Wai - UCL Application Portfolio

Landscape Portfolio 2019 - 2023

Tse Wai Hei Tobie

Undergraduate Works The University of Hong Kong

CONTENTS 01. Jubilee Battery - “To Wall”

1

Instructors: Natalia Echeverri (nechever@hku.hk), Nikolas Ettel (nettel@hku.hk) Studio: Constructing Landscapes

02. Renegotiating Between Human and Nature: Sweeping Lines

4

Instructor: Mathew Pryor (matthew.pryor@hku.hk) Studio: Landscape Systems

03. Co-create Smart Park Group Competition: “The Smart Loop”

8

Collaborators: Joyce Wong (joycewnl@connect.hku.hk), Lena Li (liziyuan@connect.hku.hk), Lydia Lee (lht03@connect.hku.hk)

04. Kwong Hon Terrace Garden, Sheung Wan - “The Ground”

10

Instructor: Susanne Trumpf (strumpf@hku.hk) Studio: Community Playscapes

05. Crossing Catchments : Deconstructing plans for inter-basin transfer and decentralized water management in Northern Thailand

14

Instructor: Ashley Scott Kelly (mfujita@sala.ubc.ca) Studio: Thai-Myanmar Border Studio

06. Models - Tectonics of the Ground Instructor: Natalia Echeverri (nechever@hku.hk), Nikolas Ettel (nettel@hku.hk) Studio: Constructing Landscapes

19

R

Flat Rock

Road

L

100 L

Artifact 6 - Gun Emplacement 1

80

L

L

R

6 L

R

) ??(??

FB 40 H

H

R

L L

R

L L

Podi

s

5

um

CUL

R

L

20

68

L

8 NT MOU

Flat

DAV

Rock

IS

R

D

ROA

4

L

2 CW

L L

26

20

1 188 Villa Primavera

CUL

Artifact 5 - Remaining Brickwall

R

P

L

Artifact Map

Block 1

Natural Boulder-Cliffs 20 km

Concrete Walls Brick Walls Stone Walls Crumbled Walls 10

15

20

25m

Artifact 2 - Old Crumbled Staircase

X

Relationship between Lamma Island & Jubilee Battery

5

Artifact 1 - Three-layered Platform (bottom layers inaccessible)

0

Artifact 3 - Old Magazine-Turned Refugee Settlement

ESS

Artifact 4 - Vertical Drop Boulders

3

Artifact Map

01.

Project : Jubilee Battery - “To Wall” Year : Mar - May, 2021 Enclosing or dividing an area, walls are regarded as framing structures that block sunlight, give direction, provide protection. In this project, I am interested to work with the remains and natural boulders that have exhibited the properties mentioned above.

The Jubilee Battery was part of Hong Kong’s defenses during WWII, serving its purpose by expelling enemies on Lamma Island. Till today, the site continues to be our protector, guarding the coastline of Hong Kong Island. Thus, I intend to design a journey that connects the past and the present by allowing new experiences with the “walls” in the site.

Texture Map Natural Boulderv Concrete Walls Brick Walls Stone Walls

0

Crumbled Walls 0

5

10

15

20

5

25m

Texture Map

1

10

15

20

25m

Interventions

Experiencing with Heights: Look-out Port to Lamma Island In this circulation, cuts into the ground are made in addition to new walls along the cuts. To provide accessibility to Artifact 1, a levitated pathway is produced to reach the three-layered platform. Extending towards the sea, Lamma Island’s pathway frames and provides a spectacular view of the tree crowns and the ocean.

Sitting-out Area: Walking with Walls The site is full of historical elements that await discovery. With regards to the current circulation, it is identified that a lot of interesting spots are neglected by hikers due to the fragmented conjunctions.

Look-out Port to Lamma Island

Between

Experiencing with Natural

On

Between

Artifact 2: Old Crumbled Stone Staircase

Boulders: Sitting-out Area

On

In Between

Across

On

Above

Inside: To Reflect

Cut

Section CC'

Sitting-out Area: Framing Lamma Island

Artifact 1: Three-Layered Platform

Another interesting finding is its relationship with Lamma Island. Historically, the battery was tasked with evicting the enemy’s invasion on the island. Nowadays, the island is a remarkable view that could be seen from every platform. The new circulation is constructed with an attempt to allow hikers to explore the entire site and create new experiences with “walls” that were previously blocked or overlooked.

With this construction, all the layers of the platform will be accessible to visitors, transforming into a look-out port that also acts as a gathering area for visitors. To connect to another circulation, they will travel upwards along the walls of the platform, formulating a new experience with the aged wall.

Section DD’

2

Experiencing with History: Reflecting at Gun Emplacement 1 Inside: To Reflect

The recovered structure provides a short pathway for visitors to overlook the gun emplacement, or as lifted benches for them to sit down and engage in the historic surroundings. Moreover, the open-up of the under compartments allows visitors to immerse themselves in between the solemn tall walls.

Enclosed

Artifact 6: Gun Emplacement 1

Being part of Hong Kong’s defense system, the gun emplacement was one of the protectors on Hong Kong Island, with compartments under the ground, forming a deep hollow. However, it is now filled up with mud, and vegetation sprawled out all over the area.

The soil and vegetation are removed to reveal the original elevated structure of the battery, restoring the height of the historical walls.

Sitting-out Area: Walled by History

Road to History

Heights of History

Section AA'

Experiencing with Natural Boulders

Into

Afar

Sitting-out Area: Experiencing with Boulders

Sitting-out Area: Experiencing with Boulders

Sitting-out Area: Protected by Walls/ Lookout to Lamma Island

Natural Boulder-Cliffs

In Front of: To Rely/ Protect

Section BB'

3

Remains

Natural Boulder-Cliffs

& History: Flat Rock Gathering Spot This circulation mainly highlights the natural boulders that form a 90° drop. To enhance the vertical displacement, a cut is made which establish the flat platform of the sitting-out area. A passage that dissects the boulder (Artifact 4) creates a rock wall entrance that leads hikers up to the historic circulation. To travel downwards, the existing path is preserved, touring visitors past the soaring bamboos and gigantic boulders, reaching the Flat Rock. Inspired by the “Homage to a Duck Decoy”, the new path sitting on the rocks are also benches, allowing free circulation in the area and conserving its naturity with the least intervention. This also aims to put emphasis on the greatness of the cliff which is a natural barrier that protects Mount Davis.

In Front of Remains: Stone Wall

In Between: To Guide

02.

Project : Renegotiating Between Human and Nature: Sweeping Lines Year : Oct - Dec, 2021 The Ho Chung River stands as a dominant landscape that separates the inhabitants, in terms of its physical and spiritual presence. It creates a difference in level between the new and old villages on its sides; It disconnects the river ecosystem from the human settlements; nevertheless, it borders the villages and wildlife habitats, tying all the spheres together. To resolve this vertical spatial segregation, and to re-integrate the inhabitants with its living environment, the need for a common access to the river is called.

Aimed to reconnect these separated spheres, namely human, wildlife, and the river, this design scheme acts as a gradual transition that connects the three spheres.

URBAN/ ARTIFICIAL

NATURE

4

Site Observations:

c. “Feng Shui Fish”: No fishing & No Swimming

The Drastic Change in Environment after DSD’s Channel Enhancement work:

b. Channel Enhancement work by DSD in lower course (natural fish ladder)

a. Overview of channel from foot bridge

g. Human utilization: narrow access to river

d. g.

d. Murals

c. a.

f.

e.

b.

h.

d. Murals The Meaning of the Ho Chung River to the Villagers:

To facilitate fish spawning in the upper course, the DSD has designed a “natural” fish ladder with the use of boulders at the lower course of this dredged and widened channel. As a result, it produces a great contrast in water surface before and after the fengshui weir. On one side, it appears to be static and artificial while on the other side, it resembles a “natural” landscape.

h. Human utilization: storage e. Comparison: calm and tranquil surface

f. Comparison: lively and dynamic channel

Regarded as the Feng Shui Line, it is highly respected and preserved by the villagers.

Not only the water quality is well maintained, but the river inhabitants are also well-protected as well. This relationship showcases the scared qualities of the natural landscape.

The Usage of the Ho Chung River by the Villagers: Due to the villager’s high respect for the river, activities such as fishing or swimming are restricted in this area. Notwithstanding, the river is not an isolated element. The boat stored in between the ramp and the retaining wall implied human activities related to the river. This signifies the need for access to the river.

5

Concept Development

Recognizing the importance of ecology in this public space proposal, the intervention is chosen at the existing narrow staircase. As aforementioned, the disturbance towards the ecosystem is presumed to be minimized as compared to the other side of the Fengshui weir.

Form Development

Design Development After discussing with the instructor, the 3.5 m height difference could not be accomodated by a simple set of staircase. The proposed design has also impaired villagers interaction with the river as they are still bounded by the walls, as the form of the channel is not altered. As such, he suggested a sweeping out gesture (the skech on the left) which formulated as the basis for the form development of this proposed scheme.

Inspired by the swifting motion of the Koi fish, also known as the Fengshui Fish in the river, the form is developed from two circles as the sketch on the right.

The cutting into the wall concept is to avoid undermining the water-holding capacity of the river, and to contain excessive dredging works which disrupts the wildlife habitats.

Furthermore, considering the shallow laminar flow of the river, the addition of boulders and stones intend to stir up the minerals and nutrients in the soil as well as to provide resting spaces for fishes.

Considering the contrast in water surface and river materiality at the Fengshui weir, it is aimed to recreate the visual representation of a vibrant and diverse ecosystem on the right. As boulders and stones provide above-water resting points, without their presence, the area on the right appears to be unattractive for them which remain calm and static.

Combining these conepts, the intial design is a simple set of staircase with boulders embedded steps on the water which guide users to the river and interact with animals such as fishes as they swim in between the rocks.

Entering Nature from Urban:

Top of fence

+ 4.5

+ 3.5

+ 1.0

Entering Nature from Urban

Transition from Urban to Nature

To increase users’ accessibility to the river with a set of concrete staircases extended from the original river connector (bridge). Adjacent ramp is modified to suit the new design geometry while ensuring the accessiblity of the foot bridge for the two villages separated both horizontally and vertically (1 m level difference) by the river.

Nature Appreciation

6

Vegetation:

Transition from Urban to Nature:

Ficus pumila

Physical Model As Illustration of Experience

Parthenocissus tricuspidata

Wisteria sinensis

Proposal Overview

Cyperus haspan

Sweeped Out Structure Designed to Frame Sunset

+ 3.5

Neogtiating Initial Ambience Contrast with Addition of Nature Stone eroded resting concrete steps are semi-submerged in water, offering intimate expe- Elements + 1.0

rience with the river and the wildlife. Wall-embedded seating boulders guide users along the platform to the cantilever, entering into the final expereince created. The dividing beam, the “Feng Shui Weir” is the initial visual representation between “nature” (designed natural fish ladder) and “man” (channelization of Ho Chung River).

Gathering Space for Those Who Would Like to Stay Dry

Gathering Space for Those Who Would Like to Interact with the River

Nature Appreciation: Unblocked View from Pedestrians Above: Unblocked View from Pedestrians Gathering Space to ExpeDistant Interaction and Attraction to Join on Connecting Foot Bridge rience the Natural Wildlife

+ 3.5

+ 1.4 + 1.2

+ 1.0

+ 0.5

Despite the great contrast in materiality, the suspended cantilever keeps visitors out of the dynamic river eco-system below, maintaining a balance between “nature” and “man”. It brings visitors closer to the river, offering an extraordinary perspective of the channel, being part of it.

7

Plan by Lena Li

03.

Project : Co-create Smart Park Group Competition - “The Smart Loop” (w/ Joyce Wong, Lena Li, Lydia Lee) Year : Dec - Jan, 2021

Investing into the concepts of ‘Smart’ and ‘Co-Create’, we proposed a series of prototypes that revolve around an interactive loop system to power the daily operations of the park, ultimately aiming to benefit both the park and its users.

The design concept intends to strengthen the connection between the park and its enjoyers with a reciprocal “give and take” relationship.

The Smart Loop works with one of the most essential energies - electricity, to prompt interaction between the park and its enjoyers. In the Smart Electricity Cycle, the main idea is that we, as users, generate electricity from exercising in the Park, whether it is from the piezoelectric running track or the gym loops. The cycle between nature and man is therefore dynamic and interconnected, in which one action always provokes the other, operating similarly to the principle of gear wheels. To further enhance user’s experience and establish a stronger interrelationship with the park, a mobile application is proposed to keep track of the electricity generation and physical activity, acting as an incentive to encourage users to exercise habitually at the park.

App Interface Design by Lydia Lee

8

Ecological Approach by Tobie Tse

3D Modelling by Joyce Wong, Tobie Tse

A Day at Cyberport Park 11 am

1 pm

5 pm

8 pm

Perspectives by Tobie Tse, Joyce Wong

9

04.

Project : Kwong Hon Terrace Garden, Sheung Wan - “The Ground” Year : March - May, 2022 Concept Development:

Fragmented spaces created by fences Designated Play Area Informal Play Area

Materiality:

Planting:

Planting Schedule:

The GROUND is the basis of every design. It bears the

Flowering Schedule: Shrubs:

Jan

load of every man and structure, recording the sympho-

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

nies composed by men, and its urban fabric. While a flat

Podocarpus macrophyllus

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Iris speculatrix

Pyrostegia venusta

ground is always considered to be the most functional

Sansevieria trifasciata

for human activities, what if the overcoming of terrain no

Syngonium podophyllum

longer highlights the idea of “plain”?

Pongamia pinnata

Trees:

Sapium discolor* *Foliage change is represented instead of flowering period

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis

This project explores the different forms of play by the

- Native small tree

- Attractive purple flowers

- Shade tolerant - Accent planting

- Shade tolerant

Pyrostegia venusta

if they were part of the terrain. It celebrates the ground

Ficus virens (existing)

Hardest

Sapium discolor

Syngonium podophyllum

Sansevieria trifasciata

Syngnoium podophyllum

- Exotic climber

- Exotic shrub

- Exotic ground-cover

- Visually attractive

- Shade tolerant

- Shade tolerant

- Evergreen

- Accent planting

Concrete

Pyrostegia venusta

EPDM

imagination and dedicating their quality leisure time in KHTG.

Podocarpus macrophyllus - Native shrub

- Heavily Scented - Attractive white flowers

manipulation of the ground. Structures are designed as as playscape, guiding and inviting users to unleash their

Iris speculatrix

- Native shrub

Ficus microcarpa (existing)

Springless Trampoline

Pongmaia pinnata

Podocarpus macrophyllus Sanseviera trifasciata

Ground-cover: Axonopus affinis Softest

Pongamia pinnata

10

Garcinia Jasminoides J. Ellis

Iris speculatrix

Sapium discolor

Axonopus affinis

- Native tree

- Native tree

- Native ground-cover

- Attractive pink flowers

- Colourful fall foliage

- Grows on slope

- High shade cast

- Offers partial shade

- High ecological value

Dec

Rubber Barrier Against Slope

Concrete ring as support of trampoline Grey Concrete wall (To differentiate its role as safety from play)

Ground Protrusion

Exaggerating Slope

LIDAR Scan of Retaining Wall

Barrier Stimulation

Painted Concrete (To emphasize its role for play visually)

Texture Along Slope

As a designated public open space, it should serve as a communal living room, where different generations interact with each other as the space brings them together. Openess and unity are thus important. Disturbing visual impairments are removed, with connection to street and free flow of circulation proposed.

The attractiveness of space is determined by the eyes of its users. As such, ambiguity is emphasized to allow room for imagination.Inspired by the informal play by the children with the ramps, barricades and drainage cover, these structural features are translated and exaggerated in for the catalysis of informal play among different generations.

11

The Curious Examiner play element: Sensation Tiles

70.7

Pongamia pinnata

Texture Protrusion: Sensation Tiles

The Slider play element: barrier erection

Slide Landing

The Curious Examiner

Possible Storeroom/ Public Toilet

The Sliders

Barrier Erection: creating different spatial qualities

The Runners

Soft Texture Exploration: EPDM Paving

The Jumpers

Ground Protrusion: Springless Trampoline

Sapium Discolor

Barrier Erection: creating different spatial qualities

Soft & Natural Texture Exploration: Axonopus affinis

Ground Protrusion: Springless Trampoline

The Carefree Rest(er)

Existing Canopy: Wall Tree Ficus microcarpa

12

play element: Accent Shrub Planting

The Scent Searcher play element: Scented Gardenia

The Curious Examiner play element: Accent Shrub Planting

Texture Intrusion: Planting

Accent planting as visual attractraction

Existing Canopy: Ficus virens

The Curious Examiner play element: Accent Wall Planting

At grade access from Back alley

Building backyard

59.7

Playscape Synthesis with Ground Protrusions: Playscape Synthesis with Accent Planting: Activitating Your 5 Senses

Playscape Synthesis with Ground Protrusions: Playing with the Ground Var. I Playscape Synthesis with Ground Protrusions: Playing with the Ground Var. II

Playscape Synthesis with Ground Protrusions: Playing with the Ground Var. III

68.0

63.2

Barrier Erection: Creating Space Hierarchy w/ Vertical Cut

The Self-Entertainer play element: Barrier Erection

Pongamia pinnata

The Carefree Rest(er)

Barrier Protrusion: At grade multipurpose concrete kerbs

The Gym-goer play element: Concrete Blocks

Playscape Synthesis with Ground Protrusions: Playing with the Ground Var. IV

68.0

62.7

61.6

63.7

58.2

The Self-Entertainer play element: Barrrier Erection

The Obeserver/ Babysitter

The Jumper

Sapium Discolor

The Gym-goer play element: Concrete Blocks

13

05.

Project : Crossing Catchments : Deconstructing plans for inter-basin transfer and decentralized water management in Northern Thailand Year : March - May, 2023

Project Statement The dominant narrative regarding water shortages in Thailand prompts a demand-and-supply response to the existing shortage. The augmentation in “water supply” to meet demand with the use of large-scale infrastructure has seemed to be the panacea since that last century, gradually reducing the role of individuals in the discourse of water management.

With the return of a 30-year-old project, the 70-billion-baht worth underground water diversion tunnel spanning across 61 km of land, it raises controversies over the adverse impacts on both social and environmental aspects. Nevertheless, it probes an essential question: Whether is it necessary to harness 1.8 billion cubic meters of water across basins such that the water shortage problem downstream could be solved?

This project first deconstructs the uncertainties lying beneath the motives and proclaimed benefits downstream.

Regardless of the decreasing trend in agricultural in the downstream area, a more economically beneficial agricultural scheme is proposed, that requires a higher water demand than the amount of water it could harness. This response for insufficient supply with an even higher demand would not have relieved the existing water tension, but only promoting the dominant stereotypes towards the forest’s dwellers. I challenged this common belief of “mi pa, mi fon”, exploring the amount of water that the Bhumibol watershed holds, in response to the increasing water demand. To conclude, the runoff efficiency in the catchment area is extremely low, which should be managed through better resource allocation, but not requiring a trans-basin diversion tunnel.

On the other hand, if the tunnel is built, the Ban Mae Ngud village at its outlet channel will be flooded. It had faced resettlement twice when the Bhumibol Dam commenced in 1964 and the 2011 catastrophic flood event. The value of Land extends across generations as their entity and symbolism of livelihood. These events deprived them off the role to manage the land they own. Along with land loss, soil degradation and lack of dry season loss, these actors in the watershed are analyzed for a better approach in managing resources. I proposed two farming strategies for soil conservation with the ultimate aim to increase dry season flow. Through improving their current practices, the individual roles of farmers in resource management and conservation are strengthened.

Watersheds are complex entities. My project will not be a framework or typology to be implemented across basins for better management. It will be a representation of one of the many interrelated actions among actors in the watershed.

The benefits of one place should not be obtained in the expense of another’s sacrifice that is contained within their watershed.

Bibliography Journal Tim Forsyth, Andrew Walker (2008). Forests Guardians, Forest Destroyers: The Politics of Environmental Knowledge in Northern Thailand, Chapter 4: Forests and Water. University of Washington Press.

Suksawat, C. (2017). Towards a zero-waste model in longan farms: Impact of longan biochar and corn mulch on longan plantation soils. Journal of Thai Interdisciplinary Research, 12(2). https:// doi.org/DOI 10.14456/-jtir.2017.7 Lebel, L., Garden, Subsin, & Nan. (2010). Averted crises, contested transitions: Water management in the Upper Ping River basin, Northern Thailand. In Water policy entrepreneurs a research companion to water transitions around the Globe. essay, Intl Water Assn.

Nguyen, L. (2019). Agroforestry technical manual: Option Longan - Maize - Forage grass.

Newspaper Admin. (2021, August 22). Weerakorn: “PM giving Green Light for China to divert water from Yuam/Salween to Bhumibol Dam, EIA approved, Pending Review of Environmental Board” environmentalist concerned on inaccurate information. transbordernews. Retrieved May 7, 2023, from https://transbordernews.in-.th/home/?p=28346 Phutita Dokput. (2022, January 24). When the “remaining survival” is about to be lost because of “diversion of the Yuam water”. Retrieved May 7, 2023. https://greennews.agency/?p=27288 Admin. (2022) Local protest, Global Solidarity: Why is ban mae ngud’s Karen community restive? Counterview. in. Retrieved May 7, 2023, from https://www.counterview.in/2022/10/local-protest-global-solidarity-why-is.html

14

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Bibliography Journal Tim Forsyth, Andrew Walker (2008). Forests Guardians, Forest Destroyers: The Politics of Environmental Knowledge in Northern Thailand, Chapter 4: Forests and Water. University of Washington Press.

Suksawat, C. (2017). Towards a zero-waste model in longan farms: Impact of longan biochar and corn mulch on longan plantation soils. Journal of Thai Interdisciplinary Research, 12(2). https://doi.org/DOI 10.14456/jtir.2017.7 Lebel, L., Garden, Subsin, & Nan. (2010). Averted crises, contested transitions: Water management in the Upper Ping River basin, Northern Thailand. In Water policy entrepreneurs a research companion to water transitions around the Globe. essay, Intl Water Assn.

Nguyen, L. (2019). Agroforestry technical manual: Option Longan - Maize - Forage grass.

Newspaper Admin. (2021, August 22). Weerakorn: "PM giving Green Light for China to divert water from Yuam/Salween to Bhumibol Dam, EIA approved, Pending Review of Environmental Board" environmentalist concerned on inaccurate information. transbordernews. Retrieved May 7, 2023, from https://transbordernews.in.th/home/?p=28346 ดอกพุฒ พุธิตา. (2022, January 26). เมื่อ "ความอยู่รอดที่เหลือ" กำลังจะต้องเสียไปเพราะ "ผันน้ำยวม". สำนักข่าวสิ่งแวดล้อม (GreenNews).

Retrieved May 7, 2023, from https://greennews.agency/?p=27288 Admin. (2022) Local protest, Global Solidarity: Why is ban mae ngud's Karen community restive? Counterview.in. Retrieved May 7, 2023, from https://www.counterview.in/2022/10/local-protest-global-solidarity-why-is.html

16

17

Intercropping Longan’Maize during Wet Season

Complexities Within & Across Watersheds

Longan Mulching during Dry Season

When Huai Mae Ngut flows again......

Landuse Composition

Legend

Transplanted Paddy Fields

Orchards Plantation

Mixed Field Crops

Floodzone

Watershed Boundary

Longan Orcahrds Transplanted Paddy Fields

Truck Crops

Truck Crops

8292.6 ha

Mixed Field Crops Mixed Orchards Longan

Mixed Field Crops Mixed Orcahrds

18

1.6 km

1:40,000

06.

Project : Aspect Models - Tectonics of the Ground Year : Feb - Mar, 2021

Located at the peak, one significant characteristic would be the radial movement of the slopes. All descending in different directions from the three mountain tops of the ridge, it is interesting to depict these movements along steepness. The folds thus represent the directions of the slope while the scoles suggest the steepness as they are made in line with the interval between the contour lines. Plates are selected according to the slope movements.

Project : Frame Models - Tectonics of the Ground Year : Feb - Mar, 2021

Spurs and valleys are features that shape the slopes of the landscape. On the map, they can be easily identifiied by the direction of the “V” formed by the contour lines. By connecting them on the map, anchor points are determined with two different hooks used to represent the two geographic features. At the same time, the ends of the hooks are cut to compose a negative mesh of the site, representing the landscape of the assigned plot

Project : Void Models - Tectonics of the Ground Year : Feb - Mar, 2021 Concrete is chosen to represent the gentle landscape as I think the robust nature of concrete best illustrates the hardiness of the peak.

Another geographical feature of a mountain top is the fllat area formed at the highest point. In addition to the gentle relief of my site, it is observed that there are quite a number of fllat tops. Understanding the chemical reaction between eggshell and concrete, the aggregates are splattered onto the mold, allowing them to slide down along the slope .and accumulate at the mountain tops naturally

19

Thank you!

Selected Coursework from 2019-2023 Tse Wai Hei Tobie The University of Hong Kong BA(LS) +852 9043 4625 twhtobie@gmail.com