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My Library Guide Contents Key contacts .....................................................................................................................................4 Using the library ............................................................................................................................5 My.UCFB (Moodle) ........................................................................................................................7 The Library page on My.UCFB ..............................................................................................7 Photocopying and printing .................................................................................................. 8 Copyright ........................................................................................................................................... 9 Laptops and IT Resources ...................................................................................................... 9 Using the Library Catalogue............................................................................................... 10 The Library Link App .................................................................................................................12 Access to other university libraries: SCONUL Access ..........................................13 Introduction to Academic Resources...........................................................................14 Evaluating Sources of Information .................................................................................17 Searching Library databases for information .........................................................18 Troubleshooting ..........................................................................................................................19 A-Z database listing ................................................................................................................ 20 Introduction to Academic Writing and Submitting Assignments .........22 Submitting your assignment.............................................................................................23 Writing Academic Essays .....................................................................................................24 Useful Academic Essay Phrases.......................................................................................26 Writing Reports ...........................................................................................................................28 Reflective Writing ..................................................................................................................... 30 Exam Revision ...............................................................................................................................31 Writing Exam Answers ...........................................................................................................32 Plagiarism and Referencing...............................................................................................34 Harvard Referencing Guide ................................................................................................36 APA Referencing Guide.........................................................................................................39 OSCOLA Referencing Guide...............................................................................................42 Learning Support Statement ............................................................................................46
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Key contacts
Department
Library and Information Service
IT
Student Services
How can they help me?
The Library team can help you with any enquiries about the loan or renewal of books. We can also assist with referencing, finding journal articles and other online information to help you in your studies. Contact IT if you need to reset your passwords for My.UCFB (Moodle), your email account or UCFB computers, laptops or Macs.
Contact Student Services if you have any queries about welfare, finance, accommodation, learning support or pastoral support.
Contact details library@ucfb.com
@UCFBLibrary
/sportsbusinesslibrary
it@ucfb.com
studentserviceswembley@ucfb.com studentservicesetihad@ucfb.com learningsupport@ucfb.com Email:
For any queries regarding your MyAthens password, please Bucks New University contact Bucks New University who manage the MyAthens system. Include your student ID number in all correspondence with Bucks.
athens@bucks.ac.uk Phone: 01494 605000 For general Bucks New University library enquiries, email: library@bucks.ac.uk
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Using the library As a student at UCFB you have access to a wide range of library resources to support your studies. UCFB’s Library and Information Service manages and maintains a print and online collection providing access to core items from your programme’s resources lists as well as recommended reading and supporting materials. Borrowing Most of the books you find in the library collection at both Etihad and Wembley campus libraries are available to borrow for three weeks at a time. The book collection also contains short loan items (one week loans) and reference copies. Any book with a red sticker on the spine is reference only. This means it is for use in the library and allows for books in high demand to still be available. Undergraduate Students What can I borrow?
For how long?
Standard loan books
3 weeks
Short loan books
1 week
Laptops (Etihad)
3 hours
How many? Total of 6 books 1
Laptops (Wembley)
Contact IT
Postgraduate Students What can I borrow?
For how long?
Standard loan books
3 weeks
Short loan books
1 week
Laptops (Etihad)
3 hours
How many? Total of 10 books 1
Laptops (Wembley)
Contact IT
Keeping your library book loans up-to-date Once you start borrowing books, it is your responsibility to ensure your books are returned to the library and/or renewed on time. In our experience overdue fines can build up remarkably quickly especially if you have your full allowance of library books on loan. Fines are set at 20p per book per day for overdue items. Renewals Renewing is easy if your borrower account is up-to-date. Students may renew standard loans and short loans twice (unless reserved). To renew an item, take your student ID card to the library desk or renew items online by logging in to your library borrower account. You can also make use of the Library Link App (see below for further details) and manage your account from your mobile phone. Returning items Please return all loans to the library desk, and wait until a member of staff has completed the transaction confirming that your books have been discharged from your account and that there are no outstanding queries or overdue fines. Please note: Books cannot be borrowed if you have outstanding fines on your library account.
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Enquiry services For all library-related queries please contact the library team at library@ucfb.com. This email Inbox is monitored during office hours Monday to Friday. You should receive a response to your enquiry within one working day (usually it will be much faster than that). Students are also encouraged to contact the Library if they have book suggestions for purchase. We are happy to consider suggestions, but please be aware that a number of criteria have to be met before a purchase is approved. It is highly unlikely that even a straightforward approved purchase will materialise on the shelves in the same semester. We also welcome feedback more generally on any aspect of the library service. Feel free to email library@ucfb.com with your comments and suggestions for improvement. Postal Loans from Bucks New University As a student at Bucks New University, you are able to borrow up to 10 books from their library. You can either do this in person by visiting the campus located in High Wycombe, or by using their free* postal loan service. There is a link to the Bucks library catalogue in the list of resources on MyAthens (see page 16 for further details). Request forms for you to complete are available in the UCFB campus libraries. Items can be sent to either your home or term-time address, whichever one you stipulate on the form.
Bucks Library Catalogue *You will need to pay for return postage on these items.
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My.UCFB (Moodle) My.UCFB is the online portal to student life at UCFB. It is often referred to as Moodle as this is the name of the platform upon which it sits. It contains your modules, timetables, the Library’s page, Student Services information and much more. The site is accessible from your computer, but also has a mobile-friendly version for your smart phone. Instructions on how to log in will be provided during induction. Any queries or questions about My.UCFB should be sent to it@ucfb.com
The Library page on My.UCFB The Library page on My.UCFB provides information about our service, our resources and links to the library catalogue and all Library e-resources. Here you will also find library contact details and links to our Twitter feed and Facebook page.
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Photocopying and printing In your first year, £5 of print credit is automatically loaded to your account upon your enrolment at UCFB. Once you have used up your £5, you will need to top up your account using the following instructions:
l From a UCFB PC, double click the Paper Cut icon located on the desktop
l Login with your username/password l Click on ‘add credit’ on the left l Select amount to add and click ‘Add’ l You will be redirected to PayPal l Complete payment details and follow on screen instructions l Once complete it returns you to Paper Cut. Sometimes you will need to log out/in before credit is visible.
A4 Photocopying costs 5p per page. A4 Printing costs 5p per page. A4 Colour printing costs 15p per page. A3 Photocopying costs 5p per page. A3 Printing cost 5p per page. A3 Colour printing 15p costs per page.
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Copyright During your course, you may wish to photocopy material, such as journal articles or book chapters. This material will almost certainly be protected by copyright and this limits what you can do. You should ensure that the copies you make are for your own personal study purposes and do not exceed 10% of the full publication. This is the equivalent of one complete chapter in a book, one complete article from a journal or one report of a single case if copying law reports. If you are unsure, please ask a Librarian for guidance.
Laptops and IT Resources Laptops (Etihad) In addition to borrowing books, you can also borrow laptops for use inside the stadium. If you would like to borrow a laptop, please ask at the library desk. These can be borrowed for up to 3 hours at a time.
Laptops (Wembley) A similar system operates at Wembley, however, it is administered by IT, so please contact IT@ucfb.com to borrow a laptop. All laptops and desktop computers have the following software installed:
n Adobe Creative Suite
n Microsoft Office 2013
n Prozone
n Skype
n IBM SPSS Statistics 22
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Using the Library Catalogue The online catalogue contains details of all books and other resources held at both Etihad and Wembley campus libraries. Find your module reading list books in the library by searching the online library catalogue at ucfb.libertyasp.co.uk/ You can also reserve books that are already on loan and manage your own library borrow account. The library catalogue can be accessed directly using the web address above or via the Library page on My.UCFB.
It is very easy to conduct a search on the catalogue. Simply search for the book you are looking for (usually by title or author). The results will show you whether or not we have the book, and which campus library holds it. Note down the classification of the book (e.g. 796.06 BEE) and find it on the library shelves. Library staff will be on hand to help. Managing Your Library Account To access your library borrower account for the first time, go to ucfb.libertyasp.co.uk/ and click on the ‘Login’ link at the top right of your screen. Your username is your student number (e.g. 21704524), and the password field should be left blank. (Try ‘password’ if leaving the field blank does not work). Once logged in, click on the ‘My Portal’ section of the website. Here you can set up your password (first-time users), and thereafter check which books you have on loan and when they are due back. You can also renew your books if you wish to keep them for longer.
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Reserving a Book It is possible to reserve a book that another student currently has on loan. Once the book has been returned, you will receive an email notification that your reserved book is ready to collect from the library. Run your search in the library catalogue as usual (You will have to be logged in to your borrower account in order to request a book). You can easily tell whether or not a book is available. The red ‘x’ indicates that this particular book is not currently available for loan.
Click on the title – it will show you that the book is on loan, and the date by which it is due back. Press the ‘reserve’ button on the right of the page to place your reservation.
Check the details are correct. To finalise your reservation, click the ‘save’ button. Your reservation has now been placed, and an email will be sent to your email account as soon as the book has been returned. You can then pick this up from the library.
Please note you can only reserve books from your own campus.
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The Library Link App Avoid library fines and manage your library account on the go by downloading the Library Link app. From here, you can search the catalogue and reserve books for your studies. Once you have borrowed books from the library you can renew them through the library link app.
Setting up Library Link on a mobile device You can download the library app from play or app stores. Once the app has downloaded select the Setup icon. You can set up the library app by scanning in your unique QR code. 1. Log into your library account (see page 10) from a laptop or pc 2. From the options on the left of the screen Go to My Portal then Details 3. Scroll down and you will see your unique QR code 4. Open the library link app on your mobile device and select Setup 5. Select Scan Setup Image 6. Hold your mobile device over the QR code and scan it 7. You will need to manually enter your password.
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Access to other university libraries: SCONUL Access Going home over the Christmas or Easter break? Buckinghamshire New University is a member of SCONUL Access. This is a scheme which allows students to visit other university libraries (UK and Ireland) belonging to the scheme to consult books and journals and use study space. If you sign up for SCONUL Access you may be able to use the University library closest to you. This could save you carrying lots of books home over the holidays, and provide you with a quiet space to study while you’re at home. How to sign up: You will need to visit the SCONUL Access website and complete an application to visit other institutions. Use the link below: http://www.sconul.ac.uk/sconul-access You must choose ‘Buckinghamshire New University’ as the name of your institution. Your application will then be seen by the SCONUL Access Team who will confirm your user status for your application to be accepted. To be eligible for this scheme, you must be considered to be “in good standing” with your UCFB library. In other words, please remember to pay any of your outstanding fines. Don’t forget to take along your Bucks student ID card when visiting other libraries. This is a different card to your UCFB student ID card. You will be refused entry if you cannot produce your Bucks ID card on request. Your Bucks student ID card will be ready to collect from your respective UCFB library four to five weeks into the first semester. We will notify you when they are available.
If you need alternative study space, please also consider your local public library. They usually have Wi-Fi, computers, printing facilities and may have books you might find useful.
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Introduction to Academic Resources Throughout your programme of study at UCFB, you will be expected to use a variety of sources to find relevant information for your assignments, coursework and your academic studies in general. These may include:
l Books or e-books
l Journals or e-journals
l Magazines & trade publications
l Newspapers & other news media
l Websites
Below is a brief outline of these main types of sources including where to find them and how best to use them. Please note that this is general guidance on information sources and should be treated as such. Remember, always follow the specific guidelines provided by your tutors in regard to best sources to use for a particular assignment or piece of coursework. The nature of the assignment may determine which types of sources are best suited to the requirements of the assignment brief. Books and eBooks Books can provide a good overview of a subject area. Textbooks in particular will provide you with:
l a comprehensive and reliable introduction to an academic subject area, for example sports marketing, accounting and finance or organisational behaviour.
l key themes, current theories and academic or business models relating to that academic discipline
Textbooks are:
l written for students
l often designed to be read week by week to accompany a course of study.
l Most will have end of chapter questions to test your understanding.
l Further reading material will also be referenced for those who wish to study a subject in more detail.
Textbooks are reliable, credible sources of information, but are not considered to be scholarly sources as they are providing second-hand accounts of relevant research. You can draw upon textbooks when writing your assignments but you should not rely solely upon textbooks for your information needs, rather use them to discover and read the original research articles and other published works upon which the textbooks are based. Access - Both campus libraries hold a good range of textbooks in sport business and related fields of study. Search the online library catalogue at ucfb.libertyasp.co.uk/ by relevant keyword(s) to identify what books your library holds in a particular subject area.
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Academic Journals Whilst textbooks are a good source of general information on a topic, academic journals should be used to find out more in-depth scholarly information.
l Academic journals are collections of articles, published regularly, usually monthly or quarterly.
l Print versions of journals look a little like magazines but their content is markedly different.
l Academic journals’ main audience is the scholarly and research community rather than the general public.
l A journal and its articles will focus on topics specific to a particular academic discipline.
l Unlike books, academic articles tend to have a very narrow subject focus.
l Articles are written by researchers and scholars in their chosen academic discipline and will normally be reporting on original research findings.
l Academic journal articles are the main information source through which you will find out about current research in a topic area for your assignments and coursework.
A brief note about ‘peer review’ Peer review relates to the process by which quality is maintained within scholarly publications such as journals. Before acceptance for publication, academic journal articles undergo a review by other experts to ensure that the research reported in the article is authentic and credible. These peer-reviewed journal articles are authoritative academic sources and are the main information type you are expected to draw upon in your own assignments and research. Journal articles are the best scholarly sources to use when researching a topic, so try to familiarise yourself with journals and get used to reading and understanding articles early on in your course. Access - Most of the journals available to UCFB students are electronic journals (e-journals), and can be accessed online via MyAthens. (See page 16). Magazines (Trade & Industry, Professional/Practitioner) Like academic journals, magazines are published on a regular basis, usually weekly or monthly. Unlike academic journals most magazines are aimed at the general public although of course their subject matter can be quite specialised. There are many different types of magazines:
l general interest
l hobbyist
l trade and industry
l professional/practitioner magazines.
Crucially magazine articles, and that includes those found in professional/practitioner magazines, do not often reflect in-depth academic research and are not peer reviewed. They should not be treated as academic journals. This is not to say that these types of articles, especially those published in magazines such as The Economist or New Scientist, are not credible. They can be particularly valuable for keeping up to date with the latest news or industry developments. Just be aware that they are not academic sources and should not be relied upon as your main source of information for your assignments: they do not carry the same weight or authority as academic journals.
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Access - Like journal articles, most of the magazines available to UCFB students are also available online via the databases on MyAthens. Wembley and Etihad campus libraries do hold a small number of print magazines, namely FC Business, PR Week, Campaign, She Kicks! and SportBusiness International. Newspapers Similarly, newspapers and credible news websites are valuable sources for current events or breaking news stories, and should be used in this context. They are not academic sources, however. Do not rely too heavily on newspaper articles in your assignments unless directed to do so by your tutors. Access - Most UK broadsheets operate their own websites, allowing free access to their current editions online. Some content may be behind a paywall but some articles and features will be freely accessible, including breaking news stories. For newspaper archives, try LexisLibrary (ask UCFB Library Staff for access). This database contains back issues of all UK newspapers and much more besides. Websites Using information gleaned from freely available websites in your academic studies comes with a health warning. Consider yourselves warned. By using information from the web with no understanding of where it came from, you run the risk of drawing upon badly written, biased or simply incorrect information. You must always consider the credibility and reliability of any information source you wish to use in your academic studies, and nowhere is this more crucial than in regard to the Internet. Be sure to evaluate information found on the internet, and where possible, stick to well-known credible sites such as academic publishers, gov.uk, professional bodies such as FIFA and the FA, and other professional and trade associations. Whatever the source, be sure to read everything you find with a critical eye so that you can more easily spot bias or personal or organisational agendas. Things to Remember:
l Many journal issues will also include book reviews and editorials, as well as articles. These are not considered scholarly articles. Avoid citing these in your assignment.
l When you begin your research, think about the kind of answer you are writing and what type of sources are most relevant for you to use. Ask your tutor if you are in any doubt about this.
l Of all the types of publications listed above, journals are usually the best choice for use in academic assignments or projects. These articles have been written by experts who have already thoroughly researched the topic.
l Use freely available web resources with great care.
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Evaluating Sources of Information Once you decide which sources are best to use and you find information relating to your topic, you must also evaluate whether or not these information sources are credible, reliable and relevant for your specific needs. Below are a number of factors you should consider before using a piece of information. Use the mnemonic ‘SCRAP it’ to remember the five criteria. Please note the ‘SCRAP it’ model below assumes you are evaluating a journal article but the same rules of thumb apply across all sources, especially if you are considering using information you have found on the internet: Scope
l Read the abstract of a journal article first, as this will give you a good idea of what the article covers.
l Is the content of the article relevant to the question you have been asked?
l Even if it relates to the wider topic of your assignment, is it useful for your assignment?
l Also consider how in-depth the material is – some journal articles may be too complex for what you require, or may not be complex enough!
Currency
l When was the article written?
l Does it contain up-to-date facts and information?
Reliability
l Accurate, reliable articles should contain a list of references – it should be clear where the author has found the information.
l Both sides of the argument should be presented, with no evidence of bias.
l It is OK to use an article which contains bias, as long as you identify this bias and explain why it exists.
Authority
l Who wrote the article?
l Can you identify the author or organisation?
l Remember that anyone can write an article or blog post and publish it on the internet, so it is important to check that the source is reliable.
Purpose
l Was this article written with a target audience in mind?
l What is the author’s intention – to inform, teach or persuade?
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Searching Library databases for information As a student of UCFB, you have access to a good range of online databases via Buckinghamshire New University library. These databases contain trusted, credible sources of information and should be your main resource when seeking out information for use in your assignments and your academic work. Via these databases you can access academic journals, books, reports, theses, market reports and more. It is important that you learn how to use these databases, especially the ones containing academic journal articles, to search for information for assignments, as they will contain much more reliable and credible sources than if you were to simply use a web search engine such as Google.
Access to these databases is managed by a system known as OpenAthens. As a UCFB student, you will have access via a personalised username and password known as a MyAthens account. Login details are below. Logging in to your MyAthens account You can access the online resources at http://www.openathens.net/ (or follow the link on the Library page of Moodle) with the following details: Username: bnu followed by your student ID number (eg. bnu21412233)
Password: your date of birth, written in the following format: 19-OCT-96
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Troubleshooting If you have any trouble logging in to your MyAthens account, contact Bucks Library at: athens@bucks.ac.uk quoting your student ID number. For help searching the library databases, contact UCFB library at library@ucfb.com . Searching journals databases for your assignments: Search Tips Before you begin a database search, you should spend some time thinking about and planning your search. It is important to identify a range of important words and concepts from your assignment title, and from there devise a list of keywords to search. The more information you read about a topic, the more familiar you will become with the language and terms used. This will provide you with ideas for additional search terms to try. Databases will search for the exact term you enter, so you need to think of possible synonyms and alternative spellings. If you do not do so, you may miss out on a number of relevant articles.
The library team run workshops throughout the year, which aim to improve your knowledge of online databases and your search skills. Advanced Search Most databases will provide an ‘Advanced Search’ option. This allows you to focus your search results by combining search terms. Search Results Databases provide a list of results matching your search terms, which should include an abstract and a full PDF of the article. You can then filter these results in a number of ways, to ensure you find the most relevant information. For example: Date: If you want only the most recent information, you could choose to see articles published in the last 5-10 years. Type of Publication: You can choose what type of source to read. Are you looking only for journal articles? Newspapers? Reports? Language: You can choose to see articles written only in English. Geography: You may want to see articles published in a particular country.
Top Tips
l Always click the ‘full text’ or ‘only content I have access to’ button to ensure you have full access to an article, and not simply the abstract,
l Choose the ‘peer-reviewed’ option when possible. Peer-reviewed means the article has been read by other industry/academic experts and they have decided it is credible research.
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A-Z database listing The majority of online databases you have access to are managed via the MyAthens portal. UCFB also have a small number of direct subscriptions, most notably SportBusiness International and LawInSport. Below is an A to Z listing of all databases with a short description of each and access details. Database
Subjects
Type of Publication
Access via
ABI/Inform
General business and management disciplines.
Academic journals and more.
Brand Republic (Haymarket)
Marketing and public relations.
Marketing magazines and My.UCFB related resources.
Cambridge Core
Social sciences, science & health and technology.
Academic journals
DawsonEra
General business, management, Ebooks marketing, finance and sport.
MyAthens
Directory of Open Access Journals
Business, management and marketing.
Open access (freely available), peer-reviewed academic journals.
MyAthens
ERIC (Educational Resources Information Centre)
General education, physical education.
Academic journals. Just small percentage in full-text.
MyAthens
LawInSport
Sports law.
Expert commentary, articles, industry insights, videos and podcasts.
My.UCFB
LexisLibrary
Law
Case law, legislation and full-text journal articles. Also includes UK newspapers (excluding Financial Times).
Ask UCFB Library staff for access
MyiLibrary
Management, business, finance
eBooks
MyAthens
Oxford Academic
Medicine & health, and Academic journals social sciences
MyAthens
Passport GMID (Euromonitor)
Global market research and consumer reports across a range of industries and countries
MyAthens
Market reports, demographics and statistics.
MyAthens
MyAthens
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Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
Psychology, psychiatry, emotional and behavioural studies
Academic journals
MyAthens
PubMed
Medical and life sciences
Biomedical literature, journals and e-books. Only small percentage in full-text.
MyAthens
SAGE Journals
Social sciences, life sciences and communication studies.
Academic journals
MyAthens
SAGE Research Methods
Research methodologies across disciplines.
Research methods resources including MyAthens dictionaries, journal articles, videos and books.
ScienceDirect
Science, technology and medicine.
Social Care Online
Social work and social care.
Government documents, research briefings, reports MyAthens & some journal articles.
Sport Business International
Sports business
SportBusiness International magazine plus related data, insight and analysis across the sports industry.
My.UCFB
SPORTDiscus
Sports & sports medicine journals
Academic journals
MyAthens
Taylor and Francis
Sports and events management, and more.
WARC (World Marketing and Advertising Research advertising. Centre)
Academic journals
Academic journals Case studies, best practice guides, market intelligence and marketing data.
MyAthens
MyAthens
MyAthens
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Introduction to Academic Writing and Submitting Assignments Academic writing can take many forms:
l Essay l Literature Review
l Exam Question
l Case study
l Reflective Journal
l Report
-
l Dissertation l Academic Poster
At UCFB, you will be expected to complete assignments in most of these formats. The following pages will offer brief guideline on how best to plan and structure your work. The following are some examples of books available in the library related to study skills and academic writing: Cottrell, S. (2013). The study skills handbook. 4th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Kirton, B. (2012). Brilliant academic writing. Harlow: Pearson Education. McMillan, K. and Weyers, J. (2011). How to write essays and assignments. 2nd edn. Harlow: Pearson Education. Remember! Different modules at UCFB will have different expectations and assessment criteria regarding the content and structure of your assignments. While these guides will be helpful, you should always consult your course handbook and/or the module leader if you are uncertain about any points of style or presentation of your work. Presenting your written work Your written work must:
l Be typed in 12 point font size
l Have 1.5 line spacing
l Use a clear font such as Arial or Calibri
l Have 2cm margins top, left and bottom and 3cm right.
l Include page numbers
The cover sheet that can be found on My.UCFB must include:
l Student ID number
l Module code
l Module title
l Name of the module leader
l Assignment title
l Date of submission
Top Tips
l Format your document when you start your assignment and then you don’t have to worry about it.
l If you use the “Styles” available on Microsoft Word, it will automatically generate a contents page if you need one.
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Proofreading Reading over your paper helps to make sure that what you have written makes sense, and allows you to check for spelling and grammatical errors. Here are a few tips that may help you proofread effectively:
l Read it out loud. You can usually hear problems before you see them.
l Get a friend, family member, academic mentor/tutor or a Learning support mentor to read over your work.
l Try reading your work backwards. It will stop you skipping sentences and keep you focused.
l Give yourself a break between writing and proofreading, come at it fresh and you will spot more errors.
l Spellcheck is obviously a must but don’t rely on it. It often misses homonyms and correct spelling errors e.g. the instead of he l Use a dictionary if you are unsure if you have used a word correctly.
Submitting your assignment At UCFB, students are expected to submit assignments to Turnitin and in some cases provide a hard copy. Online Submissions Coursework should be submitted online via My.UCFB, under the relevant module page. Your tutors will show you how to do this during the first semester at UCFB. You must submit in good time of the assignment deadline so that you can check your ‘Turnitin score’. This score will show the similarity of your paper to other sources of information (e.g. another student’s work or a website or journal article) and is used to check for plagiarism. This score should be below 20. If your Turnitin score is 20 or above, please check your referencing, amend your work and re-submit. You will need to ensure this is done BEFORE the assignment deadline, otherwise your work will be recorded as ‘late’ and your mark may be capped. Hard Copy Submissions Hard copies must be submitted with an assignment submission sheet. Hard copies of assignments must be submitted as per the instructions on the assessment brief no later than the deadline. Late assignments should be submitted online and if required a hard copy should be handed to Academic Administrator directly.
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Writing Academic Essays Essays are likely to be the most common form of assessment during your time at UCFB, and will be used both in coursework and exams. In an essay, you will investigate topics, construct arguments and express ideas which are backed up by the research of others. The aim of an essay is usually to demonstrate:
l Understanding of the task and topic
l The ability to find and evaluate information from a range of sources
l Independent learning skills
l The ability to construct an effective argument, and reach viable conclusions
Interpreting the Question The first step of any essay is to read and make sense of the question. Never rush straight into researching your topic – you must take the time to think about the question and what it is asking. It is easy to misread and misinterpret a question, or to go off topic and write about what you know, instead of what is being asked. This is particularly true in exam situations, when you have time constraints and feel under pressure to start writing immediately. Wording is important: are you expected to evaluate? Compare? Discuss? You need to be sure that you know what the question requires you to do. Planning your answer Spending time writing a detailed plan will ultimately save you time. There are a number of reasons why careful planning is essential:
l You are more likely to end up with a well-structured and coherent argument
l A plan will prevent you from going off topic, and sticking to what the question asks
l It will be a lot easier to put your thoughts into words when you know exactly how your argument is going to develop
No plan will ever be perfect, and it is likely that your ideas will change when you start researching and writing your essay. Your plan can be adapted and developed as you write. There are a number of methods you can use to plan your essay. If you are a visual learner, you might wish to use spider diagrams or mind maps. Alternatively, you may simply want to list your ideas as a series of bullet points. Experiment with essay plans, and find a way that works best for you. Researching the topic You can find information for a topic from a variety of sources, such as books, journal articles, websites and trade publications. See Introduction to academic resources section. It is easy to get overwhelmed by the amount of information available, so you need to be selective in your choosing – learning how to use information selectively and appropriately is one of the most important parts of academic learning. It is important that you spend a significant amount of time reading material before starting to write your essay. The more you read and understand your topic, the easier it will be form your arguments. Making notes will help you to focus on what is important, and to understand and remember the relevant material.
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Finally, copy down the bibliographic details of everything you read. Include the author, date, title, publisher and place of publication. This will make it easier for you as you cite material within your essay, and write a reference list at the end. It will also help you to avoid plagiarism. Structuring your essay The structure of your essay will depend on the question and how you decide to address it. All essays will have an introduction, main body and conclusion. Introduction The introduction acts as a signpost for the reader, pointing toward the arguments you will make in your essay and even hinting at your conclusion. It should demonstrate how you have interpreted the question and should identify the topic, purpose and structure of the essay. Make sure to include any background information that might be important for the reader to understand your answer. The introduction should always grab the attention of the reader, and should generally be no longer than 10% of your essay. Main body The main body is where you will discuss relevant issues and present your arguments, backed up by research and examples. It should follow on from what you have mentioned in your introduction, and support your final conclusions Try to write one paragraph for each point you make, and make sure each paragraph links to the one before. Back up each point you make with evidence or examples, and don’t forget to cite the sources you have used throughout. A good essay will be characterised by:
l Interesting and engaging writing
l Good and clear structure which clearly shows the development of your argument
l Appropriate academic writing style
l Clarity of thought and expression
l Ideas which are backed up by relevant research and examples
Conclusion Your conclusion should be a recap of the main issues and arguments you have covered in your essay, without repeating or adding any new information. It should draw together the main threads of your argument, leaving the reader in no doubt about your viewpoint. It should be similar in length to your introduction – generally no more than 10% of your overall word count. Make sure it is substantial enough to end your essay on a strong note, rather than simply a couple of short sentences attached to the end of the main body.
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Useful Academic Essay Phrases Academic essays should be written in a formal style. Rarely will you use the first person “I” in your writing, unless you are writing a reflective essay or professional case study. It is more likely that you will write using the third person, for example “it is argued that…”, rather than “I think that…” Integrating your own ideas You may wonder how it is possible to express your own viewpoint without using the first person. The books, articles and other research material that you use for your essay will inform the arguments you make throughout. The way in which you select and interpret this evidence, and explain why it answers the question, is where you demonstrate your own thinking. Listed below are some useful general phrases, and ‘third person’ phrases that might help you when forming the answer to your essay question. Introduction l The aim of this essay is to… l This paper focuses on/examines the significance of… l This essay seeks to explore… l This essay is an attempt to address the issue of… l This essay will deal with the following aspects of the question… Citing Research l Research has shown that… l It has been found that… l It is clear from recent research that… l Current research on…supports the view that… Development of an argument When expressing a viewpoint in the third person, there are some useful ‘it’ and ‘there’ phrases which can be used: l It goes without saying that… l It is clear/evident that… l It is worth pointing out… l It is often argued that… l It is sometimes suggested that… l It is particularly significant that… l It is necessary/important/useful/interesting to note/point out/highlight/ emphasise that… l There is a possibility that… l There can be no doubt that… l There are those who maintain that…
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Indicating a Contrast: l However… l On the other hand… l In contrast… l It is also possible that… l Despite this… l Nevertheless… Introducing a new idea: l Having considered… l With regard to… l Bearing in mind the previous points… Summing up/Concluding: l In conclusion… l The evidence therefore suggests… l It is clear from the above arguments that…
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Writing Reports Most degree programmes at UCFB will require students to write either individual or group reports. The following guide will help you understand the nature of report writing, and how best to structure your report. What is a report? A report is a highly structured form of writing, which presents fact-based information and evidence gathered by the person or group writing the report. It is written with a particular audience in mind. Reports should always be accurate, concise, clear and well-structured. The language and structure of a report should convey information both quickly and easily to the reader. This differs slightly to an academic essay, which uses well-crafted and complex sentences to express an idea or present an argument. Reports
Essays
Informative and fact-based
Argumentative and idea-based
Formally structured
Semi-structured
Written with a particular audience in mind
Rarely written with a particular audience in mind
Divided into separate, headed or numbered sections and sub-sections
Flows as a continuous piece of writing – may or may not have subheadings
Presents data and findings that you have collected
Analyses past research and ideas by other people
May contain diagrams, charts or tables
Does not contain diagrams, charts or tables
Offers recommendations for action
Offers conclusions to an argument
Structuring Reports Unlike essays, reports are written in sections with numbered headings and sub-headings. Below are the possible components of a report, in the order in which they would appear. It is unlikely that you will have to use all of these sections – check with your tutor which sections should be included or omitted in each specific assignment.
Title Page
This should include the title of the report, your name, the code and name of the module and your course. Remember to add the UCFB logo.
Acknowledgements (not required)
This is a list of people and organisations both within and outside UCFB who have helped you complete the report. It is more common in longer reports, such as your final year dissertation. Contents Page A clear, well-formatted numbered list of all the sections and sub-sections of the report. It is best to write your list of contents right at the end.
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Abstract This is a very brief outline of the report which gives the reader a general idea of what the report is about. It usually includes: l Background and context of report l Overall aims and specific objectives l Method/procedure used l Key findings l Main conclusions and recommendations Introduction This should indicate the basic structure of the report and show that you have fully understood the task. Include the background and context to your report, and briefly explain the reasons for writing it. Your introduction will often give an indication of the conclusion to the report. Main body/findings This will form the main part of your report, where you will analyse and critique the facts and information you have collected. It should be divided into headings and sub-headings to indicate different sections/topics. Charts, diagrams and tables can be used to reinforce your arguments – although it may be more relevant to include these in your appendices (see below). Conclusion Your conclusion should detail the implications of your findings, with deductions based on the facts described in your main body. Try to reiterate your main findings without repeating information, and avoid including any new material. Recommendations Following on from your conclusion, you should make a list of specific and achievable recommendations. Recommendations should suggest actions to improve a situation, based on the results you have found. Appendices An appendix should be used to present information such as tables, questionnaires, or transcripts of interviews which support the analysis of your findings. Appendices contain supplementary information which may be too long or complicated to use in the main body, but is still of interest to your reader. Information presented here is not included in the word count. Only include something in an appendix if it is discussed in the main body.
References
While you may not use as many citations in a report as you would in an academic essay, it is still essential that you include a Reference List detailing any sources you have used. See page 33 of this booklet for further information on referencing. Glossary If your report contains a lot of specialist terms or acronyms which may not be familiar to the person reading it, it is a good idea to include a glossary which explains these terms to the reader.
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Reflective Writing Why reflect? All successful business and sporting professionals look back at their performance, actions, attitude and experiences to identify where a strategy, product or performance could be improved. The academic term applied to this is ‘reflection’. As a UCFB student, applying structured reflection is an integral part of your academic and personal development. It allows you to gain further insight from both your academic experience and your work experience, helping you to identify areas that you need to develop and improve. Introducing Reflection There is a growing amount of academic writing focused on the benefits of reflective practice for both students and business professionals. So what do we mean by reflective writing? It usually involves:
l Looking back at an event or experience
l Analysing and interpreting that event (thinking in depth and from different perspectives)
l Considering the implications of the event and what it means for your development
There are various approaches to writing a reflective piece, and your tutor will tell you which approach they prefer. Generally, the reflection process will have 3 aspects:
l Describe the event or experience: What happened? What was my reason for doing it? Your emphasis should be on the analysis and exploration of the experience. l Interpret this information: What is important and useful? How can it be explained with theory?
How is it similar or different to others?
l Discuss the outcome: What have I learned? How will it inform my future work?
Language used Reflective writing is a much more informal way of writing. Unlike other academic writing, you will use the first person (‘I’) to describe your experience and outcomes. You will still use the third person when including the theory (eg. Smith suggests that…). You still need to support your arguments and conclusions with fully referenced information resources. This will give your account more credibility and will highlight your use of critical thinking during the reflective process.
Tips for reflective writing
l Start to write (or at least make thorough notes) as soon after the event as you can. The longer you leave it, the less you will remember about what happened and how it made you feel, and so your account will not be as accurate.
l Try to be as objective as possible in your reflection. Stand back from the event and consider it from various perspectives.
l Be honest in your writing. Admit to any mistakes you feel you made during the experience, or any worries you have about future experiences.
l Be positive in your attitude toward writing a reflective piece of writing. Not everybody enjoys this or finds it easy at first, but know that it is a useful and worthwhile tool for your own professional and personal development.
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Exam Revision Revision is a personal, individual process. Everyone will have certain methods and techniques that work best for them, and so not all of these tips will be effective for you. Experiment and find out what works best for you. 1. Plan your revision
l You should start revising at least 5 or 6 weeks in advance, to avoid last minute panic or stress.
l Create a revision timetable, which will enable you to keep note of what topics you have covered, and which will help you to feel confident about the progress you are making.
l Identify key topics for each module. Try to cover at least twice as many topics as you
will need to write about in the exam. Then allocate these topics to certain days in your revision timetable.
l Organise your lecture and seminar notes, personal revision notes, text books and papers etc. Make sure you have everything you need well in advance, and that you know where to find information when you need it.
2. Revision Methods: here is a list of suggested ways to help you memorise exam material. Again, not all of these will work for you – some will be more useful than others. Experiment and find a revision style that is right for you.
l Self-testing
l Spreading your learning over time (reviewing material after a gap).
l Working out model answers to anticipated questions should be central to your revision process. It allows you to practice writing for your exams, and helps you to memorise the information.
l Learn a topic, and try to explain it in your own words. This will reveal what topics you understand well, and what you may need to investigate and revise further.
l If you are a visual learner, you might want to use visual aids such as spider diagrams,
mind maps and concept maps to summarise key information, then display these some where will see them regularly.
l It is important to take breaks from time to time. Regular breaks help your memory to recover and absorb the information you have just studied.
l Keep your exams in mind throughout the academic year. Try to read through your
lecture notes from time to time to refresh your memory – it is easy to forget previous topics. Make sure your notes are easy to follow and well-organised.
3. Before your exam
l Be prepared. Check that you have everything you need well in advance, and that you know the exact location of your exam. l Don’t stay up late. Try to get a good night’s sleep before your exam, and a good breakfast on the day of your exam l Be there on time, set off early for your exam, leaving time for any unexpected diversions.
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Writing Exam Answers Read all questions and instructions carefully Take time at the beginning of your paper to read through the questions thoroughly. It is important to know exactly what you are being asked to write about. It is equally important to understand the instructions on the paper. You are often asked to answer only one question in a particular section and it can be easy to miss these simple instructions. Ask your invigilator if the instructions are unclear to you and you are unsure how to proceed. Pick your question carefully. Whilst you may have revised one topic, there may be another question which is easier to answer. Make sure you answer the question! It sounds obvious but the main complaint from examiners is that students often fail to keep to the point and answer the question properly. It may be a good idea to underline key words or phrases to help you best understand what the answer requires. Manage your time Assign a time limit for each question, and stick to it! It is easy to get carried away when answering a question that you have revised well, and then panic when you haven’t left enough time for the rest of the paper. Take into account the marking scheme when planning your time – spend more time on the question with the most marks allocated to it. You may also want to answer the question you find easiest at the beginning. This will leave you feeling confident as you go on to answer the remaining questions. Leave time at the end of your exam to read over your questions and add in any information you may have forgotten about – this could gain you a few extra marks. Take time to plan your answer Once you have decided which question to answer, spend a few minutes planning your answers. Don’t start writing answers immediately. You may see others doing this and think that you are wasting time, but planning your answer at the beginning will ultimately save you time and prevent you from digressing to irrelevant topics. Structuring your answer As you’re writing your answer, keep referring back to your plan and asking yourself if you are addressing the question properly. Exam answers are short, and must be relevant to the question. You may be in a different environment with big time constraints, but the usual essay-writing structures apply. It is crucial to write a well-structured essay with an introduction, main body and conclusion. Your introduction should demonstrate that you have understood the question and show how you plan to answer it. Try to cover at least 3 main points in main body of the essay, using examples if possible (avoid story telling!). Make sure each paragraph is relevant to the question. The conclusion should bring together the arguments you have made in your essay without repeating ideas or introducing any new arguments. Use this final opportunity to show how your answer relates to the question.
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Extra Exam Tips
Handwriting is important. You must take care to ensure that it is legible so that it can be understood by the marker.
If you get stuck on a question, move on. Start answering the next question. It is likely that it will become clear again what to write, and you will be able to go back and finish the previous question.
After the Exam Avoid the post-mortem! It’s natural to want to discuss the exam with your friends, but try to keep things in perspective. There’s nothing you can change now. The best thing to do is take a break and relax, before starting to revise for your next exam. If you have to re-sit any exams, try to find out as much as possible about why you performed badly, and concentrate on improving that area. Tutors will be happy to give you feedback on your work and give you advice on how to improve your writing.
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Plagiarism and Referencing What is plagiarism? In its Academic Misconduct policy, Buckinghamshire New University (2014) defines plagiarism as: “Passing off someone else’s work, whether intentionally or unintentionally, as your own.” (Carroll, 2002). When you use the ideas, words or findings of others without acknowledging them as your source of information, you are guilty of plagiarism. It is a form of cheating, and is treated very seriously in Higher Education. It may result in you being given a mark of zero in your assignment, and in some cases more extreme action may be taken. Plagiarism does not only apply to written words. Using other media such as graphics, tables and illustrations in your work without referencing them is also seen as plagiarism. It can apply to unpublished texts such as lecture slides and handouts and other students’ work. In the same document, Buckinghamshire New University (2014) have identified a number of examples of plagiarism: a) Using quotes without the use of quotation marks. b) Close paraphrasing with a failure to reference. c) Using images produced by another person or based substantially on the work of another without acknowledgement. d) Using data and ideas without acknowledgement. e) Copying, summarising or paraphrasing the work of another student or graduate with or without the permission of the originator and without acknowledgement. f) Commissioning another person to complete work which is then submitted as the student’s own. g) The use of professional essay writing services or work drawn from the internet or any other source. h) Representation of work produced in collaboration with another person or persons as the work of a single student. i) Presentation of laboratory work or projects based on work claimed to have been carried out by the student but which has been invented, altered or otherwise falsified. j) Offering to make available material for other students to use or pass off as their own. k) Re-submitting work, or parts thereof, that has already been assessed or has been submitted for assessment for the same or a different module. How to Avoid Plagiarism Plagiarism often happens when students are careless with their research, do not take good notes and end up unintentionally re-writing what they have read, rather than a deliberate act of cheating. This can be an easy trap to fall into but it is also easy to avoid. Taking good notes, and referencing correctly will help you to avoid plagiarism. Always make note of where you find your sources of information. The referencing guides on the following pages will explain in detail how to cite and reference your sources.
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Academic Referencing As a UCFB student, you are expected to read a wide range of academic sources and draw upon them in your own written work. To make it clear that you are making use of someone else’s ideas or theories, you are required to clearly acknowledge this within your writing. Referencing is the way in which this is achieved. The conventions of academic referencing require you to identify your information sources by citing them in an abbreviated format within the text of your assignment at the appropriate points and by providing full details of the information sources in a Reference List at the end of your assignment. The abbreviated citation within your text is called an in-text citation and usually consists of the surname(s) of the author(s) and year of publication of your information source. The full details at the end of your written work is usually called the reference. You should arrange the references in your Reference List in alphabetical order by author surname. This means that the author-date format of your in-text citations will lead your reader directly to the full details of your information sources in your Reference List. Your Reference List should include all sources cited in your assignment, so for each in-text citation there should be a corresponding full reference in the Reference List. Ensuring your work has correctly referenced sources is important for a number of reasons:
l To acknowledge the statements and findings of others that you have used in your writing. If you do not do this, it will count as plagiarism.
l To demonstrate wider reading and understanding of the subject.
l To allow your tutor to find and check your original sources.
There are three different styles of academic referencing used at UCFB. Each has its own standards and conventions which you should follow:
l Most modules require that you use the Harvard style of referencing.
l Sports Business and Sports Law students will use OSCOLA referencing on most of their Sports Law modules
l Psychology students will be required to use APA referencing on certain modules.
Always check which style you are required to follow before starting an assignment. The following guides will show you how to use each type of referencing style. For a more comprehensive guide, you can borrow a copy of ‘Cite Them Right’ (Pears and Shields, 2013) from the library, or access the online version via your MyAthens account.
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Harvard Referencing Guide In-text citations Citations within your assignment will count toward your final word count. They give an abbreviated indication of the work you are referring to (usually the author and year of publication). Full details of the source will then be set out in the Reference List at the end of your assignment. Ways in which you can cite sources within your text vary slightly depending on your own style and the flow of the work. Below are some common examples: Citing one author/editor Johnson (2006) argues that… OR A recent study (Johnson, 2006) argues that… Citing two (or three) authors/editors Recent research (Lewis and Jones, 2012) has shown… OR Recent research (Brown, Jones and Black, 2016) has demonstrated… Citing four or more authors/editors When citing four or more authors, use the first author listed in the source, followed by et al. (meaning and others) Recent research by Smith et al. (2013) suggests… A recent study (Smith et al., 2013) suggests… Citing multiple sources Sometimes you may wish to refer to two or more publications at the same time. These must be cited in chronological order (with the earliest date first), and separated by semicolons (;). Various studies have been carried out (Walker, 2007; Timms, 2009; Miller, 2015)… Direct quotations When paraphrasing an author’s idea, or quoting directly from the text, you must include page numbers in your citation: Miller (2012, p. 13) states that ‘It is difficult to see…’ Secondary Referencing You may sometimes need to cite a work which is mentioned or quoted in another author’s work. This is known as secondary referencing. If possible, you should try to locate and read the original source, and reference it as normal. If not, however, you must cite both sources within your text using the phrase ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’, depending on whether the original source has been directly quoted or simply summarised in the information source you are reading: Harrison (2009, quoted in Cohen, 2011, p. 24) gives an excellent example… Boyd’s views on the commercialisation of sport (2005, cited in Murray, 2008) indicate…
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Reference List The reference list will contain full details of each work you have referred to and discussed within your assignment. Sources in your reference list should always be presented alphabetically by author surname. Each type of source material (books, journal articles, reports etc.) has a standardised format which you must follow. Examples of the standard format for the most commonly used sources are given below. Please note: In the case of secondary referencing, only include the work you have actually consulted in your reference list; do not include the original source. The in-text citation to the original source is sufficient. Books/E-books
l If the online source contains all the elements in the print version of the book (ie. publication details, editions and pages numbers), you can reference these in the same way as a print book. You should include:
l Author/Editor (surname followed by initials)
l Year of publication (in round brackets)
l Title (in italics)
l Edition (unless it is the first edition of a book)
l Place of publication: Publisher
Author/Editor (Year of publication) Title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. Examples: Book with one author McArdle, D. (2015) Dispute resolution in sport: athletes, law and arbitration. New York: Routledge. Book with multiple authors: Pedersen, P. M., Miloch, K. S. and Laucella, P. (2007) Strategic sport communication. Leeds: Human Kinetics. Book with an editor/s: Prest, W. (ed.) (1985) The professions in early modern England. London: Croom Helm. Hewstone, M., Stroebe, W. and Jonas, K. (eds.) (2012) An introduction to social psychology. 5th edn. Chichester: John Wiley. Chapters/sections of edited books When referencing a chapter written by a particular author in an edited book, you must first cite the author and title of that chapter, followed by the publication details of the book. Page numbers of the chapter should also be included at the end of the reference, as below: Chant-Sehl, T. (2008) ‘Politics in event bidding and hosting’, in Mallen, C. and Adams, L. J. (eds.) Event management in sport, recreation and tourism: theoretical and practical dimensions. 2nd edn. London: Routledge, pp. 212-226.
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Journal articles: Within the text, in-text citations for journal articles do not differ from books. There are, however, a number of differences when referencing journal articles at the end of your assignment in the Reference List. You should include:
l Author (surname followed by initials)
l Year of publication (in round brackets)
l Title of article (in single quotation marks)
l Title of journal (in italics)
l Volume number (unbracketed), followed by issue number (in round brackets)
l Page range
Author. (year) ‘The title of the article’, The Title of the Journal, Vol(Issue), page numbers Example: Journal article Cobbs, J. B. (2011) ‘The dynamics of relationship marketing in international sponsorship networks’, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 26(8), pp. 590-601. Web Pages: Not all information may be available for a particular web page you are referencing, but you should aim to provide sufficient information for a reader to be able to locate the source you are citing. If possible you should include:
l Author (or organisation/corporate author)
l Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
l Title of web page (in italics)
l Available at: URL
l (Accessed: date)
Author. (year) Title of Web page. Available at: www.titleofwebpage.com (Accessed: date read) Example: Web pages with individual authors Burton, P. A. (2012) Castles of Spain. Available at: http://www.castlesofspain.co.uk/ (Accessed: 10 January 2015). Example: Web pages with organisation as author FIFA (2015) Fight against doping in football. Available at: http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/footballdevelopment/medical/antidoping/ (Accessed: 19 February 2015). *Do be aware that anybody has the ability to publish material on the internet, and what you read may not be a reliable or appropriate source to use for an academic piece of work. It is essential that you evaluate the information for accuracy, authority, currency and objectivity.
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Thesis/Dissertation You can reference a PhD thesis using the following information:
l Author (surname followed by initials)
l Year of submission (in round brackets)
l Title of thesis (in italics)
l Degree statement (e.g. PhD Thesis)
l Degree-awarding body (name of University)
If viewed online, add the following information:
l Available at: URL
l (Accessed: date)
Author. (year) The title of thesis. Degree statement. Degree awarding body. Available at: URL (Accessed: date) Example: Online Thesis Bebber, B. M. (2008) The culture of football: violence, racism and British society, 1968-98. PhD Thesis. University of Arizona. Available at: http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/bitstream/10150/194186/1/azu_etd_2743_sip1_m.pdf (Accessed: 18 February 2015).
APA Referencing Guide In-text citations Citations within your assignment will count toward your final word count. They give an abbreviated indication of the work you are referring to (usually the author and year of publication). Full details of the source will then be set out in the Reference List at the end of your assignment. Ways in which you can cite sources within your text vary slightly depending on your own style and the flow of the work. Below are some common examples: Examples Citing one author/editor Johnson (2006) argues that… A recent study (Johnson, 2006) argues that… Citing multiple authors/editors Recent research (Lewis & Jones, 2012) has shown… Recent research by Lewis and Jones (2012) has shown… When citing six or more authors, use the first name listed in the source, followed by et al. (meaning and others) Recent research by Smith et al. (2013) suggests… A recent study (Smith et al., 2013) suggests…
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Citing multiple sources Sometimes you may wish to refer to two or more publications at the same time. These must be cited alphabetically in the same order as they will appear in the Reference List, separated by semicolons ; Various studies have been carried out (Miller, 2007; Timms, 2009; Walker, 2014)… Direct quotations When paraphrasing an author’s idea, or quoting directly from the text, you must include page numbers in your citation: Miller (2012, p. 13) states that ‘It is difficult to see…’ Secondary Referencing You may sometimes need to cite a work which is mentioned or quoted in another author’s work. This is known as secondary referencing. If possible, you should try to locate and read the original source, and reference it as normal. If not, however, you must cite both sources using the phrase ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’, depending on whether the original source has been directly quoted or simply summarised in the information source you are reading: Harrison (quoted in Cohen, 2011, p. 24) gives an excellent example… Boyd’s views on the commercialisation of sport (cited in Murray, 2008) indicate… Reference List The reference list will contain full details of each work you have referred to and discussed within your assignment. Sources in your reference list should always be presented alphabetically by author surname. Each type of source material has a standardised format which you must follow. Examples of the standard format for the most commonly used sources are given below. Please note: In the case of secondary referencing, only include the work you have actually consulted in your reference list; do not include the original source. The in-text citation to the original source is sufficient. Books/E-books When referencing a print version of a book, you should include the following information:
l Author/Editor (surname followed by initials)
l Year of publication (in round brackets)
l Title (in italics)
l Edition (unless it is the first edition of a book)
l Place of publication: Publisher.
Author. (Year) The title of the book. (Edition if applicable). Place of publication: Publisher Example: Book with one author Coolican, H. (2014). Research methods and statistics in psychology. (6th ed.). New York: Psychology Press.
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Example: Book with multiple authors Unlike citations within the text, you must list all authors in the reference list: Schacter, D, L., Gilbert, D. T., Wegner, D. M., & Nock, M. K. (2014). Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers. Example: Book with an editor/s: Hewstone, M., Stroebe, W., & Jonas, K. (eds.). (2012). An introduction to social psychology. (5th ed.). Chichester: John Wiley. Ebooks: Referencing an ebook is slightly different to referencing a print copy of a book. You must include the following information:
l Author/editor (surname followed by initials)
l Year of publication (in round brackets)
l Title (in italics)
l Retrieved from URL or doi:
Author. (Year). Title of ebook. Retrieved from: URL Example: Ebook Lichtenberg, J.D., Lachmann, F.M. & Fosshage, J.L. (2011). Psychoanalysis and motivational systems: A new look. Retrieved from http://lib.myilibrary.com/ProductDetail.aspx?id=303727 Chapters/sections of edited books: When referencing a chapter written by a particular author in an edited book, you must first cite the author and title of that chapter, followed by the publication details of the book. Page numbers of the chapter should also be included, as below: Pendry, L. (2012). Social Cognition. In M. Hewstone, W. Stroebe, & K. Jonas (eds.). An introduction to social psychology (5th ed. pp. 91-120). Chichester: John Wiley. Journal Articles: Journal articles, like books, can be read either in print or online. When you access a journal article online you must include the doi: or URL from which you retrieved the article. Both print and online articles require the following information:
l Author (surname followed by initials)
l Year of publication (in round brackets)
l Title of article
l Title of journal (in italics)
l Volume number (in italics)
l Issue (in round brackets – not italics!)
l Page numbers
Author. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal. Vol(Issue), page number. Example: Print copy of journal article Frost, A. (2002). Transference: psychic reality and material reality. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 19(4), 603-633.
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Example: Online journal article/Ejournal Shubs, C. H. (2008). Transference issues concerning victims of violent crime and other traumatic incidents of adulthood. Psychology, 25(1), 122-141. doi: 10.1037/07369735.25.1.122 Web Pages: You should include the following information in your reference list:
l Author (or name of organisation)
l Year the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
l Title of internet site
l Retrieved from URL
Author (year). Title of site. Retrieved from: URL Example: Organisation web page British Psychological Association (2012). How to become a psychologist. Retrieved from http://www.bps.org.uk/careers-education-training/how-become-psychologist/how-becomepsychologist *For web pages where no author is identified, you should use the web page’s title. If no title either, use the URL.
OSCOLA Referencing Guide The Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA) is the accepted referencing style for the academic stage of legal study at UCFB, and it is expected that Sports Law students will use this style when completing assignments. This guide sets out the basic principles of OSCOLA, as well as providing ‘quick reference’ examples for the citation of various types of primary and secondary legal resources. For a more comprehensive guide, you can refer to OSCOLA 4th ed. (Nolan and Meredith, 2012) or Cite Them Right (Pears and Shields, 2013), both of which are available in the library. Footnotes OSCOLA is a footnote style: all citations appear in footnotes. Unlike Harvard or APA referencing, OSCOLA does not use in-text citations, such as ‘(Brown, 2007)’. When citing any source, either directly (as a quotation) or indirectly (by referring to ideas in a source), you must cite the reference in a footnote, in the style indicated in OSCOLA. Any words which have been quoted directly must appear in quotation marks. Indicate footnotes with a superscript number which should appear after the relevant punctuation in the text (if any). Put the footnote marker at the end of a sentence, unless for the sake of clarity it is necessary to put it directly after the word or phrase to which it relates.
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Citing cases When citing a case, you must include the case name in the body of the text. This can be an abbreviation of the case name e.g. Pharmaceutical Society v Boots. If you use an abbreviation of the case name in the body of the text, the full name of the case and its citation must be included in a footnote. The citation in the footnote should then consist of:
l The full name of the case
l Date [in square brackets]
l Volume number
l Law report abbreviation
l First page of the relevant law report
Full name of case [Year] Volume number Abbreviation of law report First page number Example: Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] 1 QB 401 If the full name of the case is given in the text, it is not necessary to repeat the name in the footnote. You must, however, place the rest of the above mentioned information in the footnote e.g: It is well represented in the case law, perhaps most notably in the expression of the no-conflict rule advocated by Lord Upjohn in Phipps v Boardman,31 and in the earlier Court of Appeal decision in Boulting v Association of Cinematograph, Television and Allied Technicians.32 In Boulting [or ‘in the Boulting case’], Upjohn LJ said that the rule ‘must be applied realistically to a state of affairs which discloses a real conflict of duty and interest and not to some theoretical or rhetorical conflict’.33 In Phipps, Lord Upjohn developed his view of the rule further by adding that there must be a ‘real sensible possibility of conflict’.34
The relevant footnotes would appear as follows: 31
[1967] 2 AC 46 (HL).
32
[1963] 2 QB 606 (CA).
33
Boulting (n 32) 638. OR 33 ibid 638.
34
Phipps (n 31) 124.
Where it says (n 31) or (n 32), this tells you in which footnote the case has been previously referred to. Alternatively, you can use the word ‘ibid’ (an abbreviation of ‘ibidem’ meaning ‘in the same place’) if referring to the same case/citation as the previous footnote. The numbers at the end of footnotes 33 and 34 (638 and 124) are called ‘pinpoints’; they give the page on which the quotation can be found. It is also acceptable to include the full case reference in all footnotes. Citing legislation A citation in a footnote is not required when citing legislation if all the information the reader needs about the source is provided in the text, as in the following sentence: This case highlights the far-reaching judicial role ushered in by the Human Rights Act 1998.
Where the text does not include the name of the Act or the relevant section, this information should be provided in a footnote. British courts must only consider Strasbourg jurisprudence: they are not bound by it.1 1 Human Rights Act 1998, s 2.
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Citing secondary sources If relying on or referring to a secondary source, such as a book or an article, provide a citation for the work in a footnote. Give the author’s name in the same form as in the publication. Give relevant information about the editions, translators and so forth before the publisher, and give page numbers at the end of the citation, after the brackets. Hart wrote that the doctrine of precedent is compatible with ‘two types of creative or legislative activity’: distinguishing the earlier case by ‘narrowing the rule extracted from the precedent’, and widening the rule by discarding ‘a restriction found in the rule as formulated from the earliercase’.34 34 HLA Hart, The Concept of Law (2nd edn, Clarendon Press 1994) 135.
Bibliographies
After the main body of the text and any appendices, you should include a list of cases, legislation and secondary sources used. Each list should be alphabetised. The list of cases should contain the full name and case citation of the cases. The list of legislation needs to contain the title of each piece of legislation and the relevant date. You could divide your list of legislation into different types of legislation eg. Statutes and statutory instruments. The list of secondary sources should include all such sources cited in the work and need not be indexed. Items in bibliographies take the same form as all other citations in OSCOLA, with three exceptions: 1) The author’s surname should precede his or her initial(s), with no comma separating them, but a comma after the final initial 2) Only initials should be used, and not forenames 3) The titles of unattributed works should be preceded by a double dash. Works should be arranged in alphabetical order of author surname, with unattributed works being listed at the beginning of the bibliography in alphabetical order of first major word of the title. CITATION IN A FOOTNOTE Elizabeth Fisher, Risk Regulation and Administrative Constitutionalism (Hart Publishing 2007). 15
CITATION IN A BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fisher E, Risk Regulation and Administrative Constitutionalism (Hart Publishing 2007)
Quick reference examples
Primary Sources Do not use full stops in abbreviations. Separate citations with a semi-colon.
Cases Corr v IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008] UKHL 13, [2008] 1 AC 884 R (Roberts) v Parole Board [2004] EWCA Civ 1031, [2005] QB 410 Page v Smith [1996] AC 155 (HL) When pinpointing, give paragraph numbers in square brackets at the end of the citation. If the judgment has no paragraph numbers, give the page number pinpoint after the court. Callery v Gray [2001] EWCA Civ 1117, [2001] 1 WLR 2112 [42], [45] Bunt v Tilley [2006] EWHC 407 (QB), [2006] 3 All ER 336 [1]–[37] R v Leeds County Court, ex p Morris [1990] QB 523 (QB) 530–31 If citing a particular judge: Arscott v The Coal Authority [2004] EWCA Civ 892, [2005] Env LR 6 [27] (Laws LJ) Statutes and statutory instruments Act of Supremacy 1558 Human Rights Act 1998, s 15(1)(b) Penalties for Disorderly Behaviour (Amendment of Minimum Age) Order 2004, SI 2004/3166
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EU legislation and cases Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13 Council Regulation (EC) 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (EC Merger Regulation) [2004] OJ L24/1, art 5 Case C–176/03 Commission v Council [2005] ECR I–7879, paras 47–48 Case C–556/07 Commission v France [2009] OJ C102/8 European Court of Human Rights Omojudi v UK (2010) 51 EHRR 10 Osman v UK ECHR 1998–VIII 3124 Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004) Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188
Secondary Sources Books Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (first published 1651, Penguin 1985) 268 Gareth Jones, Goff and Jones: The Law of Restitution (1st supp, 7th edn, Sweet & Maxwell 2009) K Zweigert and H Kötz, An Introduction to Comparative Law (Tony Weir tr, 3rd edn, OUP 1998)
Contributions to edited books Francis Rose, ‘The Evolution of the Species’ in Andrew Burrows and Alan Rodger (eds), Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (OUP 2006) Encyclopedias
Halsbury’s Laws (5th edn, 2010) vol 57, para 53
Journal articles Paul Craig, ‘Theory, “Pure Theory” and Values in Public Law’ [2005] PL 440 When pinpointing, put a comma between the first page of the article and the page pinpoint. JAG Griffith, ‘The Common Law and the Political Constitution’ (2001) 117 LQR 42, 64 Online journals Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT <http://ejlt.org//article/view/17> accessed 27 July 2010 Command papers and Law Commission reports Department for International Development, Eliminating World Poverty: Building our Common Future (White Paper, Cm 7656, 2009) ch 5 Law Commission, Reforming Bribery (Law Com No 313, 2008) paras 3.12–3.17 Websites and blogs Sarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) <http://www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html> accessed 19 November 2009
Newspaper articles Jane Croft, ‘Supreme Court Warns on Quality’ Financial Times (London, 1 July 2010) 3 Further information and examples are also available at www.law.ox.ac.uk/oscola.
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Learning Support Statement
This statement provides information on library services available for students with disabilities. It is accurate at time of writing, but there may be changes to facilities. It is advisable to check facilities beforehand by contacting the library. GENERAL PRINCIPLES The Library and Information Service is committed to complying with the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA) and the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (SENDA) by:
n recognising that all users have a right to know what library services are available and how access to those services can be supported.
n working from the premise that accessibility and appropriate provision is not additional, but a core element of the overall service that the library makes available.
n developing an environment within which individuals feel able to discuss disability should they wish to do so, and to discuss reasonable adjustments in order to promote equal participation in the library services.
n introducing systems to monitor the effectiveness of provision for those with disabilities, evaluate progress and identify opportunities for enhancement.
CURRENT PROVISION The library aims to ensure that all students have equal access to information services and that materials are accessible and give accurate information to people with disabilities. All aspects of the service are covered by guides, which are available electronically and in print. Large print guides can be found in the library. Guides may be provided in alternative formats upon request. The library provides coloured paper and coloured overlays, and students are able to borrow handheld magnifiers. ADDITIONAL SUPPORT The library would like to ensure that students with a disability are offered appropriate support and guidance to enable them to benefit fully from the library service. In order to achieve this all students will be offered the opportunity to discuss any special requirements with Student Servicesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Learning Support team. With the studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s permission, requests for assistance may be passed onto the library and dealt with on an individual basis. The kinds of provision that may be discussed include:
n Individual inductions for students and their Study Facilitators
n Requests for texts in different formats (such as Braille)
n Purchase of assistive aids
ACCESSIBILITY AND FACILITIES Both UCFB libraries are wheelchair accessible. However, if you are a wheelchair user and have difficulty manoeuvring within the library, are visually impaired and have difficulty in seeing the books on the shelves, or have a condition which makes reaching up or bending down difficult then staff can assist by collecting items for you.
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LOAN SERVICE It is recognised that some students may have difficulty using items within the required time, and students with visual impairments and specific learning difficulties may be able to borrow loan items for longer periods. It might also be possible for another student to borrow books on your behalf. You can discuss any specific requirements related to borrowing with the Learning Support team who, with your permission, will contact the Academic Support Librarian. IT FACILITIES Each library has assistive technology on pen drives available at the library desk, which can be used on all laptops and PCs. Students requiring accessible spaces near the library entrance will be given priority access. If you require additional reading equipment, such as a screen magnifier, please contact the Academic Support Librarian. The library aims to offer remote access to as many of its services as possible to ensure accessibility to all students. All the photocopiers have an enlarging function, which may be of particular benefit to some students with visual impairments or dyslexia. If you find it helpful to copy onto coloured paper, please ask library staff for supplies. STAFF TRAINING The Library and Information Service recognises the importance of having well trained staff in disability awareness, and that investment in staff training is essential. The library aims to ensure that all staff are briefed on the requirements of SENDA and are familiar with the facilities and services that the library offers.
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UCFB Wembley, Wembley Stadium, Wembley, London, HA9 0WS
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