ALTERNATIVE RECLAMATION - THE VERTICAL FLOATING CITY

The University of Hong Kong: March Thesis 2021

ARCH7084 – Thesis Report Name: Liu Tsz Yeung, Tom (3035713321) 21 Jun 2021

THESIS REPORT +++

ALTERNATIVE RECLAMATION - THE VERTICAL FLOATING CITY

(Advisers: Ulrich Kirchhoff, Fai Au)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1

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Section 2

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Position and Keywords

2.0 Agenda - What

2.1 Phase 1: Background Research - Where, When, Who

2.1.1 Data facts about reclamation in HK

2.1.2 Location: The Lantau Island

2.1.3 A Catalog of Existing Reclamation Methods – Why

2.1.4 Criticizing Traditional Reclamation Methods

2.1.5 The Thesis 2.2 Phase 2: Design Interventions - How

2.2.1 A Road Towards Large Scale Floating Structure

2.2.2 Related to Previous Studio

2.2.3 Evolution of Existing Floating Structure

2.2.4 Pontoon and Semi-Submersible Structure

2.2.5 Oil exploration structure - Condeep Structure

2.2.6 Summary - Advantage of Floating Structure Over Conventional Land Reclamation

2.2.7 Principles Behind Floating Structure

2.2.8 Metacentre Problem

2.2.9 The Floating Equation by Marine Scientists

2.2.10 A Generative Floating Structure – Generative approach by a floating equation to go for an extreme

that a tower can even float

2.2.11 Prototype - Testing of Floating Composite Tower: Commercial + Residential 2.3 Phase 3: The Thesis Vision - Why 2.4 Conclusion 2.5 Gallery and Models

Section 3

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3.1 Position Precedents 3.2 Annotated Bibliography 3.3 Review Responses 3.4 References

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to Associate Professor Ulrich Kirchhoff and Assistant Professor Fai Au, my thesis supervisors, for their patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques of this thesis work.

I would also like to thank Chad McKee and Dr. Jason Tse, my thesis consultants, for their advice and assistance in keeping my research progress. My grateful thanks are also extended to my parents for their support and encouragement throughout my study and helped me in the model making process.

Finally, I wish to thank Associate Professor Cole Roskam, the thesis director, for his constructive recommendations and useful advices on my pre-thesis proposal and this thesis report.

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SECTION 1

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ALTERNATIVE RECLAMATION - THE VERTICAL FLOATING CITY POSITION

Architecture is a tangible representation responding to a place’s urgencies and also the aspiration of our living quality. Under the crisis of land scarcity, architecture should show autonomy to adapt, move and transform in order to survive the reality. Revolution of architecture is needed to consider the environment and fulfill the human quest that reverberates through decades.

Reclamation has been a prevalent land solution since the British colonization of Hong Kong in 1841.

The thesis criticizes conventional reclamation methods and technologies that have been the major causes of environmental, economic and ecological degradations. Through a series of research, design and testing processes in exploring generative large-scale floating structures, an alternative reclamation proposal, which is a vertical floating city, an aggregation of permanent dwellings on the sea, is established. It is a methodical proposal speculating an innovative way of land formation and urban planning through revolution of architecture. As a result, architecture becomes a leading instrument of social change.

KEYWORDS

Alternative Reclamation | Speculative Environments | Generative Floating Structure | Carbon Neutral Architecture | Urban Transformation

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Fig.1 Alternative Reclamation – The Vertical Floating City

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SECTION 2

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2.0 AGENDA - WHAT

In my position, architecture is a representation responding to a place’s urgencies/conditions and also the

aspiration of human living quality. Under the crises of land scarcity in Hong Kong, architecture should show certain autonomy to adapt, move and transform in order to survive from the reality. Revolution of architecture is needed engaging with the environment and human fulfillments that reverberates to the present day. My thesis is exploring how do the urgencies of land crisis and reclamation problem in Hong Kong become connected into the urban and architectural problems in a scale of land reclamation and its urban form. Therefore, an alternative land solution and a new type of urban development for new communities are the expected outcome of the thesis. As a result, architecture becomes a leading instrument of social change.

Hong Kong has been shaped by land reclamation since the first day as a city. Tracing back to the history,

Hong Kong’s urban areas were getting crowded due to the inflow of refugees from mainland to Hong Kong in 1950s and 1960s. To meet the housing demands resulting from the additional population, new towns were needed to decentralize the population from the overcrowded urban areas to improve living environments. In 1973, the government implemented the New Town Development Programme. Since that time, nine new towns have been created, six of them were developed on reclaimed lands accommodating almost half of the local population (Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin, Tuen Mun, Tai Po, Tseung Kwan O and Tung Chung).

Looking at the present day, the reclaimed land in Hong Kong (6,954 ha) occupied 7% of the total area

of Hong Kong, has turned 733 kilometres of natural shoreline into a global metropolis.1 With relatively large reclaimed areas, it is easier to plan and build balanced and vibrant communities through developing new towns.

Land reclamation provided direct settlement for accommodating population growth and fulfilling the aspirations of human living quality. However, Hong Kong is still facing the issues of unacceptable population density today. Land reclamation activities has become inevitable. The most recent example is the proposal of Lan Tau Tomorrow Vision in 2018, 17 sq. km __________________________ 1 Planning Department - Land Utilization in Hong Kong. Accessed June 18, 2021. https://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html.

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ALTERNATIVE RECLAMATION - THE VERTICAL FLOATING CITY of reclamation has aroused diverse controversies 2. Traditionally, to stretch shorelines or establish artificial islands, mountains are levelled, holes excavated and are resulting soil and debris piled into the sea. There were lots of controversies regarding the traditional landfill environmentally, economically and ecologically.

The thesis criticises the conventional reclamation methods and technologies that greatly cause environmental, economical and ecological degradations. Through a serious of research, design and testing processes in exploring how do the urgencies of land crisis and reclamation problem in Hong Kong become connected into the urban and architectural problems in a scale of land reclamation and its urban formation, an alternative reclamation proposal which is a vertical floating city by a concept of creating permanent dwellings at the sea was established. Therefore, it is a methodical thesis proposal speculating the innovative land formation and urban development in coming 20 to 50 years. An alternative reclamation by mean of architecture is the ultimate goal of the thesis.

The thesis is a research and design process and is divided into 3 phases: Background Research, Design Interventions and The Thesis Vision.

Fig.2 Mapping of reclamation history. Reclamation has been a prevalent solution since the first day of British colony in 1841 and even ongoing today. __________________________ 2 Sustainable Lantau Office - Lantau Tomorrow Vision. Accessed June 18, 2021. https://www.lantau.gov.hk/en/lantau-tomorrow-vision/index.html.

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2.1 PHASE 1: BACKGROUND RESEARCH - WHERE, WHEN, WHO 2.1.1 Data facts about reclamation in HK

Hong Kong is a little city with a total land area of 1106 square kilometres. It is the 4th densely populated city

in the world with 7140 persons per square kilometre recorded in 2020. However, there is only 24.1% of the land area (268 square kilometres) was developed as urban areas due to its natural hilly topography and geology. According to the Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department 3, the Hong Kong population was growing from 3 million in the 1960s to 7.5 million today. Although the population growth rate has flattened in the last decade, it is still foreseen the population growth and the number of domestic households is still growing and the population will reach 8.20 million in 2050. Land provision for accommodating growing population has been a tricky problem for hundred years in Hong Kong. The Government launched a series of reclamation projects from the 1850s. Until now, 41% of Kowloon land area was formed by reclamation; 9.9% land area of Hong Kong Island and 4% land area in New Territories were reclaimed. However, urban places and spaces are still still extremely congested in Hong Kong causing the skyrocket of the land & property price and even the quality of living. There is estimation of 300k outstanding of housing units even today. Land reclamation has become an urgency and never be satisfied.

Fig.3 It is foreseen the population growth and the number of domestic households is still growing. 4

__________________________ 3 “Population - Overview: Census and Statistics Department.” Population - Overview |Census and Statistics Department, November 17, 2020. https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/so20.jsp.

4 Ibid

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Fig.4 Mapping of Urban Distribution.

Fig.5 Due to the unique terrain in Hong Kong, only 24% of the land is utilized. 5

__________________________ 5 Planning Department - Land Utilization in Hong Kong. Accessed June 18, 2021. https://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html.

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2.1.2 Location: Lantau Island

Facing challenges of continuous shortage of lands in Hong Kong, in 2018, the Government established the

largest scale of land reclamation proposal in the Hong Kong history called “Lantau Tomorrow Vision” by constructing artificial islands through massive landfill. It was a 20-30 years scheme proposing to reclaim 170 square kilo meters of lands as several artificial islands at the perimeter of Lantau Island to accommodate 700 thousand to 1 million peoples, 105000 to 182000 housing units and 4 million square meters of commercial spaces. 6

However, the proposal was said to present a dilemma. Such proposal has received great repercussions and

controversy of different stakeholders in the society. An extreme expansive project that is estimated to cost one trillion Hong Kong dollars of fiscal reserves has caused serious suspicions economically, environmentally and ecologically7.

The repercussions include: -

Serious damage of the maritime ecology and islands culture in Hong Kong;

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Lack of sensibility towards economic benefits and sustainability in a changing environment and

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Lack of developable lands near economic areas.

Such a massive landfill project would need 260 million tonnes of sea sand destroying marine ecologies and

causing serious problems on water quality, sea current, air & sound pollution and waste generation.

As a result, Lantau island was selected as the location of the thesis. This methodical thesis is exploring an

alternative land solution balancing all the factors above. Therefore, the research and design process were started by asking: -

Why do we need an alternative land solution?

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How traditional land reclamation methods impacts different aspects of stakeholder, for instance,

government, citizen, economy, environment, ecology, etc.

__________________________ 6 Sustainable Lantau Office - Lantau Tomorrow Vision. Accessed June 18, 2021. https://www.lantau.gov.hk/en/lantau-tomorrow-vision/index.html.

7 “Are Artificial Islands the Answer to Hong Kong’s Housing Crisis?” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, July 12, 2019. https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jul/12/are-artificial-islands-the-answer-to-hong-kongs-housing-crisis.

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Fig.6 The mapping here shows the overall Lantau Tmr vision proposal and also the overall research of site environment in landtau island. Depth of seabed, Route of Hong Kong Fairways, Marine Ecological hotspot area by WWF, Dolphi habitation area, Urban and contry park condition in lantau island.

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2.1.3 A Catalog of Existing Reclamation Methods – Why

The thesis research was started by exploring different type of reclamation both commonly found in HK and

the world, starting from tradition landfill that pull the sand directly to the sea, to the latest technology of Deep Cement Mixing method that used in HK Airport Terminal 3. It is found that the technologies are basically divided into two type differentiating by the need of dredging and without dredging of seabed. The revolution of Reclamation technology is finding the way to minimize the environmental impacts while keeping lower cost.

Land reclamation is the method of reclaiming land from the sea. It has been widely adopted worldwide for

settlement and accommodation of land scarcity in densely populated cities. Notable examples can be found in the west countries are New Orleans in Netherlands; waterfront of San Francisco; the Chicago shoreline; Lake Texcoco of Mexico City, etc. Land reclamation could also be creating artificial island, The Palm Islands and Kansai International Airport in Osaka, for example, are the expensive way to create land from the sea. In Hong Kong, over 68 sq km of developable land concentrated along the coastline of Kowloon and Hong Kong Island are came from reclamation. 8 The traditional reclamation method in Hong Kong pours sand, earth and even contaminated mud (rubbish) into the sea directly. Dredging is needed causing serious damage to the sea bed, marine ecology and water pollution. Such method is commonly found in previous land reclamation in like West Kowloon District and Sha Tin. Although there are new reclamation methods used in the Hong Kong Airport T3 like “Drained Reclamation” or DCM (Deep Cement Mixing) in the market that dredging is not required or partially required, damages to ecology and pollution still cannot be avoided.

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“Land Usage Distribution in Hong Kong” Civil Engineering and Development Department, July 12, 2020. https://www.cedd.gov.hk/filemanager/eng/content_954/Info_Sheet2.pdf 8

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Fig.7 A Catalog of Existing Reclamation Methods

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2.1.4 Criticizing Traditional Reclamation Methods

The problem is that traditional reclamation technologies exist great adverse effects to the impacts on

environmental degradation, ecological menaces and super huge cost. Meanwhile, it is hard to preserve the natural environment and ecosystems in the seabed.

Therefore, the collage summarized the problem of Traditional reclamation methods:

Environmentally, reclamation leads to the modification of the physical environment and hydrodynamics.

Dredging the existing seabed causes huge construction waste, sedimentation and cloudy water may occur that the suspended particles in water prevent vegetation from undergoing photosynthesis. Also, the necessity of disposing of dredge products might be contaminated. Marine organism may therefore being suffocated that breaks the food chain. As a result, traditional reclamation has greatly reduced the biodiversity of coastal habitats by pollutant sediments.

Economically, traditional reclamation usually causes huge cost of sandfill consumption and Marine traffic.

According to Oceanic Administration and the Bureau of Land and Resources, each cubic meter of reclamation requires 16 tonnes of sand. Large scale reclamation could even enough to clear the Government’s fiscal reserves.

The recent proposal of Lan Tau Tomorrow Vision is an example that is estimated to cost one trillion Hong Kong dollars causing serious economic suspicions.

Ecologically, Hong Kong water area is a full of bio diversity. Horseshoe Crabs, Chinese White Dolphin,

starfish, sea urchins, snails, fiddler crabs, finless porpoises, corals reefs, mangrove, etc, are unique coastal habitats that could commonly found in Hong Kong. However, reclamation projects in the last few decades have reduced biodiversity in coastal habitats. One example is the Chinese White Dolphin, according to xxx, a record of historic low of only 32 Chinese White Dolphin found in HK seawater in 2019 because of the reclamation of HK Airport Terminal 3.

Fig.8 Hong Kong water area is a full of bio diversity. __________________________

“Hong Kong’s Construction Fervour Has a Snag: a World Sand Shortage.” South China Morning Post, May 24, 2019. https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/3011527/third-runway-lantau-tomorrow-hong-kongs-ambition-build-has.

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Fig.9 Traditional reclamation technologies exist great adverse effects to the impacts on Environmental Degradation, Ecological Menaces and Super huge cost.

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2.1.5 The Thesis

As a result, the thesis criticizes the conventional land reclamation method and technology. An alternative

land solution should be addressed leading to the question of what does architecture mean in connecting the urgency of land crisis and reclamation problem in Hong Kong. Resonating with Yona Friedman’s project, Bridge Towns10, after WWII in 1963, he was finding a certain autonomy in architecture to adapt, move and change in order to survive from the reality. riedman designed a modular, flexible and improvisational spatial structural skeleton called Ville Spatiale which is adaptive to the contemporary dense cities. Constant Nieuwenhuys(1959)11 also rethought the revolution in architecture that reverberates to the present day through transforming a “cursed city” into the city of the future engaging with environments and human fulfillments. Thus, the following research and design processes aimed to create a benign reclamation solution under urban expansion by mean of architecture.

__________________________ 10 Belogolovsky, Vladimir. “Interview with Yona Friedman: ‘Imagine, Having Improvised Volumes ‘Floating’ In Space, Like Balloons,’” February 24, 2020.

https://www.archdaily.com/781065/interview-with-yona-friedman-imagine-having-improvised-volumes-floating-in space-like balloons?ad_source=search.

11 Constant Nieuwenhuys, New Babylon, 1961, litho. Collection Academie van Bouwkunst, Amsterdam.

https://work-body leisure.hetnieuweinstituut.nl/publication/constant-nieuwenhuys

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2.2 PHASE 2: DESIGN INTERVENTIONS - HOW 2.2.1 A Road Towards Large Scale Floating Structure

Architecture is a leading instrument of social change. According to Constant Nieuwenhuys’s New Babylon

(1959)12, he took the name of Babylon as a cursed city and transformed itself into the city of the future through engaging with environments and human fulfillment. In this thesis, i am asking for a transformation of environment and respond throuh revolution of architecture: What does architecture mean in responding to a place’s urgencies and also the aspiration of human living quality? How does architecture/urban form adapt, move and transform in order to survive from the reality? Comparing to the traditional massive landfill, can revolution of architecture be an alternative solution of reclamation?

The thesis was inspired by the four indigenous families in Hong Kong named Tanka, Hoklo, Hakka and Yue

Chinese Weitou. Some of them were living on water like the “Boat People” in Aberdeen and “Water Village” in Tai O forming their own flexible and expansible vernacular urban form and circulation on water which is changing by time. According to Arata Isozaki13, architecture is a tangible representation or a response to a place condition and the aspiration of human living quality. It is a way to engage the urban conditions and response to certain phenomena.

For the Clusters in the Air (1962) project, under Japan economic growth after WWII, Isozaki conceived architecture as a form that could fluctuate and expand in response to their environments. Being inspired by the local indigenous families and Arata Isozaki, the proposition of my thesis is “seasteading” 14, which is a term describing the concept of creating permanent dwellings at sea invented by Wayne Gramlich in his essay in 1998. As a result, floating structure, as a revolution of architecture, is the starting point of design intervention of the alternative reclamation.

__________________________ 12 Belogolovsky, Vladimir. “Interview with Yona Friedman: ‘Imagine, Having Improvised Volumes ‘Floating’ In Space, Like Balloons,’” February 24, 2020.

https://www.archdaily.com/781065/interview-with-yona-friedman-imagine-having-improvised-volumes-floating-in space-like balloons?ad_source=search.

13 Daniell, Tom. “From Far East to Middle East: Revitalizing Metabolism.” Interstices: journal of architecture and related arts (2008): n. pag.

14 “Seasteading.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, June 11, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasteading.

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2.2.2 Related to Previous Studio

Also, the thesis idea is also forming from my previous MArch studio by Weijen Wang and Ulrich Kirchhoff

which is an adaptive tower that structurally go directly to the sea creating spatial functions in the intermediate space.

The studio explores how we develop an adaptive tower that is resilient to the extreme changing environment by revisiting a new kind of tower typology. Similar to my thesis topic, my studio project was also located at the sea addressing how an innovative tower typology interacts with nature & environment and being adaptive to the changing climate by studying its programs, structure, landscapes, and how they have evolved over time. Wind, renewable energy and ecology on a tower were my focuses of my tower. As a result, I developed a performative shear wall structure facilitating building porosity that channel and accelerate wind to pass through for passive ventilation of each of the individual units. Ecologically, the lower part of the tower provided surface areas for the growth of BioFilm like oysters and mussels to facilitate shoreline ecology and water filtration. Sea current turbine was integrated in the shear wall system for renewable energy. Related to my thesis, my previous studio provided possibilities to rethink in utilizing adaptive structure and performative systems at the sea – large scale floating structure.

Fig.10 Studio - Adaptive Towers under Climate Change

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2.2.3 Evolution of Existing Floating Structure

The research and design processes started by exploring the existing

large scale floating structure in the world. A catalog on evolution of existing floating structure was then be created. It is found that human has already utilized floating structure on the sea and river since thousand of years ago. The evolution of floating structure can be traced back to floating dwelling like floating villages in the Cambodian Lake where groups of community participating in aquaculture and fishing. These floating settlements appears in the form of ordinary houses and huts which are called house boats. Same floating settlements can also be found in 60s of Hong Kong in Aberdeen by local indigenous families. Apart from dwelling purpose, people also used floating structure as transportation. In 480 B.C. of Greece, people already utilized a serious of boats to form floating bridge connecting urban hubs through deep channels and rivers in order to relieve traffic congestion or necessity of war. Through intervention of technology, floating bridge has developed into large scale constructions. The world’s longest floating bridge is called the Evergreen Point Floating Bridge in Washington with 2,350 m floating span constructed in 2016 15. Besides, there are floating ports and docks like the floating piers in Ujina Port at Hiroshima of Japan that built in 1993 with breaking technology of the ability of automatically self-adjust to tidal variations. After, floating structure was being developed into bigger and bigger scale taking advantage of technologies and invention of materials. For example, offshore floating structures like giant concrete and steel floating oil platforms in Norway; floating facilities like Jumbo Restaurant in Hong Kong making use of wooden pontoon structure; the world’s largest floating performance stage in Marina Bay, Singapore and the mega float like Kansai Floating Airports, solar plants and oil storages that are famous in Japan. __________________________ 15

LARGE FLOATING STRUCTURES: Technological Advances. SPRINGER, 2016. p.16-27

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Fig.11 Evolution of large scale floating structure

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2.2.4 Pontoon and Semi-Submersible Structure

Having researched the existing large scale floating structure, it is found that there are only two types of

floating technologies existing in the world. They are Pontoon Structures and Semi-Submersibles Structure.

A pontoon structure is usually a huge floating slab which is low depth-to-width ratio. It mainly used in

water area that is adjacent to the coast with assistant of fixed or tension mooring system and breakwater to protect structure from waves and surge. Ponton structure is commonly found in the situation of large spatial requirement like floating bridge and float airport.

The structural form of Semi-Submersibles Structure is usually thicker than ponton and is partially lifted

above sea level using column tubes or watertight ballast structural compartments at the base. Semi-Submersibles structure is mainly used in deep sea environments to compensate for the impact of greater wave-lengths and wave-heights. Examples of Semi-Submersibles structure are floating oil drilling platforms and semisubmersible type floating wind farms

Fig.12 There are only two types of floating technologies existing in the world: Pontoon Structures and Semi-Submersibles Structure.

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2.2.5 Oil exploration structure - Condeep Structure

During the research process, I was particularly interested in the off-shore oil exploration structures. It is

an important line of evolution in floating structure invented by Russian since the late 1940s. There exists a lot of typologies letting the oil platform standing or floating stably under rough and deep sea environment. Interestingly, the first semi-submersible floating oi platform was accidently invented in 1961 by Soviet Blue Water Drilling Company that the pontoon used for towing was not buoyant enough to hold the whole structure which made half of it rose above the water’s surface.16

Another interesting founding is the Norwegian Condeep Structure. The pioneer structure is constructed by

hollow concrete shell that is pre-casted off site. Due to its hollow property, the 22,000 tones structure is floatable and is able to be towed by ships to site.17 The concrete shell is then filled with water and sands sinking to the location precisely with skirt foundations penetrating into to soil. The most well-known Condeep structure is Gullfaks C and Troll A by AS Norske Shell in 1989 and 1995 respectively. They are giant with total mass of 1.5Mt and 1.0Mt respectively and are the heaviest objects ever moved by mankind. I then drew and made the models to observe how a super huge artificial structure could floating of water.

Fig.13 Offshore oil exploration structures

__________________________ 16 Amr, Helmy, and Ibrahim Amr. “Behaviour of Offshore Reinforced Concrete Structures under Hydrostatic Pressure [Microform].,” August 7, 2015.

17 “Condeeps. The Dinosaurs of the North Sea.” Drupal. Accessed June 18, 2021

https://energyhistory.eu/en/energy-sources-news-archives-and-heritage/condeeps-dinosaurs-north-sea.

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Fig.14 Section of condeep structure.18 __________________________ 18 Shell U.K. Limited. “BRENT BRAVO, CHARLIE AND DELTA GBS DECOMMISSIONING TECHNICAL DOCUMENT.” A supporting document to the Brent Field

Decommissioning Programme, February 1, 2017.

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2.2.6 Summary - Advantage of Floating Structure Over Conventional Land Reclamation

In fact, comparing to traditional reclamation methods that require dredging and massive landfill, floating

structure provides more flexible and adaptive possibilities as an alternative option.

Advantages of floating structure include:

- Ease of Construction Like Condeep Structure, floating structure can be pre-fabricated off site and be transported and assembled on site easily.

- Flexibility, Modular and aggregation Floating structure is flexible and can be relocated, reassembled and expanded by aggregating with other modular floating structures.

- Suitable for different water and soil Conditions When reclamation work is carried out in deep water or on a soft seabed, it is very costly for conventional reclamation that foundation works have to be get into bed rock. For floating structure, the gravity loads are taken care of by the buoyancy force. It needs much zero foundation work and relies on a mooring device for anchorage only.

- Adaptive to raising sea level The problem of sea level raising is a serious concern for conventional reclamation. However, floating structure allows free vertical movement to follow the changing sea level and to cater to different payloads.

- Disruptive to Environment Reclamation projects devastate the marine ecosystem below their footprint, disturb ocean currents, and increase sedimentation, all of which have unintended consequences for nearby coastal environments. Aggregation of floating structures are less disruptive to the environment allowing continuity of ocean currents while at the same time allowing sunlight to penetrate below the ocean surface.

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2.2.7 Principles Behind Floating Structure

Referenced to condeep structure, a 22,000 tones structure can float stably and is able to be towed by ships

to the site precisely19. The research was continued in finding how do a floating structure can actually float. It is found that there are only 2 factors determining a floating structure:

For Buoyancy, which is an upward force opposes the weight of the immersed structure. According to

Archimedes’ Principle of Buoyancy20, the buoyancy force (F) is equivalent to the weight of water displaced by the immersed mass. Winfler Elastic Foundation Model has visualized the principle as a bed of spring supporting the mass as buoyancy force. It is also found that 1 cubic meter of mass submerged into water is equivalent to 1 tone of reaction force. In other words, the depth and volume of the floating structure submerged below the water level depends only on its weight and geometry.

Fig.15 Buoyancy Force - Winkler Elastic Foundation Model __________________________ 19 “Condeeps. The Dinosaurs of the North Sea.” Drupal. Accessed June 18, 2021

https://energyhistory.eu/en/energy-sources-news-archives-and-heritage/condeeps-dinosaurs-north-sea.

20 Libretexts. “14.6: Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy.” Physics LibreTexts. Libretexts, November 5, 2020.

https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Book%3A_University_Physics_I_-_Mechanics_Sound_Oscillations_and_Waves_ (OpenStax)/14%3A_Fluid_Mechanics/14.06%3A_Archimedes%E2%80%99_Principle_and_Buoyancy.

30

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ARCH7084 – Thesis Report

ALTERNATIVE RECLAMATION - THE VERTICAL FLOATING CITY

Before we understand stability, there are 6 types of possible motions of a floating structure by translation

and rotation. They are:

Heave – Moving up and down in z direction;

Sway – Moving side to side in y direction;

Surge – Moving forward and backward in x direction;

Yaw – rotation of z axis;

Pitch – rotation of y axis;

and Roll - rotation of x axis

In order to restrict the motions mentioned above, it could be achieved artificially by mooring system or by its buoyancy force through static stability according to the conditions below.

Moored Floating Structure

Free Floating Structure

-

-

Buoyancy = weight

-

Static Stability

Buoyancy >= Weight

Fig.16 6 Types of motions of a floating structure.

31

The University of Hong Kong: March Thesis 2021

ARCH7084 – Thesis Report

ALTERNATIVE RECLAMATION - THE VERTICAL FLOATING CITY

2.2.8 Metacentre Problem

The factors that could cause a floating structure under static stability by its buoyancy force are the

achievement of stabilization and the avoidance of overturning.

There are 3 centres of a floating structure, they are: Centre of Gravity, Centre of Buoyancy and the

Metacentre.

The metacentric height (GM) is a measurement of the initial static stability of a floating body. It is calculated

as the distance between the centre of gravity of a floating body and its metacentre. A larger metacentric height implies greater initial stability against overturning. In order to achieve a stable floating structure, we only need to make sure the metacentre height is positive and the higher the greater stability. In case of the metacentre height is negative, the centre of gravity is then above the metacentre and hence the gravity force pulls the floating structure down causing overturning.

Fig.17 The higher the positive Metacenter Height, the more easy to avoid overturning.

32

The University of Hong Kong: March Thesis 2021

ARCH7084 – Thesis Report

ALTERNATIVE RECLAMATION - THE VERTICAL FLOATING CITY

2.2.9 The Floating Equation by Marine Scientists

Having researched deeper in this direction, it is found that there is a floating equation invented by marine

scientists. It means we can design and assess a structure whether it could float stably or not. Therefore, the scientist has quantified the relationship of floating science and its parameters. It is known that the stability of a floating structure depends on its metacentre height. According to the floating equation, the metacentre height is proportional to the water plane area while inversely proportional to the water displacement. As a result, from the equation, we can find the relationship of different parameters determining the stability of a floating structure. They are Buoyancy Force, Weight, Metacentre Height, Water Plane Area and Water Displacement. Here is a summary.

Fig.18 The floating equation.

33

The University of Hong Kong: March Thesis 2021

ARCH7084 – Thesis Report

ALTERNATIVE RECLAMATION - THE VERTICAL FLOATING CITY

2.2.10 A Generative Floating Structure – Generative approach by a floating equation to go for an extreme that a tower can even float From Research to Design: A Form Finding Process

Equation means relationship, relationship means logic. To start my design process, I studied the relationship

of the floating equation and tried to script the formula into a grasshopper script. The goal is to generate options of floating structure computationally that can float on water stably.

It is a generative approach by a floating equation to go for an extreme that a tower can even float on water

by make use of an evolutionary and analytic engine – Wallacei. Unlike Galapagos which is a single objective generative engine, Wallacei is a multi-objective optimization software integrated machine learning and AI algo-rithms to analysis the best solution from generative options. All I did was scripting the equation into the gen-erative engine program that could generate thousands of floating options based on my selected objective and choosing the best solution from the problem we set out.

Fig.19 Turning the floating equation into a grasshopper script.

34 Fig.20 A generative approach by a floating equation to go for an extreme that a tower can even float on water by make use of an evolutionary and analytic engine – Wallacei.

The University of Hong Kong: March Thesis 2021

ARCH7084 – Thesis Report

ALTERNATIVE RECLAMATION - THE VERTICAL FLOATING CITY

Before we start the generative design process, Fitness Objectives (or called optimization factors) is

inputted into the engine. My goal is stability, according to the floating equation, we need to optimize the Metacentre Height while providing enough Water Plane Area for Buoyancy Force. We also need to optimize tower height while minimizing the water displacement. After running the Wallacei, more than 2500 solutions were being tested. Through the generative process, we can find the top 100 ranking of average fitness ranks solution that all the optimization factors were balanced through machine learning. Or, we can even find the top 100 ranking of highest metacentre height structure which are extreme stable. From the drawing of Pareto Front Solution, they are the solutions with its own characteristics which means only some of the single objectives is being optimized to give out interesting while meaningful floating structural form.

Fig.21 More than 2500 solutions were being tested by Wallacei.

35

The University of Hong Kong: March Thesis 2021

ARCH7084 – Thesis Report

ALTERNATIVE RECLAMATION - THE VERTICAL FLOATING CITY

Finally, a floating tower structure with bee abdomen is obtained from the top 100 ranking of average fitness

ranks solution through machine learning. According to the floating equation, the principle behind the form is that:

-

it optimized the Metacentre Height and Tower Height while providing enough Water Plane Area for Buoyancy

Force. Therefore, a structure with large platform at the base for optimizing water plane area is generated.

-

A structure with bee’s abdomen is generated to minimized the water displacement which is inversely

proportional to the Metacentre Height.

As a result, the selected floating tower structure provides super high stability for human dwelling with very

little mooring system required. The tower is designed to be located at the sea, there is a potential integrating watercooling system for the specific functional form of bee’s abdomen that is submersed in water. The hexagon platform allows modular aggregation like the “house boat” of floating village in Cambodia and Hong Kong that make possible to aggregate into a new urban fabric.

36

Fig.22 The selected solution.

The University of Hong Kong: March Thesis 2021

ARCH7084 – Thesis Report

ALTERNATIVE RECLAMATION - THE VERTICAL FLOATING CITY

ILLUSTRATED HANDBOOK PARETO FRONT SOLUTIONS

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

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Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

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Tower Height

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Tower Height

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Tower Height

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Tower Height

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Tower Height

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Tower Height

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Tower Height

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Tower Height

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Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

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Tower Height

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Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

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Base Top Area Base Top Area

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Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability) Base Top Area

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Base Volume (Water Displacement)

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Base Top Area

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Metacenter Height (Stability) Base Top Area

Tower Height

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Base Volume (Water Displacement)

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Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Tower Height

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Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

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Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Base Top Area

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Base Top Area Base Top Area

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Base Top Area Base Top Area

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Base Top Area Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability) Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 3804.715358 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability) Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

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Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area

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Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area

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Tower Height

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Base Top Area

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area

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Tower Height

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area

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Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

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Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.047619

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

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Base Top Area Base Top Area

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Base Top Area Base Top Area

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Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability) Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 4685.668946

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability) Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Generation 47 // Ind. 3 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.037564 Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.001113

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.017544

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

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Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

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Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

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Base Top Area Base Top Area

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Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Generation 47 // Ind. 2 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.063009

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

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Metacenter Height (Stability)

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Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

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Tower Height

Tower Height

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Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

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Base Top Area Base Top Area

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Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 5142.069695 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000881

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.011628 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 3952.843469

Tower Height

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000873 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.076923

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Generation 46 // Ind. 58 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 5.880075

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

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Metacenter Height (Stability)

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Base Volume (Water Displacement)

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Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

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Base Top Area Base Top Area Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 8772.019852 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.001012

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.04 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 20610.521158

Tower Height

Generation 48 // Ind. 46 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.027145

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000448 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.017544

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Generation 46 // Ind. 55 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.016787

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 20104.425044 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.0003

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.076923 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 3514.2753 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Generation 46 // Ind. 53 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.033575

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

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Base Top Area

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Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

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Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

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Base Top Area Base Top Area

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Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Generation 48 // Ind. 45 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.034064

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000309 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.035714

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 4571.714032 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.001162

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.055556 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 2647.321622

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Generation 46 // Ind. 52 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.043392

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

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Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Generation 48 // Ind. 42 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.017442

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.001044 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.052632

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 11550.291477 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.001542

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Generation 48 // Ind. 41 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.032587

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000333 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.020833

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability) Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.025641 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 11851.445739

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 17294.970491

Generation 46 // Ind. 50 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.022234

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Generation 48 // Ind. 37 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.027178

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000318 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.05

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000323

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.038462 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 5142.069695

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Generation 46 // Ind. 47 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.031704

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 20610.521158 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000873

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Generation 48 // Ind. 32 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.017837

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.0003 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.04

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.037037 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 18793.476242

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 13439.184011

Generation 46 // Ind. 43 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.019092

Tower Height

Generation 48 // Ind. 24 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.016787

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.0003 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.076923

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.0003

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.037037 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 4109.773449

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 18197.840791

Generation 46 // Ind. 41 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.036763

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Generation 48 // Ind. 19 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.017369

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000302 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.02381

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000972

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.058824 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 14062.137182

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Generation 46 // Ind. 40 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.017654

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 18793.476242 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000304

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Generation 48 // Ind. 18 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.02083

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.0003 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.037037

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.022222 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 7518.123902

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 10963.83557

Generation 46 // Ind. 39 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.030776

Tower Height

Generation 48 // Ind. 0 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.019092

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000388 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.04

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000565

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.017544 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 8772.019852

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 11219.043758

Generation 46 // Ind. 34 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.034064

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 14888.855802

Generation 47 // Ind. 58 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.021008

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000351 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.032258

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000448

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.058824

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Generation 46 // Ind. 33 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.01818

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability) Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 11387.41446 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000302

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Generation 47 // Ind. 57 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.021083

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000362 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.027778

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.041667 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 3268.679384

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 4361.942191

Generation 46 // Ind. 30 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.04357

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Generation 47 // Ind. 56 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.021688

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000934 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.025641

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.001257

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.052632 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 3117.622958 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Generation 46 // Ind. 29 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.04134

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 7127.976644

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 3049.136518 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.001348

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.052632

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Base Top Area Base Top Area Metacenter Height (Stability) Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Generation 46 // Ind. 26 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.024296

Tower Height

Generation 47 // Ind. 54 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.04584

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.001332 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.033333

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 10045.837338 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000561

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Generation 47 // Ind. 51 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.057199

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000703 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.023256

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.038462 Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 19113.991381 Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 7127.976644

Generation 46 // Ind. 24 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.018044

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Tower Height

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement)

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Top Area

Tower Height

Metacenter Height (Stability)

Base Volume (Water Displacement) Rank: 2424 / 2950 Fitness Value: 20104.425044

Tower Height

Generation 47 // Ind. 50 ------------------Metacenter Height (Stability) Rank: 524 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.029756

Base Top Area Rank: 254 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.000561 Tower Height Rank: 1697 / 2950 Fitness Value: 0.052632

Metacenter Height (Stability)

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F g 22 Pa e o F on So u on They a e he so u ons w h s own cha ac e s cs wh ch means on y some o he s ng e ob ec ves s be ng op m zed o g ve ou n e es ng wh e mean ng u oa ng s uc u a o m

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Fig.23 Physical models were made for testing after the generative process.

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Fig.24 Floating solutions were 3D printed for floating experiments.

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Fig.25 Successful solutions - floating experiments.

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2.2.11 Prototype - A Testing of Floating Composite Tower: Commercial + Residential The World’s First Floating Carbon Neutral Architecture

The first modular prototype of a floating composite tower combining commercial and residential was being

designed and tested. The anticipation of the thesis is to aggregate the successful floating prototype into an urban fabric to archive alternative reclamation.

After consulted with Jason Tse, the environmental engineer in Buro Happold, he found the potential that

the floating structure to be the world’s first Floating Carbon Neutral Architecture and is then aggregated into a city.

Therefore, I started my detailed design process of a composite tower prototype integrated the concept of Carbon Neutral Architecture.

The aim of Carbon Neutral Architecture is to provide as few emissions from materials and resources as

possible over the life cycle of the architecture, and to offset all emissions by climate-friendly initiatives. In other words, emissions from building materials, manufacturing, and energy used are balanced with renewable energy and carbon storage in a carbon neutral architecture. We should aim to minimize climate impacts while preparing to meet people’s needs in a way that promotes a healthy lifestyle.

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Fig.26 Prototype - The world’s first floating carbon neutral architecture.

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According to Jason Tse, the concept of carbon neutral architecture is surrounding to 3 elements, they are

minimizing energy demand, maximizing system efficiency and utilizing renewable energy. Here are the summary on how to turn my generative floating tower structure into the world’s first floating carbon neutral architecture through detailed design.

1)

Minimize Energy demand

Materials: The floating structure is made of floating concrete shell with Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) structure.

Timber serves as a carbon storage which is 3 times lesser energy consumption than reinforced concrete. Therefore, materials made of wood contained a certain amount of carbon that corresponds to the carbon dioxide absorbed from the growth of new plants. Carbon neutral can be achieved as new forests that absorb and bind carbon dioxide can be grown to replace the timber used in the construction of a building throughout its lifetime. Also, it is noted that CLT is beneficial for floating structure as it is 6 times lighter than reinforced concrete while providing same degree of structural strength.

Orientation: Inspired by the floating stage of Condeep structure, by making use of the floating property of the structure, it makes flexible to rotate the tower orientation fitting different solar orientation in any location in order to minimize the energy demand.

Shading Devices: Large balcony approach is adopted for the residential floors acting as shading devices to prevent excessive solar heat gain to the residential floors.

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Fig.27 The floating tower is designed to be prefabricated off site. Since the structure is floating, it is allowed to toll to the destination by ships.

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Maximize System Efficiency

Stack Ventilation: With reference to GSW Headquarters Tower in Berlin, 1999 and Deutsche Messe AG Building in Hannover, 1999, by make use of the generative form, a central core is designed in making use of stack effect for ventilation of each of the floor. Integrating with the central water-cooling system at the bottom, it provides both passive ventilation and cooling for the whole tower.

Sky garden: Since the floating structure is located at the sea where usually under strong prevalent wind condition.

Sky gardens were design for cross ventilation and for the buffer of the wind barrier effect. Hence, it greatly reduces excessive wind load acting on the structure for stability.

3)

Renewable Energy

Sea Water Cooling system: A cost-effective and attractive investment of offshore sea water cooling system is integrated at the bottom by making use of the special functional form generated by the floating equation. The cooling system extracts the cold sea water and supplies to each of the floor for air conditioning that makes possible to reduce the power consumed by traditional air conditioning systems.

Ocean Current Turbine: According to Hydrographic Office20, the sea current in Hong Kong could achieve 0.92 to 9.26 km/h depends on tides, tropical cyclones and monsoon winds which is enough to generate electricity by ocean current turbine. The floating structure provided large water plane area for buoyancy and stability. It makes possible to install ocean current turbine to generate renewable energy to compensate the energy consumption by the tower itself.

Wind Turbine for Stack Effect: Wind turbines are designed at the top of the central core making use of the high air velocity at the exhaustion point of the stack ventilated central core.

Eco-Concrete for Bio-film: The base surface of the tower is integrated with eco-concrete for cultivation of Bio-film for biodiversity. Oysters and mussels can also acts as sea water filtration. As a result, a coexistence of artificial and natural environment is achieved. __________________________ 20 香港水流預測系統. Accessed June 19, 2021. https://current.hydro.gov.hk/tc/map.html.

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Timber Construction CLT Structural Frame

Stack Effect Wind Turbine

CLT Bracing Structure Ventilated Sky Garden

Stack Ventilated Central Core Balcony Shading

Sky Garden

Ocean Current Turbine

Sea Water Cooling System

Eco-Concrete for Bio-Film Production Floating Concrete

Fig.28 Carbon neutral building systems and materials.

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Fig.29 Perspective - Current turbine and sea water cooling systems.

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2.3 PHASE 3: THE THESIS VISION - WHY

Finally, it’s the overall vision of the thesis - Alternative Reclamation. This is achieved by designing an

expandable aggregation system of the successful floating carbon neutral architecture tested in phase 2. As a result, transformation of architecture as a way to engage the urban conditions and response to certain phenomena.

Inspired by Arata Isozaki 21, he conceived architecture as a form that could fluctuate and expand in response to their environments. The thesis was also inspired by the boat people of the four indigenous families in Hong Kong named Tanka, Hoklo, Hakka and Yue Chinese Weitou. They were living on water where groups of community participating in aquaculture and fishing. These floating settlements appears in the form of ordinary houses and huts which are called “house boats” in Aberdeen and Tai O. This “Water Village” forming their own flexible and expansible vernacular urban form and circulation on water which is changing by time and needs. The proposition of my thesis is the concept of creating permanent dwellings at sea by mean of architecture as an alternative reclamation. It inspired me the tessellation and aggregation of my floating structure to be a moveable urban fabric referencing to the packing of house boat.

Technically, the floating tower

is designed to be prefabricated off site.

Since the structure is floating, it is allowed to toll to the destination by ships for aggregation similar to the Deep Water Concrete Structure (Condeep Structure).

I specifically designed a transportation system with rings of pontoon merging the individual islands together. People can also transported by the pedestrian tunnal connecting to the central tranfering floor in each of the towers.

Fig.30 “Water Village” forming their own flexible and expansible vernacular urban form and circulation on water which is changing by time and needs. 22 __________________________ 21 Daniell, Tom. “From Far East to Middle East: Revitalizing Metabolism.” Interstices: journal of architecture and related arts (2008): n. pag.

22 Tourism-Review.org –. “Aberdeen Floating Village – Explore the History of Hong Kong: .TR.” Aberdeen Floating Village – Explore the History of Hong Kong | 52 Accessed June 18, 2021. https://www.tourism-review.com/travel-tourism-magazine-aberdeen-floating-village-explore-the-history-of-hong-kong-article2001.

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I selected the Silver Bay of Lantau

Island where is next to Lantau Tomorrow Vision Proposal as a testing ground for the aggregation due to its adequate scale.

It also provides a contrast of the existing conventional reclamation in Mui Wo. Simulating the indigenous “Water Village”, the whole aggregation is generated by defining the site-specific circulations and height limitation of the urban fabric. Due to the floating property, the whole urban fabric is changing by time and needs of the resident. In responds to carbon neutral, it is designed as a waking city that heavy traffic is prohibited.

Therefore, I specifically designed a transport system with rings of pontoon merging the individual floating structure together as urban streets. People can also be transported by pedestrian tunnels connecting to the “central transferring floor” in each of the floating tower as a transport hub like the one at Central Plaza, Hong Kong. Such aggregation is programmable to be generative forming options of aggregation base on different site location and needs.

Fig.32 Aggregation - An expandable urban fabric.

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In the future, the floating structure could have a lot of models and variations in responding to different urban elements and scenarios becoming a city, for example, hish-rise commercial / low-rise residential / composite buildings, town house, public space, recreational space, streets, transportation, landscape, etc.

HIGH-RISE

FUNCTIONAL HUB - TYPE 1

LANDSCAPE Fig.33 The floating urban prototypes.

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MID-RISE

FUNCTIONAL HUB - TYPE 2

GREEN HOUSE

LO

FUNCTIONA

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OW-RISE

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AL HUB - TYPE 3

SHOPPING MALL

TOWN HOUSE

AMPHITHEATRE

RECREATION

RT FIELD

COMPOSITE - TYPE 2

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Fig.34 Testing models of aggregations. 1:6000 (Left) | 1:15000 (Right)

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Fig.35 Alternative Reclamation - The Speculative Urban Environment

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Fig.36 Alternative Reclamation - Silver Mine Bay

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Fig.37 Alternative Reclamation - Long Section

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2.4 CONCLUSION

The final vision of the thesis is an expandable floating urban fabric by aggregation of individual floating

carbon neutral architectures. A computational fluid dynamics analysis (CFD) and solar simulation were being adopted to proof the sea current and solar penetration towards the seabed of my proposal as a comparison to the exiting reclamation methods that fill up the whole sea area directly.

As a conclusion, the thesis explored how do the urgencies of land crisis and reclamation problem in Hong

Kong become connected into the urban and architectural problems. It is a research and design process in a bottomup approach from criticising the conventional reclamation methods and technologies to the design intervention of generative floating architecture and urban aggregation through a serious of research, design and testing processes.

A proposal of alternative reclamation which is a vertical floating city by a concept of creating permanent dwellings at the sea was established. Under the land scarcity in Hong Kong, architecture is a representation responding to a place’s urgencies/conditions and also the aspiration of human living quality. The proposal of floating architectures shown certain autonomy to adapt, move and transform responding to the environment, economic and ecology. It is a revolution of architecture engaging with the environment and human fulfillments that reverberates to the present day. Therefore, it is a methodical thesis proposal speculating the innovative land formation and urban development in coming 20 to 50 years - an alternative sustainable land solution and a new type of expandable urban development by revolution of floating architecture. As a result, architecture becomes a leading instrument of social change.

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Fig.37 Sustainability - Sea current penetration.

Fig.38 Sustainability - Solar penetration towards seabed.

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2.5 GALLERY AND MODELS

Fig.39 1:500 Site Model - Silver Mine Bay - Mui Wo Pier

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Fig.40 1:500 Site Model - Silver Mine Bay - Mui Wo Pier

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Fig.41 1:500 Site Model - Silver Mine Bay - Mui Wo Pier

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Fig.42 1:200 Floating Prototype Model (Prefabrication)

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Fig.43 1:200 Floating Prototype Model (Prefabrication)

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SECTION 3

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3.1 POSITION PRECEDENTS 1. Pier 55 - Thomas Heatherwick, New York City, 2021

Fig. 44 Physical Model of the Pier 55 by Thomas Heatherwick 23

Although the project of Pier 55 by Thomas Heatherwick is not dealing the problem of the land crisis and

settlement, the unique methodology, materiality and position that Heatherwick made in his project shared certain qualities to my thesis idea – architecture as a tangible representation / response of the intangible place condition and quality of people aspiration in that place / territory. As the historic Chelsea Piers (Pier 54, 1912) was damaged by hurricane Sandy in 2011, Heatherwick was transforming the ancient wooden piles remained in Hudson River into a new form of topography and landscape while keeping the identity of the history of the pier. 280 pot-shaped prefabricated concrete piles extended from the sea bed tessellating through computational design forming the undulating topography with generous planter on their top and unique circulation underneath. Pier 55 has inspired me the possibility of an alternative land solution while reserving the local ecology. His model also shows the undulating contours that created by the unique land methodology.

__________________________ 23 “Heatherwick Studio: Design & Architecture: Little Island.” Heatherwick Studio | Design & Architecture. Accessed September 28, 2020. http://www.heatherwick.com/project/pier55/.

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2. Bridge Towns (Ville Spatiale) - Yona Friedman, United Kingdom, 1963

Fig. 45 Drawing of Bridge Towns (Ville Spatiale) - Yona Friedman 24

Under the land crisis, political fluctuation and economic downturn, the situation in Hong Kong today

could be said as a catastrophe. Resonating with Yona Friedman who was the product of WWII, he was finding a certain autonomy in architecture to adapt, move and change in order to survive from the reality. Friedman designed a modular, flexible and improvisational spatial structural skeleton called Ville Spatiale which is adaptive to the contemporary dense cities. It was a new type of urban development composed of multilayered structural skeletons raised on stilts with 6x6m modular accommodating all kinds of functions like housing, office and amenities.

Friedman inspired my thesis methodology that a three-dimensional city is able to expand the city area within its limited boundaries. The superposition of levels provided artificial topography which allowed the city under unlimited growth. The image inspired me to rethink that architecture should show certain autonomy to adapt, move and change in order to survive from the reality.

__________________________ 24 Belogolovsky, Vladimir. “Interview with Yona Friedman: ‘Imagine, Having Improvised Volumes ‘Floating’ In Space, Like Balloons,’” February 24, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/781065/interview-with-yona-friedman-imagine-having-improvised-volumes-floating-in

space-like balloons?ad_source=search.

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3. New Babylon - Constant Nieuwenhuys, 1959-74

Fig. 46 Drawing of New Babylon - Constant Nieuwenhuys 25

Facing the problem of the land crisis in Hong Kong, alternative land and urban settlement would somehow

project a certain utopian vision of social aspirations – develop radical ways of living while culminating in revolution.

The position of the New Babylon by Constant rethought the revolution in architecture that reverberates to the present day. He took the name of Babylon as a cursed city and transformed itself into the city of the future through engaging with environments and human fulfillment. Therefore, architecture is a leading instrument of social change. I am also inspired by Constant’s exploration methods in his design and thinking processes. Constant used all sorts of media to explore his ideal metropolis from drawings, models, paintings, texts, films and lectures throughout his 15 years exploration.

__________________________ 25 Constant Nieuwenhuys, New Babylon, 1961, litho. Collection Academie van Bouwkunst, Amsterdam. https://work-bodyleisure.hetnieuweinstituut.nl/publication/constant-nieuwenhuys

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4. Clusters in the Air - Arata Isozaki, Tokyo, 1960

Fig. 47 Physical model of Clusters in the Air by Arata Isozaki 26

In my thesis, architecture is a tangible representation or a response to a place condition / urgency and the

aspiration of human living quality. It is a way to engage the urban conditions and response to certain phenomena. For the Clusters in the Air project, under Japan economic growth after WWII, Isozaki conceived architecture as a form that could fluctuate and expand in response to their environments. A megastructure was designed which elements could be replaced in intervals advocating the natural cycles of growth. As a result, design and technology are the denotation of human vitality.

__________________________ 26 Daniell, Tom. “From Far East to Middle East: Revitalizing Metabolism.” Interstices: journal of architecture and related arts (2008): n. pag.

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5. Hotakubo Housing - Riken Yamamoto, Kumamoto City, 1991

Fig. 48 Diagrams by Yamamoto showing the concept of open and private spaces. 27

A reclaimed area is supposed to be generous for habitation. Proper planning for a new community is

essential especially under the stress of density in Hong Kong. Hotakubo Housing by Yamamoto has inspired me about the methodology and process of transiting the ambitious idea of community into tangible spatial schemas – the relationship of public & private space and the sense of community. Yamamoto utilized a kind of nudge design to facilitate humans to form a sense of community and solidarity through spatial arrangement of open and private spaces, and, by means of spatial relationship (private common courtyard) and architecture (exposed walkway in each of the unit).

__________________________ 27 Yamamoto, Riken. “Public/Private - Concerning the Concept of Threshold.” Interstices: Journal of Architecture and Related Arts. Accessed September 28,

2020. https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/interstices/article/view/371.

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3.2 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ALLIES: 1. Land, Territory & Settlement Aureli, Pier Vittorio, and Maria Sheherazade Giudici. “The Nomos of the Earth, Rethinking the Architecture of the

Territory.” Architectural Association School of Architecture, Academic Year 2015-2016, Diploma Unit 14,

2015, 1–22.

The Nomos of the Earth is an architectural studio brief from AA (2015-2016) attached with several essays

written by Pier Vittorio Aureli. Pier used the term ‘Nomos’ by a German jurist: Carl Schmitt to explain what settlement architecture means to a territorial problem. In his text, Pier explained settlements always confront situations of crisis, disorder and failure. He made a position explicitly - ”the settlement is the architecture of a territory. It helps us to define and reproduce specific forms of life. “to settle” is a mechanism for social mobilization”. The text helped me to rethink and identify the position of architecture in the issue of land as an urgent problem (crisis, disorder and failure) in Hong Kong. As I proposed in the thesis brief, a new form of land reclamation such as “Vertical Landfill” that I wish to do in the thesis could be a form of settlement challenging the traditional defined urbanization and at the same time allows to discover human activities of habitation and reproduction by mean of architecture.

2. Urban Observation Kaijima Momoyo, Kuroda Junzō, Tsukamoto Yoshiharu, Made in Tokyo (Tokyo: Kajima Shuppankai, 2001), 8-39.

Similar to my thesis location - Hong Kong, Tokyo was a city under rapid modernization with explosive

population, expensive land and property prices and congested urban spaces. The writers described the urban situation of Tokyo as a city of ‘chaos’ while the unorganized spatial compositions and functional combinations of urban space made them feel ‘shameless’. Nevertheless, they suggested that we should think out of the box and turn ‘disgusting’ buildings into a form of resources. They started a survey called ‘Made in Tokyo’ to record and observe nameless and strange architecture in the city of Tokyo. They also defined ‘Da-me Architecture’ (no-good architecture) and discovered that those buildings are too much response to their programmatic requirements rather than aesthetic and form. In view of this, the writers suggested we should avoid thinking of the theory or metaphoric expression of Da-me Architecture. Instead, we should try to see objects without pre-conditioned meanings. They believe that the situation and the value of a city can be directly reflected through such unique buildings. Related to my thesis, Da-me Architecture can be used as hints to rethink about the relationship of contemporary urban city and architecture. It inspired me to create questions of how architectures/urbans as a tangible form representing the intangible place conditions and the quality of people living in that place.

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ALTERNATIVE RECLAMATION - THE VERTICAL FLOATING CITY 3. Urban Form of Asia Future City Singapore Planning & Urban Research (SPUR). “The Future of Asian Cities.” In SPUR 65-7. Singapore: Eurasia

Press, 1967, 5-8.

Allied to the urgency of land issues in Hong Kong, the text addressed the issues of population expansion,

rapid industrialization, human settlements, rural-urban drift, incomes and employment in Singapore in the 1960s.

In order to engage the urgency, the author argued that the widely propagated theories of satellite towns and urban renewal can partly relieve the pressure only but is hard to achieve tangible improvements in living standard and condition because of the limitation of resources in a congested city (constraint). He asked Asian planners to rethink about the meaning of an urban form which could preserve local character and local identity while fulfilling the requirements of modern living (position). The author manifested that we must reject outdated planning principles which segregate human activities into arbitrary zones; We must think out of the box including elements of the vertical (height) and element of time (circulation) in planning to achieve pleasant lineal city with densities.; and we must incorporate nature to an urban form. He called the ideal city “Asian City of Tomorrow”.

4. Mass Production Le Corbusier. “Towards a New Architecture: Guiding Principles” (1920). In Programs & Manifestoes on Twentieth

Century Architecture, 59-62. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971.

In Le Corbusier’s programmatic notes of Towards a New Architecture: Guiding Principles, 1920, he advocated the aesthetic of mass-production building concerning the issue of standardization and the problems of industrialization according to the contexts and urgencies in 1920s. In his text, Le Corbusier compared the difference between engineers and architects and pointed out how we conceive and create the sense of beauty while producing livable mass-production houses. Relating to my thesis, I am exploring the possibility of a new form of land reclamation to rethink what architecture means to the urban conditions in Hong Kong. Le Corbusier inspired me the intervention of mass production in new architectures as a parameter of innovation and as an expressive response to the urban situation.

5. Hong Kong Ecology Bolchover, Joshua, and Peter Hasdell. Border Ecologies: Hong Kong’s Mainland Frontier. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2017.

My thesis will include the revisit of the ‘Lantau Tomorrow Vision’ that will rethink and explore the position

of architecture in land reclamation presenting the unique urban conditions and contexts. The political contexts and government actions placed a high position in shaping the ecology of a city. (i.e., the urban ecology, urban form, architectural form and the form of human life.) Similar to the Border Ecologies project by Joshua, he examined the unique ecology of the frontier closed area which is a buffer zone between Hong Kong and China border where it was created under British colony in 1951. He investigated design strategies towards the alternative form of development through analysis of the complex relationships between policies and urban ecologies. The research methodology used in the project provided certain hints for my thesis in the preliminary studies and research stages.

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CHALLENGES: 1. Design Influence and Materiality Mendelsohn, Erich. “The Problem of a New Architecture” (Berlin 1919). In Erich Mendelsohn: Complete Works of

the Architect. London: Triangle Architectural Publishing, 1992, 7-20. Originally published: Erich Mendelsohn:

Das Gesamtschaffen Des Architekten, 1930.

As my thesis is proposing a new form of land reclamation according to the architectural problems and

position, it is inevitable to acquire some influences and specific precedent studies. However, Erich pointed out several challenges that he criticized the artist usually can only create self-referential works which advance from their personal perceptions, discernments and clues. He suggested that we should continue to drain the old conventions and routines of history while discovering the conceivable outcomes of a modern creation and a new modern form with new structure, programs and materiality in a revolutionary change in human relations, economics, sciences, religion and the arts.

2. Methodology Toyo Ito. Tarzans in the Media Forest: The Logic of Uselessness (1971), UK: AA Publications, 2011, Kindle E-book

location 267-272

Extraordinary forms of urbanization emerged in Tokyo 1980s due to the robust economy after WWII. Under

the social backdrop, Toyo Ito described the urban condition and atmosphere of Tokyo as a chaotic state and a dull haze without real highlights or shadows. He started questioning what it means to live in a modernized environment and he began to foster new urban sensibilities. He put emphasis on his bold and innovative way to capture and respond to the chaotic urban situation instead of dealing with it directly. Consequently, Ito introduced an architectural principle of ‘nomadism’ which he tried to capture the rapid development while at the same time taking care of the city reality. As a neutral observer of surroundings, Toyo Ito is not attaching to a style. His architecture usually tells stories and personal responses to a particular situation. It is a theory, vision and idea rather than the tangible disposition of spaces, materials and structures. Challenging my thesis position, although both are dealing with chaotic city situations, I would like to explore how city reality could be expressed by means of architecture (also finding a solution) instead of engaging the reality intangibly.

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3. Environment and Climate Fathy, Hassan. “Environment and Architecture.” In Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: principles and

Examples with Reference to Hot Arid Climates. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1986, 3-10.

Hong Kong is located at the south side of the Tropic where it suffers tropical climate with strong and

cold weather in winter while warm and extreme humid climate in summer. According to Hassan’s text in 1986, he challenged the architects especially in the Tropic have abandoned their traditional age-old solutions to the problems presented by local climate and instead have adopted what is commonly labeled “International Architecture” in that period – The excessive adoption and following of modern architectural principle such as reinforced-concrete and giant glass wall. The thoughtless application of modern methods results in unsuccessful architecture and does not emphasize the value of vernacular characteristics.

4. Social Dynamic and Identity Ho, Tao. “Design Criteria for Human High-Density Housing,” Ekistics 39 (Jun 1975): 377-81.

In the text, Tao criticized the issues of settlement housing in Hong Kong 1970s that it only provided the

basic shelter and amenities for people. It was a lack of understanding of the relationship between physical and social environmental aspects that can make people to live happily and productive. As a result, residents of the settlement housing block turned the block into a closed community naturally to accomplish their needs themselves beyond architect and planner. As a consequence, community engagement and sense of belonging cannot be achieved among residents. As my thesis is doing settlement of land, it is inevitable in touching human social and mental scale.

Facing the challenge of social dynamic and identity as Tao described, it is urgent to rethink how the position could integrate with social engagement of a community.

5. Modeling Corser, Robert. “Fabricating Architecture: Selected Readings in Digital Design and Manufacturing.”In

Achim Menges, Instrumental Geometry, 22-41. United States: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012.

Geometry has continuously played a central part in architectural discourse. With the invention of advanced

technology in computational design, new design methods such as complex modeling, digital fabrication and performative analysis become easier to access. Menges defined what parametric design and mass-customization means to architecture in next generation architecture. He described the eight key concepts in view of parametric approach, which are implication, conditional modeling, extensibility, components, replication, programmatic design, multiple representations and transactional model of design. Related to my thesis exploring vertical landfill and the possibility of mass production, parametric design can facilitate the exploration of a wide variety of options and potentialities with design optimization. However, it is sometimes relatively hard to define and measure design constraints and parameters quantitatively, for example, the quality and sentiment of spaces.

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3.3 REVIEW RESPONSES Review 1 - 01 Feb 2021 (Reviewers: Ulrich Kirchhoff, Fai Au, Zhu Tao, Guillaume Othenin-Girard)

Fig. 49 Presentation Panels on Review 1

REFLECTIONS AND RESPONSE:

In the first review, the research statement and initial contexts of the thesis was presented. My thesis is

going to criticize the conventional land reclamation methods and technologies that fill up the whole coastal areas causing great adverse effect on environmental degradation, ecological menaces and economic profligacy. The story was started from the context of land scarcity due to extreme urban density and continual population growth in Hong Kong that reclamation is still urgent in decoding the need of urban expansion in the coming 50 years. However, having looked into the existing reclamation methods through catalog making, it is found that the brutal destruction of environment and ecology due to current reclamation typologies are inevitable. Although parties are wishing to minimize the impacts through inventing new engineering technologies, it is hard to make a way to reserve the existing environmental and ecological resources. The thesis started by questioning can such a problem be linked into an architectural problem that a new reclamation typology in regarding to look at architecture and environment as a whole that it advocates the co-existing of artificial and natural environment through architecture.

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The reviewers said the direction of the thesis is clear that I am going to integrate building construction

directly as a landform to replace existing reclamation methods. However, they criticized that I was focusing too much on the final proposal but skipped comprehensive research before my proposal. My advisors pointed out my starting research was broad and is not enough for a design and research process. They suggested me to find a research strategy to be design specific in proving how and why I am going to suggest the proposal like listing out the problems, engineering approaches, impacts on infrastructure, etc and quickly focus on my own vision.

For the next step, under the context and research I have done, I will start focusing on the reclamation

methodology by continuing expanding the reclamation catalog. I will look into different cases of giant floating structures like cruise ships, floating airports, modular islands, etc, in regards to their approaches, constraints and possibilities. I will start to define an area in Lan Tau for continual prototype testing in comparison to LanTau Tomorrow Vision. As a result, a process of research, design, testing and evolution would be the next goal.

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Review 2 - 17 Mar 2021 (Reviewers: Ulrich Kirchhoff, Fai Au, Kristof Crolla, Tobias Klein, Cesar Jung-Harada, Mui Fei) (Thesis Consultant: Dr. Jason Tse, Associate Director, Buro Happold)

Fig. 50 Presentation Panels on Review 2

REFLECTIONS AND RESPONSE:

In the second review, it was pushing more on design and testing of possible floating structures as a

prototype of alternative reclamation. The research was based on the existing large-scale floating technology and the principles behind a floating structure like the existing portoon, semi-submersible structure and the Archimedes’ Principle of Buoyancy as well as stability equation. As a result, a computational generative approach generating floating structures with tower on top was being developed based on the floating principle and equation. Models were made testing out the floatability of those generative structures.

The reviewers were skeptical that whether I am proposing a conceptual or realistic solution. If it is a

realistic proposal, drawing with large options is dangerous because it seems like I am accepting all the options that lead to huge abstraction. The issue is, my hypthesis is a floating high-rise structure that it can work, however, it is not convincing because of the missing bigger picture of criteria. If it is a scientific process, it is better to start by listing out the few criteria and test out like a machine so that at the end of the journey, the project should have a fair assessment. For example, there are some other parameters missed like swaying on the tower top, side wind, wave, weight, all are having a huge impact on a floating structure.

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Having finished the thesis consultants’ session with Dr. Jason Tse who is an environmental engineer of Buro

Happold. He recommended me to focus more on the aim of the project and he saw the opportunity of my project of being “The First Floating Carbon Neutral Architecture in the World”. He suggested three objectives of my project in order to reach the concept of carbon neutral, which are minimize energy demand by passive design, maximize system efficiency and adoption of renewable energy.

As a reflection, I was too satisfied with the way I set up the things and generated the results and options

that I missed out some other important parameters. For the next step, I will focus more on the detail design on such floating solution for alternative reclamation. Precedent references of structural stability will be made in order to acquire inspirations for the design parameters. Testing with site will also be made in order to achieve certain conviction. Concept of carbon neutral architecture is also a fair direction to be explored. As a result, a comprehensive and convincing alternative reclamation would be the next goal.

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Review 3 - 20 April 2021 (Reviewers: Ulrich Kirchhoff, Fai Au, Zhu Tao, Wu Kaicong) (Thesis Consultant: Chad McKee)

Fig. 51 Presentation Panels on Review 3

REFLECTIONS AND RESPONSE:

In the third review, it is regarded as a finalization of my overall thesis idea. I organized the overall project into

three phases illustrating the research and design processes, which are

1. Background Research: Exploring the data facts about reclamation in HK and an overall research on why I am

criticizing the traditional reclamation methods. (Dredging of traditional reclamation methods is causing

serious environmental, economical and ecological degradations)

2. Design Intervention: The research and design process towards the world’s first floating carbon neutral architecture

by exploring the existing large scale floating structures and its principles behind. (A testing of computational

generative floating structure)

3. The Thesis Vision: A proposed methodology on alternative reclamation that is achieved by designing a specific

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aggregation system aggregating the floating towers into an expansible city.

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Overall reviewers appreciated the design methodology of the project. Since my project is doing a bottom-up

approach from the generative form finding, detailed design of a workable floating tower into an aggregation method leading to the solution of alternative reclamation, it was divided into different varieties of focuses in different phases.

The reviewers were criticizing the actual focus of my thesis whether it is developing a building system or a city for alternative reclamation. If it is an alternative city, it was hard to evaluate as I have here is individually designed protype that linked together to form clusters without specific resolution of a city like principles, infrastructures and type of complex, etc. It is suggested to emphasize the main interest of the thesis topic and how much I can extend to the whole master plan proposal in order to achieve alternative reclamation.

As a reflection, I think the issue could be tackled by another round of interesting testing of multiple ways of

aggregation in terms of scale, variations and urban scenarios. I should spend time on how the variations go beyond the tower and what the variations are in urban scenarios. I need to find the process to make the aggregation into an alternative reclamation by defining speculative potential urban scenarios. The power of my thesis is that I am creating visions of urban scenarios and experiences so that it is not necessary to be a fixed location.

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Final Review - 02 June 2021 (Reviewers: Ulrich Kirchhoff, Fai Au, Chad McKee, Maggie Ma, Ida Sze, Weijen Wang)

Fig. 52 Public Review Presentation - 04 June 2021

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Public Review - 04 June 2021 (Reviewers: Ulrich Kirchhoff, Fai Au Charmaine Chan, Claude Godefroy, Clover Lee, Ivy Lee, Michael Ng, Rocco Yim)

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Fig. 53 Degree Show - 05 June - 04 July 2021

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3.4 REFERENCES Aureli, Pier Vittorio, and Maria Sheherazade Giudici. “The Nomos of the Earth, Rethinking the Architecture of the Territory.” Architectural

Association School of Architecture, Academic Year 2015-2016, Diploma Unit 14, 2015, 1–22.

Kaijima Momoyo, Kuroda Junz, Tsukamoto Yoshiharu, Made in Tokyo (Tokyo: Kajima Shuppankai, 2001), 8-39.

Singapore Planning & Urban Research (SPUR). “The Future of Asian Cities.” In SPUR 65-7. Singapore: Eurasia Press, 1967, 5-8.

Le Corbusier. “Towards a New Architecture: Guiding Principles” (1920). In Programs & Manifestoes on Twentieth Century Architecture, 59-62.

Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971.

Bolchover, Joshua, and Peter Hasdell. Border Ecologies: Hong Kong’s Mainland Frontier. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2017.

Mendelsohn, Erich. “The Problem of a New Architecture” (Berlin 1919). In Erich Mendelsohn: Complete Works of the Architect. London:

Triangle Architectural Publishing, 1992, 7-20. Originally published: Erich Mendelsohn: Das Gesamtschaffen Des Architekten, 1930.

Toyo Ito. Tarzans in the Media Forest: The Logic of Uselessness (1971), UK: AA Publications, 2011, Kindle E-book location 267-272

Fathy, Hassan. “Environment and Architecture.” In Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: principles and Examples with Reference to Hot

Arid Climates. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 1986, 3-10.

Ho, Tao. “Design Criteria for Human High-Density Housing,” Ekistics 39 (Jun 1975): 377-81.

Corser, Robert. “Fabricating Architecture: Selected Readings in Digital Design and Manufacturing.” In Achim Menges, Instrumental Geometry,

22-41. United States: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012.

“Heatherwick Studio: Design & Architecture: Little Island.” Heatherwick Studio | Design & Architecture. Accessed September 28, 2020. http:// www.heatherwick.com/project/pier55/.

Belogolovsky, Vladimir. “Interview with Yona Friedman: ‘Imagine, Having Improvised Volumes ‘Floating’ In Space, Like Balloons,’” February

24, 2020. https://www.archdaily.com/781065/interview-with-yona-friedman-imagine-having-improvised-volumes-floating-in-space-

like-balloons?ad_source=search.

“CONSTANT VISION.” LEBBEUS WOODS, October 20, 2009. https://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/constant-vision/.

Daniell, Tom. “From Far East to Middle East: Revitalizing Metabolism.” Interstices: journal of architecture and related arts (2008): n. pag.

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Yamamoto, Riken. “Public/Private - Concerning the Concept of Threshold.” Interstices: Journal of Architecture and Related Arts. Accessed

September 28, 2020. https://ojs.aut.ac.nz/interstices/article/view/371.

“How a Fire in 1851 Triggered Hong Kong’s First Reclamation Project.” South China Morning Post, December 10, 2018. https://www.scmp. com/news/hong-kong/society/article/2177107/how-hong-kongs-first-land-reclamation-project-sprang.

“Population Estimates - Overview: Census and Statistics Department.” Population Estimates - Overview | Census and Statistics Department,

November 17, 2020. https://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/so150.jsp.

“2011_chw_3070_high-Density-Areas-in-Hong-Kong.” LSE Cities, November 14, 2011. https://lsecities.net/2011_chw_3070_high-density- areas-in-hong-kong/.

Sustainable Lantau Office - Lantau Tomorrow Vision. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://www.lantau.gov.hk/en/lantau-tomorrow-vision/ index.html.

“Hong Kong International Airport 2030 Study.” AECOM. Accessed December 13, 2020. https://aecom.com/projects/hong-kong-international- airport-master-plan-2030-study/.

“A Brief History of Hong Kong: From Quiet Backwater to Modern-Day Metropolis.” Hong Kong Free Press HKFP, March 31, 2020. https:// hongkongfp.com/2017/06/29/brief-history-hong-kong-quiet-backwater-modern-day-metropolis/.

“Land Usage Distribution in Hong Kong” Civil Engineering and Development Department, July 12, 2020. https://www.cedd.gov.hk/filemanager/eng/content_954/Info_Sheet2.pdf

“

Hong Kong’s Construction Fervour Has a Snag: a World Sand Shortage.” South China Morning Post, May 24, 2019.

https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/3011527/third-runway-lantau-tomorrow-hong-kongs-ambition-build-has.

“Seasteading.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, June 11, 2021. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasteading.

LARGE FLOATING STRUCTURES: Technological Advances. SPRINGER, 2016. p.16-27

Amr, Helmy, and Ibrahim Amr. “Behaviour of Offshore Reinforced Concrete Structures under Hydrostatic Pressure [Microform].,”

August 7, 2015.

“Condeeps. The Dinosaurs of the North Sea.” Drupal. Accessed June 18, 2021

https://energyhistory.eu/en/energy-sources-news-archives-and-heritage/condeeps-dinosaurs-north-sea.

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Shell U.K. Limited. “BRENT BRAVO, CHARLIE AND DELTA GBS DECOMMISSIONING TECHNICAL DOCUMENT.” A supporting document to the

Brent Field Decommissioning Programme, February 1, 2017.

“Condeeps. The Dinosaurs of the North Sea.” Drupal. Accessed June 18, 2021

https://energyhistory.eu/en/energy-sources-news-archives-and-heritage/condeeps-dinosaurs-north-sea.

Libretexts. “14.6: Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy.” Physics LibreTexts. Libretexts, November 5, 2020.

https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Book%3A_University_

Physics_I_-_Mechanics_Sound_Oscillations_and_Waves_(OpenStax)/14%3A_Fluid_Mechanics/14.06%3A_ Archimedes%E2%80%99_Principle_and_Buoyancy.

Tourism-Review.org –. “Aberdeen Floating Village – Explore the History of Hong Kong: .TR.” Aberdeen Floating Village – Explore the History

of Hong Kong | Accessed June 18, 2021. https://www.tourism-review.com/travel-tourism-magazine-aberdeen-floating-village-

explore-the-history-of hong-kong-article2001.

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PREVIOUS M.ARCH STUDIOS AT HKU, NUS EXCHANGE PROGRAMME M1 Sem 1: Christian J. Lange. In Compression: Autobrickformation III M1 Sem 2: Rudi Stouffs & Patrick Janssen. Urban Spaces of One-North, Singapore (NUS exchange programme) M2 Sem 1: Weijen Wang & Ulrich Kirchhoff. Adaptive Tower under Climate Change M2 Sem 2: Thesis: Ulrich Kirchhoff, Fai Au

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