Milton | Milton Supreme | Masterplanning

Milton SUPREME

Stage

Package

Masterplan

Milton Supreme

Prepared by Izhikova Anastasia Urban Design Studies Unit, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, October - December 2016

MASTERPLANNING FOR CHANGE Strategic masterplan is a tool that can successfully shape the future of the area. Combined with other important measures in economic, social, environmental aspects of life, it can revitalize neighbourhoods and help the city become well-functioning and more or less evenly developed organism.

Masterplan is a physical planning embodiment of ideas that will allow the district to develop sustainably, to make the environ¬ment accessible, safe, diverse. It is a tool for encouraging people to be active in this environment, to see the change and to be the cause of it.

The idea that is presented for Milton’s case is a gradual trans¬formation of the territory in phases with a wide specter of a dif¬ferent surgical interventions in the neighbourhood to develop framework for the future evolving city. The system of the nodes and densities combined with the new transport and ecological network opens the ways for the local production, recreational activities, educational opportunities, entertainment. Applied tools such as Local Urban Code bring the unity in diversity and help create a set guidelines for any new building activity in the area.

This masterplan for Milton is a promise of the connected, includ¬ed, prosperous future. It is a step towards change in every as¬pect of life though the planning and strategical instruments.

author_IZHIKOVA ANASTASIA MSc Urban Design, University of Strathclyde SP Architecture, Vladimir State University, Russia

CONTENTS

Introduction Masterplanning For Change Case Milton Preliminary Work| Process Site Boundary Transformation And Confirmation Areas Key Issues And Challenges Framework And Coding| Local Urban Code Foundation Masterplan Design Process Masterplan Street Hierarchy And Active Frontages Public Space Organization, Public Transport ‘Architectural Core’ Concept Suds+Econetwork Sutainable Drainage Building Typologies Street Design Urban Main Local T2+T3 Shared Street| ‘Lane’ City Edge Special Places Milton Park Vallay Block Liddesdale Square And Public Garden Phasing Expiration Date Bibliography

MILTON

‘s location on the Northern edge of the city between two traffic arteries and time of development were two factors that set this neighbourhood on its path. Plan¬ning theories that were developed back then dictated a very certain way of expanding the city by creating suburbs. This urban sprawl was answering that main purpose of providing homes far away from the busy polluted centre, a house and a garden for every¬one. This meant a lot of cul-desacs, huge blocks, low services and almost no public realm provision.

It was built al¬most simultaneously (mass production panel housing) - most of the development were aggregated houses, with a very big setback and a narrow yet long plot of average 7 by 30 me¬ters, with later addition of six tower blocks and several blocks of semi-detached housing in its northern area.

Milton has become nothing but isolated mono functioning ‘storages’ for people and need a new approach and a lot of changes and interventions to become some¬thing more.

GLASGOW CITY CENTRE

Fig. 1 Glasgow, Google Maps

6

PRELIMINARY WORK

9

PROCESS The task preceding the Masterplanning was to understand all local and global challenges and opportunities and get the feeling of the place, to create more contex-re¬sponding design. Key findings were built on the Anal¬ysis, conducted by several groups of students.

The history, actual state of the place, national frame¬work and coding, key factors in the effective usage of the streets, were researched to establish the basis for the Strategic stage of the project. In this next phase, all main decisions were outlined by four groups, answering altogether most of the main challenges, which analysis presented – social, eco¬logical, economical and the overall challenge of the non-distinguishable place without missing out the fact that nonetheless the place is loved and treasured by many.

10

Final stage of the year work was aiming to create a Regulatory Framework, based on Foundation Master¬plan and Local Urban Code and as its result – Mas¬terplan for a portion of Milton. The choice was deter¬mined by two main factors – changing densities and landscape of the site and a set of preliminary ideas for it.

To tackle this task several guest lecturers were invited and spoke about Local Urban Code (J. Dribble), Urban Sprawl (D. Rudlin), combined with talks by course director, prof. Sergio Porta and Ombretta Romice and tutorials.

11

SITE Site on the north-East includes secondary node and a range of densities, that distributed accordingly, and a number of places with great potential to become a network of centres in public realm and can shape the character.

Secondary node that is placed on Liddesdale, was not concentrated on the intersection of two main roads, but spread along the road, and connected more with distinct places rather than crossing.

In the area, there are four places like this – Liddesdale square, Milton Park, Hospital site and City edge site, (which also includes shops on Scaraway and Love Milton organisation). location total area % of vacant/derelict land gross density

N_W 40.2 ha 41 28 u/ha

City Edge

Milton Park

Medical Centre

Liddesdale Sq. Liddesdale Rd.

1 2 3 4

12

KEY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES With the determined boundary, previously broadly outÂŹlined key issues had become more place-specific and relatable to the site. They could be grouped as block-related, streets-related or place-related.

BLOCKS Long street edges Vacant derelict land Small regular residential plots Low variability in housing typology Low legibility Weak distribution of densities, low density overall Scatteredness of development low spectre of amenities

STREETS No street hierarchy No public realm, low number of places spend time No good transport network, Car dependency no parkÂŹing spaces Not safe environment No cycling routes No permeability SUSTAINABILITY No ecological network neglected Possil marsh or canal site No transition between city and nature (border instead of edge) No working storm water sewers PLACE Monofunction of the place Low economy inside the neighbourhood Mental health issues and social issues

TRANSFORMATION AND CONFIRMATION AREAS Although developed Strategy dictates five stages of phasing in which old supply would be gradually replaced by new buildings, it is important to determine transformation and confirmation areas for the very first interventions. They are a result of densities analysis and underÂŹstanding where proposed strategical nodes demand higher density.

Milton first priority is to remove scatterdness of the land hence build up on vacant and derelict allotments, which in total is 41 % of the area.

14

FRAMEWORK AND CODING

BLOCK STUDY Urban morphology is the study of the form of human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation. The study seeks to understand the spatial structure and character of a metropolitan area, city, town or village by examining the patterns of its component parts and the ownership or control and occupation.

Density can be calculated differently, however, it is basically number of units divided by area they occupy.

If it is calculated within the block, the numbers are much higher than the gross density in the area.

This particular block is facing one of the shaping neighbourhood places and urban main street, however, in translation for Milton this does not mean it should become next Merchant City. Previous density was calculated as 39 units per hectare and relatively low for the new development. Without raising it too high, it is fear to look at the moderate densities example in the Local Urban Code with its lowest numbers around 45 units per hectare. This can be justified as the block is closer to the edge than city and its longest edge is facing local street.

17

Density: 39 u/ha The block is not huge but building coverage is low at 20-25% across street edges

d.45 u/ha

S.E. 1 S.E. 2 S.E. 2

S.E. 2

There are 2 street edges, as three bounding streets have no cleas chierarchy.

Average setbacks along all street edges are 6m.

All plots are regular with no internal lanes.

Corner plots differ in shape and size. otherwise plot sizes are similar and small (with the depth less than regular 30 m).

Proposed Transfrmation.

18

19

20

FOUNDATION MASTERPLAN Was created following first two stages in the process proposed densities and street hierarchy. It was a task of block subdivision with the respect of existing layout of streets, and structuring and distributing densities accordingly.

21

urban main local main bus line

density

02+ 60 dw/ha

A. - urban main street front B. - local main street front C. - private streetfront 02/0250 dw/ha to 45 dw/ha

03

MU. - active street front R. - residential front

from 30 dw/ha

22

DESIGN PROCESS The process was determined by a range of factors which along with the preliminary findings had shaped idea of how the future masterplan should look like, however the important part was not to completely override old Milton, but to build up upon the existing structures and amenities.

It was shaped by the parameters of walkable average block size, topography, environmental issues (flooding), view corridors, transport arteries as main axis and existing important places. New laid out street network, had become a result of careful consideration of those parameters.

Main aspiration for the Masterplan became STRUCTURING of the Urban Fabric to improve it. Creating such structure is a key factor for future resilience of the neighborhood and as it might seem quite firm it allows change and freedom within.

Character areas - Liddesdale Rd. and Sq., neighbourhood spine (1), MIlton Medical Centre (2), Milton Park (3) and City Edge (4) must diversify the feeling of the neighbourhood in change of life pace, environment, typology, function.

24

MASTERPLAN

SPECIALIST BUILDINGS public facility commerce office building

OPEN SPACES private green space (lot) public green space collective green space

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS single family, aggregated single family, detached multi-family multy-family, multiple

private paved surfaces public paved surface

27

28

STREET HIERARCHY AND ACTIVE FRONTAGES New street hierarchy offers better walkability and navigation in Milton. New street standards produce public space out of regular roads, as a result of synergy between nature and people and new quality standards.

Active frontages follow this hierarchy of streets and public spaces.

29

30

PUBLIC SPACE ORGANIZATION, PUBLIC TRANSPORT The Masterplan creates public realm for the residents and guests to explore. It promotes residential yet vibrant lifestyle, as now activity is happening on the street. Spreading of the secondary node along the core street creates pedestrian movement on a reasonable distances, and public transport helps to travel inside and outside the neighbourhood.

The intersections of pedestrian and vehicular flows on the urban main requires creation of ped-priority precincts along with other measures to calm the traffic and make crossing easy and safe for everyone.

There are several cyclist routes on the site, connecting districts, canal site and the city, supported by the separated lane on the main street and city edge promenade.

It is estimated that active public transport, supported by the new densities, can actively promote low car ownership, however, a portion of parking spaces are provided on the site for locals and guests. Some allotments contain the possibility of included parking space inside the plot.

31

32

‘ARCHITECTURAL CORE’ CONCEPT The question of legibility is very important as most of the new development is built in the universal, non specific architectural style. It is not necessarily alters overall landscape towards low standard, but most of the time is non-contextual and does not reflect anything but modern tendencies towards sustainability and lowering costs. Masterplan promotes the idea of connection with the city on every level, which includes architecture and respect towards existing historical parts of the city. This might also be a way of narrowing the gap between the social groups of Bishopbriggs and Milton. It is also lines out referring points/buildings for better navigation of the place. They must stand out in design and setback.

In order to succeed, some plots have very low design freedom and must follow guidelines not only on the facades, but also materials and maintenance, which will deliver very specific type of development. With the bigger range of freedom, it is required to follow the rhythm, heights and front types, but nothing more.

Core buildings are one of the important elements of structuring the place and creating legibility.

The question of resilience in this matter could be supported by the fact, that there is always a market for such development, and, as Masterplan aims to gentrify the city, it might be a beginning for the social change. It does not necessary mean exact buyer or higher cost, although this might be tackled with the involvement of government and all stakeholders and creating several types of the developing schemes and partnerships.

33

34

SUDS+ECONETWORK SUTAINABLE DRAINAGE 35

A

B

B

A

C

C

SUDS and PARKING

39

ECOLOGICAL NETWORK One of the most important aspects of the new plan is a connection on every level, including and maybe prioritizing ecological network. Improved street standards will allow to connect, collect and clean storm water because of bioswels and plant as much trees as possible, hence, create green-blue systems along the main flow arteries.

The topography and new layout can be used as an opportunity for small drying rain-ponds and area of water catchment; it will be linked and circulate in an improvised eco-corridors for the city in translation from the edge to more urbanized areas on the south. New proposed block size, formed by laid grid as-

40

POSSIL MARSH NATURAL RESERVE

FORTH and CLYDE CANAL

BIOSWELLS/ EMBANKMENT ZONES

Section A_A

FLOODING PARK

NEW DEVELOPMENT

PUBLIC SEMI-GREEN SPACE

NEW DEVELOPMENT/ REDEVELOPMENT

Section B_B

Fig. 49 -51 Green and Blue network. Sections A_A, B_B. Bioswale contents.

GREEN ZONE/ PARK

NATURE STUDY PARK

Section C_C

Fig. 52- 53 Living the Milton Dream Xun Hern Liaw, Yifan Xu, Rafaella Moiseos, Jordan Howard, Shenmin Lu Urban Design Studies Unit, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, October - December 2016 Fig. 54 Section C_C.

COUNTRYSIDE

GREEN CORRIDOR

CASTLEBAY BOULEVARD

Topography: a system of slopes directs water flow The valley waterways serve to remove pollutants through neighbourhood.

Vegetation: native plantings cleanse water and create habitat. An emphasis on native vegetation supports the re-establishment of diverse plant communities gradually. Plant selection also creates a unique sense of place: together with topographical variety, differentiation of species into groupings based on height, texture and color creates distinct spatial patterns.

42

HOUSING

45

BUILDING TYPOLOGIES With the introduction of various densities Milton has an opportuni¬ty of gaining great housing diversity.

Concentrated around Prima¬ry Node, density 1 (6065 dwellings/ha) will occupy approximately 11,4 hectare and deliver 707 dwellings hence 2121 persons.

This so-called ‘Urban Village’ can be represented in three to four storey housing, forming blocks approximately 100 by 100 meters each.

Following density 1, density 2 will bring 1596 dwellings with 4788 persons for the occupied footprint 38 hectare. It will also include areas of the secondary node and of the ‘gateways’ to the neighbour¬hood.

These could be repre-sented in three to two storey semi-de¬tached housing and contemporary Victorian terraces.

Density 3 consists of a few different housing types and delivers from 10 to 30 dwellings per hectare (‘Suburban Semis1’ 25-30 dw/ha, ‘Suburban Semis2’ 15-25 dw/ha,’ Executive Homes’ 10-15 dw/ha) and approximately 1914 units with its 100 ha area. It will add up 4788 persons and in total for the whole area of Milton deliver 12651 persons, which will almost double the

46

STREET DESIGN

STREET DESIGN Low car ownership in Milton is a thing that should be promoted, but not by the deprivation factor. To make space pedestrian and cyclist oriented and vehicular friendly it is important to create opportunities for one and barriers for another, which will encourage safe walking and create disadvantages for speeding. The goal was to create organized public realm with the suggestive, not prescribed functions and opportunities for people.

In the new Masterplan there are three types of streets - local main, urban main, local (residential, shared, lane).

TRAFFIC CALMING uses physical design and other measures to improve safety. It is founded on the idea that streets should help create and preserve a sense of place, serv-ing their purpose is for people to explore streetscape alongside the cars with the mini-mum negative effects.

50

URBAN MAIN is one of the core

structural elements of the shaping neighbourhood, a spine for the nods to be placed on and activities to be happening, a transit corridor. This road is one of the longest and has an opportunity to become the most diverse and to translate character of the neighbourhood as it flows through. It is based upon Liddesdale and Scaraway roads with the new important connections to Bishopbriggs on the East and Possil Park on the South. Challenge of safety and diversity is tackled through change of lane widths. Public realm is activated through frontages, street furniture, greenery. Although, private allotments sometimes have setbacks here, they are included in the streetscape with pavements.

51

ACCESSIBILITY:

inclusion of the elements of awareness and access for every group, no barriers along the way, infographycs.

LIGHTING:

street is to be illuminated with pedestrian and vehicular lights.

VEGETATION AND SUDS:

inclusion of sustainable drainage along the way; trees other than outside of the pavement should be framed in pavement with the full access to the tree with the recommendation of Structural Integrity of Soil Cells1 Implementation of bioswells in the appointed locations of predicted surface waterflows and flooding issues; gradual change in the assorted types of the greenery along the way into the one native to the place; buffer zone between bike lane and pedestrian to be planted with grass.

MATERIALS AND COLOURS:

hard surface, non-slippery Pavement with the strength parameters according to the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges: Volume 7 (2006). Parking spaces are to be done suitable for the sustainable water drainage (green parking).

Separated bike lane to be coloured red; colours for the pavements to be chosen out of natural palette; Unified materials within one block.

Bus stops to be coloured brown-red according to the standard palette.

52

LOCAL T2+T3

SHARED STREET| ‘LANE’ Typical shared street in this mas-

terplan mostly has no active frontages facing it(with the exception of Ensay and Milton Park), and its parts are short in length (about 65 m).

Its purpose is to create permeability in the fabric, accommodate parking, nonetheless this space is promoted to be used by the public - a ‘gateway’ from the active public street or square invites into safe pedestrian environment.

Same characteristics is to be implemented on residential street with the exception of the vehicular access.

53

ACCESSIBILITY:

inclusion of the elements of awareness and access for every group. No barriers along the way.

LIGHTING:

street is to be illuminated with pedestrian lights.

VEGETATION AND SUDS:

inclusion of sustainable drainage on each street; trees other than on the lawn should be framed in pavement with the full access to the tree with the recommendation of Structural Integrity of Soil Cells1 implementation, creating bioswells in the appointed locations of predicted surface waterflows and flooding issues.

MATERIALS AND COLOURS:

hard surface, non-slippery Pavement with the strength parameters according to the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges: Volume 7 (2006). Parking spaces are to be done suitable for the sustainable water drainage (green parking).

Nowadays it is quite often that colour in street pavement design is used for visibility, inform of the safety of the environment, create more legibility for the hierarchy. Local streets and lanes can become an entertaining reflection of the community and get people involved in the design by local social organizations, such as Love Milton. ‘Many Pavement to Parks and Tactical Urbanism projects include community-designed street murals’.2

54

CITY EDGE

Not expressed until now, city edge is opposing access to the boundary concept. Early findings and surveys suggested the importance of safe access to the countryside on the North of Milton. With the new promenade along the city edge it has semi-integration with the countryside, providing benches for the pedestrians and access routes (including cross-country biking). This is a unique street, as it has only one lane, lots of parking spaces and safe cycling routs. Its landscape varies as it follows the fabric from the power station up until the natural educational park.

ACCESSIBILITY:

inclusion of the elements of awareness and access for every group. No barriers along the way.

LIGHTING:

street is to be illuminated with pedestrian and vehicular lights, natural colour.

VEGETATION AND SUDS:

55

inclusion of sustainable drainage along the way; trees other than outside of the pavement should be framed in pavement with the full access to the tree with the recommendation of Structural Integrity of Soil Cells1 Implementation of bioswells in the appointed locations of predicted surface waterflows and flooding issues;

MATERIALS AND COLOURS:

hard surface, non-slippery Pavement with the strength parameters according to the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges: Volume 7 (2006). Parking spaces are to be done suitable for the sustainable water drainage (green parking).

Separated bike lane to be coloured green, indicating its safety; colours for the pavements to be chosen out of natural palette; on the city edge side pavement must transition into gravel or any other permeable material for surfaces.

56

SPECIAL PLACES

MILTON PARK Valley block opens up into Milton park, which is transformed into a new, its supreme edition. It has natural surveillance as it is bounded by new streets, and contains botanic gardens and tea rooms, as a friendly nod towards Glasgow West End. There is freedom in activities promoted in the park, without any specific prescription other than an organized playground for kids. It is suitable for every age group. a small skate pocket park is located on the way.

60

62

VALLAY BLOCK Valley block is a very special block, which does not follow regular rules on all of it edges. It contains specialist areas within as well as residential, and fully pedestrian with the access routes. The block is shaped by current street network, main axis (frontage coherence, main routes, and main vistas) and the idea of the community learning medical centre, built upon existing medical emergency centre with time.

Current typology and structure create an opportunity for the change (it can be filled up, plots can be subdivided etc.) if the change in density is going to be required in the future.

64

66

LIDDESDALE SQUARE and PUBLIC GARDEN This special space reflects respect for the place it is based on. New square is proportioned with the building heights, surrounding it; it is twice smaller previous square yet able to accommodate street markets and cafes. Previous square outline is reflected in pavements and trees, that were growing on the side of it.

This little detail allows people to relate to navigate the place as well as relate to it. The promenade on the south-west corner follows one of the main vistas towards Glasgow and contains a movable street furniture.

68

70

PHASING

EXPIRATION DATE The question of piecemeal replacement of the urban fabric is very important and highly involves y constant monitoring existing development and correct costs assessment. ‘Service life planning is a tool to improve the quality of a building and can be used both in a specific case and in general estimations of the building stock.’ It also directly depends on simultaneous process of building new housing and other facilities.

Using ISO/DIS 15686-1 and similar world standards, it can be estimated that service period of long life building is from 50 to 99 years, hence, approximate start date of demolition is 2035 for those buildings which were not refurbished recently. However, the extension for the rest of development is only ten years maximum on the condition of the careful maintenance.

Timeframe of the demolition is about five to ten years with the important condition of gradual replacement according the masterplan and design codes.

Factor method A predicted service life as obtained according to the methodology [ISO 1999] or from other sources of information should be used in the design as a reference value in order to estimate the service life of a component.

The service life of a component is estimated by using the formula ESLC = RSLC x A x B x C x D x E x F x G (1) ESLS = Estimated service life of component RSLC = Reference service life of a component.

The modifying Factors A to G reflects the deviations from the conditions from which the RSLC derives. · A Quality of components · B Design level · C Work execution level · D Indoor environment · E Outdoor environment · F In-use conditions · G Maintenance level.

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books, articles 1.

Jacobs (1993)Great Streets, Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press 2.

(2013)Are Pervious, Permeable, and Porous Pavers Really the Same? http://stormwater.wef.org/2013/10/ pervious-permeable-porous-pavers-really/ 3.

(2015)Community-designed street mural at Pavement to Parks project in Rainier Vista. Online, available at: http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/ptp_overview.htm 4.

(2006) Design Manual for Roads and Bridges: Volume 7(2006) Standards for Highways. Online, available at: http://www.standardsforhighways.co.uk/ha/standards/dmrb/vol7/section2.htm 5.

(2015) Homes through the decades. The making of modern housing NHBC Foundation NF 62 Article online, available at: http://www.nhbc.co.uk/NewsandComment/Documents/filedownload,59849,en.pdf 6.

(2016) MVRDV Partners with Traumhaus to Reinvent Affordable Living in the Suburbs. Article online, available at: http://www.archdaily.com/785511/mvrdv-partners-with-traumhaus-to-reinvent-affordable-living-in-the-suburbs 7.

(2016) Pollard Thomas Edwards completes UK’s first over 50s co-housing scheme. Article online, available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2016/12/09/pollard-thomas-edwards-architecture-first-older-co-housing-scheme-owchuk/?li_source=LI&li_medium=rhs_block_1 8.

(2013) Super-Sod Introduces Drivable Grass® Permeable Pavers to the Southeast Article online, available at: http://www.prweb.com/releases/2013/4/prweb10673431.htm 9.

(2014) Scottish house prices up 3.6 per cent year-on-year Article online, available at: http://www.mortgagefinancegazette.com/market-news/housing/scottish-house-prices-up-3-6-per-cent-year-on-year-19-02-2014/ 10.

(2016) STORMWATER DRAINAGE MANUAL. online, available at: https://www.columbus.gov/utilities/contractors/stormwater-drainage-manual/ 11.

(2016) STREETSCAPE GUIDANCE. Transport For London. Online, available at: http://content.tfl.gov.uk/ streetscape-guidance.pdf(2014) A Sunny Southern Seaside Safari Part 3: Cycle Track Bliss(ish) Online, available at: http://therantyhighwayman.blogspot.co.uk/2014/06/ 12.

Trees vs. Pavement: The Fundamental Conflict of Urban Trees. Article online, available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/trees-vs-pavement-fundamental-conflict-urban-shane-carpani 13.

(2009)Traffic Calming 101 https://www.pps.org/reference/livememtraffic/ 14.

Traffic Calming FHWA COURSE ON BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN TRANSPORTATION https://safety.fhwa. dot.gov/ped_bike/univcourse/pdf/swless11.pdf 15.

Traffic calming https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_calming 16.

Urban Morphology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_morphology 17.

The Urban Transect http://www.dpz.com/Initiatives/Transect 18.

What is SUDS http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/engineeringGeology/urbanGeoscience/suds/what.html 19.

(2004) Когда время эксплуатации наших домов закончится, article online, available at: http://100realty.ua/ archive-article/838 20.

Chatwin-Grindey S. Urban trees defend our cities. Article online, available at: http://www.building4change. com/article.jsp?id=2471#.WRIXjuXyuUk 21.

Guide to Seattle’s Street Colors, a. Online, available at: http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/ptp_colors.htm 22.

Fairs M. (2008) Urban Beads by MVRDV. Article online, available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2008/09/14/ urban-beads-by-mvrdv/ 23.

Holmes W. EXISTING BUILDINGS−EVALUATION AND RETROFIT, online, available at: https://www.fema. gov/media-library-data/20130726-1556-20490-0462/fema454_chapter8.pdf 24.

Lacasse M.A. and Vanier D.J. (1999) Durability of Building Materials and Components 8. Institute for Research in Construction, Ottawa ON, K1A 0R6, Canada, pp. 1543-1551. Ó National Research Council Canada 1999 Online, available at: http://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB2305.pdf 25.

Margetson B. Defects by Decade. Article online, available at: https://www.localsurveyorsdirect.co.uk/defects-decade 26.

Moser K., Hovde P.J. (2004) Performance Based Methods for Service Life Prediction. Reports compiled by CIB W080 / RILEM 175-SLM Service Life Methodologies Prediction of Service Life for Buildings and Components, Netherlands, online, available at: http://site.cibworld.nl/dl/publications/Pub294.pdf

85

Drawings and photos in this booklet are by author.

Drawings by Studio-5 class (strategic plans) on pages 9-10.

Pictures on pages 35-36, 43-44, 47-48, 57-58: Housing http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-19476902 Pedestrian crossing https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/568016571729177852/ http://www.architecturendesign.net/25-unbelievable-pedestrian-crossing-street-art/ Lighting http://www.lushome.com/25-modern-outdoor-lighting-design-ideas-bringing-beauty-security-homes/157114 https://www.codaworx.com/project/dandelion-integart-poland-inc http://www.archiexpo.es/prod/santa-cole/product-52200-195155.html#product-item_195125 http://www.jbjc.pt/projectos/projectos-seleccionados/generation-sede-braga-2012-capital-europeia-da-juventude/ Furniture http://www.archdaily.com/241066/urbanedge-gustafson-guhrie-nichol/ggn_urbanedge_02_72dpi/ http://www.citylab.com/tech/2012/05/street-hacker-officially-embraced/1921/ https://www.villesetpaysages.fr/ SUDS http://www.monash.edu.au/fawb/projects/project3.html https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/504051383276239874/ https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/261349584605776508/ https://thebirchstand.wordpress.com/2013/05/24/uconn-social-science-and-humanities-buildings-storrs-ct/ssa-leedbooklet-indd-2/ http://www.interempresas.net/Jardineria/Articulos/60481-Los-alcorques-unos-grandes-desconocidos.html flood risk map ––http://map.sepa.org.uk/floodmap/map.htm Bioswell, options on water containment https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/397231629620182819/ https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/a7/e7/7b/a7e77bea7cbf4f26a22e15a4e51d7114.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/thetransitcamera/8013076470/lightbox/ Drainage http://infinitydrain.com/gallery.html https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/386113368026112309/ Option of the storm water containment https://landscapeperformance.org/case-study-briefs/watch-factory https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/325103666823844849/ http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2013/10/pitt-street-mall-by-tony-caro-architecture/ disabled http://www.directenquiries.com/information/Tram%20Cathedral/76104/other/information.aspx http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-39040837 https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/215821007116867205/ Permeable Pavement https://ru.pinterest.com/explore/porous-pavement/ https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/217650594473624311/ https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/566820303074875692/ https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/437341813799805921/ https://ru.pinterest.com/pin/531987774706888133/ Square Pavement http://filterpave.com/ http://krunkatecture.com/2014/02/23/federation-square-melbourne-karres-en-brands-landscape-architects/ https://www.marshalls.co.uk/commercial/street-furniture/products/escofet-twig-webpar5128 https://land-collective.com/projects/eskenazi-health-hospital/ Parking – urban forest http://leidorf.blogspot.co.uk/2007/11/parking-place.html https://landskapsarkitekt.tumblr.com/post/103761805478 Temporary installations https://landskapsarkitekt.tumblr.com/image/148700821328 Street Junction https://dirt.asla.org/2015/01/06/landscape-architecture-in-a-changing-world/ sidewalk vegetation https://landperspectives.com/tag/portland-oregon/ Milton Park pond

86

APENDIX

APP. 1_HOUSING TYPOLOGY

APP. 1_HOUSING TYPOLOGY

APP.2_PLOT PASSPORT

Acknowledgements: Ombretta Romise+Sergio Porta, Helena Shadunts and Vyacheslav Izhikova, Polina Nenasheva, Valentina Shabanova, Daria Krotova, George Larionov, prof. David Adams, Architecture and Design Scotland, Gordon Barbour and GHA, Khalid Ali, Jordan Howard, Poppea Daniel, Martin Fleischman, Yuan Li, Taina Lund-Ricard, Lectures from Jacob Dribble, David Rudlin, and all my family, friends and classmates for the support, good lectures, tiutorials, advice and moral help, thank you!

2016-2017