Elected Council approves $1.1 million to build tourism welcome centre
al election this past spring pushed back their ability to obtain funding so they came to council for the remaining funds.
Six Nations of the Grand River Elected Council has agreed to spend $1.1 million in gaming funds to build a new tourism welcome centre at Chiefswood Park.
Elected Council’s finance committee voted to spend the funds at its general finance meeting Monday, with only Coun. Helen Miller voting against the move.
Jaquie Jamieson, manager of tourism and community development, said they’ve already put the foundation in with $225,000 grant they received from the federal government but they couldn’t get any other grants to complete the building.
Jamieson said the feder-
She said Six Nations Tourism needs the centre for office space and to welcome visitors to the community, “who are just looking to learn about our history and culture and there’s not a lot of places to point them to. They’re literally getting dropped off by Uber at Chiefswood Park.”
She said the tourism staff has been trying to educate visitors but it’s been a “struggle. There’s really nowhere in the community other than the Woodland Cultural Centre (in Brantford) to welcome people, show them who we are, have some visuals…”
The staff have been working out of one of the small wooden cabins at Chiefswood Park since
their original office was closed down in 2023.
Jamieson said they also need space for tour buses that come into the community.
“Part of being who we are is showing them hospitality. If we don’t have a space to welcome them to, it’s not very professional.”
She said they no longer have a building and haven’t since April 2023.
“There’s been some confusion in the community,” she said.
They left the building at Chiefswood Road and. Hwy. 54 which now houses other departments.
The old tourism building is now taken up by the economic development corporation.
The new building will have a spot to welcome visitors, office space, and a kitchen to cook traditional food for guests.
It will be located at the
grounds of Chiefswood Park.
Coun. Greg Frazer said tourism could bring dollars into the community after federal projections estimated the industry will bring in $27 billion for Canada this year and a survey showed 90 percent of Canadians want to stay in Canada this year while traveling.
“So there’s a market for us,” said Frazer. “We had people from Constance Lake come to visit and we had nowhere to welcome them. There is limited space for your workers,” he told Jamieson.
She said right now staff are housed in the cabin when you first come in to Chiefswood Park.
Elected Council agreed to fund the construction of the building for $1.1 million using OFNLP (Ontario First Nations Limited Partnership) gaming funds.
Introducing
2025-2026 Six Nations Ambassador Family. Miss Six Nations- Kymberly Farmer, Mohawk, Turtle Clan. Miss Teen Six Nations- Taylor General. Miss Pre-Teen Six
Zariah General. Miss Mini Six Nations- Jurnee Perkins. Little Miss Six Nations- Jaydance Hill.
Castle Loma plays catwalk for 2025 Runway of Rezilience
Seeing Red Media showcases empowerment, representation and unity
Social media and news outlets are still buzzing over Seeing Red Media's ability to turn midtown Toronto’s Casa Loma from a Gothic Revival castle and historic house to a fashion runway representing empowerment, unity and ‘rez’ilience last week.
On Sept. 11, Runway of Rezilience returned for its second year. The first Runway of Rezilience debuted in 2024 and won the Canadian Event Awards’ Best Cultural Event in Canada. Founder of Seeing Red, Bryan Porter, said the runway show celebrates Indigenous creativity, culture, and talent like the world has never seen.
Runway of Rezilience showcases vibrant designs of Indigenous designers, Indigenous models, Indigenous creators, Indigenous make-up artists and Indigenous chefs. This year’s show focused on storytelling, using fashion and clothing to tell the creation story and more.
“This event is a testament to the richness and diversity of Indigenous culture,” said Porter. “Runway of Rezilience provides a platform for empowerment, representation, unity and rezilience and will continue marking pivotal moments in history.”
From 5 p.m. to nearly midnight, Seeing Red and the other partners work-
ing on the show opened Casa Loma’s doors to the public and together put on what Seeing Red called the “greatest, most epic storytelling in the world in one night.”
eTalk’s Michaella Montana hosted the event, which made history with iconic performances by DREZUS, Derek Miller, DJ Shub and Natasha Fisher.
And the return of DJ Kookum. The night featured a memorable storytelling culinary experience by Aicha Smith-Belghaba, owner and chef of Esha’s Eats.
The visionary owner and chef behind Esha's Eats is a culinary artist whose passion for food is deeply intertwined with her heritage and com-
Esha’s Eats webpage.
DJ Kookum, entertainment to the show, took to Instagram earlier this week to praise the event.
“Oh man, what another epic night at the Runway of Resilience fashion show at the Casa Loma Castle,” said DJ Kookum. “So inspiring to see it all come together and see everyone slay it!
munity. With roots in the Mohawk Wolf Clan and Algerian heritage from Six Nations, Aicha's journey is a testament to the power of blending cultures and traditions to create something truly unique.
“Aicha Smith-Belghaba is more than a chef or a business owner; she is a bridge-builder, a storyteller, and a beacon of positivity. Through Esha's Eats, she continues to weave the rich tapestry of her heritage into every dish, creating not just meals, but experiences that celebrate the diversity and beauty of Indigenous cultures,” says
Big shout-out to Seeing Red Media for bringing the community together and providing space for us all to shine! So good to see all the homies. Love you all.”
Seeing Red said it is looking forward to taking on more opportunities that will continue to mark pivotal moments in history.
Special guest appearances included: Tantoo Cardinal, Eagle Blackbeard, Nathalie Restoule, Shina Nova, Autumn Peltier, Michelle Chubb, Jeremiah Manitopyes and Shayla Stonechild.
“From heartwarming laughs with aunties to unforgettable high-fashion highlights, this year’s show
was a beautiful blend of joy, style, and resilience. A night to remember,” Porter said.
To watch highlights from last year’s show and this year’s show, visit seeingred6nations.com/ events.
Michelle Chubb (Indigenous Baddie) shines in Wabanoonkwe, an Anishinaabe (Ojibwe) designer whose sustainable creations weave together Indigenous culture and vital stories like Water Stories. ALEXANDER
@realrankpod, hosted by @ohkairyn and @scottwabano, at the Runway of Rezilience Fashion Show on September 11 at Casa Loma, Toronto! at the Real Rank Lounge exclusive interviews and real talk on Indigenous fashion and culture. ALEXANDER JACE
Tantoo Cardinal (left) was backstage chilling with longtime actor friend Gary Farmer (centre). ALEXANDER
Runway of Rezilience showcases vibrant designs of Indigenous designers, Indigenous models, Indigenous creators, Indigenous make-up artists and Indigenous chefs. This year’s show focused on storytelling, using fashion and clothing to tell the creation story and more. ALEXANDER
Actor Adam Beach and his partner Summer on the red carpet. Summer also modelled on the runway. ALEXANDER
Six Nations concerned with proposed strong borders act
DONNA DURIC donna@tworowtimes.com
Six Nations of the Grand River is not happy First Nations weren’t consulted on Canada’s proposed Bill C-2 - the Strong Borders Act.
Elected Council said it recognizes that Canada’s proposed Bill C-2 is intended to strengthen border security, disrupt organized crime, prevent fentanyl trafficking, and money laundering by expanding the powers of the Canada Border Services Agency and that they are “important objectives.”
However, elected council said, “Bill C-2 was developed and introduced without engagement or con-
sultation with Six Nations of the Grand River (SNGR) or other First Nations.
Excluding First Nations diminishes nation-to-nation relationships, perpetuates lack of trust, and leaves uncertainty that protections for our inherent rights will be included in this bill. Through the legislative process, Canada has an opportunity to ensure that our rights are respected, preserved, and explicitly protected by engaging directly with First Nations rights holders - including SNGR.”
The bill also brings into question the significance of the Jay Treaty of 1794. Signed by the U.S. and Great Britain, the Jay Treaty included a provision for free passage by First
Nations Peoples and their personal goods across what is now the Canada-U.S. border.
In 1956, the Supreme Court of Canada determined that the Jay Treaty is currently not in force in Canada.
As the most populous First Nation in Canada, SNGREC said it shares the same safety and security issues as outlined by Canada.
“As written, Bill C-2 risks undermining our inherent rights and cannot advance without meaningful consultation and explicit protection for those rights. SNGREC calls on Canada to engage with SNGREC as our unique experiences around community safety will strengthen this legislation.”
and
or www.scottwoods.ca
An Ungodly Alliance - Who knew what about the Mush Hole
By Jim Windle SIX NATIONS
Originally published in 2012
Documentary evidence to back up decades and generations of horrific allegations of abuse within the walls of the Mohawk Institute may be finally coming to light, thanks in no small part to the tenacious work of a Six Nations woman.
Liona Moses, a Six Nations elder and a long-standing member of St. Peter’s Anglican Church on Chiefswood Road, describes herself as a “devout Christian” and a “loyal Anglican”. But she knows far too much to sweep under the carpet and she refuses to do so.
For the first time, she is going public with what she knows, partly for the sake of the integrity of the church she loves, but more so, for the sake of thousands of children who suffered under Canada’s policy of forced assimilation through cultural genocide, abuse and neglect, including instances of negligent manslaughter, and perhaps even murder.
“It’s very much like what the Catholic Church is going through today, dealing with sexual abuse issues against children. That has happened to Native people and the church is not taking full responsibility for some of its people’s actions,” says Moses. “Not all Anglican ministers and teachers were bad. We know in our society then and now there are bad people amongst the good in every walk of life. But it isn’t right that these people are not being punished for their actions under the law .”
Although Moses was lucky enough to have missed the horrors of life at the “Mush Hole”, many
other Six Nations residents and friends were not so fortunate.
Moses now says she has remained silent with what she knows long enough. Although not speaking publicly on the matter, she has been a constant thorn in the side of the Huron Diocese Bishops and church leaders for years while waiting for the Diocese and the National Anglican Church to do the right thing and release to the public records and documents that reveal what they knew took place, and when they knew it.
Several years ago, Moses was asked to help in the church’s internal research when several private litigation and class actions suits against the church and the federal government first began to surface in the mainstream media.
“I don’t know how she heard of me, but the head researcher of the Huron Diocese research team, Dr. Wendy Fletcher, began calling me,” recalls Moses. “I never met her before the investigations started. She invited me to come to the archives with her. I went with her for a few days and I saw much of the evidence with my own eyes that I am speaking about now.”
The research team Moses worked on for a short time found reams of both circumstantial and concrete evidence to support many of the traumatic experiences people have related to Moses over the years. This evidence was located not only in Anglican Church records, but in other records as well, including the archives of the New England Company in London, England, as well as through transcribed interviews with victims and teachers. But the most damaging material is located within the now, closed files, of
the federal Department of Indian Affairs. Fletcher’s team gathered thousands of documents before the D.I.A. closed its records in the face of a class action suit filed against them by former residents of these schools.
The negative press worldwide following that suit forced Prime Minister Stephen Harper to offer a public apology, however, all of the the actual documented evidence has never been revealed. It is unknown at this time if all of these files will ever be opened, even to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
According to Moses, she has firsthand knowledge that the Anglican Diocese of Huron has been withholding its Mohawk Residential School (Mush Hole) records and other incriminating documents, despite a written promise from church leaders in 1998, when the class action suit was made known and the research began, that it would release, within the next 10 years, all of the documents collected and hidden away.
“They’re two years late,” says Moses. “Those documents still remain under the care and control of the diocese. Not in the public archives, but rather, hidden away somewhere where no one is allowed to go and look at them, except for lawyers for the diocese and the Bishop, who is in complete control over those records.”
She and a handful of other church insiders have been persistently asking the Diocese leaders when they were going to release this information. Frustrated with nonspecific answers, if any answers at all, Moses recently told her diocese leaders she would give them until a certain date, about four weeks ago, to 'fess up and do the right
thing or she would go public herself.
As one former residential school student put it, “The healing can’t start until the hurting stops.”
To her, withholding this information is a disgrace to the church and nothing more than a continuation of abuse.
Moses’ quest for justice and healing has lead her to make several calls over the years to the Minister of Indian Affairs, to her Member of Parliament, to successive Bishops, and to the heads of the Canadian Anglican Church.
Persistence may be paying off.
Just last week the new Huron Diocese Bishop, Rev. Bob Bennett, finally made the decision to open the diocese archives to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission which is being conducted under Professor John Milloy, the new chair of the commission (Note: he was replaced by Dr. Murray Sinclair).
In the next leg of her research Dr. Fletcher went to England and did more digging within the New England Company archives. It was in the 18th month of her research that she had seen enough and left the diocese, handing the rest of the research over to others to complete.
Her focus was exclusively the Mohawk Institute. But as this information and thousands of gathered documents began to reveal more than the church was willing to have revealed at that time, former Bishop, Bruce Howe, placed a 10 year gag order on all of those involved in the internal investigation.
“Wendy promised the Native people that no matter what the outcome of this research was, she would tell us the truth,” says Moses. “She and other
researchers had to sign an agreement saying that they would not write about the research or speak about it until all litigation was finished. when she and her husband realized that they would not be able to speak about what they knew for many years, and also when they saw how aggressively the church was committed to silence, they left the diocese and moved to BC.”
Because part of the oath they took as Anglican ministers included an agreement to obey the Bishop and his orders, the Fletchers felt that the only way they could get out of that oath without outright disobedience was to leave the Huron Diocese. They moved to British Columbia where Dr. Fletcher is presently the Principal, Dean and Professor of Church History at the prestigious Vancouver School of Theology.
“One day many years ago, I got a call from Wendy and she asked me to put together a small group of people at the Woodland Cultural Centre,” Moses recalls.
Fletcher flew out from Vancouver as part of her healing journey in light of the trauma which still remained from the research she had done. She met with the group who lived at the Mohawk Institute to speak about life there through history and to answer any questions she could about life at the school as she was able to understand it.
Fletcher told the small gathering that she knows firsthand about thousands of documented pieces of evidence against the church and Indian Affairs, that the documents and evidence she gathered were all in order from the beginning of the church’s involvement in residential schools, right to the end.
“She knows because that is how she arranged it all before she quit,” says Moses. “Wendy said at that time that it would make a great movie.”
Moses has been gathering her own testimonial evidence as well. She says that while serving as curator of the Mohawk Chapel, former residents would come and often tell her some of their experiences while students of the institute.
“I’ve been told by some of the former students that when they left their rooms in the daytime, the beds were all made and inspected by the matron who locked the door when the kids left,” Moses relates. “They could not reenter their room until it was unlocked. But at the end of the day, when they opened the door, one of the beds would be all messed up. So the children all knew which child had been molested that day while the others were away.”
One boy told Moses that he was molested in the fruit and vegetable cellar in the basement of the school.
“I have had many instances of people coming to the Mohawk Chapel and telling me about what happened to them at the institute,” says Moses. “Some of those stories are written in those documents being hidden from outside eyes.”
Moses says that there is valuable land claims information in those protected documents as well since the New England Company dealt with acres of land within the city of Brantford and elsewhere along the Haldimand Tract.
In memory of Liona Moses, Six Nations elder and former curator at the Mohawk Chapel. This series on the Mohawk Institute was originally published by Jim Windle in 2012.
NATIONAL SENIORS DAY
Community members 55+ are invited to join us for a lunch and entertainment. FREE
DATE:
Wednesday, October 1
11am-2pm TIME:
LOCATION:
Six Nations Community Hall (1738 Fourth Line)
ATHLETES CELEBRATION 2024-2025
Six Nations of the Grand River would like to thank everyone who took part in this year ’ s Athletes Celebration as well as acknowledge the accomplishments of our community athletes!
BASKETBALL:
Rodderek SMITH
DANCING:
Adalyn MILLER
Camryn JAMIESON
Cecilia SKYE
Chae HARRIS
Crystal LICKERS
Erin MONTURE
Fayelynn SKYE
Ikekiss KENNEDY
Ivee MONTOUR
Jody SKYE
Julie MONTURE
Kaori SMITH
Kaylee SANDY
Kesli HILL
Kris DAVIS
Kylir HILL
Layla MONTURE
Leilani JONATHAN
Makayla MILLER
Marcie SANDY
Mayla DEPERRY
Paedyn STAATS
Solara SILVER
Zayden MARTIN
DARTS: Judy SMITH
Marlene MARTIN
FOOTBALL:
Karson MARTIN
HOCKEY:
Calvin BOMBERRY
LACROSSE:
Brock VANEVERY
Charles VANEVERY
Karnley JOHNSON
Kendyl JOHNSON
Kyson JOHNSON
Raynee SMITH
LACROSSE & HOCKEY:
Emerson HESS
Kamden VANEVERY
Madisyn HESS
Owen HESS
RUNNING/ TRACK & FIELD:
Alexandria MARTIN
Felicia WHITE
Fin SMITH
SOFTBALL/BASEBALL:
Aniyah FARMER
Brielle BOMBERRY
Dana GIBSON
Haudenosaunee Hunters
Mitchell FARMER
Ohsweken Redmen
Tiarra PORTER
Proceedings will begin with the 2RO Media Festival, with Special Events in Brantford and Six Nations (Chiefswood Park). This will be a chance to welcome members from our global network into community. This two-day festival will feature films & media arts projects from artists in community, members
You are invited to the 2025 2RO Media Festival
of the OTEKH lab, and partners from the global network. (more info here: https://www.2romedia. studio)
Schedule:
Friday, October 3 –Woodland Cultural Centre (5–10 PM)
Thanksgiving Address by Melissa Eliot
Performance by the Six Nations Women Singers Film Screenings:
Deskaheh (dir. Alan Downey), with guest speakers
Deskaheh: A Quest for
Justice (dir. Ellen Gabriel)
Indian Defense League of America: 98th Annual Jay Treaty Border Crossing (IDLA), with speakers in attendance
Saturday, October 4 –Chiefswood Park (noon–10 PM)
Community Feast Film Screenings in the park on outdoor screen (noon-5PM)
Live Performances:
Lacy Hill & Derek Miller (5:00–5:45 PM)
Josh Miller Band (6:00–6:45 PM)
Feature Film: Rumble: The Indians Who Rocked the World, introduced by Tim Johnson (outdoor screening)
Special Guests: DJ Shub (8:30 – 10PM)
Art/ Media Installations in the park from 5-10pm
*Note: Saturday is an outdoor event, so please bring lawn chairs, blankets, and dress for the weather (whatever will make your experience most comfortable).
Invitation to AGM Public Events
Saturday, October 5 (4pm)– AGM Welcome Event
Chiefswood Park, Six Nations
NOTICE OF ELECTION NOMINATIONS
NOTICE OF ELECTION NOMINATIONS
SIX NATIONS COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT TRUST 8TH ELECTION OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES
ONE (1) Non Community Resident (Off-Reserve) Board of Trustee Member
NOMINATIONS for one (1) Non Community Resident (Off-Reserve) Board of Trustee Member will be held on SATURDAY, October 4, 2025 at the SIX NATIONS ONEIDA BUSINESS PARK – Suite 111 (50 Generations Drive – corner of Fourth Line and Hwy 6) from 9:00AM-12:00 noon.
Eligibility Requirements of All Candidates
a) Be a registered band member of Six Nations of the Grand River.
b) Be eighteen (18) years of age or older.
c) Be a resident off Six Nations of the Grand River for a minimum of one year prior to election.
d) All candidates must be nominated by two (2) eligible nominators.
Nominee Packages will be given to each Nominee. Nominee’s will be required to complete the package to determine eligibility. Please note all nominees will need to submit a recent CPIC with their nominee packages.
Election to take place in November 2025
We invite you to join us for a Welcome to Territory event, with Thanksgiving Address by Malissa Eliot, and the Manitou Mkwa Singers. This will be a chance to welcome members of our global Abundant Intelligences network to community, followed by a feast. Please feel free to bring family and friends… ALL Welcome.
Invitation to Art Event
Pit Fire Project / Art & Community Event
October 10 (10 AM–2 PM)
Museum of Ontario Archaeology (london, ON)
Chief Electoral Polling Officer – Dorothy Patteron-Russell
Chief Electoral Polling Officer - Dorothy Russell-Patterson
If you have any questions please contact Melanie Bomberry, Trust Coordinator By Email coordinator@sncomtrust.ca or Phone 905-765-1236
This project forms one part of a larger ecology of work in Abundant Intelligences: an exploration of how AI systems can be grounded in land, community, and collective making, and how digital processes might carry forward the vitality of living practices.
For general inquiries, or help with travel plans, please contact Kelly Greene or Emelie Robertson.
As part of the AGM, students in the LandMarks class will welcome members of the global Abundant Intelligences network to an art and community gathering. This event will feature a traditional pit-fire of clay vessels created by students and our community partners. As part of the pit-fire event, we will introduce a prototype AI system designed to sense and translate the combustion process in real-time. Thermal sensors placed within the pit will capture real time data, then generating live animations and data visualizations that extend the firing into a digital environment—this event is a site of engagement, where embodied practice, land-based knowledge, and experimental technologies converge.
BPS Arrest 33-year-old male after Stabbing Investigation
Paramedics on scene. The victim was transported to hospital for treatment of non-life-threatening injuries.
As a result of continued investigation, officers with the Brantford Police Service arrested a 33-yearold man from Brantford for a stabbing that sent a 34-year-old male victim to hospital.
At approximately 10:20 p.m., Saturday, August 23, 2025, officers with the Brantford Police Service were dispatched to the area of Market Street and Darling Street.to attend a report of a man who had been stabbed. Officers arrived to find members of Brantford Fire and Brant-Brantford
Investigation revealed that the suspect stabbed the victim multiple times and fled on foot. The suspect was identified and a warrant for his arrest was granted.
As a result, a 33-yearold man from Brantford was arrested on September 12, 2025, at an Albion Street residence. The accused stands charged with the following: Aggravated Assault, Possession of Weapon for Dangerous Purpose, and two counts of Breach of Probation. The accused was held for a bail hearing.
This project forms one part in Abundant Intelligences: an exploration of how AI systems can be grounded in land, community, and collective making. FILE
ember
27
Mohawk Park 51 Lynnwood Drive, Brantford
Come and Contribute to our Community Dream Catcher Being Made During the Event While Supplies Last!
Variety of Indigenous Artisan Vendors and Community Information Booths
supplies last)
Openings 11:00am - 11:30am
Social Singers and Dancers 11:30am - 12:30pm
Dance Demonstrations 1:15pm - 1:45pm
Pow Wow Singers, Dancers, Spot Dances, Potato Dance, Intertribals, and Youth Candy Dance 2:00pm - 3:00pm
Closings 3:00pm - 3:30pm
Notice of Public Information Centre #
Northwest Municipal Services Expansion Environmental Assessments
Project Information
The City is currently completing Municipal Class Environmental Assessment (MCEA) Studies to expand the water, wastewater, stormwater and transportation infrastructure to the north of Hi 403, and ultimately to the City’s Northwest Expansion lands. Du the overlapping nature and geographic proximity of projects recommended in the Master Servicing Plan and Transportation Master Plan, and their combined need to satisfy an optimized servicing strategy, seven (7) individual projects are being com simultaneously.
Public Involvement
Previous PICs have presented the preliminary preferred alternat for the Oak Park Road Trunk Watermain and Trunk Sewer; the Powerline Road Trunk Watermain and Trunk Sewer; and the Preliminary Preferred Alternative Design for the Oak Park Road Powerline Road Widening.
This third PIC will focus on presenting the Preliminary Preferr Alternative Solution for Stormwater Management in Grand River Northwest Catchment.
Members of the project team will be available at the PIC to an questions and discuss the study progress to date.
Serving Indian Tacos (while
MANN CUP CHAMPIONS CONGRATULATIONS!
By Tommy Davies, PhD student, Agriculture, Dalhousie University
When biting into a large, sweet apple from the local grocery store, it's easy to take the characteristics of our modern fruits for granted. We don't often consider the long history of migration and improvement, both random and intentional, that has led to the seemingly perfect apples we enjoy today. Were the apples of our past always delicious? Where did our apples come from and how much have they changed?
The origins of the apple can be traced back to the Tian Shen mountains in modern day Kazakhstan, where the wild ancestor of apples, Malus sieversii, still grows in forests today. The largest city in Kazakhstan, Almaty, derives its name from the Kazhak
Ancient apples were small and bitter
word Almatau meaning ``apple mountain.'' Archeological evidence suggests that human cultivation of apples began at least 5,000 years ago. During the last five millennia, our human ancestors transported apple seeds first across Asia via the Silk Road and eventually across the world.
But these ancient apples are quite different from the varieties we are accustomed to today. Wild apples are often small, acidic and bitter and generally not something you would pay $8.80/kg for.
Cultivated improvements
Our research group compared today's cultivated apples (varieties grown on farms like Honeycrisp and McIntosh) to the fruits of their wild ancestors, Malus sieversii, to quantify how apple fruits have changed over
thousands of years.
Our experiment made use of Canada's Apple Biodiversity Collection, an orchard in Nova Scotia containing over 1,000 different apple varieties from around the world, both wild and cultivated. Growing trees from the mountains of Kazakhstan alongside cultivated varieties allowed our research team to make direct comparisons between today's apples and the wild apples of the ancient past.
Our study revealed that cultivated apples are 3.6 times heavier and 43 per cent less acidic than their wild counterparts. The apples we see in supermarkets today are both larger and more palatable than those that fed our ancestors. This dramatic change in acidity, which contributes to the sourness of apples, suggests that the apples we enjoy today are
much tastier than those of the past.
In addition, cultivated apples contain 68 per cent less phenolic content than wild apples. Phenolic compounds are bioactive substances in fruits that are linked to improved human health outcomes. However, phenolic compounds also contribute to bitter taste, meaning the apples of today taste much less bitter than their ancestral counterparts. It's likely that, over many centuries, humans chose to grow apples with less bioactive molecules in favour of those with a less bitter taste, resulting in decreased phenolic content in cultivated apples over time.
These results give us some insight into the taste preferences of our ancestors. Humans of the past likely selected for apples that were heavier, provid-
ing more food for more people, and less acidic and phenolic, making them more palatable.
A large proportion of these dramatic changes happened as a result of our ancestors choosing which apple varieties to bring along with them as they migrated around the world. Over hundreds of generations, our ancestors selected apples that had traits that suited their needs, effectively conducting a long-term apple improvement experiment.
Impacts of modern breeding
In the past 200 years, apple breeding programs have been more deliberate and more sophisticated, using modern techniques and technologies to make apples better faster. Our group combined historical records with fruit trait data from our orchard to investigate trends in fruit
characteristics among commercial varieties generated from the last 200 years of breeding. Our investigation found that more recently released commercial apple varieties have better storage capabilities, contain more soluble solids (sugars) and have less phenolic content. Recent efforts to improve our apples have been focused on keeping fruits fresh for longer and making them taste sweeter. With the expansion of global food markets and our growing preferences for sweeter tastes, these changes are indicative of the desires of modern society.
Apple futures
Wild apples represent an invaluable source of genetic diversity _ material that could be used in the future to add new or improved characteristics to modern apple varieties.
Giant bones reported unearthed in northern Minnesota, 1885
Curated by Jim Windle
The following strange tale is reported from Eli Minn., filed by a correspondent of the St. Louis Globe Democratic in 1895, republished in the Hamilton Spectator:
“With the partial settlement of this new country have come many strange finds, showing that at one time in the dark past the northern section of this state was inhabited by men and animals of which the present generation knows nothing, except what scientists and searchers after the curious may say. The country around Ely is particularly rich in relics of the past.
Judging from the many finds made by varlous people since farms have opened up here. Scarcely a day passes but some new discovery is made, and the relics are particularly interesting to those who have delved into the records of the musty past to any extent.
There is evidence to show a time this country was peopled by men of tremendous size, and by animals In comparison with which the elephants of the circus, of to-day
would seem like pigmies. There is also evidence to show that the people who then ruled the country were not mere hewers of wood and drawers of water, but possessed skill in various directions. Thomas McKinster has recently taken up a farm near the mouth of the Little Fork river, in Itasca county. At one corner of his farm stood a knoll, possibly 150 yards across, covered with a heavy growth of pine. On top of this knoll was a huge bird, or rather the outline of one, made of stone not found in any other locality in the state so far as known. In digging into this knoll it was found that the place was once a burying ground of a prehistoric race. Human bones of great size were found, and the positions indicated that the original owners thereof had been buried in sitting posture. It was an easy matter to distinguish the bones of the male from those of the female, for they were larger, more massive, and had preserved their shape better. In one grave were found the bones of what were once probably father, mother and child.
The huge bones of the male were about a foot distant from those of the woman and child, which were locked in a close embrace, as though the mother had drawn the Infant to her bosom just before death came. The larger bones were those of a man who, in life, must have been nearly, if not fully, nine feet in height, while those of the woman showed that she had been no dwarf, measuring, as they did, 8 feet 4 inches from the bottom of the bones of the foot to the top of the skull, which was larger, flatter, and considerably heavier than the skulls of the people of to-day. The child must have been very young, for its bones went to pieces as soon as exposed to the air and covered the bones of the mother with a fine, white powder. By measuring the outlines of the bones of the child It was found that the infant had been nearly five feet in height, which is really not so bad for a child of tender years. In the skull of the woman was a big dent, between and slightly above the eyes, showing that she had met death in a violent manner. By
the side of the man lay a stone weapon, shaped something like an egg, with a depression cut around one end, in which a thong might have been twisted. It was of the same kind of stone as the bird on top of the knoll or mound, a hard, blue-colored granite, almost as close grained as steel. Some feet from where these bones were found were the bones of a man, alone, and in a standing position.
The right arm was broken hung by his side, while the left was raised aloft, as though to hurl something from him. At the foot of this skeleton, if skeleton It could be called, for the bones were little more than dust, and held in place only by the clay with which they were surrounded, were several pieces of peculiarly coloured pottery.
Two of the vessels were intact and were preserved by the finder.
The other vessel was a shallow pan, about seven inches across the bottom, and a trifle less across the top, with pictures of strange looking birds traced in relief on the bottom.
The absence of jewelry
and other articles of personal adornment shows that the people who were burled there differed in some respects, at least, from the common North American Indians, who were and still are buried with their jewelry upon them and all their treasures by their side.
The men dig into the graves of those of the high, priests or chief medicine men preferred, on account of the richer treasure found in them and, without disturbing the bodies or the bones, as the case may be, in the least, remove the money, which is generally in silver dollars, and the jewelry. which is often quite valuable, from its resting place.
Here have been discovered broken human bones, skulls, with holes in stone battle axes, copper knives, and other things of a warlike nature, all so ponderous that the modern athlete could not well handle them for even a few minutes, let alone using them as of offense and defense.
In rare instances the skulls have been found. These skulls are massive things, larger than the skulls of elephants, and
having jaws ponderous enough, it would seem, to grasp at one time an entire horse or cow without the slightest trouble. Many of these relics are in the possession of Thomas McKinster, and W. Saunders, as well as other men who have come into this country to make homes for themselves and their families, and to assist in the upbuilding of one of the most fertile states in the union.
This new northwestern country offers a tempting field for research to the student of the human race, and new discoveries are constantly coming to light, which will, no doubt, throw much light upon 'the mystery which now surrounds the people who built the mounds and were buried there.”
These are only two of the many similar stories of the discovery of Giants which seemed to pop up across North America. Without radio,TV, higher education or computer games, the newspapers gave people both news and entertainment. Therefor if a headline tweaked our curiosity, we’d buy a paper and read the story for ourselves.
know the score.
Mann Cup three-peat 2.0
JIM WINDLE
jim@tworowtimes.com
TWO ROW TIMES
NEW WESTMINSTER B.C.
— It didn’t come easy, and didn’t come without controversy, but after Game #7 of the 2025 Mann Cup playoffs, in New Westminster B.C., the Six Nations Chiefs completed the “Three-peat” by defeating the western powerhouse
New Westminster Salmonbellies 12-7.
Dhane Smith once again led the Chiefs with a seven point game (2G,5A). Lyle Thompson, who had been relatively quiet in the early stages of the series, came alive when it counted most, scoring three and assisting on three.
Thompson got the Chiefs rolling with the first of the game early, 1:39 into the game. Larson
Sundown and Jack Shyne assisted.
The Bellies answered, but then the Chiefs rallied with the next four to take a 5-1 first period lead. Ryan Smith scored next followed by Ian MacKay, R. Smith’s second of the frame, Ian Mackay, with Thompson closing out the period.
The Salmonbellies were not ready to put up the white flag yet as they
started cutting into the Chiefs lead. Dickson Haiden made it 5-2, but Kason Tarbell added another for the Chiefs. That’s when the Bellies turned it on, scoring the next four goals to make up the differential and turn it into a new game with 19 minutes remaining and all the marbles on the table. It was crunch time for both teams, each with a rich history, and lots of
pride. That is when the Chiefs called on everything the game meant to their teams and its community.
Dhane Smith, Ian MacKay, Lyle Thompson, Brendan Bomberry, Tyson Bell rattled off a barrage of third period goals as the Salmonbellies faded. Meanwhile, Doug Jameson was his usual rubber-stopping machine in the Chiefs net facing 49 shots for the
well earned win. The Bellies knew what they had to do poured all they had left on the Chiefs. New West’s star runner Tye Kurtz, from the Albany Firewolves of the NLL, stepped up to the plate scoring twice. The Chiefs, meanwhile, went goal for goal with them, thanks to Six Nations Shane Jackson, Tyson Bell, and, Ian MacKay supported the 10-6 Chiefs win.
The Six Nations Chiefs complete the 2025 Mann Cup “three-peat” with a 12-7, Game #7 victory. Joining the players on the floor for the Cup presentation was the Chiefs star-studded coaching staff, including, John Tavares - Head Coach, Rich Kilgour - Assistant Coach, Duane Jacobs - Assistant Coach, Cody Jamieson - Assistant Coach, David Sowden - Trainer, Dr. C. John Ho - Doctor, Nic Davis - Manager, Kim Smith - Manager. PHOTO BY X
Curated by Jim Windle
The following is an article first publishd in the Brantford Expositor from the summer of 1971. This makes last weeks' melee in BC, seem somewhat tame. There were, in fact, many nights following a lacrosse game in Brantford, when the visiting team's bus had to be escorted to the hiway home. Not condoning this, but just putting a little perspective on the matter.
1971 - Warriors Win Over Brawl Delays Game
A first period donnybrook almost brought an end to Tuesday night's lacrosse game at the civic centre. A crowd of 2,781 waited impatiently for 20 minutes before Brantford Supertest Warriors and Fergus Thistles resumed play.
The Warriors went on
Fan-involved brawls not something new
to win 12-8 and take a 2-0 lead in the best-of-seven Ontario Lacrosse Association senior "B" semi-final. Five players were injured in the battle, which broke out at 12:33 of the first period, and three required hospital treatment.
The teams went to their dressing rooms and Fergus threatened to pull out of the game. Ross Nelson, president of the Thistles, said five or six of his players took off their equipment and were preparing to go home.
Then a vote was taken among the players and the majority decided to continue. Goaltender Brian Ronalds of the Thistles, and forward Ivan the Warriors required 16 stitches between them to close two nasty gashes. Ronalds took 10 stitches in the forehead to close a cut sustained when attacked by Duane
Powless, one of the Warrior trainers. Powless was removed by police. Thomas needed six stitches to close a jagged cut on his left eyelid, a result of a stick swing by Bill Lovell of the Thistles. "That started the whole thing," Thomas said after the game while pointing to the tender spot. Thomas and Lovell collided in the Brantford end zone and started swinging their sticks with each other. Lovell hit Thomas in the eye and blood started to ooze out of the injury. Thomas then dropped his gloves and went after the Fergus player, only to be stopped by the officials.
Goaltender Ron Thomas, Ivan's brother, came over to help and punched Lovell. Players from both sides then squared off with each other. Ronalds joined the fray and swung his stick,
hitting a Brantford player over the head. At this point Duane Powless jumped over the boards, rushed the goalie, threw him hard to the floor and pounced on him like a cat. When the two were finally pried apart, blood was flowing freely the cut on the goalie's head.
"Ronalds received a five minute slashing penalty while Lovell was assessed five minutes for slashing and a 10 minute misconduct.
Brantford players penalized for their part in the free-for-all were Ivan Thomas and Bill Squires, both given five minutes for slashing while Thomas also picked up a misconduct. The Warriors lost the services of Cap Bomberry when he received a game misconduct for jumping the boards to join the melee.
lacrosse, a game misconduct is automatic if a player leaves the bench to join a fight, whether he participates or not. Prior to the fracas, the Warriors had jumped into a 3-2 lead and managed to move ahead 4-3 before the end of the period.
Thistles Bounce Back but in the second period it was a different story. The Thistles, behind the sparkling goaltending of Bill Clark, who took over while Ronalds was getting patched up at the Brantford General Hospital, seemed to find a new spark and went ahead 6-5 before the end of the period.
The Warriors appeared to tire in this period. Third period saw the Warriors came out fast, scoring four goals in less than three minutes.
After a strong second period, the Thistles seemed to fall apart in the third and couldn't cope with goalie Ron Thomas, who played a standout game for the winners. At times he stopped shots which appeared labelled all the way.
Rod Campbell, a late addition to the Warriors after being cut by Toronto Maple Leafs of the senior "A" league, was the best player on the floor until the midway mark of third period.
2025 DEADLINE CALENDAR for / gweh?: weh n=:` Ohsweg,h]:n/h Onkwehón:we ne: Ohswekenhro:non
Feb. 1st Application Deadline for Summer semester Apply on-line! Fall Marks/Progress Reports due for all continuing students.
Levels 3 & 4 (Master or Ph.D. students) provide Letter of Good Academic Standing. Winter course registration/timetable and detailed tuition fees due.
May 1st Application Deadline for Fall or Fall/Winter semester(s) Apply on-line! Winter Marks/Progress Reports due for all funded students.
Levels 3 & 4 (Master or Ph.D. students) provide Letter of Good Academic Standing. Summer course registration/timetable and detailed tuition fees due.
11:59 pm May 1st to 9 am July 1st - The On-line Application on the GRPSEO Website is not available.
Aug 1st Official transcripts are due from students funded for any of the three previous application periods (Summer/Fall/Winter).
For all APPROVED FALL applications - Any documentation that was requested by the Funding Advisor to be submitted to GRPSEO by August 1, (as outlined in the “Check List of Required Documentation” form provided to the applicant), and not received by this deadline date will result in CANCELLATION of the approved application and loss of funding.
Oct. 1st Application Deadline for Winter semester – Apply on-line!
Summer Marks/Progress Reports due for all continuing students.
Levels 3 & 4 (Master or Ph.D. students) provide Letter of Good Academic Standing. Fall course registration/timetable and detailed tuition fees due.
STUDENTS MUST APPLY ON- LINE BY SPECIFIED DEADLINE
OTHER POST SECONDARY DATES AND EVENTS 2025
Jan. 2 Office Reopens 2025
Feb. 17 Office Closed: Family Day
Mar. 7 Winter Semester Contact Required From All Students (Check With Your GRPSEO Funding Advisor)
Apr. 18 Office Closed: Good Friday
Apr. 21 Office Closed: Easter Monday
May 1 Accepting Graduate Promotion Items
May 19 Office Closed: Victoria Day
June 1 Summer Office Hours: Open from 8 am to 4 pm
June 23 Office Closed: Observance National Indigenous Peoples Day
July 1 Office Closed: Canada Day
Aug. 1 Official Transcripts
Aug. 4 Office Closed: Civic Holiday
Sept. 2 Back to Regular Office Hours: Open 8:30 am to 4:30 pm
Sept. 1 Office Closed: Labour Day
Sept 30 Office Closed: National Day of Truth and Reconciliation (Orange Shirt Day)
Oct. 13 Office Closed: Thanksgiving Day
Oct. 31 Deadline to Submit Graduate Promotion Items
Nov. 7 Fall Semester Contact Required From All Students (Check With Your GRPSEO Funding Advisor)
Nov. 11 Office Closed: Observance of Remembrance Day
Dec. 23 Office Closed: Christmas Closure
Jan. 2, 2026 Office Reopens
Please check the local newspapers, our website at www.grpseo.org
FaceBook/Instagram/X or give us a call at (519) 445-2219 for more information.
GRAND RIVER POST SECONDARY EDUCATION OFFICE Honour.
Coach Ross Powless called him back, but referee saw him return to the bench and immediately imposed the penalty. In
Ronalds returned from the hospital and took over in the net at the 8.34 mark of this period. The Warriors completed their scoring by firing four goals past him.
SIX NATIONS POLICE
Constable - Contract Position
He was given a game misconduct for throwing his stick against the boards when tagged with a minor penalty for slashing. "He was fresh and had the most desire," Powless said of his star forward after the game. Campbell, Stan Ignatezyk, Roger Smith and Ted Howe had two goals each for the Warriors. Bill Squires, Jim Squires, Jack Hill and Ivan Thomas had one each. Bob Mulvey and Bob Brown had a pair each for the Thistles."
Applications for a contract position for Constable with the Six Nations Police are now being called for.
All applicants must fill out a standard application form available at the Six Nations Police Station.
CRITERIA for applicants are as follows:
Minimum Requirements to be considered for a career in First Nations Policing with the Six Nations Police Service, you must:
- Be 19 years of age or over and able to provide an official birth certificate or proof of age;
- Be physically and mentally able to perform the duties of the position having regard to your own safety and the safety of members of the public
- Have successfully completed at least 4 years of Secondary School education or its equivalent (official transcripts and diplomas will be required)
- Be of good moral character and habits, meaning that you are an individual other people would consider being trustworthy and having integrity, with no criminal record;
- certified by a physician to be fit for duty as a front line Six Nations Police Constable and able to pass physical tests which are required in the recruiting process
- Possess a valid driver’s license with no more than 6 accumulated demerit points, permitting you to drive an automobile in Ontario with full driving privileges
- Be able to pass a security clearance as well as background investigation, credit card and reference checks
If you have any criminal convictions under a Federal Statute you must obtain a pardon.
Special Requirements – for the Six Nations Police Service, in order to address the unique and at times urgent needs of the Six Nations of the Grand River Community and Haudenosaunee culture, additional requirements include:
- Extensive knowledge of the unique social dynamics of the Six Nations of the Grand River Territory
- A sound understanding of Haudenosaunee culture, customs, traditions and social political issues of the Six Nations of the Grand River
- Six Nations of the Grand River Band Membership/Citizenship and residency is considered a preferred asset and
- Membership or extensive working experience with any Indigenous Nation will also be considered an asset
Desirable Qualifications:
• Six Nations Band member preferred
Assets:
• Previous policing related experience
• Law and security courses, etc.
Closing Date: Applications must be received by 3:00 p.m October 3, 2025.
Applications in complete form are to be mailed or hand delivered to:
Six Nations Police P.O. Box 758
2112 4th Line Road
Ohsweken, Ontario
N0A 1M0
Attention: Policing Administrator
For further information, please contact the Policing Administrator at 519-445-4191.
COVID-19 Restrictions will be exercised.
SIX NATIONS COUNCIL
SIX NATIONS AND NEW CREDIT
of the Credit First Nation (MCFN)
Yard Sale
YARD SALE - Saturday September 20, 2025 9am-2pm. Kids clothes, winter coats & boots, shoes, furniture, cement step, toys and other items. If raining it will be rescheduled to Sept 27, 2025 same time. 995 Mohawk Road.
Yard Sale
Yard Sale
12 Stoneridge Circle
September 20, 2025
Rain Date-September 21, 2025
Household items, clothes, furniture toys, shoes, boots - baked goods and drinks. Also, clothing, household items and video games 9 - 2pm
HILL: Karen Lois May 10, 1944 - September 14, 2025
Karen Lois Hill, age 81, of Six Nations, passed away Sunday, September 14, 2025, at the Brantford General Hospital. Born May 10, 1944, she was the daughter of the late Emma Curley and Oneisa Hill. Karen was preceded in death by her husband of 48 years, Milton Roy Hill. Karen leaves behind her three sons, Dwayne Hill (Krystal Hughes), Eric Hill (Rhonda Hill) and Alan Hill; seven grandchildren, Rorey Hill, Allissa Hill (Byron Cornwell), Emma Johnson (Matthew Johnson), Terri Richnak (Alexander Richnak), Jeremey Hill, Tamara Hill, Connor Hill; and several loving great grandchildren, nieces, nephews, cousins and friends. She also leaves behind her siblings Jobear Hill (late Frank), Kelly Curley (Sandra), Leianna Laforme, Laurel Curley, and was preceded in death by siblings Leslie Curley, Erna Miller, Malcom Curley. Karen was a homemaker and a devote member of Jehovah’s Witnesses.
A viewing will be held from 2-4 p.m. and 6-8 p.m. on Saturday, September 20, at Hyde & Mott Chapel of R.H.B. Anderson Funeral Homes Ltd., 60 Main St. S., Hagersville, ON. A celebration of life will be held at Six Nations Community Hall on Sunday, September 21, from 11a.m. - 2 p.m. Food donations can be dropped off at the community hall after 10 a.m. www.rhbanderson.com
Porter - In loving memory of Wayne Arnold who passed away September 16th, 1979
Silent tears and memories, fill each day and night. A dear son and brother passed away.
To enter a world of light. We hear his spirit in the wind, Feel his love in the warmth of the sun, See his youth in the gentle green, Of new things for everyone. We cherish his memory, so very dear, It helps to keep him close and near.
Always remembered by Kathy and Rod Hill and the Porter family.
Golden Spoon Fundraising Dinner Friday September 19, 2025
CLUES ACROSS
1. Carved into
7. __ Rogers, cowboy
10. Unruly locale
12. Edible mushroom
13. Influential noblemen
14. Rattling breaths
15. David __ George, Brit. P.M.
16. Musician Clapton
17. Small Eurasian deer
18. Invests in little enterprises
19. Perimeter
21. Chicago ballplayer
22. Animal body part
27. It’s everywhere these days
28. Fictional ad exec
33. Mr. T character Baracus
34. Against the current
36. Subway rodent
37. Armor plate
38. Hair on the head
39. Strong insect
40. Swollen lymph node
41. A way to lessen
44. Walter White poison
45. Sleeveless garment
48. Long accompanied song
49. Without features
50. Yankee great Mattingly
51. Removes from record
DOWN 1. Root of taro plant
Those ones
Appliances have one
A way to sing
Midway between east and southeast
6. Animal dwelling
7. An object that as survived from the past
8. Oil cartel
9. Affirmative
10. Foul smell
11. Brisk tempo
12. S. American indigenous person
14. Restored 17. Official
18. Skin lesions
20. Electroencephalograph
23. Middle Eastern country
24. Extremely angry
25. Title used before a woman’s name
26. British thermal unit
29. By the way (abbr.)
30. Anger
31. Nullifies
32. Ones who acquire
35. Time zone
36. Arabic name
38. Protein in mucus
40. Ballpoint pen
41. Mimics
42. Humans have a lot of it
43. Expressions of good wishes
44. Cool!
45. One point east of due south
46. City of Angels football team (abbr.)
47. A way to save for retirement
SUDOKU
ARIES – Mar 21/Apr 20
This week sharpens your focus with daily routines and well-being, Aries. It’s an excellent time to streamline your schedule, tackle neglected tasks and prioritize self-care.
TAURUS – Apr 21/May 21
Creativity and joy are themes for you this week, Taurus. Engage in hobbies, spend time with loved ones and embrace fun pursuits. Your artistic side may be especially inspired
GEMINI – May 22/Jun 21
Your home and family life take center stage right now, Gemini. You might be focused on domestic projects, redecorating or spending quality time with the people you love.
CANCER – Jun 22/Jul 22
Communication is key this week, Cancer. Expect a busy social calendar. Important conversations and new learning opportunities also may pop up. Your words carry weight.
LEO – Jul 23/Aug 23
Leo, financial matters are center stage this week. This is a good time to review your budget, look for new income or make sensible investments. Your practical instincts are strong.
VIRGO – Aug 24/Sept 22
This week is all about you, Virgo, especially if your birthday falls during these days. Focus on personal goals and self-improvement. Set strong intentions for the year ahead.
LIBRA – Sept 23/Oct 23
It is time for rest and introspection, Libra. You might feel a need to retreat and recharge your batteries in the days to come. Pay attention to what your body is telling you.
SCORPIO – Oct 24/Nov 22
Social connections and networking are driving you right now, Scorpio. Spend time with friends or host a party so others can stop by and mingle. You also can join group events.
SAGITTARIUS – Nov 23/Dec 21
Sagittarius, your career and public image are in focus this week. Opportunities for advancement or recognition could arise. Be professional and show off your leadership skills.
CAPRICORN – Dec 22/Jan 20
Expand your horizons, Capricorn. This is a great week for learning, planning travel or exploring new hobbies. Try to step outside of your comfort zone as much as possible.
AQUARIUS – Jan 21/Feb 18
Aquarius, you might be dealing with financial arrangements or deepening a close bond with someone. Regardless, trust and vulnerability are important concepts right now.
PISCES – Feb 19/Mar 20
Personal and professional relationships are your priority this week, Pisces. It’s important to compromise and seek harmony in all you do.
