final report. Lake Victoria Environmental Management Program (LVEMP), Maun, Wageningen, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.

KPLC (Kenya Power and Lightening Company), 2002. Annual Report 2001-2002.

R. Kung, 2003. Addressing the dimensions of transboundary water use - the Nile Basin initiative. Mountain Research and Development 23(1): 4-6.

Lahmeyer International, 2005. Feasibility Study for the Merowe Irrigation Project. Feasibility Report. Annex 2.1. Climate and Hydrology. Sudan.

Lahmeyer International, Electrowatt and Knight Piésold, 2000. Feasibility Studies for the Beles, Chemoga Yeda and Halele Werabesa Hydroelectric Power Projects (Stage 1). Ethiopia.

Lahmeyer International, Elektrowatt and Knight Piésold, 2000. Feasibiliy Study of Halele Werabesa Stage 1 Hydropower Project, Main Report. Ethiopia.

Lahmeyer International, Elektrowatt and Knight Piésold, 2000. Feasibility Study of Beles Hydropower Project, Draft Report.

Lahmeyer International, Elektrowatt and Knight Piésold, 2000. Feasibility Study of Beles, Chemoga - Yeda and Halele Werabesa Hydropower Project: Comparison with Aleltu Hydropower Project, Final Report.

Elizabeth Laird, 2006. New hydro projects in China and Ethiopia. Energy World 43(342): 3.

Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project, ed., 2005. Knowledge and Experiences gained from managing the Lake Victoria Ecosystem.

Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP), 2002. Part II: Technical Report. COWI in Association with DHI. COWI in Association with DHI,

S. Lonergan and A. T. Wolf, 2001. Moving water to move people - the Toshka project in Egypt - A water forum contribution. Water International 26(4): 589-596.

Shemelis Woldeyesus Mekonnen, 2003. Pre-feasibility study of Finchaa Extension Hydropower Plant, Ethiopia. MSc in Hydropower Development. NTNU. Trondheim, Norway.

Wolde Sermollo Mengistu, 2005. Pre-Feasibility Study of Geba Hydropower Project in the Baro Akobo Basin, Ethiopia. MSc thesis, NTNU, Norway. Trondheim.

Ministry of Agriculture, 2001. The Development of Irrigation Agriculture in the BaroAkob, Awash, Abbay, Omo-Ghibe River Basins. Ethiopia.

Ministry of Energy, 2003. National Energy Policy, Draft. Nairobi, Kenya.

Ministry of Energy, 2004. Sector Reform and Power Development Project Nairobi, Kenya.

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, 2001. Rural Electrification Strategy and Plan 2001-2010. Kampala, Uganda.

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, 2002. Annual Report 2002. Kampala, Uganda.

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, 2002. The Engery Policy for Uganda. Kampala, Uganda.

Ministry of Energy and Mineral development, 2003. The Uganda Alternative Energy Resource Assessment and Utilization Study â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Identification and Ranking of Small Hydropower Projects for Feasibility Studies â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Technical Report. Kampala, Uganda.

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, 2004. Energy Sector Investment Guide. Kampala, Uganda.

Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 2000-2003. Integrated Water Resource Management. Nairobi, Kenya.

Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, 2002. Country Strategy on Integrated Water Resources Management. Nairobi, Kenya. Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources, 2003. Report on flushing operation of Khashm El Girba Reservior. Sudan.

Irrigation and Drainage Branch Ministry of Water Resource Management and Development, 2003. Draft Irrigation Strategic Plan 2003-2008.

Ministry of Water Resources, 2000. Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Ministry of Water Resources, 2001. Sector review report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Ministry of Water Resources, 2002. Water Sector Development Programme 2002-2016 Executive Summary. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Ministry of Water Resources, 2002. Water Work Design and Supervision Enterprise. Water Sector Development Program (Project ETH/98/001), Volume II-Main Report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Ministry of Water Resources, 2002. Water Sector Development Programme 2002-2016. Volume II, Main report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Ministry of Water Resources, 2004. National Water Development Report for Ethiopia (Final). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Ministry of Water Resources and ITAB Consult PLC, 2001. Implementation Strategy for River Basin Integrated Development Master Plan. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Ministry of Water Resources and WWDSE, 2000. Jema Hydropower Project Reconnaissance Study Draft Report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Ministry of Water Resources and Development, 2003. First National Water Resources Management Strategy, Final Draft Report. Nairobi, Kenya.

Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, 2000. Task force on Water Quality Priorities and Strategies. Report submitted to Advisory Panel Project on Water Management and Drainage. Egypt

Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, 2004. Study on Cost Recovery in the lrrigation and Drainage Sector. Consultant Report for MWRI and KfW. Cairo, Egypt.

Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, 2005. National Water Resources Plan (NWRP). Cairo, Egypt.

Ministry of Water Resources and lrrigation - Planning Sector and Ministry of Foreign Affairs - the Netherlands - Directorate General for International Cooperation, 2001. National Water Resources Plan (NWRP) for Egypt. Introduction toSummarythe NWRP and of Reports. Cairo, Egypt.

J. Morris, 2001. Cost-benefit module for the Appraisal of Controlled Drainage in Egyptian Agriculture; Draft Report for HR Wallingford, Egypt

M. and Cardinalli Moustafa, R., 2002. Irrigation management transfer in Egypt. The 18th ICID Congress, Montreal, Canada.

MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources), UNESCO, World Water Assessment Programme and Generations Integrated Rural Development Consultants, 2006. National Water Development Report for Ethiopia (Final) UN-WATER/WWAP/2006/7. Addis Abeba, Ethiopia.

N. Haregeweyn, J. Poesen, J. Nyssen, J. De Wit, M. Haile, G. Govers and S. Deckers, 2005. Reservoirs in Tigray (Northern Ethiopia): characteristics and sediment deposition problems. Land Degradation and Development 17(2).

National Water Resources Plan (NWRP), 2000. Desalinisation in Egypt, NWRP Technical Report no. 13. Cairo, Egypt.

National Water Resources Plan (NWRP), 2000. Crop Water Use and Water Balance in the Nile System, NWRP Technical Report No.8. Cairo, Egypt.

National Water Resources Plan (NWRP), 2001. Groundwater in the Western Desert. NWRP technical report no 15. Cairo, Egypt.

National Water Resources Plan (NWRP), 2001. Groundwater in the Nile Valley and Delta. NWRP technical report no 16. Cairo, Egypt.

National Water Resources Plan (NWRP), 2001. Demand for municipal and industrial water. NWRP technical report no 18. Cairo, Egypt.

National Water Resources Plan (NWRP), 2002. Future Water for Agriculture in the Nile system of Egypt. Technical report no 25. Cairo, Egypt.

National Water Resources Plan (NWRP), 2002. Water management measures; NWRP technical report no. 24, draft version 2.8. Cairo, Egypt.

National Water Resources Plan (NWRP), 2002. Problem Analysis 2017. technical report no. 23. Cairo, Egypt.

NBI NELSAP, 2006. Request for Proposals: Kagera Transboundary Integrated Water Resources Managment and Development Project. NBI/NELSAP/KAGERATIWRMDP/RFP01/2006.

H. J. Nijland, ed., 2000. Drainage along the river Nile.

Nile Basin Initiative and Nile Trans boundary Environmental Action Project, 2005. Nile Basin National Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Study Report for Egypt. Nile Basin Water Quality Monitoring Baseline Report- Draft, 5/05. Egypt.

Nile Equatorial Lakes Council of Ministers, 2001. Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP), Project Identification Documents.

Norconsult, 2000. Opportunities for Power Trade in the Nile Basin. Scoping study. Draft final report. Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi.

Norconsult, 2000. Serengeti Water Master Plan.

Norplan, 2000. Karuma Falls Hydropower Project.

Norplan, 2001. Technical Support Consultancy to The Nile Equatorial Lakes Technical Advisory committee (Nile TAC) for Indentification of a Subsidiary Action Program.

Norplan, 2006. Fula Rapids Feasibility Study, Phase 1. Sudan.

Norplan, Norconsult and Lahmeyer Int., 2004. Desk Study on Genji Diversion. Ethiopia.

Norplan, Norconsult and Lahmeyer Int., 2005. Karadobi Multipurpose Project, Prefeasibility Study, Draft Final Report. Ethiopia.

Norplan, Norconsult, WWDSE and Shebelle Consult, 2004. Geba Hydropower Projects, Feasibility Study Report. Ethiopia.

Norplan (lead), Norconsult, Lahmeyer International, Shebelle Engineering and WWDSE, 2006. Karadobi Dam and Multipurpose Project. Ethiopia.

Norplan (lead), Norconsult, Lahmeyer International, Shebelle Engineering and WWDSE, 2006. Baro I and II Hydropower Projects (Feasibility study). Ethiopia.

Norplan (lead), Norconsult, Shebelle Engineering and WWDSE, 2006. Geba Hydropower Projects Feasibility Study. Ethiopia.

V. V. D. Novozhenin, 2000. Exploitation of Water and Hydropower Resources of the Nile River. Hydrotechnical Construction 34(8-9): 457-9.

J. Nyssen, J. Moeyersons, J. Poesen, J. Deckers and M. Haile, 2003. The environmental significance of the remobilisation of ancient mass movements in the Atbara-Tekeze headwaters, Northern Ethiopia. Geomorphology 49(3-4): 303-322.

T. Paulos, S. Yilma and T. Ketema, 2006. Evaluation of the sand-trap structures of the Wonji-Shoa sugar estate irrigation scheme, Ethiopia. Irrigation and Drainage Systems 20, no 2-3: 193-204.

RIGW/NWRP, 2000. Groundwater Well Inventory in the Nile Valley and Delta. NWRP

technical report no 9. Cairo, Egypt.

SNC-Lavallin and HydroQuebec International, 2004. Strategic/Sectoral, Social and Environmental Assessment of Power Development Options in Burundi, Rwanda and Western Tanzania. Draft Report no1.

SNC-Lavallin International, Hydro Quebec International, World Bank and CIDA, 2005. Strategic/Sectoral, Social and EnvironmentalAssessment of Power Development Options in The Nile Equatorial Lakes Region Stage II Preliminary Evaluation of New Power Options in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Congo.

Tassew Erkyihun Solomon, 2004. Inflow Forecasting and Reservoir Operation for Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thesis in Hydropower Development. NTNU. Trondheim, Norway.

Tanesco, 2000. Generation Data 1997â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1999. Tanzania.

Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited (Tanesco), 2000. Study for the Rural Electrification of Karagwe District Report, . Directorate of Corporate Planning & Research, Research & Investigation Section, Tanzania.

Tessema Woubneh, 2000. Current Status and Issues in Irrigation Development, Water Sector Development Program, Sector Review Report, Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise.

Tractebel Ingenierie, 2003. Amenagement Hydroelectique des Chutes de Rusumo Phase II. Brusels, Belgium.

Terje Tvedt, 2004. The River Nile in the Age of the British: Political Ecology and the Quest for Economic Power. Water Resources and Energy Management Internationale Inc. and Norplan Uganda Ltd., 2003. Study of Water Management of Lake Victoria, Draft, Inception Report. Uganda.

WL Delft Hydraulics, 2000. Upgrading FEWS Sudan (Flood Early Warning System). Sudan.

From WL Delft webpages: "Description: On request of the Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources in Sudan, a fact finding mission is carried out to assess the necessary activities to upgrade the present FEWS for the Nile river in Sudan. The original system was implemented by WL | Delft Hydraulics in the period 1991-1994. " UNDP Khartoum WL Ref: Q2704

WL Delft Hydraulics, 2005. Merowe Dam - Review of Hydraulic Model Studies and Design. Sudan.

P. Wolff, 2001. Reuse of drain water in Egypt - status, limitations and challengies. Zeitschrift fĂźr BewĂ¤sserungswirtschaft / Journal of Applied Irrigation Science 36(2).

World Bank, 2001. Uganda Energy for Rural Transformation, Project Report. Uganda.

WWDSE and Ministry of Water Resources, 2000. Water Sector Development Program (Project ETH/98/001) Sector Review Report (Final), (Volume II, Sub Sectoral Analysis). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

WWDSE and Ministry of Water Resources, 2001. Water Sector Development Program, Draft Final (Project ETH/98/001), Volume IV, Sub-Sectoral Reports, Hydropower Development,. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

TRAVEL AND EXPLORATION Richard Scaturro Pasquale Bangs, 2005. Mystery of the Nile: the epic story of the first descent of the world's deadliest river. New York City, G.P. Putnam's Sons.

Alain BlottiĂ¨re, 2003. Vintage Egypt: cruising the Nile in the golden age of travel. Paris, Flammarion.

W. B. Carnochan, 2006. The sad story of Burton, Speke, and the Nile; or, was John Hanning Speke a cad?: looking at the evidence, Stanford General Books.

Shirley Mills Sara Foster, 2002. An anthology of women's travel writings, Manchester University Press.

Gianni Shugaar Antony Guadalupi, 2001. Latitude zero: Tales of the Equator. New York, Carroll & Graf.

John Keay, 2002. The mammoth book of explorers. New York, Carroll & Graf.

Anthony P. Michel, 2006. Nation, Race, and Empire - To Represent the Country in Egypt: Aboriginality, Britishness, Anglophone Canadian Identities, and the Nile Voyageur Contingent, 1884-1885. Histoire sociale 39(77): 45-78.

Virginia Morell, 2001. Blue Nile: Ethiopia's river of magic and mystery. Washington, D.C., Adventure Press.

Pat Shipman, 2004. To the heart of the Nile: Lady Florence Baker and the exploration of central Africa, Morrow.

Paul Starkey and Janet Starkey, 2001. Unfolding the orient: travellers in Egypt and the Near East. Reading, Ithaca.

Paul Theroux, 2003. Dark star safari: overland from Cairo to Cape Town, Houghton Mifflin.

WATER USE, WATER MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES A. H. Seid, 2004. 10 Flooding Extents and Coping Mechanisms in the Eastern Nile, Flood Preparedness and Early Warning Project. ENTRO, NBI, ENSAP, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

A. W. Abdelhadi, H. S. Adam, M. A. Hassan and T. Hata, 2004. Participatory management: Would it be a turning point in the history of the Gezira scheme? Irrigation and Drainage 53(4): 429-436.

Abdu Abdelkdair and Richard Schultz, 2005. Water harvesting in a `runoff-catchment' agroforestry system in the dry lands of Ethiopia. Agroforestry Systems 63(2): 291-298.

Yohannes Aberra, 2004. Problems of the solution: intervention into small-scale irrigation for drought proofing in the Mekele Plateau of northern Ethiopia. The Geographical Journal 170(3): 226-237.

W. Abou El Hassan, Y. Kitamura, K. Inosako, K. Shimizu and S. Nishiyama, 2006. Effect of Water Management and Tillage Practices on Rice Yield, Water Use Efficiency and Physical Properties of Paddy Soil in the Nile Delta. Nogyo Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu 74(4): 39-48.

W. Abou El Hassan, K. Yoshinobu, H. Solomon, M. Meleha and H. Kouichi, 2005. Effect of Subsurface Drainage on Rice Cultivation and Soil Salinity in the Nile Delta. Nogyo Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu 73(2): 43-52.

M. Abu-Zeid, 2001. Water pricing in irrigated agriculture. International Journal of Water Resources Development 17(4): 527-538.

Shardul Agrawala and Ahsan Uddin Ahmed, 2005. Bridge over troubled waters: linking climate change and development, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

M. H. Ahmed, 2002. Multi-Temporal Conflict of the Nile Delta Coastal Changes, Egypt. Littoral 2002, The Changing Coast. EUROCAST / EUCC. Oporto, Portugal. Amal Mohamed Ali, Leeuwen van and Koopmans, 2001. Benefits of Draining Agricultural Land in Egypt: Results of Five Years' Monitoring of Drainage Effects and Impacts. International Journal of Water Resources Development 17(4): 633-646.

A. A.. Allam, 2003. Desalination of brackish groundwater in Egypt. Desalination 152(13): 19.

Gregory Amacher, Lire Ersado, William Hyde, 2004. Tree planting in Tigray, Ethiopia: the importance of human disease and water microdams. Agroforestry Systems 60, no 3: 211-225.

A. Amsalu and J. de Graaff, 2006. Farmers' views of soil erosion problems and their conservation knowledge at Beressa watershed, central highlands of Ethiopia. Agriculture and Human Values 23(1): 99-108.

I. A. Atiem and N. B. Harmancioglu, 2006. Assessment of regional floods using Lmoments approach: The case of the river Nile. Water Resources Management 20(5): 723747.

P. W. Bartholomew, O. M. Mohammed, M. T. Hamid and M. Mahir, 2003. Irrigated forage production in the central clay plains of Sudan. Tropical Agriculture 80(3): 135145.

Bayoumi, 2004. lntegrated Approach to Water Resources Management in Egypt: Financial Sustainability. Consultant Report for MWRI and World Bank, Egypt Country Department. Cairo, Egypt.

W. Bewket and G. Sterk, 2002. Farmers' participation in soil and water conservation activities in the Chemoga watershed, Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Land Degradation & Development 13(3): 189-200.

Bonzi Rea, 2006. NGOs in conflict prevention: experiences from the water sector in Ethiopia. Development in Practice 16(2): 201-208.

G. Brhane, C. S. Wortmann, M. Mamo, H. Gebrekidan and A. Belay, 2006. Micro-basin tillage for grain sorghum production in semiarid areas of northern Ethiopia. Agronomy Journal 98(1): 124-128.

Tom H. Brikowski and Abdallah Faid, 2006. Pathline-calibrated groundwater flow models of Nile Valley aquifers, Esna, upper Egypt. Journal of Hydrology 324(1): 195209.

R. O. Collins, 2006. Negotiations and exploitation of the Nile waters at the end of the millennium - A water forum contribution. Water International 31(1): 116-126.

D. Conway, 2005. From headwater tributaries to international river: Observing and adapting to climate variability and change in the Nile basin. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy Dimensions 15(2): 99-114.

M. A. Dawoud, M. M. Darwish and M. M. El-Kady, 2005. GIS-based groundwater management model for Western Nile Delta. Water Resources Management 19(5): 585604.

K. Dewidar and A. Khedr, 2001. Water quality assessment with simultaneous Landsat-5 TM at Manzala Lagoon, Egypt. Hydrobiologia 457: 49-58.

John C. Dolson, Paul J. Boucher, Tim Dodd and Javed Ismail, 2002. Petroleum potential of an emerging giant gas province, Nile Delta and Medipteorranean Sea off Egypt. The Oil and Gas Journal 100(20): 32-38.

A. M. Duda, 2002. Restoring and protecting the African Great Lake Basin Ecosystems lessons from the North American Great Lakes and the GEF. Odata Eric O. and D. O. Olago. The East African great lakes: limnology, paleolimnology and biodiversity: 537556. Dordrecht/Boston/London, Kluwer Academic Publishers.

A. M. Ebraheem, H. K. Garamoon, S. Riad, P. Wycisk and A. M. S. El Nasr, 2003. Numerical modeling of groundwater resource management options in the East Oweinat area, SW Egypt. Environmental Geology 44(4): 433-447.

Mahmoud M. El Banna, 2004. Nature and human impact on Nile Delta coastal sand

dunes, Egypt. Environmental Geology 45(5). Tag El Khazin, 2001. Nile waters management and links to conflict management and food security in the Horn of Africa, Canadian Centre for Foreign Policy Development.

Z. El-Haddad, A. J. Clemmens, M. El-Ansary and M. Awad, 2001. Influence of cultural practices on the performance of long level basins in Egypt. Irrigation and Drainage Systems 15 Part 4: 327-353.

Osman Ali Osman Elmakki, 2006. Challenges and possibilities of drip and canal irrigation in Northern Sudan. M.Sc.thesis. Universitetet for miljø- og biovitenskap. Ås, Norway.

Moustafa sayed El-Sammany, 2002. Design of Lake Nasser environmental monitoring system. Irrigation and Hydraulics Engineering Department. Cairo University. Cairo, Egypt.

J. P. Ericson, C. J. Vorosmarty, S. L. Dingman, L. G. Ward and M. Meybeck, 2006. Effective sea-level rise and deltas: Causes of change and human dimension implications. Global and Planetary Change 50(1-2): 63-82.

A. A. Fadlelmawla and M. A. Dawoud, 2006. An approach for delineating drinking water wellhead protection areas at the Nile Delta, Egypt. Journal of Environmental Management 79(2): 140-149.

A. Faid, A. A. Hassan and A. M. Z. Salah, 2005. Hydrogeologische Situation und Trinkwassergewinnung in ariden und semiariden Gebieten - Environmental aspects of groundwater systems in Nile Delta, Egypt (with 12 figures and 2 tables). Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil I: Allgemeine angewandte regionale und historische Geologie(1): 31-50.

S. Focardi, I. Corsi, S. Mazzuoli, L. Vignoli, S. A. Loiselle and S. Focardi, 2006. Integrating remote sensing approach with pollution monitoring tools for aquatic ecosystem risk assessment and managment: A case study of Lake Victoria (Uganda). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 122(1-3): 275-287.

G. Frasier, 2005. Water Management in Northwestern Egypt. Rangelands 27(2): 19-23.

Omran E. Frihy, 2003. The Nile delta-Alexandria coast: vulnerability to sea-level rise, consequences and adaptation. Migitation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 8(115-138).

O. E. Frihy, M. M. El Banna and A. I. El Kolfat, 2004. Environmental impacts of Baltim and Ras El Bar shore-parallel breakwater systems on the Nile delta littoral zone, Egypt. Environmental Geology 45(3): 381-390.

J. A. Grant, T. A. Maxwell, A. K. Johnston, A. Kilani and K. K. Williams, 2004. Documenting drainage evolution in Bir Kiseiba, southern Egypt: Constraints from ground-penetrating radar and implications for Mars (DOI 10.1029/2003JE002232). Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (9) Part 5: E09002.

C. A. Guvele, 2001. Gains from crop diversification in the Sudan Gezira scheme. Agricultural Systems 70(1): 319-333.

Osama Mohamed A. Gaamea, 2000. Behaviour of the Transition Zone in the Nile Delta Aquifer under Different Pumping Schemes. PhD. thesis. Irrigation and Hydraulics Engineering Department. Cairo University. Cairo.

Osman El-Tom Hamad and Atta El-Battahani, 2005. Sudan and the Nile Basin. Aquatic Sciences 67(1): 28-41.

H. Hengsdijk, G. W. Meijerink and M. E. Mosugu, 2006. Comment on modelling the effect of soil and water conservation practices in Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 114(2-4): 412-414.

L. M. Hermans, N. El-Masry and T. M. Sadek, 2002. Participative water management: social and ecological aspects: Linking actors and models for water policy development in Egypt: Analyzing actors and their options. Knowledge, Technology, & Policy 14 Part 4: 57-74.

John P. Hoehn and Douglas J. Krieger, 2000. Technical Papers - Economic Analysis of Water Service Investments and Tariffs in Cairo, Egypt. Journal of water resources planning and management 126(6): 345-355.

G. Howard, J. Teuton, P. Luyima and R. Odongo, 2002. Water usage patterns in lowincome urban communities in Uganda: implications for water supply surveillance. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 12(1): 63-73.

Margo Veillon, Charlotte Hug, and PenelopeBennett, 2000. Egyptian harvests - Moissons Ă&#x2030;gyptiennes. Cairo, Egypt, American University in Cairo Press.

H. Hurni, K. Tato and G. Zeleke, 2005. The implications of changes in population, land use, and land management for surface runoff in the upper Nile Basin area of Ethiopia. Mountain Research and Development 25(2): 147-154.

A. A. Ibrahim, C. J. Stigter, H. S. Adam and A. M. Adeeb, 2002. Water-use efficiency of sorghum and groundnut under traditional and current irrigation in the Gezira scheme, Sudan. Irrigation Science 21(3): 115-125.

J. R. Ikingura, H. Akagi, J. Mujumba and C. Messo, 2006. Environmental assessment of mercury dispersion, transformation and bioavailability in the Lake Victoria Goldfields, Tanzania. Journal of Environmental Management 81(2): 167-173.

H. M. Kandil, 2003. Institutional reform vision for the irrigation sector in Egypt. International Journal of Water Resources Development 19(2): 221-231.

H. O. Kannan and M. B. Mohamed, 2001. The impact of irrigation frequency on population density of thrips, Thrips tabaci Rom (Thripidae, Thysanoptera) and yield of onion in El Rahad, Sudan. Annals of Applied Biology 138(2): 129-132.

F. Kansiime, H. Oryem-Origa and S. Rukwago, 2005. Comparative assessment of the value of papyrus and cocoyams for the restoration of the Nakivubo wetland in Kampala, Uganda. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 30(11-16): 698-705.

R. O. Karar, B. F. Mohamed and R. H. Marrs, 2005. Factors influencing the weed flora in the Gezira Scheme, Sudan. Weed Research 45(2): 121-129.

G. N. Kasozi, B. T. Kiremire, F. W. B. Bugenyi, N. H. Kirsch and P. Nkedi-Kizza, 2006. Organochlorine residues in fish and water samples from Lake Victoria, Uganda. Journal of Environmental Quality 35(2): 584-589.

Kenneth K. Kielen and Neeltje C. Tanji, 2002. Agricultural drainage water management in arid and semi-arid areas. Rome, Italy, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. This report from FAO includes a case study from Egypt.

J. Kim and M. Sultan, 2002. Assessment of the long-term hydrologic impacts of Lake Nasser and related irrigation projects in Southwestern Egypt. Journal of Hydrology 262(1-4): 68-83.

M. A. Kishimba, L. Henry, H. Mwevura, A. J. Mmochi, M. Mihale and H. Hellar, 2004. The status of pesticide pollution in Tanzania. Talanta 64(1): 48-53.

R. G. Koopmans, 2001. Benefits of Draining Agricultural Land in Egypt: Results of Five Years' Monitoring of Drainage Effects and Impacts. International Journal of Water Resources Development 17(4): 633.

T. H. S. Kotb, T. Watanabe, Y. Ogino and K. K. Tanji, 2000. Soil salinization in the Nile Delta and related policy issues in Egypt. Agricultural Water Management 43(2): 239.

I. K. Kulecho and E. K. Weatherhead, 2006. Adoption and experience of low-cost drip irrigation in Kenya. Irrigation and Drainage 55(4): 435-444.

J. Kyambadde, F. Kansiime, L. Gumaelius and G. Dalhammar, 2004. A comparative study of Cyperus papyrus and Miscanthidium violaceum-based constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in a tropical climate. Water Research 38(2): 475-485.

Sayed El-Sayed Ali Maghoub, 2000. Optimization of Power Generation from Irrigation Regulators. PhD. Cairo University. Cairo.

M. A. Mandil and A. A. Bushnak, 2003. Future needs for desalination in South Mediterranean countries. Desalination 152(1-3): 15-18.

S. A. Mason, 2005. Riparian perspectives of international cooperation in the Eastern Nile Basin. Aquatic Sciences 67(1): 1-2.

S. V. Matagi, 2002. Some issues of environmental concern in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 77(2): 121-138.

B. Mintesinot, H. Verplancke, E. Van Ranst and H. Mitiku, 2004. Examining traditional irrigation methods, irrigation scheduling and alternate furrows irrigation on vertisols in northern Ethiopia. Agricultural Water Management 64(1): 17-28.

M. F. Mohamed, 2000. Irrigation systems, water management and productivity - Useful Tepary and Cowpea Lines in Rationalizing Water Use for Pulse Legume Production in Southern Egypt. Acta Horticulturae(537): 813-822.

Ragab Ali Abdel-Azim Mohamed, 2000. Agricultural Drainage Water Reuse in Egypt: Evaluation of Current Practices and a Vision for Future Development. PhD. Irrigation and Hydraulics Engineering Department. Cairo University. Cairo, Egypt.

M. M. Moustafa, 2000. A geostatistical approach to optimize the determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity for large-scale subsurface drainage design in Egypt. Agricultural Water Management 42(3): 291-313.

Mahmoud M. Moustafa, 2004. Can Farmers in Egypt Shoulder the Burden of Irrigation Management? Irrigation and Drainage Systems 18(2): 109-125.

J. G. Mowo, B. H. Janssen, O. Oenema, L. A. German, J. P. Mrema and R. S. Shemdoe, 2006. Soil fertility evaluation and management by smallholder farmer communities in northern Tanzania. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 116(1-2): 47-59.

F. Mwanuzi, H. Aalderink and L. Mdamo, 2003. Simulation of pollution buffering capacity of wetlands fringing the Lake Victoria. Environment International 29(1): 95103.

A. Nardini and H. Fahmy, 2005. Integrated evaluation of Egypt's water resources plans A framework to cope with sustainability. Water International 30(3): 314-328.

Alexander Naty, 2002. Environment, Society and the State in Western Eritrea. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 72(4): 569-597.

S. W. Nixon, 2003. Replacing the Nile: Are anthropogenic nutrients providing the fertility once brought to the Mediterranean by a great river? Ambio 32(1): 30-39.

V. D. Novozhenin and A. M. Lapshin, 2001. Exploitation of Water and Hydropower Resources of the Nile River. Hydrotechnical Construction 34(8/9): 457-463.

J. T. Nyangababo, L. Henry and E. Omutange, 2005. Organochlorine pesticide contamination in surface water, sediment, and air precipitation of Lake Victoria basin, East Africa. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 75(5): 960-967.

J. T. Nyangababo, L. Henry and E. Omutange, 2005. Heavy metal contamination in plants, sediments, and air precipitation of Katonga, Simiyu, and Nyando wetlands of Lake Victoria basin, East Africa. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 75(1): 189-196.

J. Nyssen, N. Haregeweyn, K. Descheemaeker, D. Gebremichael, K. Vancampenhout, J. Poesen, M. Haile, J. Moeyersons, W. Buytaert, J. Naudts, J. Deckers and G. Govers, 2006. Modelling the effect of soil and water conservation practices in Tigray, Ethiopia. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 114(2-4): 407-411.

Ramchand Oad and Rajab Azim, 2002. Irrigation Policy Reforms for Rice Cultivation in Egypt. Irrigation and Drainage Systems 16, no 16(1): 15-32.

E. Z. Ochieng, J. O. Lalah and S. O. Wandiga, 2006. Heavy metals in water and surface sediments in Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 77(3): 459-468.

E. O. Odada, D. O. Olago, F. Bugenyi, K. Kulindwa, J. Karimumuryango, K. West, M. Ntiba, S. Wandiga, P. Aloo-Obudho and P. Achola, 2003. Environmental assessment of the East African Rift Valley lakes. Aquatic Sciences 65(3): 254-271.

E. O. Odada, D. O. Olago, K. A. A. Kulindwa, M. Ntiba and S. Wandiga, 2004. Mitigation of environmental problems in Lake Victoria, East Africa: Causal chain and policy options analyses. Ambio 33(1-2): 13-23. Mohamed Okbah and Samir Nasr, 2006. Dissolved trace-metal concentrations along the Mediterranean Sea, to the north of the Nile Delta Region, Egypt. Chemistry and Ecology

22(2): 125-135.

M. A. Omara, M. A. Qenawy, I. Lashine and M. A. Ragab, 2003. Role of farmer participation in operating modified drainage system. Proceedings 9th ICID International Drainage Workshop, Utrecht, Netherlands, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI).

A. M. Omer, 2001. Solar water pumping clean water for Sudan rural areas. Renewable Energy 24(2): 245-258.

A. M. Omer, 2003. Water resources and supply policy in developing countries with special reference to Sudan. Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-Aqua 52(3): 217-223.

Michael Owor, Tina Hartwig, Andrew Muwanga, Dieter Zachmann, Walter Pohl, Dismas Mbabazi, R. Ogutu-Ohwayo, S. B. Wandera and Y. Kiziito, 2007. Impact of tailings from the Kilembe copper mining district on Lake George, Uganda. Environmental Geology 51(6): 1065-1076.

F. Pearce, 2006. Uganda pulls plug on Lake Victoria. New Scientist 189(2358): 12-12.

Praxeda K. Machiwa, 2003. Water quality management and sustainability: the experience of Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP)â&#x20AC;&#x201C;â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Tanzania. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. Parts A/B/C 28(20-27): 1111.

R. Ragab, 2005. Special Issue on Advances in Integrated Management of Fresh and Saline Water for Sustainable Crop Production: Modeling and Practical Solutions - Papers Presented at the International Workshop on Sustainable Strategies for Irrigation in SaltProne Mediterranean Region: a System Approach - Cairo, Egypt, December 8-10, 2003 Preface. Agricultural Water Management 78: 1-2.

Magdy Abou Rayan, Berge Djebedjian, Ibrahim Khaled and Walid E, 2001. Water supply and demand and a desalination option for Sinai, Egypt Impact Assessment of an Irrigation Improvement Project in Egypt. Desalination 136(1): 73-82. Eduard G. Reinhardt, Daniel Jean Stanley and Henry P. Schwarcz, 2001. Human-Induced

Desalinization of Manzala Lagoon, Nile Delta, Egypt: Evidence from Isotopic Analysis of Benthic Invertebrates. Journal of Coastal Research 17(2): 431-442.

Eugene Rutagarama and Adrian Martin, 2006. Partnerships for protected area conservation in Rwanda. The Geographical Journal 172(4): 291-305.

M. Sadek, 2001. Pollution vulnerability of the Quaternary aquifer near Cairo, Egypt, as indicated by isotopes and hydrochemistry. Hydrogeology Journal 9(3): 273.

Pagm Scheren, H. A. Zanting and A. M. C. Lemmens, 2000. Estimation of water pollution sources in Lake Victoria, East Africa: Application and elaboration of the rapid assessment methodology. Journal of Environmental Management 58(4): 235-248.

Gabriel B. Senay and James Verdin, 2003. Special collection: Applications of remote sensing in hydrology - Characterization of yield reduction in Ethiopia using a GIS-based crop water balance model. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 29(6): 687-686.

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