Citation Styles: APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, IEEE

Different Formats Of Citation Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, Tutorsindia info@ tutorsindia.com

I. INTRODUCTION Citation styles and forms that support research findings vary greatly depending on disciplines and requirements.Data used to cite electronic sources is not yet standardized. Some of the most widely used styles of citation are:

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1. ABNT Style Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT) is responsible for the maintenance of technical standards in Brazil.

Instructions Names: Last name in capital letters, followed by first and middle initials (separated by periods).

Titles: The first letter of the first word of titles of articles, books and book chapters is capitalized.

Dates: The day and year of publication must always be indicated in Arabic numerals. The month must be given in abbreviated form.

Example: Budge, E. A. Wallis. The dwellers on the Nile. New York: Dover, 1977.

For more Details: http://www.abnt.org.br/

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2. AMA Style AMA stands for American Medical Association. Since 1960s, AMA has been issuing a style manual for its scientific journals.

Instructions Names: Last name is followed by first and middle initials without space or periods.

Titles: Names of periodicals, titles of articles, and books are capitalized headline style excepting for prepositions and common conjunctions.

Dates: Use the order: month day, year.

American Medical Association Manual of Style Example: Saver, Cynthia. Anatomy of Writing for Publication for Nurses.

Indianapolis, IN: Sigma Theta Tau International; c2011:31-33.

3. APA STYLE The American Psychological Association (APA) has established standardized methods for citing electronic and print sources used in research.

Instructions

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Names: Last name is followed by first and middle initials. They are separated by periods.

Titles: Capitalize only the first letter of the first word in titles of articles, books and chapters. Titles of periodicals are capitalized headline style excepting the prepositions and conjunctions.

Dates: Use the order: year, month day.

Example: Nightingale, J., & Twain, M. (2008). Tom Sawyer. Long Island, NY: EDCON. For More Details: http://www.apastyle.org/ 4. CHICAGO: AUTHOR-DATE STYLE The Chicago Manual of Style is used by writers in the publishing field.

Instructions Names: Author names appear as they do on the title page. For the first author, last name comes first, for the subsequent authors’ names, it is the first name followed by last name.

Titles: Names of periodicals, titles of articles, and books are capitalized headline style excepting for prepositions and common conjunctions.

Dates: Use the order: month day year.

Example: Grazer, Brian, and Charles Fishman. 2015. A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life. New York: Simon & Schuster.

For More Details : https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org 5. CHICAGO: HUMANITIES STYLE Instructions

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Names: Author names appear as they do on the title page. For the first author, last name comes first, for the subsequent authors’ names, it is the first name followed by last name.

Titles: Names of periodicals, titles of articles, and books are capitalized headline style excepting for prepositions and common conjunctions.

Dates: Use the order: month day, year.

Example:Frank, Anne. Anne Franks Diary. London: Royal National Institute for the Blind, 1970.

For more Details: https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org 6. HARVARD: AUSTRALIAN STYLE Instructions Names: First and middle initials without periods or spaces follow the last name.

Titles: The first letter of the first word of titles of articles, books and book chapters is capitalized.

Dates: Use the order: day month year.

Example: Singer, MC 1990, Human resource management, PWS-Kent Pub. Co., Boston.

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Harvard: Author-Date Style This citation is used for books in the social sciences and natural sciences.

Instructions Names: Last name followed by first and middle initials (separated by periods).

Titles: Names of periodicals, titles of articles, and books are capitalized headline style excepting for prepositions and common conjunctions.

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Dates: Use the order: day month year.

Example: Kuhn, Thomas. (1962) 2012.

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 50th anniv. ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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8. MLA STYLE MLA citation format applies to every source type. It stands for Modern Language Association.

Instructions Names: The name of the first author is inverted (last name first), subsequent authors’ names are listed as first name followed by last name.

Titles: Names of periodicals, titles of articles, and books are capitalized headline style excepting for prepositions and common conjunctions.

Dates: Use the order day month year.

Example: Nightingale, Jacqueline, and Mark Twain. Tom Sawyer. EDCON, 2008.

For more Details: https://style.mla.org/ .

9. VANCOUVER/ICMJE STYLE The ICMJE style is used by many biomedical journals including the Annals of Internal Medicine, British Medical Journal (BMJ), The Lancet, and PLOS Medicine.

Instructions

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Names: First and middle initials without periods or spaces follow the last name.

Titles: The first letter of the first word of titles of articles, books and book chapters is capitalized.

Dates: Follows the order: year, month day. Names of the month are shortened to the standard 3-letter abbreviation without a period.

Example: Halpern SD, Ubel PA, Caplan AL. Solid-organ transplantation in HIVinfected patients. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 25;347(4):284-7.

For more Details: http://www.icmje.org/

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF THNAMES OF DIFFERENT CITATIONS

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Reference: https://connect.ebsco.com/s/article/Wherecan-I-find-formatted-examples-of-different-Citationstyles?language=en_US

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